Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch

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The lead coordination and response unit for domestic and global water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related disease, including 11 pathogens, in CDC’s National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.

A Domestic and Global Vision and Mission

Spotlight: Our Water Work
Water innovation report title page

Read about a novel new technique for preserving test samples Cdc-pdf[PDF - 3 pages] in the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Innovative Technologies pamphlet.

Water accomplishments document

Read about protecting people from brain-eating ameba (page 2) and innovating solutions for sanitation in Kenya (page 4) Cdc-pdf[PDF - 4 pages] in National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases: Accomplishments 2013.

With its many uses for drinking, recreation, sanitation, hygiene, and industry, water is our most precious global resource. Access to clean and safe water, adequate sanitation, and improved hygiene are critical to sustaining human health and life. Although water is essential for life, it also causes injuries and can spread illness when it is contaminated by disease-causing organisms. CDC’s Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch (WDPB) was created in 2010 to be the lead coordination and response unit in the Center for preventing domestic and global water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related disease.

Vision

A world where everyone has access to safe water, adequate sanitation, and basic hygiene practices.

Mission

To maximize the health, productivity, and well-being of people in the United States and around the globe through improved and sustained access to safe water for drinking, recreation, and other uses, adequate sanitation, and basic hygiene practices.

Integrated Focus Areas

The branch addresses our mission in the U.S. and abroad by developing partnerships, providing technical and emergency assistance, monitoring and evaluating new interventions and ongoing programs, building laboratory expertise and capacity, and conducting applied research to support activities and programs. As part of our WASH-related mission, we are also the lead CDC group for specific diseases that include amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, cholera (non-laboratory), shigellosis (non-laboratory), and infections caused by Cronobacter (non-laboratory), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; non-laboratory), and the free-living amebae Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Naegleria, and Sappinia.

To accomplish our mission, our teams:

Photo: Two kids in pool
  • Track waterborne disease nationally
  • Investigate the causes and sources of waterborne disease and outbreaks
  • Identify the risk factors for infection
  • Develop improved laboratory detection and sampling methods
  • Develop new ways to remove or inactivate pathogens
  • Assess new prevention ideas
  • Promote improved public health through communication and education
  • Develop WASH-related guidance and policy

WDPB mission-related work includes domestic and global outbreak investigations, including cholera, typhoid fever, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, amebiasis, and the free-living amebae (Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia).

Photo: Haitian girl with water bucket on head

WDPB also works globally on evaluating and promoting CDC’s Safe Water System, documenting the health and developmental benefits of handwashing, integrating safe water and hygiene into school and healthcare settings, integrating WASH into neglected tropical disease programs, providing epidemiologic support for the global Guinea Worm Eradication Program, and building capacity within ministries of health for epidemic cholera and typhoid response. In the United States, WDPB focuses on public health issues related to drinking and recreational (e.g., swimming pools) water. WDPB operates multiple national waterborne disease and outbreak surveillance systems; provides diagnostic services and clinical consults, particularly for infections by the free-living amebae; is developing estimates of the burden of domestic waterborne disease; works on water-related issues impacted by climate change; and promotes disease prevention and control through health communications and policy development.

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Core Work Strategies

Photo: Older Lady Drinking Water from Glass

As critical components of any mission to assure healthy lives, WASH expertise is supported by many groups at CDC. The Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch works with groups across CDC on global and domestic WASH-related issues bridging infectious and chronic diseases, global health, environmental health, emergency response, injury prevention, and worker safety. For information on other groups working on water-related health issues, visit the CDC at Work page of the Healthy Water website.

Our core work strategies for achieving mission success are to:

  • Build a strong team
  • Deliver the best administrative and mission support
  • Use a multidisciplinary approach to yield the best science
  • Develop strategic internal and external partnerships
  • Photo: China school students washing hands
  • Maximize effectiveness and productivity from taxpayer investment
  • Provide superior technical support and capacity building expertise to partners
  • Train and educate new waterborne disease prevention experts
  • Translate science into prevention

 

Organization & Teams

Branch Chief: Vincent Hill, PhD, MS, PE

Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch Organizational Chart Organizational Chart: includes Office of the Chief and teams - Health Promotion and Communication, Laboratory WASH, Domestic WASH, and Global WASH

Health Promotion and Communication Team Laboratory WASH Team Domestic WASH Epidemiology Team Global WASH Epidemiology Team

Teams

Our branch is organized into four teams:

Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch Activities

Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch Highlights

Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch Websites

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Publications

    1. Arnold, B. F., H. M. Scobie, J. W. Priest, and P. J. Lammie. 2018. ‘Integrated Serologic Surveillance of Population Immunity and Disease Transmission’, Emerg Infect Dis, 24: 1188-94.
    2. Baroudi, D. 2018. ‘Divergent Cryptosporidium parvum subtype and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in dromedary camels in Algeria’, Parasitol Research.
    3. Bennett, S. D., S. A. Lowther, F. Chingoli, B. Chilima, S. Kabuluzi, T. L. Ayers, T. A. Warne, and E. Mintz. 2018. ‘Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in response to an outbreak of typhoid fever in Neno District, Malawi’, PLoS One, 13: e0193348.
    4. Berendes, D. M., C. E. O’Reilly, S. Kim, R. Omore, J. B. Ochieng, T. Ayers, K. Fagerli, T. H. Farag, D. Nasrin, S. Panchalingam, J. P. Nataro, K. L. Kotloff, M. M. Levine, J. Oundo, K. Laserson, R. F. Breiman, and E. D. Mintz. 2018. ‘Diarrhoea, enteric pathogen detection and nutritional indicators among controls in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, Kenya site: An opportunity to understand reference populations in case-control studies of diarrhoea’, Epidemiol Infect: 1-9.
    5. Berendes D.M., P.J.Yang, A. Lai, D. Hu, and J. Brown. 2018. ‘Estimation of global recoverable human and animal faecal biomass’, Nat Sustain, 1(11):679-685. doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0167-0.
    6. Bhutta, Z. A., M. Gaffey, J. A. Crump, D. Steele, R. F. Breiman, E. D. Mintz, R. E. Black, S. P. Luby, and M. M. Levine. 2018. ‘Typhoid Fever: Way Forward’, Am J Trop Med Hyg.
    7. Chae, S. R., A. Q. Yaffee, M. K. Weng, D. C. Ham, K. Daniels, A. B. Wilburn, K. A. Porter, A. H. Flinchum, S. Boyd, A. Shams, M. S. Walters, and A. Kallen. 2018. ‘Notes from the Field: Investigation of Carbapenemase-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Among Patients at a Community Hospital – Kentucky, 2016′, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 66: 1410.
    8. Chard, A. N., V. Trinies, D. M. Moss, H. H. Chang, S. Doumbia, P. J. Lammie, and M. C. Freeman. 2018. ‘The impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements on infectious disease using serum antibody detection’, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 12: e0006418.
    9. Cope, J. R., N. M. Konne, D. S. Jacobs, D. K. Dhaliwal, M. K. Rhee, J. Yin, and T. L. Steinemann. 2018. ‘Corneal Infections Associated with Sleeping in Contact Lenses – Six Cases, United States, 2016-2018’, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67: 877-81.
    10. Cope, J. R., J. Landa, H. Nethercut, S. A. Collier, C. Glaser, M. Moser, R. Puttagunta, J. S. Yoder, I. K. Ali, and S. L. Roy. 2018. ‘The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Balamuthia mandrillaris Disease in the United States, 1974 – 2016′, Clin Infect Dis.
    11. Cope, J. R., J. Murphy, A. Kahler, D. G. Gorbett, I. Ali, B. Taylor, L. Corbitt, S. Roy, N. Lee, D. Roellig, S. Brewer, and V. R. Hill. 2018. ‘Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Associated With Rafting on an Artificial Whitewater River: Case Report and Environmental Investigation’, Clin Infect Dis, 66: 548-53.
    12. Curran, K. G., E. Wells, S. J. Crowe, R. Narra, J. Oremo, W. Boru, J. Githuku, M. Obonyo, K. M. De Cock, J. M. Montgomery, L. Makayotto, D. Langat, S. A. Lowther, C. O’Reilly, Z. Gura, and J. Kioko. 2018. ‘Systems, supplies, and staff: a mixed-methods study of health care workers’ experiences and health facility preparedness during a large national cholera outbreak, Kenya 2015′, BMC Public Health, 18: 723.
    13. Davis, W. W., P. Chonzi, K. P. E. Masunda, L. M. Shields, I. Mukeredzi, P. Manangazira, E. Govore, R. D. Aubert, H. Martin, E. Gonese, J. B. Ochieng, B. Juma, H. Ali, K. Allen, B. A. T. Barr, E. Mintz, and G. D. Appiah. 2018. ‘Notes from the Field: Typhoid Fever Outbreak – Harare, Zimbabwe, October 2016-March 2017’, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67: 342-43.
    14. Davis, W., R. Narra, E.D. Mintz. 2018. ‘Cholera’, Current Epi Reports, (5):303-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-018-0162-zExternal
    15. Delahoy, M. J., R. Omore, T. L. Ayers, K. A. Schilling, A. J. Blackstock, J. B. Ochieng, F. Moke, P. Jaron, A. Awuor, C. Okonji, J. Juma, T. H. Farag, D. Nasrin, S. Panchalingam, J. P. Nataro, K. L. Kotloff, M. M. Levine, J. Oundo, D. M. Roellig, L. Xiao, M. B. Parsons, K. Laserson, E. D. Mintz, R. F. Breiman, and C. E. O’Reilly. 2018. ‘Clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics associated with Cryptosporidium infection among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2008-2012: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)’, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 12: e0006640.
    16. Fagerli, K., J. Hurd, E. Wells, J. McAteer, S. Kim, L. Seal, P. Akers, J.L. Murphy, and R. Quick. 2018. ‘Evaluation of use, acceptability, and effectiveness of household water filter systems in Honduras, 2016-2017’, J WASH Dev, 8(4):809-816. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2018.034.
    17. Garcia, L. S., M. Arrowood, E. Kokoskin, G. P. Paltridge, D. R. Pillai, G. W. Procop, N. Ryan, R. Y. Shimizu, and G. Visvesvara. 2018. ‘Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasites from the Gastrointestinal Tract’, Clin Microbiol Rev, 31.
    18. Graciaa, D. S., J. R. Cope, V. A. Roberts, B. L. Cikesh, A. M. Kahler, M. Vigar, E. D. Hilborn, T. J. Wade, L. C. Backer, S. P. Montgomery, W. Evan Secor, V. R. Hill, M. J. Beach, K. E. Fullerton, J. S. Yoder, and M. C. Hlavsa. 2018. ‘Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Recreational Water – United States, 2000-2014’, Am J Transplant, 18: 2083-87.
    19. Grytdal, S. P., R. Weatherholtz, D. H. Esposito, J. Campbell, R. Reid, N. Gregoricus, C. Schneeberger, T. S. Lusk, L. Xiao, N. Garrett, C. Bopp, L. L. Hammitt, J. Vinje, V. R. Hill, K. L. O’Brien, and A. J. Hall. 2018. ‘Water quality, availability, and acute gastroenteritis on the Navajo Nation – a pilot case-control study’, J Water Health, 16: 1018-28.
    20. Guo, Y., N. Li, Y. R. Ortega, L. Zhang, D. M. Roellig, Y. Feng, and L. Xiao. 2018. ‘Population genetic characterization of Cyclospora cayetanensis from discrete geographical regions’, Exp Parasitol, 184: 121-27.
    21. Hlavsa, M. C., B. L. Cikesh, V. A. Roberts, A. M. Kahler, M. Vigar, E. D. Hilborn, T. J. Wade, D. M. Roellig, J. L. Murphy, L. Xiao, K. M. Yates, J. M. Kunz, M. J. Arduino, S. C. Reddy, K. E. Fullerton, L. A. Cooley, M. J. Beach, V. R. Hill, and J. S. Yoder. 2018. ‘Outbreaks associated with treated recreational water – United States, 2000-2014’, Am J Transplant, 18: 1815-19.
    22. Iverson, S.A., N. Fowle, G. Epperson, J. Colins, S. Zusy, J. Narang, J. Matthews, M.C. Hlavsa, D. Roellig, T. Sylvester, R. Klein, and R. Sunenshine. 2018. ‘Community-wide Recreational Water-associated Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis and Control Strategies—Maricopa County, Arizona, 2016. J Environ Health’, 81(4):14-21.
    23. ——. 2018. ‘Outbreaks Associated with Treated Recreational Water – United States, 2000-2014’, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67: 547-51.
    24. Kambhampati, A. K., Z. A. Marsh, M. C. Hlavsa, V. A. Roberts, A. R. Vieira, J. S. Yoder, and A. J. Hall. 2018. ‘Prevention and Control of Youth Camp-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreaks’, J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc.
    25. Kapata, N., N. Sinyange, M. L. Mazaba, K. Musonda, R. Hamoonga, M. Kapina, K. Zyambo, W. Malambo, E. Yard, M. Riggs, R. Narra, J. Murphy, J. Brunkard, A. S. Azman, N. Monze, K. Malama, J. Mulwanda, and V. M. Mukonka. 2018. ‘A Multisectoral Emergency Response Approach to a Cholera Outbreak in Zambia: October 2017-February 2018’, J Infect Dis, 218: S181-S83.
    26. Knee, J., T. Sumner, Z. Adriano, D. Berendes, E. de Bruijn, W-P. Schmidt, R. Nalá, O. Cumming, and J. Brown. 2018. ‘Risk factors for childhood enteric infection in urban Maputo, Mozambique: A cross-sectional study’, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 12(11):e0006956. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006956External.
    27. Lamorde, M., A. Mpimbaza, R. Walema, M. Kamya, J. Kapisi, H. Kajambula, A. Sserwanga, J.F. Namuganga, A. Kusemererwa, H. Tasimwa, I. Makumbi, J. Kayiwa, J. Lutwama, P. Behumbiize, A. Tagoola, J.F. Nanteza, G. Anikua, M. Workneh, Y. Manabe, J.N. Borchert, V. Brown, G.D. Appiah, E.D. Mintz, J. Homsy, G.S. Odongo, R.L. Ransom, M.M. Freeman, R.A. Stoddard, R. Galloway, M.M. Mikoleit, C. Kato, R. Rosenberg, E.C. Mossel, P.S. Mead, and K.J. Kuegler. 2018. ‘A cross-cutting approach to surveillance and laboratory capacity as a platform to improve health security in Uganda’, Health Security, 16(Suppl 1):s76-s86 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2018.0051.
    28. Lee, B., T. Martin, A. Khan, K. Fullerton, W. Duck, T. Kinley, S. Stoutenburg, J. Hall, M. Crum, M. C. Garcia, M. F. Iademarco, and C. L. Richards. 2018. ‘Modernizing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Informatics Using Surveillance Data Platform Shared Services’, Public Health Rep, 133: 130-35.
    29. Majeed, Q. A. H., O. M. E. El-Azazy, N. M. I. Abdou, Z. A. Al-Aal, A. I. El-Kabbany, L. M. A. Tahrani, M. S. AlAzemi, Y. Wang, Y. Feng, and L. Xiao. 2018. ‘Epidemiological observations on cryptosporidiosis and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats in Kuwait’, Parasitol Res.
    30. Matanock, A., X. Lu, G. Derado, V. M. Cuellar, P. Juliao, M. Alvarez, B. Lopez, F. Munoz, A. Thornton, J. C. Patel, G. Lopez, L. Reyes, W. Arvelo, A. J. Blackstock, K. A. Lindblade, and S. L. Roy. 2018. ‘Association of water quality with soil-transmitted helminthiasis and diarrhea in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala, 2010’, J Water Health, 16: 724-36.
    31. Matanock, A., J. M. Mehal, L. Liu, D. M. Blau, and J. R. Cope. 2018. ‘Estimation of Undiagnosed Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis, United States(1)’, Emerg Infect Dis, 24: 162-64.
    32. McAteer, J. B., S. Danda, T. Nhende, P. Manamike, T. Parayiwa, A. Tarupihwa, O. Tapfumanei, P. Manangazira, G. Mhlanga, D. B. Garone, A. Martinsen, R. D. Aubert, W. Davis, R. Narra, S. Balachandra, B. A. Tippett Barr, and E. Mintz. 2018. ‘Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Vibrio cholerae Associated with Attending a Funeral – Chegutu District, Zimbabwe, 2018′, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67: 560-61.
    33. McClung, R. P., D. M. Roth, M. Vigar, V. A. Roberts, A. M. Kahler, L. A. Cooley, E. D. Hilborn, T. J. Wade, K. E. Fullerton, J. S. Yoder, and V. R. Hill. 2018. ‘Waterborne disease outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined exposures to water – United States, 2013-2014’, Am J Transplant, 18: 262-67.
    34. McNair, N. N., C. Bedi, D. M. Shayakhmetov, M. J. Arrowood, and J. R. Mead. 2018. ‘Inflammasome components caspase-1 and adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like proteins are important in resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum‘, Microbes Infect, 20: 369-75.
    35. McCrickard, L., S. Crim, S. Kim, A. Bowen. 2018. ‘Disparities in severe shigellosis among adults — Foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 2002 – 2014’, BMC Pub Health, 18:221.
    36. Mintz, E. 2018. ‘Taking aim at cholera’, Lancet.
    37. Morris, J. F., J. Murphy, K. Fagerli, C. Schneeberger, P. Jaron, F. Moke, J. Juma, J. B. Ochieng, R. Omore, D. Roellig, L. Xiao, J. W. Priest, J. Narayanan, J. Montgomery, V. Hill, E. Mintz, T. L. Ayers, and C. E. O’Reilly. 2018. ‘A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Impact of Ceramic Water Filters on Prevention of Diarrhea and Cryptosporidiosis in Infants and Young Children-Western Kenya, 2013’, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 98:1260-1268.
    38. Mosites, E., K. Miernyk, J. W. Priest, D. Bruden, D. Hurlburt, A. Parkinson, J. Klejka, T. Hennessy, and M. G. Bruce. 2018. ‘Giardia and Cryptosporidium antibody prevalence and correlates of exposure among Alaska residents, 2007-2008′, Epidemiol Infect, 146: 888-94.
    39. Moss, D. M., S. Handali, A. N. Chard, V. Trinies, S. Bullard, R. E. Wiegand, S. Doumbia, M. C. Freeman, and P. J. Lammie. 2018. ‘Detection of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Taenia solium Cysticercosis Antigen Glutathione-S-Transferase-rT24H in Malian Children Using Multiplex Bead Assay’, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 98: 1408-12.
    40. Moss, D.M., M.T. Whitney, A.N. Chard, V. Trinies, S. Doumbia, C.H. Goodman, S. Bullard, R.E. Wiegand, M.C. Freeman, P.J. Lammie, and G. Chang. 2018. ‘The Serological Evidence of Dengue and Chikungunya Exposures in Malian Children by Multiplex Bead Assay’, Int J of Trop Med, 1:007.
    41. Murphy, H. R., H. N. Cinar, G. Gopinath, K. E. Noe, L. D. Chatman, N. E. Miranda, J. H. Wetherington, J. Neal-McKinney, G. S. Pires, E. Sachs, K. J. Stanya, C. L. Johnson, F. S. Nascimento, M. Santin, A. Molokin, M. Samadpour, H. Janagama, A. Kahler, C. Miller, and A. J. da Silva. 2018. ‘Interlaboratory validation of an improved method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in produce using a real-time PCR assay’, Food Microbiol, 69: 170-78.
    42. Murphy, J., E. Cartwright, B. Johnson, T. Ayers, W. Worthington, and E.D. Mintz. 2018. ‘An evaluation of a bucket chlorination campaign during a cholera outbreak in rural Cameroon’, Waterlines, 37(4):266-279.
    43. Murphy, J. L., M. C. Hlavsa, B. C. Carter, C. Miller, N. Jothikumar, T. R. Gerth, M. J. Beach, and V. R. Hill. 2018. ‘Pool water quality and prevalence of microbes in filter backwash from metro-Atlanta swimming pools’, J Water Health, 16: 87-92.
    44. Naguib, D., A. H. El-Gohary, A. A. Mohamed, D. M. Roellig, N. Arafat, and L. Xiao. 2018. ‘Age patterns of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis in dairy calves in Egypt’, Parasitol Int, 67: 736-41.
    45. Naguib, D., A. H. El-Gohary, D. Roellig, A. A. Mohamed, N. Arafat, Y. Wang, Y. Feng, and L. Xiao. 2018. ‘Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in children in Egypt’, Parasit Vectors, 11: 403.
    46. Ondigo, B. N., E. M. O. Muok, J. K. Oguso, S. M. Njenga, H. M. Kanyi, E. M. Ndombi, J. W. Priest, N. Kittur, W. E. Secor, D. M. S. Karanja, and D. G. Colley. 2018. ‘Impact of Mothers’ Schistosomiasis Status During Gestation on Children’s IgG Antibody Responses to Routine Vaccines 2 Years Later and Anti-Schistosome and Anti-Malarial Responses by Neonates in Western Kenya’, Front Immunol, 9: 1402.
    47. Plucinski, M. M., B. Candrinho, G. Chambe, J. Muchanga, O. Muguande, G. Matsinhe, G. Mathe, E. Rogier, T. Doyle, R. Zulliger, J. Colborn, A. Saifodine, P. Lammie, and J. W. Priest. 2018. ‘Multiplex serology for impact evaluation of bed net distribution on burden of lymphatic filariasis and four species of human malaria in northern Mozambique’, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 12: e0006278.
    48. Priest, J. W., M. M. Plucinski, C. S. Huber, E. Rogier, B. Mao, C. J. Gregory, B. Candrinho, J. Colborn, and J. W. Barnwell. 2018. ‘Specificity of the IgG antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale MSP119 subunit proteins in multiplexed serologic assays’, Malar J, 17: 417.
    49. Qvarnstrom, Y., Y. Wei-Pridgeon, E. Van Roey, S. Park, G. Srinivasamoorthy, F. S. Nascimento, D. M. Moss, E. Talundzic, and M. J. Arrowood. 2018. ‘Purification of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts obtained from human stool specimens for whole genome sequencing’, Gut Pathog, 10: 45.
    50. Radhakrishnan, A., D. Als, E. D. Mintz, J. A. Crump, J. Stanaway, R. F. Breiman, and Z. A. Bhutta. 2018. ‘Introductory Article on Global Burden and Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever’, Am J Trop Med Hyg.
    51. Rajasingham, A., M. Leso, S. Ombeki, T. Ayers, and R. Quick. 2018. ‘Water treatment and handwashing practices in rural Kenyan health care facilities and households six years after the installation of portable water stations and hygiene training’, J Water Health, 16: 263-74.
    52. Rajasingham, A., J. A. Routh, A. Loharikar, E. Chemey, T. Ayers, A. W. Gunda, E. T. Russo, S. Wood, and R. Quick. 2018. ‘Diffusion of Handwashing Knowledge and Water Treatment Practices From Mothers in an Antenatal Hygiene Promotion Program to Nonpregnant Friends and Relatives, Machinga District, Malawi’, Int Q Community Health Educ, 39: 63-69.
    53. Reses, H. E., J. W. Gargano, J. L. Liang, A. Cronquist, K. Smith, S. A. Collier, S. L. Roy, J. Vanden Eng, A. Bogard, B. Lee, M. C. Hlavsa, E. S. Rosenberg, K. E. Fullerton, M. J. Beach, and J. S. Yoder. 2018. ‘Risk factors for sporadic Giardia infection in the USA: a case-control study in Colorado and Minnesota’, Epidemiol Infect, 146: 1071-78.
    54. Rogier, E. W., D. M. Moss, K. E. Mace, M. Chang, S. E. Jean, S. M. Bullard, P. J. Lammie, J. F. Lemoine, and V. Udhayakumar. 2018. ‘Use of Bead-Based Serologic Assay to Evaluate Chikungunya Virus Epidemic, Haiti’, Emerg Infect Dis, 24: 995-1001.
    55. Rosinger, A. Y., K. A. Herrick, A. Y. Wutich, J. S. Yoder, and C. L. Ogden. 2018. ‘Disparities in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2014’, Public Health Nutr: 1-10.
    56. Routh, J. A., A. Loharikar, E. Chemey, A. Msoma, M. Ntambo, R. Mvula, T. Ayers, A. Gunda, E. T. Russo, B. T. Barr, S. Wood, and R. Quick. 2018. ‘Safe Water and Hygiene Integration with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Antenatal Services: Leveraging Opportunities for Public Health Interventions and Improved Service Uptake’, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 98: 1234-41.
    57. Ryan, U., N. Hijjawi, and L. Xiao. 2018. ‘Foodborne cryptosporidiosis’, Int J Parasitol, 48: 1-12.
    58. Schilling, K. A., A. O. Awuor, A. Rajasingham, F. Moke, R. Omore, M. Amollo, T. H. Farag, D. Nasrin, J. P. Nataro, K. L. Kotloff, M. M. Levine, T. Ayers, K. Laserson, A. Blackstock, R. Rothenberg, C. E. Stauber, E. Mintz, R. F. Breiman, and C. E. O’Reilly. 2018. ‘Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Characteristics among HIV-Positive Households Participating in the Global Enterics Multicenter Study in Rural Western Kenya, 2008-2012’, Am J Trop Med Hyg.
    59. Schmidt, M. A., H. C. Groom, A. L. Naleway, C. Biggs, S. B. Salas, K. Shioda, Z. Marsh, J. L. Donald, and A. J. Hall. 2018. ‘A model for rapid, active surveillance for medically-attended acute gastroenteritis within an integrated health care delivery system’, PLoS One, 13: e0201805.
    60. Sinyange, N., J. M. Brunkard, N. Kapata, M. L. Mazaba, K. G. Musonda, R. Hamoonga, M. Kapina, F. Kapaya, L. Mutale, E. Kateule, F. Nanzaluka, J. Zulu, C. L. Musyani, A. V. Winstead, W. W. Davis, S. N’Cho H, N. L. Mulambya, P. Sakubita, O. Chewe, S. Nyimbili, E. V. C. Onwuekwe, N. Adrien, A. J. Blackstock, T. W. Brown, G. Derado, N. Garrett, S. Kim, S. Hubbard, A. M. Kahler, W. Malambo, E. Mintz, J. Murphy, R. Narra, G. G. Rao, M. A. Riggs, N. Weber, E. Yard, K. D. Zyambo, N. Bakyaita, N. Monze, K. Malama, J. Mulwanda, and V. M. Mukonka. 2018. ‘Cholera Epidemic – Lusaka, Zambia, October 2017-May 2018’, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 67: 556-59.
    61. Stenger, B. L. S., M. Horcickova, M. E. Clark, M. Kvac, S. Condlova, E. Khan, G. Widmer, L. Xiao, C. W. Giddings, C. Pennil, M. Stanko, B. Sak, and J. M. McEvoy. 2018. ‘Cryptosporidium infecting wild cricetid rodents from the subfamilies Arvicolinae and Neotominae‘, Parasitology, 145: 326-34.
    62. Urrea-Quezada, A., M. Gonzalez-Diaz, I. Villegas-Gomez, M. Durazo, J. Hernandez, L. Xiao, and O. Valenzuela. 2018. ‘Clinical Manifestations of Cryptosporidiosis and Identification of a New Cryptosporidium Subtype in Patients From Sonora, Mexico’, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 37: e136-e38.

Selected publications:

      1. Adam, EA, Collier SA, Fullerton KE, Gargano JW and Beach MJ. Prevalence and direct costs of emergency department visits and hospitalizations for selected diseases that can be transmitted by water, United States, J Water Health. 2017;15:673-683.
      2. Arnold BF, van der Laan MJ, Hubbard AE, Steel C, Kubofcik J, Hamlin KL, Moss DM, Nutman TB, Priest JW, and Lammie PJ. Measuring changes in transmission of neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and enteric pathogens from quantitative antibody levels, PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11: e0005616.
      3. Benedict KM, Reses H, Vigar M, Roth DM, Roberts VA, Mattioli M, Cooley LA, Hilborn ED, Wade TJ, Fullerton KE, Yoder JS, and Hill VR. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water—United States, 2013-2014, MMWR. 2017;66:1216-1221.
      4. Beer KD, Collier SA, Du F, and Gargano JW. Giardiasis diagnosis and treatment practices among commercially insured persons in the United States, Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64:1244-1250.
      5. Brown AC, Ross J, Jones DB, Collier SA, Ayers TL, Hoekstra RM, Backensen B, Roy SL, Beach MJ, Yoder JS, and Acanthamoeba Keratitis Investigation Team. Risk factors for Acanthamoeba keratitis—A multistate case-control study, 2008-2011, Eye Contact Lens. 2017; e-pub 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000365.
      6. Conan A, O’Reilly CE, Ogola E, Ochieng B, Blackstock AJ, Omore R, Ochieng L, Moke F, Parsons MB, Xiao L, Roellig D, Farag TH, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Mintz ED, Breiman RF, Cleaveland S, Knobel DL. Animal-related factors associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children younger than five years in western Kenya: A matched case-control study. PLoS NTD.2017. 11(8): https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005795
      7. Fagerli K, O’Connor K, Kim S, Kelley M, Odhiambo A, Faith S, Otieno R, Nygren B, Kamb M, and Quick R. Impact of the Integration of Water Treatment, Hygiene, Nutrition, and Clean Delivery Interventions on Maternal Health Service Use, Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96:1253-60.
      8. Gargano JW, Adam EA, Collier SA, Fullerton KE, Feinman SJ, and Beach MJ. Mortality from selected diseases that can be transmitted by water – United States, 2003-2009, J Water Health. 2017;15:438-50.
      9. Kabwama SN, Bulage L, Nsubuga F, Pande G, Oguttu DW, Mafigiri R, Kihembo C, Kwesiga B, Masiira B, Okullo AE, Kajumbula H, Matovu J, Makumbi I, Wetaka M, Kasozi S, Kyazze S, Dahlke M, Hughes P, Sendagala JN, Musenero M, Nabukenya I, R. Hill V, Mintz E, Routh J, Gomez G, Bicknese A, and Zhu BP. A large and persistent outbreak of typhoid fever caused by consuming contaminated water and street-vended beverages: Kampala, Uganda, January – June 2015, BMC Public Health. 2017;17: 23.
      10. McClung RP, Roth DM, Vigar M, Roberts VA, Kahler AM, Cooley LA, Hilborn ED, Wade TJ, Fullerton KE, Yoder JS, and Hill VR. Waterborne disease outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined exposures to water—United States, 2013-2014, MMWR. 2017;66:1222-5.
      11. McCrickard LS, Massay AE, Narra R, Mghamba J, Mohamed AA, Kishimba RS, Urio LJ, Rusibayamila UN, Magembe G, Bakari M, Gibson JJ, Eidex RB, Quick RE. Cholera mortality during urban epidemic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, August 16, 2015–January 16, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 23;Supplement: S154-S156.
      12. Moore SM, Azman AS, Zaitchik BF, Mintz ED, Brunkard J, Legros D, Hill A, McKay H, Luquero FJ, Olson D, and Lessler J. El Nino and the shifting geography of cholera in Africa, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114: 4436-41.
      13. Roellig DM, Yoder JS, Madison-Antenucci S, Robinson TJ, Van TT, Collier SA, Boxrud D, Monson T, Bates LA, Blackstock AJ, Shea S, Larson K, Xiao L, and Beach M. Community Laboratory Testing for Cryptosporidium: Multicenter Study Retesting Public Health Surveillance Stool Samples Positive for Cryptosporidium by Rapid Cartridge Assay with Direct Fluorescent Antibody Testing, PLoS One, 2017;12: e0169915.
      14. Schilling KA, Omore R, Derado G, Ayers T, Ochieng JB, Farag TH, Nasrin D, Panchalingam S, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Oundo J, Parsons MB, Bopp C, Laserson K, Stauber CE, Rothenberg R, Breiman RF, O’Reilly CE, and Mintz ED. Factors Associated with the duration of moderate-to-severe diarrhea among children in rural western Kenya enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, 2008-2012, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2017;97: 248-58.
      15. Sugar NR, Schilling KA, Kim S, Ahmed A, Muyanga DN, Sivapalasingam S, Quick R. Integrating Household Water Treatment, Hand Washing, and Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets Into Pediatric HIV Care in Mombasa, Kenya: Impact on Diarrhea and Malaria Risk. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 76;(3):266-274.

Selected publications:

      1. Adam EA, Yoder JS, Gould LH, Hlavsa MC, and Gargano JW. Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971-2011, Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144:2790-801.
      2. Baker KK, O’Reilly CE, Levine MM, Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Ayers TL, Farag TH, Nasrin D, Blackwelder WC, Wu Y, Alonso PL, Breiman RF, Omore R, Faruque AS, Das SK, Ahmed S, Saha D, Sow SO, Sur D, Zaidi AK, Quadri F, and Mintz ED. Sanitation and hygiene-specific risk factors for moderate-to-severe diarrhea in young children in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, 2007-2011: Case-Control Study, PLoS Med. 2016;13: e1002010.
      3. Cope JR, Collier SA, Schein OD, Brown AC, Verani JR, Gallen R, Beach MJ, and Yoder JS. Acanthamoeba keratitis among rigid gas permeable contact lens wearers in the United States, 2005 through 2011, Ophthalmology. 201;123: 1435-41.
      4. Curran KG, Gibson JJ, Marke D, Caulker V, Bomeh J, Redd JT, Bunga S, Brunkard J, and Kilmarx PH. Cluster of Ebola virus disease linked to a single funeral – Moyamba District, Sierra Leone, 2014, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 201;65:202-5.
      5. DeSilva M, Schafer S, Kendall Scott M, Robinson B, Hills A, Buser GL, Salis K, Gargano J, Yoder J, Hill V, Xiao L, Roellig D, Hedberg K. Communitywide cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with a surface water-supplied municipal water system – Baker City, Oregon, 2016. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;144:274-84.
      6. Hlavsa MC, Gerth TR, Collier SA, Dunbar EL, Rao G, Epperson G, Bramlett B, Ludwig DF, Gomez D, Stansbury MM, Miller F, Warren J, Nichol J, Bowman H, Huynh BA, Loewe KM, Vincent B, Tarrier AL, Shay T, Wright R, Brown AC, Kunz JM, Fullerton KE, Cope JR, and Beach MJ. Immediate closures and violations identified during routine inspections of public aquatic facilities – Network for Aquatic Facility Inspection Surveillance, Five States, 2013, MMWR Surveill Summ. 201;65: 1-26.
      7. Murphy JL, Ayers TL, Knee J, Oremo J, Odhiambo A, Faith SH, Nyagol RO, Stauber CE, Lantagne DS, and E. Quick R. Evaluating four measures of water quality in clay pots and plastic safe storage containers in Kenya, Water Res. 2016;104:312-19.
      8. Nygren BL, O’Reilly CE, Rajasingham A, Omore R, Ombok M, Awuor AO, Jaron P, Moke F, Vulule J, Laserson K, Farag TH, Nasrin D, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Derado G, Ayers TL, Lash RR, Breiman RF, and Mintz ED. The relationship between distance to water source and moderate-to-severe diarrhea in the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya, 2008-2011, Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94:1143-9.
      9. Painter JE, Gargano JW, Yoder JS, Collier SA, and Hlavsa MC. Evolving epidemiology of reported cryptosporidiosis cases in the United States, 1995-2012, Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144:1792-802.
      10. Schnell K, Collier S, Derado G, Yoder J, and Gargano JW. Giardiasis in the United States – an epidemiologic and geospatial analysis of county-level drinking water and sanitation data, 1993-2010, J Water Health. 2016;14:267-79.
      11. Sow SO, Muhsen K, Nasrin D, Blackwelder WC, Wu Y, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Sur D, Zaidi AK, Faruque AS, Saha D, Adegbola R, Alonso PL, Breiman RF, Bassat Q, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Hossain A, Das SK, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acacio S, Omore R, Oundo JO, Ochieng JB, Mintz ED, O’Reilly CE, Berkeley LY, Livio S, Tennant SM, Sommerfelt H, Nataro JP, Ziv-Baran T, Robins-Browne RM, Mishcherkin V, Zhang J, Liu J, Houpt ER, Kotloff KL, and Levine MM. The Burden of Cryptosporidium diarrheal disease among children < 24 months of age in moderate/high mortality regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, utilizing data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10: e0004729.

Selected publications:

      1. Beer KD, Gargano JW, Roberts VA, Hill VR, Garrison LE, Kutty PK, Hilborn ED, Wade TJ, Fullerton KE, Yoder JS. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water – United States, 2011-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Aug 14;64(31):842-8.
      2. Beer KD, Gargano JW, Roberts VA, Reses HE, Hill VR, Garrison LE, Kutty PK, Hilborn ED, Wade TJ, Fullerton KE, Yoder JS. Outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined water exposures – United States, 2011-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Aug 14;64(31):849-51.
      3. Bennett SD, Otieno R, Ayers TL, Odhiambo A, Faith SH, Quick R. Acceptability and use of portable drinking water and hand washing stations in health care facilities and their impact on patient hygiene practices, western Kenya. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5):e0126916.
      4. Berendes D, Levy K, Knee J, Handzel T, Hill VR. Ascaris and Escherichia coli inactivation in an ecological sanitation system in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0125336.
      5. Blanton E, Wilhelm N, O’Reilly C, Muhonja E, Karoki S, Ope M, Langat D, Omolo J, Wamola N, Oundo J, Hoekstra R, Ayers T, De Cock K, Breiman R, Mintz E, Lantagne D. A rapid assessment of drinking water quality in informal settlements after a cholera outbreak in Nairobi, Kenya. J Water Health. 2015 Sep; 13(3):714-25.
      6. Bowen A, Eikmeier D, Talley P, Siston A, Smith S, Hurd J, Smith K, Leano F, Bicknese A, Norton JC, Campbell D, Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Notes from the Field: Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men – Chicago and Metropolitan Minneapolis-St. Paul, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(21):597-8.
      7. Collier SA, Wade TJ, Sams EA, Hlavsa MC, Dufour AP, Beach MJ. Swimming in the USA: beachgoer characteristics and health outcomes at US marine and freshwater beaches. J Water Health. 2015 Jun;13(2):531-43
      8. Cope JR, Ratard RC, Hill VR, Sokol T, Causey JJ, Yoder JS, Mirani G, Mull B, Mukerjee KA, Narayanan J, Doucet M, Qvarnstrom Y, Poole CN, Akingbola OA, Ritter JM, Xiong Z, da Silva AJ, Roellig D, Van Dyke RB, Stern H, Xiao L, Beach MJ. The first association of a primary amebic meningoencephalitis death with culturable Naegleria fowleri in tap water from a US treated public drinking water system. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Apr 15;60(8):e36-42.
      9. Gargano JW, Freeland AL, Morrison MA, Stevens K, Zajac L, Wolkon A, Hightower A, Miller MD, Brunkard JM. Acute gastrointestinal illness following a prolonged community-wide water emergency. Epidemiol Infect. 2015 Jan 22;143(13):2766-76.
      10. Hlavsa MC, Roberts VA, Kahler AM, Hilborn ED, Mecher TR, Beach MJ, Wade TJ, Yoder JS. Outbreaks of illness associated with recreational water–United States, 2011-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Jun 26;64(24):668-72.
      11. Kahler AM, Haley BJ, Chen A, Mull BJ, Tarr CL, Turnsek M, Katz LS, Humphrys MS, Derado G, Freeman N, Boncy J, Colwell RR, Huq A, Hill VR. Environmental surveillance for toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in surface waters of Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Jan;92(1):118-25.
      12. Lucien MA, Schaad N, Steenland MW, Mintz ED, Emmanuel R, Freeman N, Boncy J, Adrien P, Joseph GA, Katz MA. Identifying the most sensitive and specific sign and symptom combinations for cholera: Results from an analysis of laboratory-based surveillance data from Haiti, 2012-2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92(4):758-64.
      13. Murphy JL, Arrowood MJ, Lu X, Hlavsa MC, Beach MJ, Hill VR. Effect of cyanuric acid on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under hyperchlorination conditions. Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Jun 16;49(12):7348-55.
      14. Painter JE, Gargano JW, Collier SA, Yoder JS. Giardiasis surveillance — United States, 2011-2012. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015 May 1; 64 Suppl 3:15-25.
      15. Painter JE, Hlavsa MC, Collier SA, Xiao L, Yoder JS. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance — United States, 2011-2012. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015 May 1;64 Suppl 3:1-14.
      16. Painter JE, Walker AT, Pytell J, Nua MT, Soliai-Lemusu S, Mintz E, Ali I, Parsons M, Martin H, Beach M, Bowen A, Cope J, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: outbreak of diarrheal illness caused by Shigella flexneri – American Samoa, May-June 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Jan 16;64(1):30.
      17. Parsons MB, Travis D, Lonsdorf EV, Lipende I, Roellig DM, Kamenya S, Zhang H, Xiao L, Gillespie TR. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans, wild primates, and domesticated animals in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Feb; 9(2):e0003529.
      18. Sreenivasan N, Gotestrand SA, Ombeki S, Oluoch G, Fischer TK, Quick R. Evaluation of the impact of a simple hand-washing and water-treatment intervention in rural health facilities on hygiene knowledge and reported behaviours of health workers and their clients, Nyanza Province, Kenya, 2008. Epidemiol Infect. 2015 Mar; 143(4):873-80.
      19. Zlot A, Simckes M, Vines J, Reynolds L, Sullivan A, Scott MK, McLuckie JM, Kromer D, Hill VR, Yoder JS, Hlavsa MC. Norovirus outbreak associated with a natural lake used for recreation-Oregon, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:485-90.
  1. Adamu H, Petros B, Zhang G, Kassa H, Amer S, Ye J, Feng Y, Xiao L. Distribution and clinical manifestations of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV/AIDS patients in Ethiopia.External PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(4):e2831.
  2. Alexander KT, Oduor C, Nyothach E, Laserson KF, Amek N, Eleveld A, Mason L, Rheingans R, Beynon C, Mohammed A, Ombok M, Obor D, Odhiambo F, Quick R, Phillips-Howard PA. Water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in Kenyan rural schools: Are schools meeting the needs of menstruating girls?External Water-Sui. 2014;6(5):1453-66.
  3. Amer S, Abd El Wahab T, Metwaly A, Ye JB, Roellig D, Feng YY, Xiao LH. Preliminary molecular characterizations of Sarcoptes scaibiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) from farm animals in Egypt.External Plos One. 2014;9(4):e94705.
  4. Arnold BF, Priest JW, Hamlin KL, Moss DM, Colford JM, Jr., Lammie PJ. Serological measures of malaria transmission in Haiti: comparison of longitudinal and cross-sectional methods.External PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93684.
  5. Ayinmode AB, Zhang H, Dada-Adegbola HO, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes and genotypes in HIV-infected persons in Ibadan, Nigeria.External Zoonoses Public Health. 2014;61(4):297-303.
  6. Blum LS, Dentz H, Chingoli F, Chilima B, Warne T, Lee C, Hyde T, Gindler J, Sejvar J, Mintz ED. Formative investigation of acceptability of typhoid vaccine during a typhoid fever outbreak in Neno District, Malawi.External Am J Trop Med Hyg.  2014;91(4):729-37.
  7. Brett ME, Respicio-Kingry LB, Yendell S, Ratard R, Hand J, Balsamo G, Scott-Waldron C, O’Neal C, Kidwell D, Yockey B, Singh P, Carpenter J, Hill V, Petersen JM, Mead P. Outbreak of Francisella novicida bacteremia among inmates at a Louisiana correctional facility.External Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(6):826-33.
  8. Capewell L HA, Yoder JS, Cope JR, Eddy BA, Roy SL, Visvesvara GS, Fox L, Beach MJ. Diagnoses, clinical course and treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the United States, 1937-2013.External J Pediatric Infectious Disease Society. 2014:Epub 1-8.
  9. Collier SA, Gronostaj MP, MacGurn AK, Cope JR, Awsumb KL, Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Estimated burden of keratitis – United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(45):1027-30.
  10. Corstjens PL, de Dood CJ, Priest JW, Tanke HJ, Handali S, Cysticercosis Working Group in P. Feasibility of a lateral flow test for neurocysticercosis using novel up-converting nanomaterials and a lightweight strip analyzer.External PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e2944.
  11. Derby KS, Lucien MA, Leshem E, Steenland MW, Juin S, Joseph GA, Katz MA. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by diarrhea in children five years old and younger at four hospitals in Haiti, 2010-2012.External Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(2):291-3.
  12. Domjahn BT, Hlavsa MC, Anderson B, Schulkin J, Leon J, Jones JL. A survey of U.S. obstetrician-gynecologists’ clinical and epidemiological knowledge of cryptosporidiosis in pregnancy.External Zoonoses Public Health. 2014;61(5):356-63.
  13. Feinman SJ, Ryan PB, Toth B, Honey WA,  Gargano JW. Primary drinking source and acute gastrointestinal illness – New Mexico, 2007.Cdc-pdf[PDF – 12 pages]External Water Qual Expo Health. DOI: 10.1007/s12403-014-0148-0.
  14. Feng Y, Tiao N, Li N, Hlavsa M, Xiao L. Multilocus sequence typing of an emerging Cryptosporidium hominis subtype in the United States.External J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(2):524-30.
  15. Forrester JD, Hunter JC, Pillai SK, Arwady MA, Ayscue P, Matanock A, Monroe B, Schafer IJ, Nyenswah TG, De Cock KM. Cluster of Ebola cases among Liberian and U.S. Health care workers in an Ebola treatment unit and adjacent hospital – Liberia, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(41):925-9.
  16. Forrester JD, Pillai SK, Beer KD, Neatherlin J, Massaquoi M, Nyenswah TG, Montgomery JM, Cock KD. Assessment of Ebola virus disease, health care infrastructure, and preparedness – four counties, southeastern Liberia, August 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(40):891-3.
  17. Gicquelais RE, Morris JF, Matthews S, Gladden L, Safi H, Grayson C, Slayton RB, Newton AE, Bordonaro R, Wheeler JG, Smith N, Bosch SA, Haselow DT, Arkansas Department of Health. Multiple-serotype salmonella outbreaks in two state prisons – Arkansas,  August 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(8):169-73.
  18. Gomez-Puerta LA, Lopez-Urbina MT, Alarcon V, Cama V, Gonzalez AE, Xiao L. Occurrence of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in alpacas in the Andean region.External Parasitol Int. 2014;63(1):31-4.
  19. Guo Y, Alderisio KA, Yang W, Cama V, Feng Y, Xiao L. Host specificity and source of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in a drinking source watershed.External Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80(1):218-25.
  20. Gupte AA, Hocevar SN, Lea AS, Kulkarni RD, Schain DC, Casey MJ, Zendejas-Ruiz IR, Chung WK, Mbaeyi C, Roy SL, Visvesvara GS, da Silva AJ, Tallaj J, Eckhoff D, Baddley JW. Transmission of Balamuthia mandrillaris through solid organ transplantation: Utility of organ recipient serology to guide clinical management.External Amer J Transplantation. 2014;14(6):1417-24.
  21. Hazen TH, Humphrys MS, Ochieng JB, Parsons M, Bopp CA, O’Reilly CE, Mintz E, Rasko DA. Draft genome sequences of nine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from Kenya. Cdc-pdf[PDF – 2 pages]External Genome Announcements. 2014;2(3).
  22. Heiman KE, Karlsson M, Grass J, Howie B, Kirkcaldy RD, Mahon B, Brooks JT, Bowen A.  Notes from the field: Shigella with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men – United States, 2002-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(6):132-3.
  23. Hilborn ED, Roberts VA, Backer L, Deconno E, Egan JS, Hyde JB, Nicholas DC, Wiegert EJ, Billing LM, Diorio M, Mohr MC, Hardy JF, Wade TJ, Yoder JS, Hlavsa MC.  Algal bloom-associated disease outbreaks among users of freshwater lakes–United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(1):11-5.
  24. Hlavsa MC, Roberts VA, Kahler AM, Hilborn ED, Wade TJ, Backer LC, Yoder JS.  Recreational water-associated disease outbreaks–United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(1):6-10.
  25. Hlavsa MC, Robinson TJ, Collier SA, Beach MJ.  Pool chemical-associated health events in public and residential settings – United States, 2003-2012, and Minnesota, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(19):427-30.
  26. Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Eberhard ML, Roy SL. Progress toward global eradication of dracunculiasis – January 2013-June 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(46):1050-4.
  27. Hu Y, Feng Y, Huang C, Xiao L. Occurrence, source, and human infection potential of Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in drinking source water in Shanghai, China, during a pig carcass disposal incident.External Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48:14219-27.
  28. Imanishi M, Anderson TC, Routh J, Brown C, Conidi G, Glenn L, Reddy V, Waechter H, Malavet M, Nyaku M, Bohm S, Bidol S, Arends K, Saupe A, Higa J, Nguyen TA, Pringle J, Behravesh CB, Bosch S. Salmonellosis and meat purchased at live-bird and animal-slaughter markets, United States, 2007-2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(1):167-9.
  29. Imanishi M, Kweza P, Slayton RB, Urayai T, Ziro O, Mushayi W, Chizororo M, Kuonza L, Ayers T, Freeman M, Govore E, Duri C, Chonzi P, Zinyowera S, Manangazira P, Kilmarx PH, Mintz E, Lantagne D, The Zimbabwe Typhoid Fever Outbreak Working G. Household water treatment uptake during a public health response to a large typhoid fever outbreak in Harare, Zimbabwe.External Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(5):945-54.
  30. Imanishi M, Newton AE, Vieira AR, Gonzalez-Aviles G, Kendall Scott ME, Manikonda K, Maxwell TN, Halpin JL, Freeman MM, Medalla F, Ayers TL, Derado G, Mahon BE, Mintz ED. Typhoid fever acquired in the United States, 1999-2010: Epidemiology, microbiology, and use of a space-time scan statistic for outbreak detection.External Epidemiol Infect. 2014:1-12.
  31. Inpankaew T, Jiyipong T, Wongpanit K, Pinyopanuwat N, Chimnoi W, Kengradomkij C, Xuan X, Igarashi I, Xiao L, Jittapalapong S. Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in water buffaloes from northeast Thailand.External Trop Anim Health Prod. 2014;46(2):487-90.
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  13. Murakoshi F, Xiao L, Matsubara R, Sato R, Kato Y, Sasaki T, Fukuda Y, Tada C, Nakai Y. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in grazing beef cattle in JapanExternal. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Jun 8;187(1-2):123-8.
  14. Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Feng Y, Xiao L. The importance of subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in epidemiological investigations of human cryptosporidiosis in Iran and other mideast countriesExternal. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2012;5(2):67-70.
  15. Neil KP, Sodha SV, Lukwago L, S OT, Mikoleit M, Simington SD, Mukobi P, Balinandi S, Majalija S, Ayers J, Kagirita A, Wefula E, Asiimwe F, Kweyamba V, Talkington D, Shieh WJ, Adem P, Batten BC, Zaki SR, Mintz E. A large outbreak of typhoid fever associated with a high rate of intestinal perforation in Kasese District, Uganda, 2008-2009External. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(8):1091-9.
  16. Nygren BL, Schilling KA, Blanton EM, Silk BJ, Cole DJ, Mintz ED. Foodborne outbreaks of shigellosis in the USA, 1998-2008External. Epidemiol Infect. 2012 Feb 24:1-9.
  17. O’Reilly CE, Jaron P, Ochieng B, Nyaguara A, Tate JE, Parsons MB, Bopp CA, Williams KA, Vinje J, Blanton E, Wannemuehler KA, Vulule J, Laserson KF, Breiman RF, Feikin DR, Widdowson MA, Mintz E. Risk factors for death among children less than 5 years old hospitalized with diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2005-2007: A cohort studyExternal. PLoS Med. 2012 Jul;9(7):e1001256.
  18. Patel MK, Harris JR, Juliao P, Nygren B, Were V, Kola S, Sadumah I, Faith SH, Otieno R, Obure A, Hoekstra RM, Quick R. Impact of a hygiene curriculum and the installation of simple handwashing and drinking water stations in rural Kenyan primary schools on student health and hygiene practicesExternal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Oct;87(4):594-601.
  19. Pietrucha-Dilanchian P, Chan JC, Castellano-Sanchez A, Hirzel A, Laowansiri P, Tuda C, Visvesvara GS, Qvarnstrom Y, Ratzan KR. Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba amebic encephalitis with neurotoxoplasmosis coinfection in a patient with advanced HIV infectionExternal. J Clin Micro. 2012 Mar;50(3):1128-31.
  20. Priest JW, Moss DM, Won K, Todd CW, Henderson L, Jones CC, Wilson M. Multiplex assay detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies that recognize Babesia microti antigensExternal. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012 Sep;19(9):1539-48.

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  1. Prithiviraj J, Hill V, Jothikumar N. Rapid detection of microbial DNA by a novel isothermal genome exponential amplification reaction (GEAR) assayExternal. Biochem Bioph Res Co. 2012 Apr 20;420(4):738-42.
  2. Raphael BH, Lautenschlager M, Kahler A, Pai S, Parks BA, Kalb SR, Maslanka SE, Shah S, Magnuson M, Hill VR. Ultrafiltration improves ELISA and Endopep MS analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type A in drinking waterExternal. J Microbiol Methods. 2012 Sep;90(3):267-72.
  3. Ren X, Zhao J, Zhang L, Ning C, Jian F, Wang R, Lv C, Wang Q, Arrowood MJ, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium tyzzeri n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in domestic mice (Mus musculus)External. Exp Parasitol. 2012 Mar;130(3):274-81.
  4. Roy S. Amebiasis. In: Pickering L, Baker C, Kimberlin DW, Long S, editors. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012. p. 222-5.
  5. Roy SL. Amebic meningoencephalitis and keratitis. In: Pickering L, Baker C, Kimberlin DW, Long S, editors. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012. p. 225-7.
  6. Ruecker NJ, Matsune JC, Wilkes G, Lapen DR, Topp E, Edge TA, Sensen CW, Xiao LH, Neumann NF. Molecular and phylogenetic approaches for assessing sources of Cryptosporidium contamination in waterExternal. Water Res. 2012 Oct 15;46(16):5135-50.
  7. Russo ET, Sheth A, Menon M, Wannemuehler K, Weinger M, Kudzala AC, Tauzie B, Masuku HD, Msowoya TE, Quick R. Water treatment and handwashing behaviors among non-pregnant friends and relatives of participants in an antenatal hygiene promotion program in MalawiExternal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 May;86(5):860-5.
  8. Ryman TK, Briere EC, Cartwright E, Schlanger K, Wannemuehler KA, Russo ET, Kola S, Sadumah I, Nygren BL, Ochieng C, Quick R, Watkins ML. Integration of routine vaccination and hygiene interventions: a comparison of 2 strategies in KenyaExternal. J Infect Dis. 2012 Mar;205 Suppl 1:S65-76.
  9. Samra NA, Thompson PN, Jori F, Zhang H, Xiao L. Enterocytozoon bieneusi at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South AfricaExternal. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Dec 21;190(3-4):587-90.
  10. Sejvar J, Lutterloh E, Naiene J, Likaka A, Manda R, Nygren B, Monroe S, Khaila T, Lowther SA, Capewell L, Date K, Townes D, Redwood Y, Schier J, Barr BT, Demby A, Mallewa M, Kampondeni S, Blount B, Humphrys M, Talkington D, Armstrong GL, Mintz E. Neurologic manifestations associated with an outbreak of typhoid fever, Malawi – Mozambique, 2009: An epidemiologic investigationExternal. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e46099.
  11. Silk BJ, Sadumah I, Patel MK, Were V, Person B, Harris J, Otieno R, Nygren B, Loo J, Eleveld A, Quick RE, Cohen AL. A strategy to increase adoption of locally-produced ceramic cookstoves in rural Kenyan householdsExternal. BMC Public Health. 2012 May 16, 2012;12:359.
  12. Suchdev PS, Ruth LJ, Woodruff BA, Mbakaya C, Mandava U, Flores-Ayala R, Jefferds ME, Quick R. Selling Sprinkles micronutrient powder reduces anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency in young children in Western Kenya: a cluster-randomized controlled trialExternal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 May;95(5):1223-30.
  13. Tabu C, Breiman RF, Ochieng B, Aura B, Cosmas L, Audi A, Olack B, Bigogo G, Ongus JR, Fields P, Mintz E, Burton D, Oundo J, Feikin DR. Differing burden and epidemiology of non-Typhi Salmonella bacteremia in rural and urban Kenya, 2006-2009External. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31237.
  14. Taylor EV, Herman KM, Ailes EC, Fitzgerald C, Yoder JS, Mahon BE, Tauxe RV. Common source outbreaks of Campylobacter infection in the USA, 1997-2008External. Epidemiol Infect. 2012 Aug 15:1-10.
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  18. Wang R, Jian F, Zhang L, Ning C, Liu A, Zhao J, Feng Y, Qi M, Wang H, Lv C, Zhao G, Xiao L. Multilocus sequence subtyping and genetic structure of Cryptosporidium muris and Cryptosporidium andersoniExternal. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43782.
  19. Wang R, Wang F, Zhao J, Qi M, Ning C, Zhang L, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium spp. in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in Henan, China: molecular characterization and public health significanceExternal. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Jul 6;187(3-4):534-7.
  20. Webster D, Umar I, Kolyvas G, Bilbao J, Guiot MC, Duplisea K, Qvarnstrom Y, Visvesvara GS. Treatment of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis with voriconazole and miltefosine in an immunocompetent soldierExternal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Oct;87(4):715-8.

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  4. Yoder JS, Gargano JW, Wallace RM, Beach MJ. Giardiasis surveillance–United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012 Sep 7;61(5):13-23.
  5. Yoder JS, Straif-Bourgeois S, Roy SL, Moore TA, Visvesvara GS, Ratard RC, Hill VR, Wilson JD, Linscott AJ, Crager R, Kozak NA, Sriram R, Narayanan J, Mull B, Kahler AM, Schneeberger C, da Silva AJ, Poudel M, Baumgarten KL, Xiao L, Beach MJ. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis deaths associated with sinus irrigation using contaminated tap waterExternal. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Aug 22.
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  7. Yoder JS, Wallace RM, Collier SA, Beach MJ, Hlavsa MC. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance–United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012 Sep 7;61(5):1-12.
  8. Zhang S, Jian F, Zhao G, Huang L, Zhang L, Ning C, Wang R, Qi M, Xiao L. Chick embryo tracheal organ: a new and effective in vitro culture model for Cryptosporidium baileyiExternal. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Sep 10;188(3-4):376-81.

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  2. Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, Dearen T, Leon ET, Xiao L. Molecular epidemiologic characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in HIV-infected persons in Benin City, NigeriaExternal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Mar;86(3):441-5.
  3. Amburgey JE, Walsh KJ, Fielding RR, Arrowood MJ. Removal of Cryptosporidium and polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water with sand, cartridge, and precoat filtersExternal. J Water Health. 2012 Mar;10(1):31-42.
  4. Amer S, Zidan S, Feng Y, Adamu H, Li N, Xiao L. Identity and public health potential of Cryptosporidium spp. in water buffalo calves in EgyptExternal. Vet Parasitol. 2013 Jan 16;191(1-2):123-7.
  5. Ayinmode AB, Fagbemi BO, Xiao L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in children in Oyo State, Nigeria: implications for infection sourcesExternal. Parasitol Res. 2012 Jan;110(1):479-81.
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  7. Ben Ayed L, Yang W, Widmer G, Cama V, Ortega Y, Xiao L. Survey and genetic characterization of wastewater in Tunisia for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria sppExternal. J Water Health. 2012 Sep;10(3):431-44.
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  14. CDC. Notes from the field: Salmonella Typhi infections associated with contaminated water–Zimbabwe, October 2011-May 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jun 15;61(23):435.
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  25. Feng Y, Karna SR, Dearen TK, Singh DK, Adhikari LN, Shrestha A, Xiao L. Common occurrence of a unique Cryptosporidium ryanae variant in zebu cattle and water buffaloes in the buffer zone of the Chitwan National Park, NepalExternal. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Apr 30;185(2-4):309-14.
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  1. Lammie PJ, Moss DM, Brook Goodhew E, Hamlin K, Krolewiecki A, West SK, Priest JW. Development of a new platform for neglected tropical disease surveillanceExternal. Int J Parasitol. 2012 Aug;42(9):797-800.
  2. Li N, Xiao L, Wang L, Zhao S, Zhao X, Duan L, Guo M, Liu L, Feng Y. Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by genotyping and subtyping parasites in wastewaterExternal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012 Sep;6(9):e1809.
  3. Li W, Cama V, Feng Y, Gilman RH, Bern C, Zhang X, Xiao L. Population genetic analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humansExternal. Int J Parasitol. 2012;42(3):287-93.
  4. Liu P, Hill VR, Hahn D, Johnson TB, Pan Y, Jothikumar N, Moe CL. Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of viruses, bacteria and parasites from reclaimed waterExternal. J Microbiol Methods. 2012 Jan;88(1):155-61.
  5. Lobo ML, Xiao L, Antunes F, Matos O. Microsporidia as emerging pathogens and the implication for public health: a 10-year study on HIV-positive and -negative patientsExternal. Int J Parasitol. 2012 Feb;42(2):197-205.
  6. Loharikar A, Newton A, Rowley P, Wheeler C, Bruno T, Barillas H, Pruckler J, Theobald L, Lance S, Brown JM, Barzilay EJ, Arvelo W, Mintz E, Fagan R. Typhoid fever outbreak associated with frozen mamey pulp imported from Guatemala to the western United States, 2010External. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 May 4;55:61-6.
  7. Loharikar A, Russo E, Sheth A, Menon M, Kudzala A, Tauzie B, Masuku HD, Ayers T, Hoekstra RM, Quick R. Long-term impact of integration of household water treatment and hygiene promotion with antenatal services on maternal water treatment and hygiene practices in MalawiExternal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Dec 12.
  8. Lutterloh E, Likaka A, Sejvar J, Manda R, Naiene J, Monroe SS, Khaila T, Chilima B, Mallewa M, Kampondeni SD, Lowther SA, Capewell L, Date K, Townes D, Redwood Y, Schier JG, Nygren B, Tippett Barr B, Demby A, Phiri A, Lungu R, Kaphiyo J, Humphrys M, Talkington D, Joyce K, Stockman LJ, Armstrong GL, Mintz E. Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the Malawi-Mozambique borderExternal. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(8):1100-6.
  9. Maikai BV, Umoh JU, Lawal IA, Kudi AC, Ejembi CL, Xiao L. Molecular characterizations of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Enterocytozoon in humans in Kaduna State, NigeriaExternal. Exp Parasitol. 2012 Aug;131(4):452-6.
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  11. Mead JR. Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidium In: Lamb TJ, editor. Immunity to parasitic infection. First ed. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2012. p. 121-38.
  12. Mull B, Hill VR. Recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltrationExternal. J Microbiol Methods. 2012 Dec;91(3):429-33.
  13. Murakoshi F, Xiao L, Matsubara R, Sato R, Kato Y, Sasaki T, Fukuda Y, Tada C, Nakai Y. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in grazing beef cattle in JapanExternal. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Jun 8;187(1-2):123-8.
  14. Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Feng Y, Xiao L. The importance of subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in epidemiological investigations of human cryptosporidiosis in Iran and other mideast countriesExternal. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2012;5(2):67-70.
  15. Neil KP, Sodha SV, Lukwago L, S OT, Mikoleit M, Simington SD, Mukobi P, Balinandi S, Majalija S, Ayers J, Kagirita A, Wefula E, Asiimwe F, Kweyamba V, Talkington D, Shieh WJ, Adem P, Batten BC, Zaki SR, Mintz E. A large outbreak of typhoid fever associated with a high rate of intestinal perforation in Kasese District, Uganda, 2008-2009External. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(8):1091-9.
  16. Nygren BL, Schilling KA, Blanton EM, Silk BJ, Cole DJ, Mintz ED. Foodborne outbreaks of shigellosis in the USA, 1998-2008External. Epidemiol Infect. 2012 Feb 24:1-9.
  17. O’Reilly CE, Jaron P, Ochieng B, Nyaguara A, Tate JE, Parsons MB, Bopp CA, Williams KA, Vinje J, Blanton E, Wannemuehler KA, Vulule J, Laserson KF, Breiman RF, Feikin DR, Widdowson MA, Mintz E. Risk factors for death among children less than 5 years old hospitalized with diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2005-2007: A cohort studyExternal. PLoS Med. 2012 Jul;9(7):e1001256.
  18. Patel MK, Harris JR, Juliao P, Nygren B, Were V, Kola S, Sadumah I, Faith SH, Otieno R, Obure A, Hoekstra RM, Quick R. Impact of a hygiene curriculum and the installation of simple handwashing and drinking water stations in rural Kenyan primary schools on student health and hygiene practicesExternal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Oct;87(4):594-601.
  19. Pietrucha-Dilanchian P, Chan JC, Castellano-Sanchez A, Hirzel A, Laowansiri P, Tuda C, Visvesvara GS, Qvarnstrom Y, Ratzan KR. Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba amebic encephalitis with neurotoxoplasmosis coinfection in a patient with advanced HIV infectionExternal. J Clin Micro. 2012 Mar;50(3):1128-31.
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  1. Dubois AE, Crump JA, Keswick BH, Slutsker L, Quick RE, Vulule JM, Luby SP. Determinants of use of household-level water chlorination products in rural Kenya, 2003-2005External. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Oct;7(10):3842-52.
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  12. Teshale EH, Grytdal SP, Howard C, Barry V, Kamili S, Drobeniuc J, Hill VR, Okware S, Hu DJ, Holmberg SD. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern UgandaExternal. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 1;50(7):1006-10.
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Page last reviewed: April 24, 2019, 12:00 AM
Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED)