A Strategy for American Innovation: Appendix C: Catalyze Breakthroughs for National Priorities

A Strategy for American Innovation: Appendix C: Catalyze Breakthroughs for National Priorities

1. 1. Appendix C: Catalyze Breakthroughs for national PrioritiesContentsUnleash a clean energy revolutionDouble the nation’s supply of renewable energy by the end of 2012Spur innovation through new energy standardsCreate Energy Innovation HubsInvest in clean energy solutionsPromote energy efficient industriesInvest in Advanced Vehicle TechnologyPromote energy efficient buildingsAccelerate biotechnology, nanotechnology, and advanced manufacturingComplete DNA sequencing for major diseases and drive sequencing innovationsFeed the FutureCreate nanotechnology solutionsLaunch breakthrough technologies for advanced manufacturingDevelop breakthrough space capabilities and applicationsDrive breakthroughs in health care technologyExpand the use of health ITEnable innovation in medical technologies and medical careCreate a quantum leap in educational technologiesAdvance development of educational technologies ★ 53 ★
2. 2. A S T r AT e g y f o r A m e r i C A n i n n ovAT i o nUnleash a clean energy revolutionDouble the nation’s supply of renewable energy by the end of 2012 • 1603 and 48C Grant Programs | Department of TreasuryFederal tax credit and related programs have spurred deployment of innovative solar, wind, andgeothermal energy technologies The wind industry has led the way, with over nine gigawatts (GW)of new generating capacity installed in 2009 alone, aided by Recovery Act incentives The Section1603 Payments-In-Lieu-Of-Tax-Credits program supported more than 200 megawatts (MW) of solarprojects and more than 100 wind projects around the country, totaling 5 3 GW of wind power capacityThe Section 48C Advanced Energy Manufacturing Tax Credits, as well as loan guarantees, are helpingthin-film solar manufacturers create manufacturing capacity for 230 MW per year The 1603 and 48Cincentives have also supported new geothermal projects, including projects with a capacity to generate112 MW Finally, the U S Department of Energy has issued loan guarantees or conditional commit-ments to support nearly 2 GW of new solar, geothermal, and wind capacity Aided by these incentives,electricity generation from renewables (excluding conventional hydropower) is projected to be twiceits 2008 level, meeting the Administration’s goal of doubling the supply of renewable energy in threeyears (See Figure 2) Figure 2 Energy Information Administration data and forecastsBackup documents: Advanced Energy Manufacturing Tax Credit (48C), Fact Sheet: $2.3 Billion in New CleanEnergy Manufacturing Tax Credits, Preliminary Evaluation of the Impact of the Section 1603 Treasury GrantProgram on Renewable Energy Deployment in 2009, The Recovery Act: Transforming the American Economythrough Innovation ★ 54 ★
3. 3. A P P e n d i x C : C ATA ly z e B r e A k T h r o u g h S f o r nAT i o nA l P r i o r i T i e SSpur innovation through new energy standards • Clean Energy Standard | The White HouseIn the State of the Union Address on January 25, 2011, President Obama announced an initiative to pro-duce more electricity through clean energy, proposing an ambitious but achievable goal of generating80% of the nation’s electricity from clean energy sources by 2035 This target will help position the UnitedStates as a global leader in developing and manufacturing cutting-edge clean energy technologies,improving the nation’s economic growth and competitiveness while also protecting the environmentand developing an energy future that is secure and independentAs an important step to reach this goal, the President is proposing a new Clean Energy Standard (CES)that will be founded on five core principles: (1) double the share of clean electricity in 25 years; (2) credita broad range of clean energy sources; (3) protect consumers against rising energy bills; (4) ensure fair-ness among regions; and (5) promote new technologies such as clean coalThe CES should work to steadily increase the share of delivered electricity generated from clean energysources, rising from 40% today to 80% by 2035 To ensure broad deployment and provide maximumflexibility in meeting the target, clean energy credits should be issued for electricity generated fromrenewable and nuclear power, with partial credits given for clean coal and efficient natural gas Smartpolicies will help American families and businesses save money by saving energy For example, the CEScan be paired with energy efficiency programs that will lower consumers’ energy bills (e g strongerappliance efficiency standards, tax credits for energy efficiency upgrades, and the proposed HomeStar program), and will include provisions to help manufacturers invest in technologies to improveefficiency and reduce energy costs Further, because different regions of the country rely on diverseenergy sources today and have varying access to future clean energy resources, the CES must ensurethat these differences are taken into account Finally, the CES should encourage the deployment ofemerging technologies, such as clean coal with carbon capture and sequestration • Bioenergy | USDA and EPAOn February 3, 2010, the EPA finalized a rule to implement the Renewable Fuel Standard, a long-termrenewable fuel mandate established by Congress that requires the use of 36 billion gallons of renewabletransportation fuel by 2022 Advanced, low-carbon renewable fuels such as cellulosic biofuel must makeup 21 billion gallons of this mandate Achieving this mandate will help speed the transition to cleaner,more secure sources of energy in the transportation sector, helping our nation address the challenges ofclimate change, dependence on oil, and job creation To do so, the Administration is acting on multiplefronts, such as creating the Biomass Crop Assistance Program and increasing the amount of ethanolthat is allowed to be blended in certain cars from 10% to 15% (E15)With a focus on helping the country reach 36 billion gallons by 2022, USDA, in collaboration with DOEand EPA, developed the Growing America’s Fuels strategy This plan will help ensure that dependablesupplies of feedstock are available for the production of advanced biofuels to meet legislated goals andmarket demand, as well to enhance rural economic sustainability Toward that end, USDA is establishingfive Regional Biomass Research Centers and has published a Biofuels Production Roadmap addressingregional variations in feedstock availability and biorefinery locations In addition, USDA is implementing ★ 55 ★
4. 4. A S T r AT e g y f o r A m e r i C A n i n n ovAT i o nbioenergy programs from the 2008 Farm Bill, including the Biomass Crop Assistance Program, whichprovides payments for biomass feedstocks, and Sections 9003, 9004, and 9005, which support produc-ers of advanced biofuelsBackup documents: USDA Energy Fact Sheet, USDA Regional Biomass Research Centers, Press Release:Obama Announces Steps to Boost Biofuels, Clean Coal; February 3, 2010, EPA’s Renewable Fuel StandardHomepage, Biomass Crop Assistance Program, EPA–E15Create Energy Innovation Hubs • Energy Innovation Hubs | Department of EnergyThe urgency of the energy and climate challenges facing our nation, coupled with challenges to ournation’s leadership in technological innovation, led to the establishment of the first Energy InnovationHubs These Hubs are indicative of the Administration’s new, proactive approach to research and a wayto harness American ingenuity to drive ground-breaking technology Energy Innovation Hubs are large,multi-disciplinary, highly-collaborative teams of scientists and engineers working to achieve a specifichigh priority goal They are led by top researchers with the knowledge, resources, and authority tonimbly guide efforts, seizing new opportunities or closing off unproductive lines of research FundingOpportunity Announcements (FOAs) have been issued for three hubs: Energy Regional InnovationCluster (efficient buildings), Liquid Fuels from Sunlight, and Modeling and Simulation on NuclearReactors (nuclear energy)The first three Hubs were competitively awarded in 2010: the Modeling and Simulation for NuclearReactors Hub was awarded to the Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors, ledby Oak Ridge National Laboratory; the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, a team co-led bythe California Institute of Technology and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was selected forthe Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hub; and the Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster forEnergy-Efficient Buildings, a team led by the Pennsylvania State University was chosen to establishthe Innovation Hub focused on developing technologies to make buildings more energy efficient Tosolve further, key challenges, the President’s FY 2012 Budget calls for doubling the number of EnergyInnovation HubsBackup documents: Energy Innovation Hub Homepage, Factsheet: Energy Innovation Hub for Modelingand Simulation, Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors, Energy Efficient BuildingSystems Regional Innovation Cluster Initiative, Fuels from Sunlight, Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis,Penn State to Lead Philadelphia-Based Team that will Pioneer New Energy-Efficient Building Designs, GreaterPhiladelphia Innovation Cluster for Energy-Efficient Buildings.Invest in clean energy solutions • ARPA-E Grants for Transformational Technology | Department of EnergyThe Department of Energy has supported more than 100 ambitious research projects that could fun-damentally change the way the country uses and produces energy Funded through the Departmentof Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), nearly $400 million was awardedto projects that could produce advanced biofuels more efficiently from renewable electricity; design ★ 56 ★
5. 5. A P P e n d i x C : C ATA ly z e B r e A k T h r o u g h S f o r nAT i o nA l P r i o r i T i e Scompletely new types of batteries to make electric vehicles more affordable; remove carbon pollutionfrom coal-fired power plants in a more cost-effective way; and pursue other game-changing technolo-gies The Administration’s FY 2012 Budget proposes to expand funding for ARPA-EBackup Documents: ARPA-E Homepage • Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (ATVM) Loan Program | Department of EnergyThe President has set an ambitious goal of putting 1 million advanced technology vehicles on the roadby 2015 – which would reduce dependence on foreign oil and lead to a reduction in oil consumption ofabout 750 million barrels through 2030 The Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (ATVM) LoanProgram is investing in automobile manufacturers and component suppliers for projects that reequip,expand, and establish manufacturing facilities in the United States to produce light-duty vehicles andcomponents for such vehicles, which provide meaningful improvements in fuel economy performanceIn 2009, the U S had only two factories manufacturing advanced vehicle batteries that power advancedtechnology vehicles and produced less than two percent of the world’s advanced batteries TheAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act included $2 4 billion for battery and electric drive componentmanufacturing, and for electric drive demonstration and infrastructure – investments that are alreadytransforming the advanced vehicle batteries industry in the U S As a result of these investments, in justthe next few years, battery costs are expected to drop by half (2009-2013), the United States will be ableto produce enough batteries and components to support 500,000 plug-in and hybrid vehicles and willhave the capacity to produce 40% of the world’s advanced batteries (2015) The Recovery Act is alsosupporting the deployment of infrastructure for advanced technology vehicles And this year’s Budgetwill significantly broaden R&D investments in technologies like batteries and electric drives – includingan over 30% increase in support for vehicle technology R&D and a new Energy Innovation Hub devotedto improving batteries and energy storage for vehicles and beyondBackup Documents: ATVM Loan Program Homepage, ATVM Loan Program Factsheet • Investments in Advanced Battery and Electric Drive Component Technology | Department of EnergyElectric cars need batteries and drive components that are in short supply in the U S To stimulate theirproduction, over $2 billion in Recovery Act funding is being invested in companies like A123 (See Box 6)and EnerDel, supporting 30 factories to produce the advanced batteries and electric drive componentsnecessary to power the electric-drive vehicles of the future By 2015, when these factories reach scale,they will have the capacity to produce enough batteries to support up to 500,000 plug-in hybrid electricvehicles From a negligible portion of the world’s advanced battery manufacturing today, U S productioncapacity for advanced vehicle batteries will amount to more than 20% of global production capacityestimated to be online in 2012 If successful, these breakthroughs could cut battery costs by as muchas 90% and expand range three- to six-fold, bringing the up-front cost of electric cars down to that ofgas cars and giving them a longer rangeBackup Documents: President Obama Announces $2.4 Billion in Grants to Accelerate the Manufacturingand Deployment of the Next Generation of U.S. Batteries and Electric Vehicles, The Recovery Act: Transformingthe American Economy through Innovation ★ 57 ★
6. 6. A S T r AT e g y f o r A m e r i C A n i n n ovAT i o n Box 6: A123 Systems – A Case Study A smart innovation strategy recognizes that today’s nascent invention in a university laboratory could be tomorrow’s start-up company raising venture capital and eventually growing into a large company that employs hundreds of workers and addresses a key national priority Take the case of hybrid and electric vehicles For these vehicles to achieve the market share necessary to significantly reduce carbon emissions, they must have batteries that are powerful, efficient, cost effective and safe Where will these technologies come from and who will fund the entrepreneurs who develop them into commercial products and create jobs? Moreover, will this process of innovation and entrepre- neurship happen in the United States or elsewhere? Understanding the success of A123 Systems and the effective yet limited role of public policy in facilitating its development is particularly instructive A123 Systems is a leading producer of the lithium-ion batteries that power hybrid and electric vehicles The firm was founded in 2001 as a spin-off from MIT, enabled by a $100,000 SBIR grant from the Department of Energy Improving the process by which promising university research is commercialized is a key component of our Innovation Strategy Buoyed by its early success transitioning from the laboratory to an entrepreneurial venture, the firm went on to raise more than $300 million in venture capital from venture investors like Sequoia Capital and corpo- rations like GE and Motorola It also received a $5 million loan from the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center A123 went public in September 2009, raising $380 million, and today it has approximately 1,700 employ- ees In December 2009, A123 obtained nearly $250 million from the Department of Energy to build a manufacturing plant in Michigan The Administration’s Innovation Strategy aims to catalyze entrepreneur- ial activity to address key national priorities, whether it nurtures firms like A123 in the clean energy sector or other innovative companies in biomedical sciences or nanotechnology Backup Documents: A123 Systems–Revitalizing American Manufacturing, Remarks by the President in Phone Call to Recovery Act Advanced Battery Grant Recipient, A123 Systems in Livonia, MIPromote energy efficient industries • Increased Demand to Improve Fuel Efficiency and Reduce Oil Dependence | EPA, NHTSA, and DOEBeyond supporting investments in new vehicle technologies, the government is raising demand forinnovation through new fuel efficiency standards and spurring private sector innovation in alternativefuels In April 2010, EPA and NHTSA announced a joint Final Rule to establish greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions standards and CAFE standards respectively, for model year 2012-2016 light-duty vehicles InSeptember 2010, EPA and NHTSA issued a Notice of Intent to begin developing new standards for green-house gases and fuel economy for light-duty vehicles for the 2017-2025 model years The two agenciesare also focused on medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, and in October 2010, announced a proposed ruleto, for the first time ever, establish GHG emissions standards and CAFE standards for such vehicles formodel years 2014-2018 In parallel to these rule-makings, the Recovery Act provided the Departmentof Energy with the opportunity to invest nearly $718 million in the future of biofuels and biopower ★ 58 ★
7. 7. A P P e n d i x C : C ATA ly z e B r e A k T h r o u g h S f o r nAT i o nA l P r i o r i T i e SBackup documents: EPA Regulations and Standards, May 19, 2009: President Obama Announces NationalFuel Efficiency Policy, Biomass Program Recovery Act Factsheet, Biomass Program–Bioindustry Creates GreenJobs, Growing America’s Energy Future: Renewable Bioenergy, Biomass Program Recovery Act Factsheet,Biomass Program–Bioindustry Creates Green Jobs, Growing America’s Energy Future: Renewable Bioenergy • Government Demand as Innovation Driver | The White House, DOE, and GSAThe federal government, as the single largest energy consumer in the U S economy, can play a criticalrole catalyzing demand for innovative energy technologies In October 2009, President Obama signedan Executive Order that calls on agencies to cut the federal government’s fleet petroleum use by 30%by 2020, and in January 2010 President Obama announced that the federal government would reduceits GHG pollution by 28% by 2020As part of these efforts, the General Services Administration is replacing 5,603 of the least fuel efficientcars and trucks in the federal fleet with fuel efficient hybrids The U S Navy is driving demand for newfuels by committing to convert its planes, ships, and vehicles to 50% alternative fuels by 2020 TheDepartment of Defense (DOD) is also using its installations as a test bed and market driver for the nextgeneration of energy technologies For example, DOD is testing a smart microgrid that will allow theTwenty-nine Palms Marine Corps base to operate off the grid if needed and reduce its energy costswhen tied to the grid At Camp Roberts in California, the Army is validating a new solar technologythat exploits advances in nanotechnology to provide significant cost savings And at the Great LakesNaval Training Center in Chicago, the military is testing an innovative building management systemthat continuously compares design specifications to actual building performance to allow immediatecorrective actions For these and other energy technologies that prove their worth, DOD can use itssignificant buying power to help create a commercial market, much as the military did with jet engines,integrated circuits, and the InternetBackup documents: President Obama Sets Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Target for FederalOperations, President Obama Expands Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target for Federal Operations, GSADoubles the Federal Hybrid Fleet, DOE Takes the Lead in Updating to Hybrids, The Department of Energy’s FleetAlternative Fueled Vehicle Acquisition Report Compliance with EPACT 1992 and E.O. 13423 in Fiscal Year 2007Invest in Advanced Vehicle TechnologyThe President’s FY 2012 Budget proposes to make the United States the world’s leader in manufacturingand deploying next-generation vehicle technologies, expanding funding for vehicle technologies byalmost 90% to nearly $590 million and enhancing existing tax incentives Recovery Act and prior yearinvestments are already making progress on advanced technology vehicles through research initiativeslike an ARPA-E grant to develop a battery that will go 300 miles on a single charge The FY 2012 Budgetwill significantly broaden R&D investments in technologies like batteries and electric drives – includingan over 30% increase in support for vehicle technology R&D and a new Energy Innovation Hub devotedto improving batteries and energy storage for vehicles and beyond In addition, the President is propos-ing to transform the existing $7,500 tax credit for electric vehicles into a rebate that will be available toall consumers immediately at the point of sale ★ 59 ★
8. 8. A S T r AT e g y f o r A m e r i C A n i n n ovAT i o nPromote energy efficient buildings • Greater Energy Efficiency in the Commercial Buildings | DOE and SBAAs a key part getting 80% of our electricity from clean energy resources, the President is calling for newefforts to improve energy efficiency in commercial buildings across the country The President’s BetterBuildings Initiative will make non-residential buildings 20% more energy efficient over the next decadeby catalyzing private sector investment through a series of incentives to upgrade offices, stores, schoolsand other municipal buildings, universities, hospitals, and other commercial buildings The President’sBudget will propose to make American businesses more energy efficient through tax incentives,increased financing opportunities, and a competitive grant program for states and municipalitiesAccelerate biotechnology, nanotechnology, and advanced manufacturingComplete DNA sequencing for major diseases and drive sequencing innovationsA decade after the publication of the first draft human genome (a culmination of years of effort by thou-sands of researchers), the Administration is investing in the sequencing of over 1,800 complete genomes,a more than 50-fold increase over the 34 genomes that have been sequenced to date by non-RecoveryAct NIH funding (See Figure 4) This accomplishment will be spread across various studies, projects, anddisease groups, and will lend a new level of insight into disease that was previously unattainableThe Administration, through NIH, is also leading The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the largest and mostcomprehensive analysis of the molecular basis of cancer ever undertaken TCGA aims to identify andcatalog all of the relevant genetic alterations in 20 common types of cancer The genomic informationgenerated by TCGA may lead to new targets for cancer treatments, improvements in how cancer is diag-nosed, and advances in personalized medicine, such as prevention strategies based on an individual’sgenetic makeup and treatment plans based on a patient’s unique diseaseThe promise of being able to compare entire human genomes is boundless Today, however, the financialcost of doing so is very high and often prohibitive Therefore, further investments are directed towardthe goal of slashing the cost of DNA sequencing NIH has already made great progress in this area andaims to reduce the cost of sequencing a human genome to $15,000 in 2012, a 40% reduction from thecurrent cost and almost 80% less than the cost in 2009 ★ 60 ★
9. 9. A P P e n d i x C : C ATA ly z e B r e A k T h r o u g h S f o r nAT i o nA l P r i o r i T i e S Figure 4Backup Documents: The Recovery Act–Transforming the American Economy Through InnovationFeed the FutureAgricultural development hinges on access to affordable, appropriate, and sustainable technologiesthat can improve food production, harvesting, storage, and distribution, and advance the health andsafety of all citizens In developing countries with largely agrarian populations, a vibrant and sustainableagricultural system is the very basis for broad economic development and stability By promoting theexploration of biotechnology and other strategies to improve agricultural productivity, the Feed theFuture Initiative will ensure the food security in the U S and globallyBackup documents: Feed the Future InitiativeCreate nanotechnology solutionsAdvances in nanotechnology can drive economic growth, create quality jobs, and address a broad rangeof national challenges Examples of potential nanotechnology applications include smart anti-cancertherapeutics that target tumors without the devastating side effects of chemotherapy, solar cells ascheap as paint, and the next revolution in computing Companies are already offering nanotechnology-enabled products with breakthrough capabilities in areas such as disease detection, lighter and strongermaterials and next-generation batteries ★ 61 ★
10. 10. A S T r AT e g y f o r A m e r i C A n i n n ovAT i o nAs indicated in the National Nanotechnology Initiative Supplement to the President’s 2011 Budget, toaccelerate nanotechnology development in support of the President’s priorities and innovation strategy,NNI member agencies have identified areas ripe for significant advances through close and targetedprogram-level interagency collaboration: • Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond • Sustainable Nanomanufacturing – Creating the Industries of the Future • Nanotechnology for Solar Energy Collection and ConversionBackup Documents: Draft National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan 2010, No Input is Too Small:Comment on National Nanotechnology Initiative’s Strategic PlanLaunch breakthrough technologies for advanced manufacturingA vibrant manufacturing base is critical for continued innovation, with important spillover benefits forthe broader economy While the manufacturing sector directly represents only 12% of U S GDP, manu-facturing firms conduct 70% of private sector R&D The manufacturing sector also helps train the nextgeneration of skilled workers and supports the foundational knowledge necessary to produce processand product innovationAdvanced manufacturing can be defined as manufacturing activities that bring substantial intellectualcapital, in the form of new technologies, into the manufacturing process, resulting in a combinationof lower cost, rapid customization, improved time-to-market, reduced waste, and increased qualityAdvanced manufacturing technologies hold the potential to dramatically enhance the competitive-ness of both existing and new manufacturing industries The U S is already regarded as the leader infoundational knowledge in many of the technologies believed to have potential, including modelingand simulation, nanotechnology, information technology, and cyber-physical systems However, todate, leadership in foundational knowledge has not translated into advanced manufacturing leadershipThe Administration is committed to support private sector investment in advanced manufacturingThe Administration is launching private-public partnerships and investing in breakthrough researchthat can provide the foundation for future economic growth and competitiveness The FY 2012 Budgetincreases investments at key science agencies, including the NSF, NIST laboratories, the Department ofEnergy Office of Science, and DARPA, to support U S leadership in developing advanced manufactur-ing technologies The FY 2012 Budget also provides funding to initiate the Advanced ManufacturingTechnology Consortia Program and sustain the Technology Innovation Program, public-private partner-ships that will help spur innovation in new manufacturing products and processesDevelop breakthrough space capabilities and applicationsIn June 2010, the President released his National Space Policy, which highlights the ever-increasing rolethat space systems, technologies, and activities play in our daily lives Space technologies now help warnus of impending natural disasters, enable worldwide communications, facilitate global commerce, moni-tor global weather and climate, explore the solar system and universe, inspire our youth, provide global ★ 62 ★
11. 11. A P P e n d i x C : C ATA ly z e B r e A k T h r o u g h S f o r nAT i o nA l P r i o r i T i e Snavigation and position location capabilities, and contribute to our security at home and abroad ThePresident is committed to continuing U S leadership in this arena by strengthening our space-relatedscience and technology R&D initiatives, enhancing mutually beneficial international cooperation efforts,improving the state of the U S space industrial base, and taking steps to enable a robust, innovative,and competitive commercial space sectorNASA will again be helping to lead the way in our space programs for the 21st century as it pursuesa bold new approach to space science, exploration, and discovery Under direction from PresidentObama and the U S Congress, NASA has been directed to establish a new program in advanced spacetechnology R&D, to begin a new era of utilization of the International Space Station (ISS) by workingwith the private sector to expand American industry’s role in human spaceflight, and to initiate thedevelopment of the next generation of space vehicles that will expand our human presence beyondEarth orbit and deeper into our solar system These efforts will create thousands of new jobs as NASAexpands its partnerships with industry, generate new markets for new products and discoveries derivedfrom ISS utilization activities, expand our knowledge of our solar system and our place in it, and triggera rush of new innovations and achievementsIn conjunction with NASA’s new initiatives, the Obama Administration is continuing its efforts toadvance U S capabilities in other space sectors, as highlighted in the President’s National Space PolicyFor example, the U S Department of Defense is in the process of launching a new generation of globalpositioning satellites and services and continuing the development of the satellite navigation archi-tecture These new capabilities will advance satellite navigation and timing applications in a range offields, including areas such as urban planning, agriculture, communications, air travel, highway safetyinitiatives, and many more The Administration will also continue and improve a broad array of programsof space-based observation, research, and analysis of the Earth’s land, oceans, and atmosphere Newinitiatives are also underway in areas such as satellite remote sensing and communications, each ofwhich can help improve our security and support new industries and marketsBackup documents: National Space PolicyDrive breakthroughs in health care technologyThe inefficiencies in our health care system raise costs and reduce the quality of care Information tech-nology has the potential to revolutionize our health care systems, creating technological platforms toreduce costs, reduce errors, and increase the quality of care By breaking down barriers between healthservice providers, health IT can integrate our health markets to attract scalable, competitively testedprivate sector innovationExpand the use of health IT • Health IT Adoption | Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information TechnologyInformation technology has the potential to revolutionize our health care systems, creating technologi-cal platforms to increase efficiencies, reduce errors, and improve the quality of care By breaking downbarriers between health service providers, health IT can integrate our health markets to attract scalable, ★ 63 ★
12. 12. A S T r AT e g y f o r A m e r i C A n i n n ovAT i o ncompetitively tested private sector innovation The Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for HealthInformation Technology is working to realize this vision through numerous initiatives • The Medicare and Medicaid Electronic Health Record (EHR) Incentive Programs will provide incentive payments to eligible professionals and hospitals who qualify as “meaningful users” of certified EHR technology According to surveys released in January of 2011 by the American Hospital Association and the National Center for Health Statistics, approximately 80% of eligible hospitals and 40% of office-based physicians intend to participate in the program • The Health Information Technology Extension Program establishes Regional Extension Centers to accelerate adoption of EHRs Starting in 2010, $677 million has been awarded to create 62 Regional Extension Centers, and an additional $50 million will be invested in establishing the national Health IT Research Center The Regional Extension Centers aim to support at least 100,000 primary care providers in achieving meaningful use of EHRs • The Nationwide Health Information Network (NwHIN) develops standards, services, and policies that enable secure health information exchange over the Internet The NwHIN will provide a foundation for the exchange of health IT across diverse entities, within communities, and across the country, providing a platform to attract and adopt system-wide innovation • The State Health Information Exchange Cooperative Agreement Program funds states’ efforts to rapidly build capacity for exchanging health information across the health care system both within and across states In March 2010, ONC announced a total of 56 awards – to states, eligible territories, and qualified State Designated Entities – amounting to over $547 million • The Beacon Community Program began providing $250 million in May 2010 to support 17 com- munities with expected EHR adoption rates significantly above national averages The program will help accelerate and demonstrate the role of health IT in improving Americans’ health and the performance of the health care providers who serve themBackup Documents: HITECH Priority Grants Program–Factsheet, HITECH Priority Grants Program Homepage,State Health Information Exchange Cooperative Agreement Program–Factsheet, State Health InformationExchange Cooperative Agreement Program: Frequently Asked Questions, State Health Information ExchangeToolkit, National Institutes of Health–Mobile Health Homepage, Beacon Community Cooperative AgreementProgram–Factsheet, Vice President Biden, HHS Secretary Sebelius Announce Selection of 15 Health IT PilotCommunities through Recovery Act Beacon Community Program, Nationwide Health Information Network(NHIN) Homepage ★ 64 ★
13. 13. A P P e n d i x C : C ATA ly z e B r e A k T h r o u g h S f o r nAT i o nA l P r i o r i T i e S • Breakthroughs in health IT technology | Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information TechnologyThe Strategic Health IT Advanced Research Projects (SHARP) Program funds potentially game-changingadvances to address well-documented problems that have impeded adoption of health IT In March2010, four $15 million dollar awards were announced to four academic institutions Awardees will engagein research and product development to address barriers to health IT adoption in four key areas: • Security and health information technology • Patient-centered decision making support • Health care application and network design • Secondary use of EHR informationThese academic partners will integrate input from providers, patients, academics, industry, and govern-ment stakeholders to translate their research into patient-centered products and services This projectwill yield fundamental improvements within and between project areas to help make an electronichealth record available for all Americans by 2014Backup Documents: SHARP Program Factsheet, SHARP Program Frequently Asked Questions WebsiteEnable innovation in medical technologies and medical care • Council on Medical Device Innovation and Transparency Initiative | U.S. FDAThe U S Food and Drug Administration is working to accelerate the development of medical devicetechnologies In June 2009, the FDA launched a “Transparency Initiative” which will improve the market’sunderstanding of the approval process and encourage innovation In January 2010, the FDA announcedthe creation of the Council on Medical Device Innovation, designed to encourage innovations thatwill address unmet public health needs The multi-agency council will facilitate medical technologyinnovations by identifying the most important unmet public health needs, delineating the barriersto the development of technologies to treat these needs, and addressing obstacles to patient accessBackup Documents: FDA–Medical Device Development Process Presentation, FDA Public Workshop:Identifying Unmet Public Health Needs and Facilitating Innovation in Medical Device Development • Qualified Therapeutic Discovery Project Program | Internal Revenue Service and Health and Human ServicesThe Qualified Therapeutic Discovery Project Program provided tax credits and grants to small firms in2009 and 2010 that show significant potential to produce new and cost-saving therapies, support U Sjobs and increase U S competitiveness Applicants were required to have their research projects certi-fied as eligible for the credit or grant Health and Human Services, through the National Institutes ofHealth, reviewed the applications from a scientific perspective, and the Internal Revenue Service madethe final determination of the awards  Backup Documents: Program Homepage, IRS guidance ★ 65 ★
14. 14. A S T r AT e g y f o r A m e r i C A n i n n ovAT i o n • Health Care Innovation Through Reduced Cost | Health and Human ServicesOver time, the Affordable Care Act will reduce costs throughout the health care system The bill cre-ates competition among private-sector insurance companies in newly-created insurance exchangesMost importantly, in the current fee-for-service system, manufacturers, hospitals, and other providersare generally reimbursed based on the volume and price of treatment, creating little motivation toinnovate to contain costs With the Affordable Care Act, delivery system reforms through accountablecare organizations, bundling payments, and pressure to reduce hospital-acquired conditions and re-admissions will all provide incentives for physicians, hospitals, and other providers to improve qualitywhile lowering costsProjections by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services find that the law will reduce the annual-ized growth rate of Medicare spending between 2012 and 2019 by 1 4 percentage points An analysisby the Congressional Budget Office found that private-sector premiums for individuals will fall between7 and 10 percent for a given amount of coverageCost containment will provide strong incentives for innovation and the development of technologies(see Box 7) that improve the quality of care, saving lives and lowering costs by wringing inefficiency outof the health care system In addition, reform will stimulate innovations in the processes of care andpatient flow A number of these innovations have occurred, but with health care reform the pace ofinnovation will accelerateBackup documents: GAO Report on Hospital Flow, HHS Healthcare Related Infections Initiatives, HospitalChecklist Reduces Infections, GAO Report on Advanced Imaging ★ 66 ★
15. 15. A P P e n d i x C : C ATA ly z e B r e A k T h r o u g h S f o r nAT i o nA l P r i o r i T i e S Box 7: Innovations in Health CareThe innovations in health care that the Administration hopes to drive by containing costs go far beyond the important– but traditional – view of medical innovation as new drugs or approaches to treatment Medical innovations rangefrom redesigned devices to prevent errors that cost lives to changes in the workflow of hospitals and doctor’s offices tothe rapid accessibility of patient data This box describes some of the technologies that most patients – and even manydoctors – may not imagine are possible, yet would be scaled up within a system that rewards innovations by reducingcosts:• Devices designed for efficiency and lower cost. Curbing costs will require manufacturers to innovate to provide quality for less For example, device designers have developed a resuscitation “crash cart” that splits into three pieces with dedicated equipment for each part of a medical team to provide care quickly and accurately in crisis situations Designers have created lightweight, simpler plastic clamps to guide orthopedic surgeons in knee opera- tions, replacing cumbersome, overweight, metal instruments The innovative guides improved accuracy because surgeons found them easier to employ, rather than operating freehand instead of using the older, bulkier devices The current medical marketplace does not reward these types of innovative and efficient designs• Safer medical equipment. Safety can be embedded in the architecture of medical equipment itself A 2006 survey found that 16% of hospitals had experienced a medical tubing error, such as attaching a tube delivering liquid food into a line leading to a vein – resulting in agony and death Tubing designed so that it will not fit if it is connected improperly is an example of a medical equipment innovation that would reduce costs, prevent errors, and save lives• Redesigned monitoring devices. Patient monitoring devices—from those reporting vital signs to diagnostic tools —often have complex displays, and confusing ports for input and output In high-pressure situations, these devices can hinder the effectiveness of nurses and doctors Better industrial design would yield a simpler interface with clear labels and display of patient information for quick reference Designers have created diagnostic devices that improve safety as well, such as a blood pressure cuff with a Velcro-detachable, hygienic “wipe clean” surface, and a timestrip for intravenous lines that gradually fills with ink to provide a visual guide for how long a line has been inserted• New office and hospital flow processes. Management of the flow of patients between different arms of hospitals and within doctors’ offices is an area ripe for innovation, and could be augmented with new technology According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), hospitals have improved the flow out of emergency departments and into inpatient beds by forming teams, which meet several times a day, to carefully monitor entering patients and opening beds Hospitals have partnered with states and cities to establish diversion programs to reduce the burden on ER departments of patients who require treatment, but not emergency care These processes save costs and improve quality, but are not rewarded under a system with high reimbursements for ER visits and payments based on volume• Less expensive diagnostic tests. According to the GAO, from 2000 through 2006, Medicare spending for imaging services paid for under the physician fee schedule more than doubled—increasing to about $14 billion Spending on advanced imaging, such as CT scans, MRIs, and nuclear medicine, rose substantially faster than other imaging services such as ultrasound, X-ray, and other standard imaging The Affordable Care Act takes steps to realign and rein in this growth in excess spending, driving providers towards effective and efficient diagnostic tests• More health data. As described elsewhere in the report, the Recovery Act makes large investments in health IT and electronic medical records The Affordable Care Act drives new pricing and performance transparency of the health-insurance and health care-provider markets The President’s open government initiative continues to publish a growing array of health care data sets online and makes them freely available Mining and sharing data from these sources will augment the implementation of all of the innovative technologies outlined above, by allowing the identification of high-risk individuals and good practices to address their needs• A simple checklist for preventing infections. Health care-associated infections (HAIs) exact a significant toll on human life They are among the leading causes of preventable death in the United States, accounting for an esti- mated 1 7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths in recent years It is estimated that health care-associated infections cause $28 to $33 billion in excess health care costs each year A simple, 5-point checklist developed at Johns Hopkins and implemented in hospitals in Michigan—which includes basic steps like washing hands, cleaning the skin, and wearing the proper mask, hat, gown and gloves—was found to reduce HAIs to nearly zero In the current health care system, with payment based on volume rather than quality, these types of innovations in the structure of delivery are not rewarded ★ 67 ★
16. 16. A S T r AT e g y f o r A m e r i C A n i n n ovAT i o nCreate a quantum leap in educational technologiesAdvance development of educational technologiesThe OpportunityThere is growing evidence that technology can improve learning outcomes and reduce the time neededfor students of all ages to gain new knowledge and skills by personalizing the learning experienceFurthermore, technology can increase the rate of improvement in education by enabling rapid, low-costexperimentation to better evaluate new methods and accelerate the diffusion of best practices Withrelatively widespread access to broadband, cloud computing, digital devices and software, the tech-nological conditions are increasingly ripe for the development of advanced educational technologiesAdditionally, learning technologies have the potential to be a rapidly growing industry internation-ally As developing countries seek to educate broader segments of their population, they may turn tolearning technologies Many countries, such as India and China, have not invested in the brick-and-mortar infrastructure that we have in the United States, and they may seek less expensive, more flexibleapproaches to learning With appropriate leadership, the United States has an opportunity to lead inthis new and expanding market, but we must move rapidly to secure our leadership or other countrieswill close the gapGovernment’s RoleThe government’s role in stimulating and facilitating the development of this sector could take severalforms In the education sector, where there is potential for widespread adoption of these technologies,demand is currently fragmented and insufficient to encourage the private sector to make substantialinvestments As it has done successfully in other sectors of national importance (for example, semicon-ductors or biotechnology), the government is currently exploring limited and strategic investments ineducational R&D that will catalyze the emerging education technology industry and secure Americanleadership in a global sector – upfront investments that many educational institutions and companieswould not be able to make on their own but that will produce benefits that accrue to the entire nationThe President has already demonstrated his commitment to educational technology and the Departmentof Education recently released a National Educational Technology Plan, which is a five-year action planfor using technology to improve student learning, accelerate and scale up the adoption of effectivepractices, and use data and information for continuous improvement Across the government there areinitiatives to support improved learning outcomes through the use of technology, from the NationalScience Foundation launch of “Cyberlearning Transforming Education” to a variety of DARPA, DOE, andNavy programs in this area Given the opportunities in this sector the government will seek to promotethe development and adoption of educational technology in the following ways: • Support federal research, development, demonstration and evaluation that will improve our understanding of how and in what contexts educational technology can improve student achievement • Provide immediate opportunities for the creation of new learning technologies, including through support for the development of specific applications and courseware through inter- agency procurement agreements ★ 68 ★
17. 17. A P P e n d i x C : C ATA ly z e B r e A k T h r o u g h S f o r nAT i o nA l P r i o r i T i e S • Develop “pull” mechanisms to accelerate the market for advanced learning technologies, working with the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) schools as platforms for innovation and as early “customers” for new effective approaches • Stimulate private sector investment in the sector—call on companies and philanthropic orga- nizations to supplement federal government spending on K–12 STEM education, building on the successful Investing in Innovation (i3) FundThere are a number of opportunities to catalyze market opportunities and make transformative invest-ments, with an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Education (ARPA-ED) as a flagship leader in thisfield Modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the government depart-ment that has supported the creation of the Internet, GPS, stealth technology, and other revolutionaryinnovations, the creation of ARPA-ED will drive innovation in the area of educational technology Withfunding in Fiscal Year 2012, ARPA-ED will: • Sponsor the synthesis and vetting of the nation’s public and private research and development efforts with the explicit purpose of identifying breakthrough development opportunities and shaping the next wave of R&D • Invest in the development of new education technologies and digital learning materials • Identify and transition the best and most relevant R&D with possible applications in education from other federal agenciesThe GoalARPA-ED would fund bold programs and increase entrepreneurship and innovation in the field of educa-tion The end goal is to develop transformative, game-changing education technologies – technologiesthat will be interoperable and build strategically upon one another to achieve progress at scaleBackup documents: National Educational Technology Plan ★ 69 ★