Review Protocol
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Low-Income Adults
The low-income adults topic area includes reviews of studies examining the effectiveness of interventions that serve low-income adults with the goal of improving their employment and earnings outcomes. CLEAR assessed the strength of causal evidence provided in each study and summarized each study’s design, methods, findings, and the intervention examined.
CLEAR conducted many reviews in this topic area in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Employment Strategies for Low-Income Adults Evidence Review (ESER). For those studies, CLEAR developed the study profiles posted here using information from the ESER review. HHS’s new Pathways to Work Evidence Clearinghouse builds on and replaced ESER in 2020.
Recently Added
CLEAR searches the existing literature for research relevant to this topic area's focus. Browse the most recently reviewed research below.
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Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the impact of sector-focused career centers in New York City on employment and earnings. The authors estimated the effect of sector-focused career centers by... -
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Per Scholas sectoral employment program on participants’ earnings and employment. The study was a randomized controlled trial and used survey... -
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Jewish Vocational Service (JVS)-Boston sectoral employment program on earnings and employment. The study was based on a randomized controlled... -
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Wisconsin Regional Training Partnership’s (WRTP) sectoral employment program on earnings and employment. The study was based on a randomized... -
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the returns to firms’ investments in training for their workers. The authors used data from an annual survey conducted by the Portuguese Ministry of Employment,... -
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: Moderate Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the impact of an education-focused intervention and an employment-focused intervention on education outcomes. The authors used data from a randomized controlled... -
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the Family Independence Initiative (FII) on education, earnings, employment, and public benefit receipt outcomes of low-income adults. The authors... -
Improving basic skills: The effects of adult education in welfare-to-work programs (Bos et al. 2002)
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the impact of both education- and employment-focused welfare-to-work programs on earnings and public benefit receipt. The study was a randomized controlled trial... -
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: High Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the impact of the New Hope program on employment, earnings, and public benefit receipt. The authors estimated the impact of the New Hope program by comparing... -
Study Type: Causal Impact Analysis
Causal Evidence Rating: Low Causal Evidence
The study’s objective was to examine the effect of group-based, work-related cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on work-related outcomes of unemployed, homeless people diagnosed with social anxiety...
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CLEAR Icon Key
Below is a key for icons used to indicate important details about a study, such as its type, evidence rating, and outcome findings.
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High Causal Evidence
Strong evidence the effects are caused by the examined intervention.
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Moderate Causal Evidence
Evidence that the effects are caused to some degree by the examined intervention.
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Low Causal Evidence
Little evidence that the effects are caused by the examined intervention.
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Causal Impact Analysis
Uses quantitative methods to assess the effectiveness of a program, policy, or intervention.
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Descriptive Analysis
Describes a program, policy, or intervention using qualitative or quantitative methods.
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Implementation Analysis
Examines the implementation of a program, policy, or intervention.
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Favorable
The study found at least one favorable impact in the outcome domain, and no unfavorable impacts.
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Mixed
The study found some favorable and some unfavorable impacts in the outcome domain.
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None
The study found no statistically significant impacts in the outcome domain.
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Unfavorable
The study found at least one unfavorable impact in the outcome domain, and no favorable impacts.
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Not applicable
Not applicable because no outcomes were examined in the outcome domain.
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Favorable - low evidence
The study found at least one favorable impact in the outcome domain, and no unfavorable impacts. The study received a low causal evidence ratings so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Mixed - low evidence
The study found some favorable and some unfavorable impacts in the outcome domain. The study received a low causal evidence ratings so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
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None - low evidence
The study found no statistically significant impacts in the outcome domain. The study received a low causal evidence ratings so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Unfavorable - low evidence
The study found at least one unfavorable impact in the outcome domain, and no favorable impacts. The study received a low causal evidence ratings so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
External Resources
Below is a list of external resources related to this topic area.