1.2    PHYSICAL PARAMETERIZATIONS, COMPONENT, AND COUPLED MODELS
1.2.1    Convective Parameterizations and Diagnostics
1.2.2    Diagnostic Cloud Model
1.2.3    Global Atmospheric Grid Point Model
1.2.4    Dynamic/Thermodynamic Sea Ice Model
1.2.5    High Level Language Support for Coupled Models

1.3    SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT
1.3.1    FMS Management
1.3.2    Software Version Control for the Flexible Modeling System
1.3.3    FMS Software Releases
1.3.4    Web Page and Documentation Support
1.3.5    Optimization Team, Migration, and Evaluation

2. CLIMATE DYNAMICS

2.1 BACKGROUND FOR COUPLED CLIMATE MODELING AT GFDL CLIMATE CHANGE

2.2    CLIMATE CHANGE
2.2.1    Sea Ice and Global Warming
2.2.2    Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming
2.2.3    Sea Level Rise and Global Warming
2.2.4    Response of Southern Hemisphere Winds to Global Warming
2.2.5    Discriminants of 20th Century Changes in Surface Temperature
2.2.6    Response of Climate to Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings
2.2.7    Climate Scenarios for IPCC Third Assessment Report

2.3    CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND DYNAMICS
2.3.1    Response of the North Atlantic Climate System to the
            Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation
2.3.2    Observed and Simulated Multidecadal Variability in the North Atlantic
2.3.3    Partitioning of Poleward Heat Transport Between Ocean and
            Atmosphere in the Tropics

2.4    CLIMATE MODEL DEVELOPMENT
2.4.1    Coupled Climate Model Development
2.4.2    Development and Testing of the Land Dynamics Model

2.5    PALEOCLIMATE MODELING
2.5.1    Effects of Changes in Earth's Orbit on Climate
2.5.2    Simulation of Last Glacial Maximum with HadCM3
            Coupled Climate Model
2.5.3    Effects of Fresh Water Discharge on Climate

2.6    HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE
2.6.1    Sensitivity of River Runoff to Greenhouse Warming
2.6.2    Land-Process Influences on Monthly River Discharge Variability
2.6.3    Modeling Land Influences on Variability of Macro-Scale Water
            and Energy Fluxes
2.6.4    A Minimalist Probabilistic Description of Root-Zone Soil Water

2.7 PLANETARY CIRCULATION

3. ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES

3.1    RADIATIVE TRANSFER
3.1.1    Solar Benchmark Computations
3.1.2    Shortwave Parameterizations
3.1.3    Diagnostic Analyses of Surface Solar Flux Measurements
3.1.4    Development of Radiative Parameterizations for GCMs

3.2    CONVECTION-CLOUDS-RADIATION-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS
3.2.1    Cumulus Parameterization
3.2.2    Limited-Area Non-Hydrostatic Models
3.2.3    Moist Convective Turbulence
3.2.4    Prognostic Cloud Parameterization
3.2.4.1    Parameterization Development Efforts
3.2.4.2    Diagnostic Assessment of the Simulation of
               Midlatitude Cloudiness

3.3    ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND TRANSPORT
3.3.1    Fast Photochemical Solver Development
3.3.2    Ship Emissions of NOx
3.3.3    Tropical South Atlantic Ocean Tropospheric Ozone Maximum
3.3.4    Asian Impacts on Regional and Global Air Quality
3.3.5    GCM Simulation of Carbonaceous Aerosol Distribution

3.4    ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND CIRCULATION
3.4.1    Model Development
3.4.2    SKYHI Control Integrations and Basic Model Climatology
3.4.3    Spontaneous QBO-like Tropical Wind Oscillations in SKYHI Simulations
3.4.4    Low-Frequency Variability of Simulated Stratospheric Circulation
3.4.5    Horizontal Spectra from High-Resolution SKYHI Integrations
3.4.6    Parameterized Gravity Wave Drag in the SKYHI Model
3.4.7    GCM Simulations with an Imposed Tropical Quasi-biennial Oscillation
3.4.8    Observational Study of Gravity Wave Climatology
3.4.9    Dynamics of the Martian Atmosphere

3.5    CLIMATIC EFFECTS DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC SPECIES
3.5.1    Lower Stratospheric Ozone and Temperature Trends
3.5.2    Radiative Forcing Due to Ozone
3.5.3    Radiative Effects of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions
3.5.4    Radiative Effects Due to Pinatubo Stratospheric Aerosols
3.5.4.1    Experiments Using the SKYHI GCM
3.5.4.2    Coupled Climate GCM Simulations of Mt. Pinatubo Effects
3.5.5    Radiative Forcing Due to Changes in Stratospheric Ozone

4. EXPERIMENTAL PREDICTION

4.1    ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PREDICTABILITY
4.1.1    Ocean Model Development for Seasonal/Interannual Prediction
4.1.2    Coupled Model Development for Seasonal/Interannual Prediction
4.1.3    Statistical Atmospheric Model Development
4.1.4    Sensitivity to Horizontal and Vertical Resolution in Atmospheric Models
4.1.5    Impact of Land and Ocean Low-Level Tropical Clouds on
            ENSO Prediction
4.1.6    Atmospheric Model Predictability: Top of the Atmosphere
            Radiation Budget
4.1.7    Impact of MJO/WWB in the Far Western Equatorial Pacific
            on ENSO Forecasts
4.1.8    Interaction of MJO and Tropical Storms
4.1.9    The Nature and Predictability of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillations
4.1.10 Coupled Model Potential Predictability
4.1.11 Indian Ocean Variability

4.2    DATA ASSIMILATION
4.2.1    Ensemble Adjustment Filter
4.2.2    Ocean Data Assimilation
4.2.3    Information Content of Surface Pressure Observations
4.2.4    Targeted Observations

4.3 OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS

5. OCEANIC CIRCULATION

5.1    WORLD OCEAN STUDIES
5.1.1    Modeling Eddies in the Southern Ocean
5.1.2    Southern Ocean Winds and the Circumpolar Current:
            Theoretical Studies
5.1.3    The ACC and the Ocean's Thermohaline Circulation
5.1.4    Ocean Eddy Energies, Scales, and Vertical Structure
5.1.5    Geostrophic Turbulence

5.2    MODEL DEVELOPMENT
5.2.1    Modular Ocean Model
5.2.2    Isopycnal Coordinate Model Development

5.3    COASTAL OCEAN MODELING AND PREDICTION
5.3.1    East Coast and North Atlantic Modeling and Forecasting
5.3.2    Turbulent Boundary Layer Modeling
5.3.3    Princeton Ocean Model Development and Testing
5.3.4    Climate Variability Studies with POM
5.3.5    Coastal Models of the West Coast and the Gulf of Mexico

5.4    GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND THE CARBON CYCLE
5.4.1    Terrestrial Carbon Cycling
5.4.2    Inverse Modeling of Carbon Isotopic Ratios of CO₂ in the Atmosphere
5.4.3    Mixing Parameterizations, Large-Scale Ocean Circulation,
            and Global Biogeochemical Cycles
5.4.4    Air-Sea Fluxes of O₂ and CO₂ Determined by Inverse Modeling
            of Ocean Bulk Measurements
5.4.5    An Ecosystem Model for Biogeochemical Studies
5.4.6    Oceanic Nitrogen Cycle
5.4.7    Global Patterns of Marine Silicate, Nitrate, and Alkalinity Cycling
5.4.8    Analysis of the Ocean's Carbon Pumps
5.4.9    Response of Ocean Biology to Future Climate Change

6. CLIMATE DIAGNOSTICS

6.1    COMPILATION OF A TEMPORALLY HOMOGENEOUS RADIOSONDE
        TEMPERATURE DATASET
6.1.1    Sensitivity of Radiosonde Temperature Trends to Data Quality

6.2    ANALYSIS OF DATASETS BASED ON SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS
6.2.1    Decadal Variations in Tropical Water Vapor: An Evaluation
            of Satellite Observations and a Model Simulation
6.2.2    Reconciling Surface and Satellite Temperature Records

6.3    AIR-SEA INTERACTION
6.3.1    Experimentation with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model
            Coupled to an Ocean Mixed-Layer with Variable Depth
6.3.2    Atmospheric Bridge Linking ENSO to SST Variability in the North Pacific
            and North Atlantic
6.3.3    Impact of ENSO on Monsoon Systems in East Asia and Australia
6.3.4    Modulation of Tropical Transient Activity by ENSO

6.4 DEVELOPMENT OF WEB-BASED TOOLS FOR VISUALIZING AND EVALUATING
MODEL OUTPUT

6.5 GFDL/UNIVERSITIES COLLABORATIVE PROJECT FOR MODEL DIAGNOSIS

7. HURRICANE DYNAMICS

7.1    HURRICANE PREDICTION SYSTEM
7.1.1    Performance in the 1999 Hurricane Season
7.1.2    Analysis of the Forecast Results
7.1.3    The 2000 Hurricane Season

7.2    HURRICANE PREDICTION CAPABILITY
7.2.1    Extended Prediction
7.2.2    Impact of Satellite-Observed Winds on GFDL Forecasts
7.2.3    Sensitivity of GFDL Track Forecasts to Initial Conditions
7.2.4    Evaluation of Model Forecast Errors

7.3    BEHAVIOR OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
7.3.1    Hurricane Intensity in a High-CO₂ Climate
7.3.2    Tropical Cyclone-Ocean Interaction
7.3.3    Tropical Cyclone Landfall

7.4 MODEL IMPROVEMENT

8. MESOSCALE DYNAMICS

8.1    ANALYSIS OF MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES AND STORM TRACKS
8.1.1    The Evolution and Feedback of Cyclones in Storm Track Simulations
8.1.2    Moist Convection in Baroclinic Life Cycles

8.2 TOPOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES IN ATMOSPHERIC FLOWS
8.2.1 Gravity-Wave Parameterizations Over the Andes

8.3 MODEL DEVELOPMENT
8.3.1 Improvements to the Nonhydrostatic Compressible Zeta Model

9. TECHNICAL SERVICES

9.1    COMPUTER SYSTEMS
9.1.1    Current Supercomputing Systems
9.1.2    High Performance Computing System Procurement
9.1.3    Software Development and Technical Support Procurement
9.1.4    Scientific Workstation Network

9.2 DATA MANAGEMENT

9.3 DATA VISUALIZATION

9.4 INFORMATION AND PRESENTATION RESOURCES

9.5 PUBLIC INFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND OUTREACH

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D

APPENDIX E
GFDL STAFF MEMBERS AND AFFILIATED PERSONNEL
DURING FISCAL YEAR 2000
GFDL BIBLIOGRAPHY
SEMINARS GIVEN AT GFDL DURING FISCAL YEAR 2000
TALKS, SEMINARS, AND PAPER PRESENTED OUTSIDE GFDL
DURING FISCAL YEAR 2000
ACRONYMS

*Portions of this document contain material that has not yet been formally published and may not be quoted or referenced without explicit permission of the author(s).