The Division of Biological and Physical Sciences (BPS) leads NASA’s Biological and Physical Sciences research which focuses on using the spaceflight environment to conduct experiments that cannot be conducted on Earth. BPS serves as a programmatic home for an integrated research agenda, program leadership and execution under a single management structure.

In 2020, NASA transferred administrative oversight of NASA’s biological and physical sciences research from the Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications (SLPSRA) Division in the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate into the Science Mission Directorate (SMD), a NASA directorate organization that pursues outstanding science and understands its potential application to future exploration missions.

The vision for BPS, in keeping with the NASA Strategic Plan and Decadal Survey, is: We lead the space life and physical sciences research community to enable space exploration and benefit life on Earth.

The mission of BPS is two-pronged:

• Pioneer scientific discovery in and beyond low Earth orbit to drive advances in science, technology, and space exploration to enhance knowledge, education, innovation, and economic vitality 
• Enable human spaceflight exploration to expand the frontiers of knowledge, capability, and opportunity in space 

Execution of this mission requires both scientific research and technology development.

BPS administers NASA’s:

• Space Biology Program, which solicits and conducts research to understand how biological systems accommodate to spaceflight environments.
• Physical Sciences Program, which solicits and conducts research to understand how physical systems respond to spaceflight environments, particularly weightlessness.  

BPS partners with the research community and a wide range of organizations to accomplish its mission. Grants to academic, commercial, and government laboratories are the core of BPS’s research and technology development efforts. All BPS solicitations are issued through NSPIRES and all awards are described and results tracked in the  Task Book: Biological and Physical Sciences Division and Human Research Program. Partnerships with other NASA organizations, other government agencies, industry and international partners provide access to a broad range of experimental platforms, involvement of a diverse set of experts, and translation of results to a wide community.

BPS research and technology development is conducted on a wide range of experimental platforms including ground-based analogs for spaceflight, drop towers and aircraft that provide seconds of weightlessness, to free-flyer satellites. The International Space Station (ISS) is a critically important United States facility that provides researchers the ability to conduct long-duration experiments in low Earth orbit. ISS allows continuous and interactive research similar to Earth-based laboratories, enabling scientists to pursue innovations and discoveries not currently achievable by other means. BPS is also planning research and technology development to enable human spaceflight and scientific discovery beyond low Earth orbit.

BPS strives for broad involvement of the research and technology development communities in the formulation and dissemination of its work. BPS typically solicits for teams of investigators for spaceflight investigations to maximize the scientific benefit derived from the experiments. BPS also emphasizes the importance of archiving data, metadata, computational tools, and samples after spaceflight experiments to enable future experiments. The Life Sciences Data Archive, GeneLab, and Physical Sciences Informatics database are the principal repositories.