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Evidence of Trends, Risk Factors, and Intervention Strategies
 

Appendix A

Detailed Tables

Table    

A.1           Infant Mortality Rate, by Country, 2000

A.2           Infant Mortality Rates, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 2001 

A.3           Live Births, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 2001

A.4           State Rank in Infant Mortality Rate and Difference Between Black and White Rates: United States,                 2001

A.5           Five Leading Causes of Infant Death, by Race/Ethnicity:   United States, 2002

A.6           Preterm Birth/Low Birthweight, by Race/Ethnicity:    United States, 2002

A.7           Preterm Birth, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1995 – 2002

A.8           Very Low Birthweight, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1995 – 2002

A.9           NTD-Specific Infant Deaths, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1996 – 1998 Aggregated

A.10         Women who Reported Smoking During Pregnancy, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1990 – 1999

A.11         Infant Mortality Rate, by Maternal Smoking Status and  Race/Ethnicity: United States, 2002

A.12         Infant Mortality Rate, by Age and Race/Ethnicity: United States, 2002

Table A.1.  Infant Mortality Rate, by Country, 2000

Rank Country IMR Rank Country IMR
1 Iceland 2.4 49 Brunei Darussalam 9.9
2 Sweden 2.4 50 Costa Rica 10.0
3 Singapore 2.6 51 Ukraine 10.4
4 Finland 3.2 52 Bulgaria 10.7
5 Luxembourg 3.2 53 Seychelles 11.1
6 Czech Republic 3.4 54 Dominica 11.6
7 Japan 3.4 55 Nauru 11.8
8 Norway 3.5 56 Jamaica 11.9
9 Spain 3.9 57 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 12.4
10 Switzerland 4.1 58 Yugoslavia 12.5
11 Austria 4.2 59 Qatar 13.2
12 Slovenia 4.3 60 Mauritius 13.4
13 France 4.5 61 Uruguay 13.7
14 Germany 4.5 62 Saint Lucia 14.3
15 Canada 4.6 63 Sri Lanka 15.3
16 Belgium 4.6 64 Saint Kitts and Nevis 15.4
17 Andorra 4.8 65 Samoa 15.6
18 Italy 4.8 66 Russian Federation 15.9
19 New Zealand 4.9 67 Jordan 16.5
20 Australia 5.0 68 Saint Vincent and Grenadines 16.6
21 Denmark 5.1 69 Republic of Moldova 16.8
22 Netherlands 5.2 70 Bosnia and Herzegovina 17.0
23 Monaco 5.4 71 Trinidad and Tobago 17.5
24 Bahrain 5.6 72 Argentina 17.6
25 Republic of Korea 5.6 73 Grenada 17.7
26 Ireland 5.8 74 Cook Islands 17.8
27 United Kingdom 5.8 75 Palau 18.1
28 Greece 5.9 76 Antigua and Barbuda 18.2
29 Portugal 5.9 77 Barbados 18.6
30 Malta 6.0 78 Oman 18.8
31 San Marino 6.0 79 Tonga 18.9
32 Israel 6.1 80 Panama 19.2
33 Cyprus 6.4 81 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 19.5
34 Poland 6.7 82 Colombia 20.4
35 Malaysia 6.9 83 Lebanon 21.7
36 Cuba 7.5 84 Tunisia 21.7
37 United States of America 7.5 85 Belize 22.7
38 Slovakia 7.5 86 Syrian Arab Republic 23.5
39 Kuwait 7.7 87 Saudi Arabia 23.7
40 Lithuania 7.7 88 Fiji 23.9
41 Hungary 8.1 89 Georgia 24.0
42 Croatia 8.2 90 Mexico 24.5
43 Bahamas 8.3 91 Niue 24.5
44 Chile 8.5 92 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 25.0
45 Belarus 9.2 93 Suriname 25.2
46 Estonia 9.2 94 Marshall Islands 25.5
47 United Arab Emirates 9.3 95 Romania 26.0
48 Latvia 9.4 96 Albania 26.4
97 Paraguay 26.7 145 Pakistan 84.2
98 Ecuador 27.1 146 Eritrea 84.7
99 Armenia 27.6 147 Nepal 85.9
100 Viet Nam 27.6 148 Haiti 88.9
101 El Salvador 28.0 149 Kenya 90.1
102 Philippines 29.4 150 Congo 91.7
103 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 33.1 151 Gambia 91.8
104 Turkey 34.3 152 Yemen 96.6
105 Honduras 35.1 153 Zimbabwe 97.7
106 Nicaragua 35.1 154 Lesotho 98.1
107 Cape Verde 35.3 155 Cameroon 102.5
108 Algeria 35.7 156 Iraq 102.6
109 Thailand 35.8 157 Senegal 103.7
110 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 36.9 158 Togo 104.7
111 Peru 37.2 159 Lao People's Democratic Republic 105.8
112 China 37.9 160 Sao Tome and Principe 106.6
113 Egypt 38.1 161 Sudan 107.2
114 Tuvalu 38.1 162 Myanmar 111.5
115 Maldives 38.3 163 Uganda 120.2
116 Brazil 38.4 164 United Republic of Tanzania 123.4
117 Guatemala 38.5 165 Equatorial Guinea 125.4
118 Indonesia 39.5 166 Madagascar 131.4
119 Kazakhstan 40.5 167 Benin 132.3
120 Dominican Republic 41.1 168 Nigeria 133.7
121 Uzbekistan 41.7 169 Cambodia 137.2
122 Guyana 45.2 170 Djibouti 138.2
123 Vanuatu 49.8 171 Cote d'Ivoire 141.1
124 Micronesia (Federated States of) 49.9 172 Burundi 142.0
125 Turkmenistan 52.3 173 Ethiopia 142.6
126 Kyrgyzstan 54.4 174 Mauritania 148.4
127 Morocco 56.3 175 Mozambique 148.6
128 Mongolia 57.2 176 Rwanda 152.0
129 Botswana 58.6 177 Guinea 153.1
130 Kiribati 60.5 178 Somalia 157.1
131 Solomon Islands 65.9 179 Central African Republic 159.6
132 Bolivia 66.4 180 Chad 163.4
133 Bhutan 68.3 181 Burkina Faso 167.3
134 Namibia 69.1 182 Zambia 168.1
135 Ghana 69.6 183 Democratic Republic of the Congo 175.7
136 South Africa 73.3 184 Afghanistan 176.2
137 Papua New Guinea 73.7 185 Guinea-Bissau 176.7
138 Gabon 74.3 186 Malawi 198.8
139 Tajikistan 74.8 187 Mali 204.8
140 Comoros 75.1 188 Liberia 231.1
141 India 76.2 189 Niger 239.0
142 Bangladesh 76.6 190 Sierra Leone 257.7
143 Azerbaijan 78.3 191 Angola 261.5
144 Swaziland 80.4      

Source: World Health Organization 2004.

Note:      IMR = Infant Mortality Rate, number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Table A.2.  Infant Mortality Rates, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 2001

  Infant Death Rate per 1,000 Live Births
State Total White Black American Indian/ Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic		 Black
Non-Hispanic
United States 6.9 5.7 13.6 9.1 4.8 5.6 5.7 13.7
Alabama 9.5 6.8 15.3 * * * 7.3 10.0
Alaska 7.0 5.6 * 11.9 * 5.7 5.9 16.0
Arizona 6.8 6.3 16.6 9.3 5.2 6.1 5.1 13.6
Arkansas 8.2 7.2 12.3 * * 4.4 6.3 15.2
California 5.4 5.0 11.5 7.9 4.5 6.1 5.7 12.7
Colorado 6.2 5.8 12.7 * 6.2 6.6 6.4 *
Connecticut 6.2 5.3 13.1 * * 8.1 6.6 *
Delaware 9.2 7.0 16.1 * * * 5.7 *
District of Columbia 13.0 5.3 16.9 * * * 6.4 *
Florida 7.1 5.5 12.7 * 4.9 * 5.9 *
Georgia 8.4 5.9 13.4 * 6.2 6.3 6.5 16.0
Hawaii 7.1 6.8 * * 7.2 7.6 6.1 13.2
Idaho 6.9 6.8 * * * 6.8 5.0 11.4
Illinois 8.2 6.3 16.4 * 6.7 * 6.2 *
Indiana 7.8 7.0 14.4 * * * 7.0 *
Iowa 5.9 5.6 15.8 * * 8.5 * 16.9
Kansas 7.1 6.6 14.1 * * 5.5 5.2 11.9
Kentucky 6.8 6.5 10.4 * * 5.5 4.1 11.1
Louisiana 9.4 6.4 13.7 * * 4.9 4.9 10.3
Maine 5.3 5.3 * * * 4.2 7.5 12.2
Maryland 8.0 5.2 13.6 * 4.8 4.9 7.6 14.3
Massachusetts 4.9 4.4 9.9 * 3.8 7.0 6.8 15.2
Michigan 8.1 6.2 16.7 * 6.0 9.0 5.7 15.0
Minnesota 5.7 5.1 11.7 10.8 7.4 8.2 6.8 16.3
Mississippi 10.4 6.9 14.7 * * 6.4 5.7 16.8
Missouri 7.4 5.9 16.0 * * 5.8 4.8 11.4
Montana 6.6 5.9 * 11.7 * * 6.5 10.5
Nebraska 6.9 6.3 13.0 17.3 * * 6.9 14.6
Nevada 6.2 5.6 11.7 15.8 5.4 6.9 6.1 16.4
New Hampshire 5.2 5.1 * * * 6.3 6.3 16.5
New Jersey 6.4 5.0 13.5 * 3.7 6.3 6.7 14.1
New Mexico 6.6 6.5 14.6 7.1 * 5.3 6.5 13.7
New York 6.2 5.1 10.9 * 3.6 6.8 7.0 14.5
North Carolina 8.7 6.6 15.1 11.6 6.9 5.9 4.8 *
North Dakota 8.0 7.3 * 15.2 * 6.4 5.4 7.5
Ohio 7.8 6.6 15.1 * 4.2 7.5 6.6 14.9
Oklahoma 8.1 7.4 14.3 8.4 * 7.9 4.6 13.0
Oregon 5.5 5.5 7.3 9.5 4.0 7.5 4.7 13.3
Pennsylvania 7.2 6.0 15.1 * 3.7 6.3 4.4 14.0
Rhode Island 6.3 5.5 12.8 * * 6.6 5.5 15.8
South Carolina 9.3 6.2 15.2 * * 4.9 5.5 13.0
South Dakota 7.1 6.2 * 11.7 * * 4.5 *
Tennessee 8.5 6.5 16.0 * 5.8 5.1 5.4 10.9
Texas 5.9 5.3 10.9 * 3.9 5.0 5.6 12.8
Utah 5.0 5.0 * * 7.0 * 5.3 *
Vermont 5.9 5.9 * * * 5.1 6.0 13.5
Virginia 7.2 5.5 13.0 * 4.6 6.3 6.9 14.7
Washington 5.3 5.0 10.8 8.9 4.4 5.1 4.7 11.6
West Virginia 7.4 7.3 9.9 * * 5.9 6.7 15.1
Wisconsin 6.8 5.7 16.8 10.1 5.0 6.5 5.9 16.7
Wyoming 6.6 6.7 * * * * 5.3 *

Source:   Mathews et al. 2003.

*Figure does not meet standard of reliability or precision, based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator.

Table A.3.  Live Births, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 2001

  Number of Live Births
State Total White Black American Indian/ Alaska Native Asian/ Pacific Islander Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic		 Black
Non-Hispanic
United States 5,025,933 3,177,626 66,156 41,872 200,279 851,851 2,326,578 589,917
Alabama 60,454 40,604 19,199 182 469 2,254 38,342 19,183
Alaska 10,003 6,383 441 2,542 637 652 5,567 388
Arizona 85,597 75,219 2,762 5,498 2,118 36,183 38,878 2,560
Arkansas 37,010 28,836 7,435 244 495 2,649 26,082 7,422
California 527,759 428,238 33,774 2,926 62,827 261,071 167,025 32,551
Colorado 67,007 61,056 2,971 651 2,329 19,730 41,764 2,830
Connecticut 42,648 35,612 5,134 164 1,738 6,913 28,434 4,929
Delaware 10,749 7,668 2,710 26 345 1,083 6,598 2,684
District of Columbia 7,625 2,570 4,860 9 186 895 1,667 4,805
Florida 205,793 152,207 47,186 1,230 5,170 49,629 104,068 45,954
Georgia 133,526 85,648 43,727 275 3,876 15,699 69,306 43,076
Hawaii 17,072 3,815 527 183 12,547 2,237 3,119 495
Idaho 20,688 19,944 86 360 298 2,753 16,855 78
Illinois 184,064 142,474 33,203 261 8,126 40,973 101,660 32,995
Indiana 86,459 75,393 9,649 168 1,249 5,898 69,242 9,575
Iowa 37,619 35,324 1,266 232 797 2,232 33,068 1,237
Kansas 38,869 34,622 2,781 458 1,008 4,906 29,363 2,747
Kentucky 54,658 48,968 4,930 102 658 1,509 47,485 4,905
Louisiana 65,352 36,899 27,058 380 1,015 1,557 35,383 27,010
Maine 13,759 13,280 153 110 216 173 13,074 142
Maryland 73,218 45,068 24,252 212 3,686 5,301 39,798 24,046
Massachusetts 81,077 67,786 8,205 144 4,942 9,444 59,405 6,552
Michigan 133,427 105,235 23,613 641 3,938 7,335 96,346 23,399
Minnesota 67,562 57,982 4,767 1,312 3,501 4,543 53,141 4,685
Mississippi 42,282 22,808 18,817 265 392 719 22,073 18,809
Missouri 75,464 62,504 11,134 342 1,484 2,981 59,513 11,084
Montana 10,970 9,442 42 1,369 117 377 8,798 38
Nebraska 24,820 22,496 1,373 433 518 2,946 19,056 1,355
Nevada 31,382 26,284 2,518 482 2,098 10,855 15,323 2,414
New Hampshire 14,656 13,954 208 4 454 509 12,849 159
New Jersey 115,795 85,110 20,583 167 9,935 23,497 63,266 18,709
New Mexico 27,128 22,810 511 3,404 403 14,126 8,776 485
New York 254,026 182,191 52,190 710 18,935 54,544 130,637 46,709
North Carolina 118,185 85,315 28,393 1,689 2,788 14,539 70,863 28,250
North Dakota 7,629 6,625 102 806 96 140 6,299 101
Ohio 151,570 125,507 22,994 313 2,756 4,598 20,869 22,769
Oklahoma 50,118 39,218 4,612 5,258 1,030 4,942 34,360 4,574
Oregon 45,322 41,284 944 792 2,302 7,902 33,388 908
Pennsylvania 143,495 119,015 20,238 356 3,886 8,192 10,501 19,615
Rhode Island 12,713 10,960 1,112 127 514 2,196 7,676 994
South Carolina 55,756 35,866 18,927 153 810 2,988 32,932 18,878
South Dakota 10,483 8,475 101 1,776 131 257 8,254 97
Tennessee 78,340 60,216 16,603 181 1,340 3,905 56,363 16,568
Texas 365,410 311,979 40,750 854 11,827 172,354 139,104 40,221
Utah 47,959 45,440 342 742 1,435 6,543 38,682 325
Vermont 6,366 6,237 31 7 91 35 6,014 29
Virginia 98,884 70,946 22,272 120 5,546 9,143 61,871 22,082
Washington 79,570 67,437 3,334 1,897 6,902 12,140 54,468 3,219
West Virginia 20,428 19,576 704 19 129 83 19,446 698
Wisconsin 69,072 59,383 6,567 989 2,133 5,152 54,346 6,515
Wyoming 6,115 5,717 65 271 62 569 5,161 64

Source:   Martin et al. 2002b.

Table A.4.  State Rank in Infant Mortality Rate and Difference Between Black
and White Rates: United States, 2001

    Infant Death Rate Per 1,000 Live Births
Rank State All Races White Black Black-White Difference
  United States 6.9 5.7 13.6 7.9
1 Massachusetts 4.9 4.4 9.9 5.5
2 Utah 5.0 5.0 * *
3 New Hampshire 5.2 5.1 * *
4 Maine 5.3 5.3 * *
5 Washington 5.3 5.0 10.8 5.8
6 California 5.4 5.0 11.5 6.5
7 Oregon 5.5 5.5 7.3 1.8
8 Minnesota 5.7 5.1 11.7 6.6
9 Iowa 5.9 5.6 15.8 10.2
10 Texas 5.9 5.3 10.9 5.6
11 Vermont 5.9 5.9 * *
12 Colorado 6.2 5.8 12.7 6.9
13 Connecticut 6.2 5.3 13.1 7.8
14 Nevada 6.2 5.6 11.7 6.1
15 New York 6.2 5.1 10.9 5.8
16 Rhode Island 6.3 5.5 12.8 7.3
17 New Jersey 6.4 5.0 13.5 8.5
18 Montana 6.6 5.9 * *
19 New Mexico 6.6 6.5 14.6 8.1
20 Wyoming 6.6 6.7 * *
21 Arizona 6.8 6.3 16.6 10.3
22 Kentucky 6.8 6.5 10.4 3.9
23 Wisconsin 6.8 5.7 16.8 11.1
24 Idaho 6.9 6.8 * *
25 Nebraska 6.9 6.3 13.0 6.7
26 Alaska 7.0 5.6 * *
27 Florida 7.1 5.5 12.7 7.2
28 Hawaii 7.1 6.8 * *
29 Kansas 7.1 6.6 14.1 7.5
30 South Dakota 7.1 6.2 * *
31 Pennsylvania 7.2 6.0 15.1 9.1
32 Virginia 7.2 5.5 13.0 7.5
33 Missouri 7.4 5.9 16.0 10.1
34 West Virginia 7.4 7.3 9.9 2.6
35 Indiana 7.8 7.0 14.4 7.4
36 Ohio 7.8 6.6 15.1 8.5
37 Maryland 8.0 5.2 13.6 8.4
38 North Dakota 8.0 7.3 * *
39 Michigan 8.1 6.2 16.7 10.5
40 Oklahoma 8.1 7.4 14.3 6.9
41 Arkansas 8.2 7.2 12.3 5.1
42 Illinois 8.2 6.3 16.4 10.1
43 Georgia 8.4 5.9 13.4 7.5
44 Tennessee 8.5 6.5 16.0 9.5
45 North Carolina 8.7 6.6 15.1 8.5
46 Delaware 9.2 7.0 16.1 9.1
47 South Carolina 9.3 6.2 15.2 9.0
48 Louisiana 9.4 6.4 13.7 7.3
49 Alabama 9.5 6.8 15.3 8.5
50 Mississippi 10.4 6.9 14.7 7.8
51 District of Columbia 13.0 5.3 16.9 11.6

Source:   Mathews et al. 2003. Black-White difference was calculated using data from Mathews et al. 2003.

* Figure does not meet standard of reliability or precision, based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator.

Table A.5.  Five Leading Causes of Infant Death, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 2002

  Infant Death Rate per 1,000 Live Births
Race and Ethnicity All Causes Congenital Malformations Preterm Birth/Low Birthweight Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Maternal Complications Cord Complications
All Races and Ethnicities 7.0 1.4 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.3
Race            
White 5.8 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.2
Black 13.9 1.7 3.2 1.1 0.9 0.5
Asian/Pacific Islander 4.8 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.2
American Indian/Alaska Native 8.6 1.9 1.1 1.2 0.5 *
Ethnicity            
All Hispanics 5.6 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2
Mexican 5.4 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2
Puerto Rican 8.2 1.7 1.7 0.5 0.5 *
Central and South American 5.1 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.2 *

Source:   Mathews et al. 2004.

Note :       “Black” and “White” categories exclude women of Hispanic origin.

* Figure does not meet standard of reliability precision, based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator.

Table A.6. Preterm Birth/Low Birthweight, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 2002

 

Percent of Live Births
Race and Ethnicity Preterm Births Low Birthweight Very Low Birthweight
All Races and Ethnicities 12.1 7.8 1.5
Race      
White 11.1 6.8 1.2
Black 17.6 13.3 3.2
Asian/Pacific Islander 10.4 7.8 1.1
Chinese 7.7 5.5 0.7
Japanese 9.2 7.6 1.0
Hawaiian 13.5 8.1 1.6
Filipino 12.7 8.6 1.3
American Indian/Alaska Native 13.1 7.2 1.3
Ethnicity      
All Hispanics 11.6 6.5 1.2
Mexican 11.4 6.2 1.1
Puerto Rican 14.0 9.7 2.0
Cuban 10.5 6.5 1.2
Central and South American 11.2 6.5 1.2
White Non-Hispanic 11.0 6.9 1.2
Black Non-Hispanic 17.7 13.4 3.2

Source:   Martin et al. 2003.

Table A.7. Preterm Birth, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1995–2002

Percent of Live Births
Race and Ethnicity 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 % Change 1995 to 2002
All Races and Ethnicities 11.0 11.0 11.4 11.6 11.8 11.6 11.9 12.1 10.0
Race                  
White 9.7 9.8 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.6 11.0 11.1 14.4
Black 17.7 17.4 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.3 17.5 17.6 -0.6
Asian/Pacific Islander 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.4 9.9 10.3 10.4 5.1
Chinese 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.7 7.7 6.9
Japanese 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.7 9.3 8.3 8.8 9.2 10.8
Hawaiian 11.0 11.5 11.0 12.0 12.3 11.7 14.2 13.5 22.7
Filipino 11.7 11.5 11.9 11.8 12.4 12.2 12.5 12.7 8.5
American Indian/Alaska Native 12.4 11.9 12.2 12.2 12.9 12.7 13.2 13.1 5.6
Ethnicity                  
All Hispanics 10.9 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.4 11.2 11.4 11.6 6.4
Mexican 10.6 10.5 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.0 11.2 11.4 7.5
Puerto Rican 13.4 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.7 13.5 13.7 14.0 4.5
Cuban 10.1 10.3 11.0 11.4 11.5 10.6 10.6 10.5 4.0
Central and South American 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.6 11.4 11.0 11.2 11.2 4.7
Non-Hispanic White 9.4 9.5 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.4 10.8 11.0 17.0
Non-Hispanic Black 17.8 17.5 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.4 17.6 17.7 -0.6

Source:  MacDorman and Atkinson 1998a, MacDorman and Atkinson 1998b, MacDorman and Atkinson 1999, Ventura et al. 1999, Ventura et al. 2000, Ventura et al. 2001, Mathews et al. 2000, Mathews et al. 2002a, Mathews et al. 2002b, Mathews et al. 2003, Mathews et al. 2004.

Note:      Hispanic includes both White and Black Hispanics.


Table A.8. Very Low Birthweight, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1995–2002

Percent of Live Births
Race and Ethnicity 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Percent Change 1995 to 2002
All Races and Ethnicities 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 15.4
Race                  
White 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 9.1
Black 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 6.7
Asian/Pacific Islander 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 22.2
Chinese 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.0
Japanese 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.0 11.1
Hawaiian 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 77.8
Filipino 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 18.2
American Indian/Alaska Native 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 18.2
Ethnicity                  
All Hispanics 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 9.1
Mexican 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 10.0
Puerto Rican 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 11.1
Cuban 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.0
Central and South American 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 9.1
Non-Hispanic White 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 20.0
Non-Hispanic Black 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 6.7

Source:  MacDorman and Atkinson 1998a, MacDorman and Atkinson 1998b, MacDorman and Atkinson 1999, Ventura et al. 1999, Ventura et al. 2000, Ventura et al. 2001, Mathews et al. 2000, Mathews et al. 2002a, Mathews et al. 2002b, Mathews et al. 2003, Mathews et al. 2004.

Note:      Hispanic includes both White and Black Hispanics.


Table A.9.  NTD-Specific Infant Deaths, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1996–1998, Aggregated

Race and Ethnicity Rate per 100,000 Live Births Relative Risk
(95 Percent Confidence Interval)
All Races and Ethnicities 11.1 —
Race    
White 11.6 —
Black 8.6 0.73 (0.62-0.87)
Asian/Pacific Islander 9.8 0.85 (0.64-1.12)
American Indian/Alaska Native 11.5 0.96 (0.55-1.65)
Ethnicity    
All Hispanics 15.4 1.49 (1.31-1.69)
Mexican 17.0 1.64 (1.42-1.89)
Puerto Rican 10.4 0.98 (0.61-1.59)
Central and South American 11.9 1.15 (0.82-1.62)
White Non-Hispanic 10.3 —
Black Non-Hispanic 8.6 1.49 (1.31-1.69)

Source: Davidoff et al. 2002.

Note:              White and White non-Hispanic are the reference groups for the relative risk ratios.

Table A.10. Women Who Reported Smoking During Pregnancy, by Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1990–1999

  Percent
Race and Ethnicity 1990 1999 % Change
1990–1999
All Races and Ethnicities 18.4 12.3 -33.1
Race      
White Non-Hispanic 21.0 15.7 -25.2
Black Non-Hispanic 15.9 9.1 -42.8
Asian/Pacific Islander 5.5 2.9 -47.3
Chinese                    — 0.5                   —
Japanese                    — 4.5                   —
Hawaiian                    — 14.7                   —
Filipino                    — 3.3                   —
American Indian/Alaska Native 22.4 20.0 -10.7
Ethnicity      
All Hispanics 6.7 3.7 -44.8
Mexican                    — 2.6                   —
Puerto Rican                    — 10.5                   —
Cuban                    — 3.3                   —
Central and South American                    — 1.4                   —

Source:  Mathews et al. 2003.

Notes:    Total Hispanic and non-Hispanic White and Black percents were not available.

—  Data not available.

Table A.11. Infant Mortality Rate, by Maternal Smoking Status and Race/Ethnicity:
United States, 2002

  Infant Death Rate per 1,000 Live Births % Difference
(Smoker–Nonsmoker )
Race and Ethnicity Smoker Nonsmoker
All Races and Ethnicities 11.1 6.6 68.2
Race      
White 9.8 5.3 84.9
Black 20.0 13.1 52.7
Asian/Pacific Islander 11.6 4.7 146.8
American Indian/Alaska Native 12.1 7.7 57.1
Ethnicity      
All Hispanics 10.7 5.6 91.1
Mexican 9.8 5.4 81.5
Puerto Rican 12.4 7.9 57.0
Cuban * 3.5 *
Central and South American * 4.9 *
White Non-Hispanic 9.7 5.2 86.5
Black Non-Hispanic 20.1 13.2 52.3

Source:  Mathews et al. 2004.

*Figure does not meet standard of reliability precision, based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator.

Table A.12. Infant Mortality Rate, by Age and Race/Ethnicity:  United States, 2002

  Years of Age
Race and Ethnicity Under 20 Over 20 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 54
All Races and Ethnicities 10.4 6.5 7.8 6.0 5.6 6.5 8.5
Race              
White 8.8 5.5 6.4 5.1 4.7 5.5 7.3
Black 15.2 13.5 13.9 12.4 13.4 14.5 16.1
Asian/Pacific Islander 9.2 4.6 5.2 3.9 4.3 5.4 8.2
American Indian/Alaska Native 9.1 8.5 9.4 7.6 7.6 8.5 *
Ethnicity              
All Hispanics 7.3 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.0 6.2 8.9
Mexican 6.8 5.2 5.0 4.8 5.1 6.3 9.2
Puerto Rican 10.6 7.7 8.2 7.4 7.2 7.6 *
Cuban * 9.7 * * * * *
Central and South American 6.8 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.4 5.1 8.2
White Non-Hispanic 9.7 5.5 6.9 5.1 4.6 5.3 6.8
Black Non-Hispanic 15.2 13.6 14.0 12.5 13.4 14.6 16.3

Source: Mathews et al. 2004.

* Figure does not meet standard of reliability precision, based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator.

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