The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project
About
Using a state-of-the-art data assimilation system and surface pressure observations, the NOAA-CIRES-DOE Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) project has generated a four-dimensional global atmospheric dataset of weather spanning 1836 to 2015 to place current atmospheric circulation patterns into a historical perspective.
20th Century Reanalysis and PSL
Four-dimensional historic weather reconstructions, or reanalyses, provide a crucial instrument-based link between long paleoclimate reconstructions and climate model forecasts. But until recently, the earliest reanalyses began with the year 1948, leaving out many important 20th century climate events, such as the 1930’s Dust Bowl.
To expand the coverage of global gridded reanalyses, the 20th Century Reanalysis Project is an effort led by NOAA's Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) and CIRES at the University of Colorado, supported by the Department of Energy, to produce reanalysis datasets spanning the entire 20th century and much of the 19th century. These reanalyses assimilate only surface observations of synoptic pressure into NOAA’s Global Forecast System and prescribe sea surface temperature and sea ice distribution in order to estimate e.g., temperature, pressure, winds, moisture, solar radiation and clouds, from the surface to the top of the atmosphere throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
20CR uses an ensemble filter data assimilation method which directly estimates the most likely state of the global atmosphere for each three-hour period, and also estimates uncertainty in that analysis. The most recent version of this reanalysis, V3, provides 8-times daily estimates of global tropospheric variability across 75 km grids, spanning 1836 to 2015. Experiments with fields from 1806-1835 are ongoing. There are three previous versions of the reanalysis: V1, V2, and V2c.
The project has greatly benefited from international cooperation under the Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) initiative, which undertakes and facilitates the recovery of historical instrumental surface terrestrial and marine global weather observations to underpin 4D weather reconstructions spanning the last 200 to 250 years. Additional support has been provided by the Global Climate Observing System and the World Climate Research Programme.
- Version 3 covers 1836-2015 Available from PSL
- Version V2c covers 1851-2012 (experimental 2013-2014 extension) Available from PSL
- Version V2 covers 1871-2012 Available from PSL
- Version V1 covers 1908-1958 Available from NCAR
Recreating the Great Blizzard of 1888 — A Case Study
![Men shovel snow into train cars to be taken out of the city.](img/5_wea00968.png)
Background
March 12-14, 1888 — The Great White Hurricane aka The Great Blizzard of 1888 was one of the most severe recorded blizzards in American history. The storm paralyzed the East Coast from the Chesapeake Bay to Maine to the Atlantic provinces of Canada. As much as 58 inches of snow fell in some regions. Trains and roads were shut down, boats were destroyed, and over 400 people died. Winds were particularly strong with some areas seeing gusts over 80mph. The strong winds were responsible for large snow drifts, many over 50 feet tall. Melting snow after the storm caused severe flooding in parts of the Northeast. Notably, the shutdown of transportation was the impetus for the start of NYC's subway system and the power/telegraph lines outages started the process of moving those them underground.(Courtesy of Wikipedia)
Reconstruction of Conditions
This four-panel plot shows synoptic conditions during the Great Blizzard of 1888, as reconstructed by the NOAA-CIRES-DOE 20th Century Reanalysis Version 3. Panel (a) includes ensemble mean sea level pressure (contours), observation locations (filled circles), and sea level pressure confidence (shading); panel (b) includes ensemble mean geopotential heights at 500 hPa and its confidence field; panel (c) shows ensemble mean 2m air temperatures; and panel (d) shows ensemble mean precipitation rate accumulated over 6 hours prior to 0Z on 13 March 1888. Confidence is calculated as a function of ensemble spread and an estimated climatological variance: a value of zero corresponds to a confidence value equal to climatological uncertainty, and positive (negative) values correspond to higher (lower) confidence than climatological uncertainty (see doi:10.1002/qj.3598 for more details.)
Click plot to enlarge
Plotting and Analysis Tools
Use the tools below to plot 20th Century Reanalysis Data. Additional tools will be forthcoming.
Maps and Cross-Sections
Time-series Plots and Analysis
Other Products
Access Data and Animations
From PSL
- FTP: Data is available via anonymous ftp. For specific details, see the V3 data documentation. Go to "pressure, single level, isentropic, or height above surface" links and there is a list of variables for each type. Or, go to "search and plot" and search for dataset NOAA/CIRES/DOE 20th Century Reanalysis Version 3 and the variable(s) you would like. Additional ftp help is also available.
- Links to data documentation for V2c and V2 are also available.
- OPEnDAP: Data can be read directly via OPEnDAP. See the data documentation: File naming, OPeNDAP name from the data documentation webpage. We also have help on OPeNDAP and the applications that use it (GrADS, NCL...).
- Dataset Creation Details: Information about the input pressure level data, what was used to prescribe the boundary conditions, the model run, and similar details can be found on the dataset doc pages for 20CRV2, 20CRV2c, and 20CRv3.
External
- Every member of 20CR selected variables are available from the NERSC Science Gateway for version V3 (netCDF-4), V2c (netCDF-4 and GRIB), and V2 (netCDF-4 and GRIB1).
- Ensemble mean and ensemble standard deviations for 20CR variables are available from NCAR Research Data Archive for versions V3 (netCDF-4), V2c (GRIB1), and V2 (GRIB1).
How to Cite Use of 20CR Data
Acknowledgment (V3)
Acknowledgment (V2c)
The NOAA-CIRES Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project version 2c used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center managed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Papers using the NOAA-CIRES Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project version 2c dataset are requested to include the following text in their acknowledgments: "Support for the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project version 2c dataset is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research (BER), and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office
Acknowledgment (V2)
The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center managed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facilityat Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which are supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, respectively.
Papers using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset are requested to include the following text in their acknowledgments: "Support for the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (DOE INCITE) program, and Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office, and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office, and by the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory."
References
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- Santamaria-Aguilar, S., and A. T. Vafeidis, 2018: Are Extreme Skew Surges Independent of High Water Levels in a Mixed Semidiurnal Tidal Regime? Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 123, 8877-8886, doi:10.1029/2018jc014282.
- Santos, M., M. Fragoso, and J. A. Santos, 2018: Damaging flood severity assessment in Northern Portugal over more than 150 years (1865-2016). Natural Hazards, 91, 983-1002, doi:10.1007/s11069-017-3166-y.
- Saurral, R. I., F. J. Doblas-Reyes, and J. Garcia-Serrano, 2018: Observed modes of sea surface temperature variability in the South Pacific region. Climate Dynamics, 50, 1129-1143, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3666-1.
- Schade, N. H., R. Sadikni, A. Jahnke-Bornemann, I. Hinrichs, L. Gates, B. Tinz, and D. Stammer, 2018: The KLIWAS North Sea Climatology. Part II: Assessment against Global Reanalyses. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 35, 127-145, doi:10.1175/jtech-d-17-0045.1.
- Schneider, D. P., and R. L. Fogt, 2018: Artifacts in Century-Length Atmospheric and Coupled Reanalyses Over Antarctica Due To Historical Data Availability. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 964-973, doi:10.1002/2017gl076226.
- Seim, A., and Coauthors, 2018: Evaluation of Tree Growth Relevant Atmospheric Circulation Patterns for Geopotential Height Field Reconstructions for Asia. J. Clim., 31, 4391-4401, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0164.1.
- Sherin, V. R., F. Durand, V. V. Gopalkrishna, S. Anuvinda, A. V. S. Chaitanya, R. Bourdalle-Badie, and F. Papa, 2018: Signature of Indian Ocean Dipole on the western boundary current of the Bay of Bengal. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 136, 91-106, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.002.
- Shields, C. A., and Coauthors, 2018: Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP): project goals and experimental design. Geoscientific Model Development, 11, 2455-2474, doi:10.5194/gmd-11-2455-2018.
- Shin, S. J., and S. I. An, 2018: Interdecadal Change in the Relationship Between the North Pacific Oscillation and the Pacific Meridional Mode and Its Impact on ENSO. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 54, 63-76, doi:10.1007/s13143-017-0060-1.
- Shu, Q., F. L. Qiao, Z. Y. Song, and Y. J. Song, 2018: Link between the Barents Oscillation and recent boreal winter cooling over the Asian midlatitudes. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 127-132, doi:10.1007/s00376-017-7021-6.
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- Skliris, N., J. D. Zika, L. Herold, S. A. Josey, and R. Marsh, 2018: Mediterranean sea water budget long-term trend inferred from salinity observations. Climate Dynamics, 51, 2857-2876, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-4053-7.
- Slivinski, L. C., 2018: Historical Reanalysis: What, How, and Why? Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10, 1736-1739, doi:10.1029/2018ms001434.
- Song, X. S., Y. M. Tang, and D. K. Chen, 2018: Decadal Variation in IOD Predictability During 1881-2016. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 12948-12956, doi:10.1029/2018gl080221.
- Soon, W. W. H., and Coauthors, 2018: Comparing the current and early 20th century warm periods in China. Earth-Science Reviews, 185, 80-101, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.013.
- Srinivas, G., J. S. Chowdary, Y. Kosaka, C. Gnanaseelan, A. Parekh, and K. Prasad, 2018: Influence of the Pacific-Japan Pattern on Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall. J. Clim., 31, 3943-3958, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0408.1.
- Staehelin, J., P. Viatte, R. Stubi, F. Tummon, and T. Peter, 2018: Stratospheric ozone measurements at Arosa (Switzerland): history and scientific relevance. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18, 6567-6584, doi:10.5194/acp-18-6567-2018.
- Steinig, S., J. Harlass, W. Park, and M. Latif, 2018: Sahel rainfall strength and onset improvements due to more realistic Atlantic cold tongue development in a climate model. Scientific Reports, 8, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20904-1.
- Steinschneider, S., M. Ho, A. P. Williams, E. R. Cook, and U. Lall, 2018: A 500-Year Tree Ring-Based Reconstruction of Extreme Cold-Season Precipitation and Number of Atmospheric River Landfalls Across the Southwestern United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 5672-5680, doi:10.1029/2018gl078089.
- Stopa, J. E., 2018: Wind forcing calibration and wave hindcast comparison using multiple reanalysis and merged satellite wind datasets. Ocean Modelling, 127, 55-69, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.04.008.
- Stucki, P., and Coauthors, 2018: Reconstruction and simulation of an extreme flood event in the Lago Maggiore catchment in 1868. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 18, 2717-2739, doi:10.5194/nhess-18-2717-2018.
- Sun, Q. H., C. Y. Miao, Q. Y. Duan, H. Ashouri, S. Sorooshian, and K. L. Hsu, 2018: A Review of Global Precipitation Data Sets: Data Sources, Estimation, and Intercomparisons. Reviews of Geophysics, 56, 79-107, doi:10.1002/2017rg000574.
- Sung, M. K., S. H. Kim, B. M. Kim, and Y. S. Choi, 2018: Interdecadal Variability of the Warm Arctic and Cold Eurasia Pattern and Its North Atlantic Origin. J. Clim., 31, 5793-5810, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0562.1.
- Svarva, H. L., T. Thun, A. J. Kirchhefer, and A. Nesje, 2018: Little Ice Age summer temperatures in western Norway from a 700-year tree-ring chronology. Holocene, 28, 1609-1622, doi:10.1177/0959683618782611.
- Svendsen, L., N. Keenlyside, I. Bethke, Y. Q. Gao, and N. E. Omrani, 2018: Pacific contribution to the early twentieth-century warming in the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 8, 793-+, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0247-1.
- Tabari, H., and P. Willems, 2018: Lagged influence of Atlantic and Pacific climate patterns on European extreme precipitation. Scientific Reports, 8, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24069-9.
- Tahir, Z. R., and M. Asim, 2018: Surface measured solar radiation data and solar energy resource assessment of Pakistan: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2839-2861, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.090.
Tahir, Z. U., and Coauthors, 2018: Comparison of Reanalysis, Analysis and Forecast datasets with measured wind data for a Wind Power Project in Jhimpir, Pakistan. Windeurope Conference 2018 within the Global Wind Summit, M. Muskulus, and C. L. Bottasso, Eds.- Thomas, Z., and Coauthors, 2018: A New Daily Observational Record from Grytviken, South Georgia: Exploring Twentieth-Century Extremes in the South Atlantic. J. Clim., 31, 1743-1755, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0353.1.
- Tian, Z. P., T. Li, and D. B. Jiang, 2018: Strengthening and Westward Shift of the Tropical Pacific Walker Circulation during the Mid-Holocene: PMIP Simulation Results. J. Clim., 31, 2283-2298, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0744.1.
- Tifafi, M., B. Guenet, and C. Hatte, 2018: Large Differences in Global and Regional Total Soil Carbon Stock Estimates Based on SoilGrids, HWSD, and NCSCD: Intercomparison and Evaluation Based on Field Data From USA, England, Wales, and France. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32, 42-56, doi:10.1002/2017gb005678.
- Toride, K., D. L. Cawthorne, K. Ishida, M. L. Kavvas, and M. L. Anderson, 2018: Long-term trend analysis on total and extreme precipitation over Shasta Dam watershed. Science of the Total Environment, 626, 244-254, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.004.
- Troccoli, A., and Coauthors, 2018: Creating a proof-of-concept climate service to assess future renewable energy mixes in Europe: An overview of the C3S ECEM project. Advances in Science and Research, 15, 191-205, doi:10.5194/asr-15-191-2018.
- Trouet, V., F. Babst, and M. Meko, 2018: Recent enhanced high-summer North Atlantic Jet variability emerges from three-century context. Nature Communications, 9, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02699-3.
- Tsujino, H., and Coauthors, 2018: JRA-55 based surface dataset for driving ocean-sea-ice models (JRA55-do). Ocean Modelling, 130, 79-139, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.07.002.
- Tuovinen, J. P., P. Jokinen, and D. M. Schultz, 2018: Historical hail cases in Finland: 1776-1910. Boreal Environment Research, 23, 29-57, doi:
- Turkes, M., and E. Erlat, 2018: Variability and trends in record air temperature events of Turkey and their associations with atmospheric oscillations and anomalous circulation patterns. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 5182-5204, doi:10.1002/joc.5720.
- Ulazia, A., M. Penalba, A. Rabanal, G. Ibarra-Berastegi, J. Ringwood, and J. Saenz, 2018: Historical Evolution of the Wave Resource and Energy Production off the Chilean Coast over the 20th Century. Energies, 11, doi:10.3390/en11092289.
- Ummenhofer, C. C., M. Kuluke, and J. E. Tierney, 2018: Extremes in East African hydroclimate and links to Indo-Pacific variability on interannual to decadal timescales. Climate Dynamics, 50, 2971-2991, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3786-7.
- Undorf, S., D. Polson, M. A. Bollasina, Y. Ming, A. Schurer, and G. C. Hegerl, 2018: Detectable Impact of Local and Remote Anthropogenic Aerosols on the 20th Century Changes of West African and South Asian Monsoon Precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 123, 4871-4889, doi:10.1029/2017jd027711.
- Vega, I., D. Gallego, P. Ribera, F. D. Gomez-Delgado, R. Garcia-Herrera, and C. Pena-Ortiz, 2018: Reconstructing the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon since the Late Nineteenth Century. J. Clim., 31, 355-368, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0336.1.
- Verdon-Kidd, D. C., 2018: On the classification of different flavours of Indian Ocean Dipole events. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 4924-4937, doi:10.1002/joc.5707.
- Villamayor, J., T. Ambrizzi, and E. Mohino, 2018: Influence of decadal sea surface temperature variability on northern Brazil rainfall in CMIP5 simulations. Climate Dynamics, 51, 563-579, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3941-1.
- Walker, A. P., and Coauthors, 2018: The multi-assumption architecture and testbed (MAAT v1.0): R code for generating ensembles with dynamic model structure and analysis of epistemic uncertainty from multiple sources. Geoscientific Model Development, 11, 3159-3185, doi:10.5194/gmd-11-3159-2018.
- Walz, M. A., D. J. Befort, N. O. Kirchner-Bossi, U. Ulbrich, and G. C. Leckebusch, 2018: Modelling serial clustering and inter-annual variability of European winter windstorms based on large-scale drivers. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 3044-3057, doi:10.1002/joc.5481.
- Wang, B., and Coauthors, 2018: Toward Predicting Changes in the Land Monsoon Rainfall a Decade in Advance. J. Clim., 31, 2699-2714, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0521.1.
- Wang, X., W. Tan, and C. Z. Wang, 2018: A new index for identifying different types of El Nino Modoki events. Climate Dynamics, 50, 2753-2765, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3769-8.
- Ward, D. S., E. Shevliakova, S. Malyshev, and S. Rabin, 2018: Trends and Variability of Global Fire Emissions Due To Historical Anthropogenic Activities. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32, 122-142, doi:10.1002/2017gb005787.
- Wares, J. P., S. Crickenberger, A. F. Govindarajan, J. L. Hamrick, K. M. Skoczen, D. W. Trapnell, and D. S. Wethey, 2018: The cryptic population biology of Chthamalus fragilis Darwin, 1854 (Cirripedia, Thoracica) on the Atlantic coast of North America. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 38, 754-764, doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruy070.
- Wilcox, L. J., and Coauthors, 2018: Multiple perspectives on the attribution of the extreme European summer of 2012 to climate change. Climate Dynamics, 50, 3537-3555, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3822-7.
- Williamson, F., and Coauthors, 2018: Collating Historic Weather Observations for the East Asian Region: Challenges, Solutions, and Reanalyses. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 899-904, doi:10.1007/s00376-017-7259-z.
- Willis, D. M., and Coauthors, 2018: Sunspot Observations on 10 and 11 February 1917: A Case Study in Collating Known and Previously Undocumented Records. Space Weather-the International Journal of Research and Applications, 16, 1740-1752, doi:10.1029/2018sw002012.
- Wills, R. C., T. Schneider, J. M. Wallace, D. S. Battisti, and D. L. Hartmann, 2018: Disentangling Global Warming, Multidecadal Variability, and El Nino in Pacific Temperatures. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 2487-2496, doi:10.1002/2017gl076327.
- Wise, E. K., C. A. Woodhouse, G. J. McCabe, G. T. Pederson, and J. M. St-Jacques, 2018: Hydroclimatology of the Missouri River Basin. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 19, 161-182, doi:10.1175/jhm-d-17-0155.1.
- Woodworth, P. L., 2018: Sea level change in Great Britain between 1859 and the present. Geophysical Journal International, 213, 222-236, doi:10.1093/gji/ggx538.
- Woollings, T., and Coauthors, 2018: Daily to Decadal Modulation of Jet Variability. J. Clim., 31, 1297-1314, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0286.1.
- Wyard, C., S. Doutreloup, A. Belleflamme, M. Wild, and X. Fettweis, 2018: Global Radiative Flux and Cloudiness Variability for the Period 1959-2010 in Belgium: A Comparison between Reanalyses and the Regional Climate Model MAR. Atmosphere, 9, doi:10.3390/atmos9070262.
- Xiao, F., L. L. Zeng, Q. Y. Liu, W. Zhou, and D. X. Wang, 2018: Extreme subsurface warm events in the South China Sea during 1998/99 and 2006/07: observations and mechanisms. Climate Dynamics, 50, 115-128, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3588-y.
- Xue, J. Q., C. Sun, J. P. Li, and J. Y. Mao, 2018: South Atlantic Forced Multidecadal Teleconnection to the Midlatitude South Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 8480-8489, doi:10.1029/2018gl078990.
- Yang, M. H., R. T. Zuo, L. Q. Wang, and X. Chen, 2018: A Simulation Study of Global Evapotranspiration Components Using the Community Land Model. Atmosphere, 9, doi:10.3390/atmos9050178.
- Yao, Y., Z. Zhong, and X. Q. Yang, 2018: Impacts of the subarctic frontal zone on the North Pacific storm track in the cold season: an observational study. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 2554-2564, doi:10.1002/joc.5429.
- Yao, Y., Z. Zhong, and X. Q. Yang, 2018: Influence of the subarctic front intensity on the midwinter suppression of the North Pacific storm track. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 81, 63-72, doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2018.01.001.
- Ye, X. C., Z. W. Wu, Z. M. Wang, H. Y. Shen, and J. M. Xu, 2018: Seasonal Prediction of the Yangtze River Runoff Using a Partial Least Squares Regression Model. Atmosphere-Ocean, 56, 117-128, doi:10.1080/07055900.2018.1448751.
- Yeager, S. G., and Coauthors, 2018: PREDICTING NEAR-TERM CHANGES IN THE EARTH SYSTEM A Large Ensemble of Initialized Decadal Prediction Simulations Using the Community Earth System Model. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99, 1867-1886, doi:10.1175/bams-d-17-0098.1.
- Yin, Z., and Coauthors, 2018: Evaluation of ORCHIDEE-MICT-simulated soil moisture over China and impacts of different atmospheric forcing data. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22, 5463-5484, doi:10.5194/hess-22-5463-2018.
- Yiou, P., J. Cattiaux, A. Ribes, R. Vautard, and M. Vrac, 2018: Recent Trends in the Recurrence of North Atlantic Atmospheric Circulation Patterns. Complexity, doi:10.1155/2018/3140915.
- You, Y. J., and J. C. Furtado, 2018: The South Pacific Meridional Mode and Its Role in Tropical Pacific Climate Variability. J. Clim., 31, 10141-10163, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0860.1.
- Yu, L. J., S. Y. Zhong, W. E. Heilman, and X. D. Bian, 2018: Trends in seasonal warm anomalies across the contiguous United States: Contributions from natural climate variability. Scientific Reports, 8, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21817-9.
- Zhang, L., B. L. Gan, L. X. Wu, W. J. Cai, and H. Ma, 2018: Seasonal Dependence of Coupling between Storm Tracks and Sea Surface Temperature in the Southern Hemisphere Midlatitudes: A Statistical Assessment. J. Clim., 31, 4055-4074, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0196.1.
- Zhang, L., and W. Q. Han, 2018: Impact of Ningaloo Nino on Tropical Pacific and an Interbasin Coupling Mechanism. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 11300-11309, doi:10.1029/2018gl078579.
- Zhang, Q., Z. Y. Guan, and M. G. Li, 2018: The Eurasia-North Pacific Oscillation in atmospheric mass variations independent of both IHO and AO and its possible impacts on winter climate. Climate Dynamics, 50, 4303-4322, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3876-6.
- Zhang, W. X., and Coauthors, 2018: Multiscale Variations of Precipitable Water over China Based on 1999-2015 Ground-Based GPS Observations and Evaluations of Reanalysis Products. J. Clim., 31, 945-962, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0419.1.
- Zhang, Y. F., Y. Guo, W. J. Dong, and C. X. Li, 2018: What drives the decadal variation of global land monsoon precipitation over the past 50 years? International Journal of Climatology, 38, 4818-4829, doi:10.1002/joc.5699.
- Zhang, Y. L., Y. T. Wang, B. J. Huai, M. H. Ding, and W. J. Sun, 2018: Skill of the two 20th century reanalyses in representing Antarctic near-surface air temperature. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 4225-4238, doi:10.1002/joc.5563.
- Zhang, Z. R., P. Uotila, A. Stossel, T. Vihma, H. L. Liu, and Y. S. Zhong, 2018: Seasonal southern hemisphere multi-variable reflection of the southern annular mode in atmosphere and ocean reanalyses. Climate Dynamics, 50, 1451-1470, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3698-6.
- Zhao, L., B. Han, S. H. Lv, L. J. Wen, X. H. Meng, and Z. G. Li, 2018: The different influence of the residual layer on the development of the summer convective boundary layer in two deserts in northwest China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 131, 877-888, doi:10.1007/s00704-016-2014-4.
- Zheng, J., Q. Y. Liu, and C. Y. Wang, 2018: An aftereffect of global warming on tropical Pacific decadal variability. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 36, 193-204, doi:10.1007/s00343-017-6267-2.
- Zheng, M. J., J. Sjolte, F. Adolphi, B. M. Vinther, H. C. Steen-Larsen, T. J. Popp, and R. Muscheler, 2018: Climate information preserved in seasonal water isotope at NEEM: relationships with temperature, circulation and sea ice. Climate of the Past, 14, 1067-1078, doi:10.5194/cp-14-1067-2018.
- Zhou, C. L., Y. Y. He, and K. C. Wang, 2018: On the suitability of current atmospheric reanalyses for regional warming studies over China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18, 8113-8136, doi:10.5194/acp-18-8113-2018.
2017
- Achuthavarier, D., S. D. Schubert, and Y. V. Vikhliaev, 2017: North Pacific decadal variability: insights from a biennial ENSO environment. Climate Dynamics, 49, 1379-1397, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3391-1.
- Agnihotri, R., A. P. Dimri, H. M. Joshi, N. K. Verma, C. Sharma, J. Singh, and Y. P. Sundriyal, 2017: Assessing operative natural and anthropogenic forcing factors from long-term climate time series of Uttarakhand (India) in the backdrop of recurring extreme rainfall events over northwest Himalaya. Geomorphology, 284, 31-40, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.024.
- Allen, R. J., and M. Kovilakam, 2017: The Role of Natural Climate Variability in Recent Tropical Expansion. J. Clim., 30, 6329-6350, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0735.1.
- Anderson, B. T., J. C. Furtado, E. Di Lorenzo, and D. J. S. Gianotti, 2017: Tracking the Pacific Decadal Precession. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 122, 3214-3227, doi:10.1002/2016jd025962.
- Andreadis, K. M., G. J. P. Schumann, D. Stampoulis, P. D. Bates, G. R. Brakenridge, and A. J. Kettner, 2017: Can Atmospheric Reanalysis Data Sets Be Used to Reproduce Flooding Over Large Scales? Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 10369-10377, doi:10.1002/2017gl075502.
- Andreoli, R. V., S. N. R. da Silva, R. A. F. de Souza, M. T. Kayano, S. R. Garcia, V. B. Capistrano, and E. Armijos, 2017: Intense drought and flooding events in the Rio Negro and relation with the tropical Pacific and Atlantic variability modes. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129, 551-576, doi:10.1007/s00704-016-1790-1.
- Andreoli, R. V., S. S. de Oliveira, M. T. Kayano, J. Viegas, R. A. F. de Souza, and L. A. Candido, 2017: The influence of different El Nino types on the South American rainfall. International Journal of Climatology, 37, 1374-1390, doi:10.1002/joc.4783.
- Andreu-Hayles, L., and Coauthors, 2017: 400 Years of summer hydroclimate from stable isotopes in Iberian trees. Climate Dynamics, 49, 143-161, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3332-z.
- Arns, A., S. Dangendorf, J. Jensen, S. Talke, J. Bender, and C. Pattiaratchi, 2017: Sea-level rise induced amplification of coastal protection design heights. Scientific Reports, 7, doi:10.1038/srep40171.
- Aubry, T. J., A. M. Jellinek, G. Carazzo, R. Gallo, K. Hatcher, and J. Dunning, 2017: A new analytical scaling for turbulent wind-bent plumes: Comparison of scaling laws with analog experiments and a new database of eruptive conditions for predicting the height of volcanic plumes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 343, 233-251, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.07.006.
- Azad, R., and A. Sorteberg, 2017: Extreme daily precipitation in coastal western Norway and the link to atmospheric rivers. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 122, 2080-2095, doi:10.1002/2016jd025615.
- Barcikowska, M., F. Feser, W. Zhang, and W. Mei, 2017: Changes in intense tropical cyclone activity for the western North Pacific during the last decades derived from a regional climate model simulation. Climate Dynamics, 49, 2931-2949, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3420-0.
- Barcikowska, M. J., T. R. Knutson, and R. Zhang, 2017: Observed and Simulated Fingerprints of Multidecadal Climate Variability and Their Contributions to Periods of Global SST Stagnation. J. Clim., 30, 721-737, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0443.1.
- Barnes, E. A., and I. R. Simpson, 2017: Seasonal Sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere Jet Streams to Arctic Temperatures on Subseasonal Time Scales. J. Clim., 30, 10117-10137, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0299.1.
- Barth, N. A., G. Villarini, M. A. Nayak, and K. White, 2017: Mixed populations and annual flood frequency estimates in the western United States: The role of atmospheric rivers. Water Resources Research, 53, 257-269, doi:10.1002/2016wr019064.
- Bartoszek, K., S. Wereski, A. Krzyzewska, and M. Dobek, 2017: The influence of atmospheric circulation on bioclimatic conditions in Lublin (Poland). Bulletin of Geography-Physical Geography Series, 12, 41-49, doi:10.1515/bgeo-2017-0004.
- Belmecheri, S., F. Babst, A. R. Hudson, J. Betancourt, and V. Trouet, 2017: Northern Hemisphere Jet Stream Position Indices as Diagnostic Tools for Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics. Earth Interactions, 21, 1-23, doi:10.1175/ei-d-16-0023.1.
- Berry, D. I., and E. C. Kent, 2017: Assessing the health of the in situ global surface marine climate observing system. International Journal of Climatology, 37, 2248-2259, doi:10.1002/joc.4914.
- Bett, P. E., H. E. Thornton, and R. T. Clark, 2017: Using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis to assess climate variability for the European wind industry. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 127, 61-80, doi:10.1007/s00704-015-1591-y.
- Bierstedt, S. E., B. Hunicke, E. Zorita, and J. Ludwig, 2017: A wind proxy based on migrating dunes at the Baltic coast: statistical analysis of the link between wind conditions and sand movement. Earth System Dynamics, 8, 639-652, doi:10.5194/esd-8-639-2017.
- Bischoff, T., T. Schneider, and A. N. Meckler, 2017: A Conceptual Model for the Response of Tropical Rainfall to Orbital Variations. J. Clim., 30, 8375-8391, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0691.1.
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2016
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- Ciarlo, J. M., and N. J. Aquilina, 2016: An analysis of teleconnections in the Mediterranean region using RegCM4. International Journal of Climatology, 36, 797-808, doi:10.1002/joc.4383.
- Comas-Bru, L., F. McDermott, and M. Werner, 2016: The effect of the East Atlantic pattern on the precipitation delta O-18-NAO relationship in Europe. Climate Dynamics, 47, 2059-2069, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2950-1.
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2013
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2012
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- Achberger, C., and Coauthors, 2012: STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 93, No. 7, July 2012. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93, S1-S263, doi:10.1175/2012BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.
- Backman, J., and Coauthors, 2012: On the diurnal cycle of urban aerosols, black carbon and the occurrence of new particle formation events in springtime Sao Paulo, Brazil. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 11733-11751, doi:10.5194/acp-12-11733-2012.
- Baker, A., and Coauthors, 2012: Millennial-length forward models and pseudoproxies of stalagmite delta O-18: an example from NW Scotland. Climate of the Past, 8, 1153-1167, doi:10.5194/cp-8-1153-2012.
- Bhend, J., J. Franke, D. Folini, M. Wild, and S. Broennimann, 2012: An ensemble-based approach to climate reconstructions. Climate of the Past, 8, 963-976, doi:10.5194/cp-8-963-2012.
- Broennimann, S., and G. P. Compo, 2012: Ozone highs and associated flow features in the first half of the twentieth century in different data sets. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 21, 49-59, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0284.
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- Broennimann, S., and J. Luterbacher, 2012: Weather and climate extremes during the past 100 years. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 21, 9-11, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0525.
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- Ferguson, C. R., E. F. Wood, and R. K. Vinukollu, 2012: A Global Intercomparison of Modeled and Observed Land-Atmosphere Coupling. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 13, 749-784, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-0119.1.
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- Galbraith, P. S., P. Larouche, J. Chasse, and B. Petrie, 2012: Sea-surface temperature in relation to air temperature in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Interdecadal variability and long term trends. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 77-80, 10-20, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.04.001.
- Gan, B., and L. Wu, 2012: Modulation of Atmospheric Response to North Pacific SST Anomalies under Global Warming: A Statistical Assessment. J. Clim., 25, 6554-6566, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00493.1.
- Girardin, M. P., X. J. Guo, P. Y. Bernier, F. Raulier, and S. Gauthier, 2012: Changes in growth of pristine boreal North American forests from 1950 to 2005 driven by landscape demographics and species traits. Biogeosciences, 9, 2523-2536, doi:10.5194/bg-9-2523-2012.
- Gordov, E. p., and Coauthors, 2012: Geo-information system for investigation of regional climatic changes and first results obtained. Optika atmosfery i okeana, 25, 137-143, doi:
- Grodsky, S. A., J. A. Carton, S. Nigam, and Y. M. Okumura, 2012: Tropical Atlantic Biases in CCSM4. J. Clim., 25, 3684-3701, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00315.1.
- Haimberger, L., C. Tavolato, and S. Sperka, 2012: Homogenization of the Global Radiosonde Temperature Dataset through Combined Comparison with Reanalysis Background Series and Neighboring Stations. J. Clim., 25, 8108-8131, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00668.1.
- Hanna, E., S. H. Mernild, J. Cappelen, and K. Steffen, 2012: Recent warming in Greenland in a long-term instrumental (1881-2012) climatic context: I. Evaluation of surface air temperature records. Environmental Research Letters, 7, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045404.
- Harvey, B. J., L. C. Shaffrey, T. J. Woollings, G. Zappa, and K. I. Hodges, 2012: How large are projected 21st century storm track changes? Geophysical Research Letters, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL052873.
- Hoerling, M., J. Eischeid, J. Perlwitz, X. Quan, T. Zhang, and P. Pegion, 2012: On the Increased Frequency of Mediterranean Drought. J. Clim., 25, 2146-2161, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00296.1.
- Ionita, M., G. Lohmann, N. Rimbu, and S. Chelcea, 2012: Interannual Variability of Rhine River Streamflow and Its Relationship with Large-Scale Anomaly Patterns in Spring and Autumn. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 13, 172-188, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-063.1.
- Ionita, M., G. Lohmann, N. Rimbu, S. Chelcea, and M. Dima, 2012: Interannual to decadal summer drought variability over Europe and its relationship to global sea surface temperature. Climate Dynamics, 38, 363-377, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1028-y.
- Ionita, M., G. Lohmann, N. Rimbu, and P. Scholz, 2012: Dominant modes of Diurnal Temperature Range variability over Europe and their relationships with large-scale atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature anomaly patterns. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 117, doi:10.1029/2011JD016669.
- Keller, K. M., and Coauthors, 2012: Variability of the ocean carbon cycle in response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 64, doi:10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.18738.
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- Lavers, D. A., G. Villarini, R. P. Allan, E. F. Wood, and A. J. Wade, 2012: The detection of atmospheric rivers in atmospheric reanalyses and their links to British winter floods and the large-scale climatic circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 117, doi:10.1029/2012JD018027.
- Lehner, F., C. C. Raible, D. Hofer, and T. F. Stocker, 2012: The freshwater balance of polar regions in transient simulations from 1500 to 2100 AD using a comprehensive coupled climate model. Climate Dynamics, 39, 347-363, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1199-6.
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- Lohmann, G., and K. H. Wiltshire, 2012: Winter atmospheric circulation signature for the timing of the spring bloom of diatoms in the North Sea. Marine Biology, 159, 2573-2581, doi:10.1007/s00227-012-1993-7.
- Lorrey, A., G. Dalu, J. Renwick, H. Diamond, and M. Gaetani, 2012: Reconstructing the South Pacific Convergence Zone Position during the Presatellite Era: A La Nina Case Study. Monthly Weather Review, 140, 3653-3668, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00228.1.
- Lovejoy, S., J. Pinel, and D. Schertzer, 2012: The global space-time cascade structure of precipitation: Satellites, gridded gauges and reanalyses. Advances in Water Resources, 45, 37-50, doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.03.024.
Lovejoy, S., and D. Schertzer, 2012: Low-Frequency Weather and the Emergence of the Climate. Extreme Events and Natural Hazards: The Complexity Perspective, 231-254.- Ma, Y., and R. T. Pinker, 2012: Modeling shortwave radiative fluxes from satellites. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 117, doi:10.1029/2012JD018332.
- Moncrieff, M. W., D. E. Waliser, M. J. Miller, M. A. Shapiro, G. R. Asrar, and J. Caughey, 2012: Multiscale Convective Organization and the Yotc Virtual Global Field Campaign. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93, 1171-1187, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00233.1.
- Moore, G. W. K., 2012: Surface pressure record of Tibetan Plateau warming since the 1870s. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 138, 1999-2008, doi:10.1002/qj.1948.
- Mueller, W. A., and Coauthors, 2012: Forecast skill of multi-year seasonal means in the decadal prediction system of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL053326.
- Neukom, R., and J. Gergis, 2012: Southern Hemisphere high-resolution palaeoclimate records of the last 2000 years. Holocene, 22, 501-524, doi:10.1177/0959683611427335.
- Nicholson, S. E., D. Klotter, and A. K. Dezfuli, 2012: Spatial reconstruction of semi-quantitative precipitation fields over Africa during the nineteenth century from documentary evidence and gauge data. Quaternary Research, 78, 13-23, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2012.03.012.
- Oliver, E. C. J., and K. R. Thompson, 2012: A Reconstruction of Madden-Julian Oscillation Variability from 1905 to 2008. J. Clim., 25, 1996-2019, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00154.1.
- Paek, H., and H.-P. Huang, 2012: A comparison of the interannual variability in atmospheric angular momentum and length-of-day using multiple reanalysis data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 117, doi:10.1029/2012JD018105.
- Paek, H., and H.-P. Huang, 2012: A Comparison of Decadal-to-Interdecadal Variability and Trend in Reanalysis Datasets Using Atmospheric Angular Momentum. J. Clim., 25, 4750-4758, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00358.1.
Pielke, R. A., Sr., and Coauthors, 2012: Dealing With Complexity and Extreme Events Using a Bottom-Up, Resource-Based Vulnerability Perspective. Extreme Events and Natural Hazards: The Complexity Perspective, 345-359.- Pohl, B., and N. Fauchereau, 2012: The Southern Annular Mode Seen through Weather Regimes. J. Clim., 25, 3336-3354, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00160.1.
- Ray, S., and B. S. Giese, 2012: Historical changes in El Nino and La Nina characteristics in an ocean reanalysis. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 117, doi:10.1029/2012JC008031.
- Sakov, P., F. Counillon, L. Bertino, K. A. Lisaeter, P. R. Oke, and A. Korablev, 2012: TOPAZ4: an ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic. Ocean Science, 8, 633-656, doi:10.5194/os-8-633-2012.
- Seager, R., and N. Naik, 2012: A Mechanisms-Based Approach to Detecting Recent Anthropogenic Hydroclimate Change. J. Clim., 25, 236-261, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00056.1.
- Seager, R., N. Pederson, Y. Kushnir, J. Nakamura, and S. Jurburg, 2012: The 1960s Drought and the Subsequent Shift to a Wetter Climate in the Catskill Mountains Region of the New York City Watershed. J. Clim., 25, 6721-6742, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00518.1.
- Shen, S. S. P., C. K. Lee, and J. Lawrimore, 2012: Uncertainties, Trends, and Hottest and Coldest Years of US Surface Air Temperature since 1895: An Update Based on the USHCN V2 TOB Data. J. Clim., 25, 4185-4203, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00102.1.
- Sirocko, F., H. Brunck, and S. Pfahl, 2012: Solar influence on winter severity in central Europe. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL052412.
- Soares, P. M. M., R. M. Cardoso, P. M. A. Miranda, J. de Medeiros, M. Belo-Pereira, and F. Espirito-Santo, 2012: WRF high resolution dynamical downscaling of ERA-Interim for Portugal. Climate Dynamics, 39, 2497-2522, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1315-2.
- Solomon, A., and M. Newman, 2012: Reconciling disparate twentieth-century Indo-Pacific ocean temperature trends in the instrumental record. Nature Climate Change, 2, 691-699, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1591.
- Stucki, P., R. Rickli, S. Broennimann, O. Martius, H. Wanner, D. Grebner, and J. Luterbacher, 2012: Weather patterns and hydro-climatological precursors of extreme floods in Switzerland since 1868. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 21, 531-550, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2012/368.
- Swart, N. C., and J. C. Fyfe, 2012: Observed and simulated changes in the Southern Hemisphere surface westerly wind-stress. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL052810.
- Swart, N. C., and J. C. Fyfe, 2012: Ocean carbon uptake and storage influenced by wind bias in global climate models. Nature Climate Change, 2, 47-52, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1289.
- Tokinaga, H., S.-P. Xie, C. Deser, Y. Kosaka, and Y. M. Okumura, 2012: Slowdown of the Walker circulation driven by tropical Indo-Pacific warming. Nature, 491, 439-443, doi:10.1038/nature11576.
- Trouet, V., M. P. Panayotov, A. Ivanova, and D. Frank, 2012: A pan-European summer teleconnection mode recorded by a new temperature reconstruction from the northeastern Mediterranean (ad 1768-2008). Holocene, 22, 887-898, doi:10.1177/0959683611434225.
- Vose, R. S., S. Applequist, M. J. Menne, C. N. Williams, Jr., and P. Thorne, 2012: An intercomparison of temperature trends in the US Historical Climatology Network and recent atmospheric reanalyses. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL051387.
- Wallace, J. M., Q. Fu, B. V. Smoliak, P. Lin, and C. M. Johanson, 2012: Simulated versus observed patterns of warming over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere continents during the cold season. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 14337-14342, doi:10.1073/pnas.1204875109.
- Wang, C., S. Dong, A. T. Evan, G. R. Foltz, and S.-K. Lee, 2012: Multidecadal Covariability of North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature, African Dust, Sahel Rainfall, and Atlantic Hurricanes. J. Clim., 25, 5404-5415, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00413.1.
- Wang, J.-S., and L. Zhao, 2012: Statistical tests for a correlation between decadal variation in June precipitation in China and sunspot number. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 117, doi:10.1029/2012JD018074.
- Wang, S.-Y., R. R. Gillies, and T. Reichler, 2012: Multidecadal Drought Cycles in the Great Basin Recorded by the Great Salt Lake: Modulation from a Transition-Phase Teleconnection. J. Clim., 25, 1711-1721, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4225.1.
- Wang, X. L., Y. Feng, and V. R. Swail, 2012: North Atlantic wave height trends as reconstructed from the 20th century reanalysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL053381.
- Wang, Y. H., G. Magnusdottir, H. Stern, X. Tian, and Y. Yu, 2012: Decadal variability of the NAO: Introducing an augmented NAO index. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL053413.
- Woehrnschimmel, H., P. Tay, H. von Waldow, H. Hung, Y.-F. Li, M. MacLeod, and K. Hungerbuhler, 2012: Comparative Assessment of the Global Fate of alpha- and beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane before and after Phase-Out. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 2047-2054, doi:10.1021/es203109q.
- Wu, L., and Coauthors, 2012: Enhanced warming over the global subtropical western boundary currents. Nature Climate Change, 2, 161-166, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1353.
- Xu, J., and A. M. Powell, Jr., 2012: Uncertainty estimation of the global temperature trends for multiple radiosondes, reanalyses, and CMIP3/IPCC climate model simulations. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 108, 505-518, doi:10.1007/s00704-011-0548-z.
- Zhang, L., A. Kumar, and W. Wang, 2012: Influence of changes in observations on precipitation: A case study for the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 117, doi:10.1029/2011JD017347.
- Zhang, L., and C. Wang, 2012: Remote influences on freshwater flux variability in the Atlantic warm pool region. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL053530.
- Zhang, L., C. Wang, and L. Wu, 2012: Low-frequency modulation of the Atlantic warm pool by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate Dynamics, 39, 1661-1671, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1257-0.
- Zib, B. J., X. Dong, B. Xi, and A. Kennedy, 2012: Evaluation and Intercomparison of Cloud Fraction and Radiative Fluxes in Recent Reanalyses over the Arctic Using BSRN Surface Observations. J. Clim., 25, 2291-2305, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00147.1.
2011
- Achberger, C., and Coauthors, 2011: State of the Climate in 2010. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92, S1-S236, doi:10.1175/1520-0477-92.6.S1.
- Allan, R., P. Brohan, G. P. Compo, R. Stone, J. Luterbacher, and S. Broennimann, 2011: The International Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) Initiative. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92, 1421-1425, doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3218.1.
- Barbero, R., and V. Moron, 2011: Seasonal to decadal modulation of the impact of El Nino-Southern Oscillation on New Caledonia (SW Pacific) rainfall (1950-2010). Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD016577.
- Barriopedro, D., E. M. Fischer, J. Luterbacher, R. Trigo, and R. Garcia-Herrera, 2011: The Hot Summer of 2010: Redrawing the Temperature Record Map of Europe. Science, 332, 220-224, doi:10.1126/science.1201224.
- Broennimann, S., G. P. Compo, R. Spadin, R. Allan, and W. Adam, 2011: Early ship-based upper-air data and comparison with the Twentieth Century Reanalysis. Climate of the Past, 7, 265-276, doi:10.5194/cp-7-265-2011.
- Bye, J., K. Fraedrich, E. Kirk, S. Schubert, and X. Zhu, 2011: Random walk lengths of about 30 years in global climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2010GL046333.
- Cook, B. I., R. Seager, and R. L. Miller, 2011: On the Causes and Dynamics of the Early Twentieth-Century North American Pluvial. J. Clim., 24, 5043-5060, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4201.1.
- Cornes, R. C., and P. D. Jones, 2011: An examination of storm activity in the northeast Atlantic region over the 1851-2003 period using the EMULATE gridded MSLP data series. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD016007.
- Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
- Dole, R., and Coauthors, 2011: Was there a basis for anticipating the 2010 Russian heat wave? Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2010GL046582.
- Donat, M. G., D. Renggli, S. Wild, L. V. Alexander, G. C. Leckebusch, and U. Ulbrich, 2011: Reanalysis suggests long-term upward trends in European storminess since 1871. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL047995.
- Ebita, A., and Coauthors, 2011: The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis "JRA-55": An Interim Report. Sola, 7, 149-152, doi:10.2151/sola.2011-038.
- Feng, M., C. Boening, A. Biastoch, E. Behrens, E. Weller, and Y. Masumoto, 2011: The reversal of the multi-decadal trends of the equatorial Pacific easterly winds, and the Indonesian Throughflow and Leeuwin Current transports. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL047291.
- Gottwald, G. A., L. Mitchell, and S. Reich, 2011: Controlling Overestimation of Error Covariance in Ensemble Kalman Filters with Sparse Observations: A Variance-Limiting Kalman Filter. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 2650-2667, doi:10.1175/2011MWR3557.1.
- Grunseich, G., B. Subrahmanyam, V. S. N. Murty, and B. S. Giese, 2011: Sea surface salinity variability during the Indian Ocean Dipole and ENSO events in the tropical Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JC007456.
- Haekkinen, S., P. B. Rhines, and D. L. Worthen, 2011: Atmospheric Blocking and Atlantic Multidecadal Ocean Variability. Science, 334, 655-659, doi:10.1126/science.1205683.
- Hanna, E., and Coauthors, 2011: Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance 1870 to 2010 based on Twentieth Century Reanalysis, and links with global climate forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD016387.
- Hao, Z., J. Zheng, Q. Ge, and W.-C. Wang, 2011: Historical analogues of the 2008 extreme snow event over Central and Southern China. Climate Research, 50, 161-170, doi:10.3354/cr01052.
- Klotzbach, P. J., 2011: A simplified Atlantic basin seasonal hurricane prediction scheme from 1 August. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL048603.
- Lavers, D. A., R. P. Allan, E. F. Wood, G. Villarini, D. J. Brayshaw, and A. J. Wade, 2011: Winter floods in Britain are connected to atmospheric rivers. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL049783.
- Lee, S.-K., and Coauthors, 2011: What caused the significant increase in Atlantic Ocean heat content since the mid-20th century? Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL048856.
- Linderholm, H. W., and Coauthors, 2011: Interannual teleconnections between the summer North Atlantic Oscillation and the East Asian summer monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2010JD015235.
- Lovejoy, S., and D. Schertzer, 2011: Space-time cascades and the scaling of ECMWF reanalyses: Fluxes and fields. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD015654.
- Luo, F., S. Li, and T. Furevik, 2011: The connection between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Indian Summer Monsoon in Bergen Climate Model Version 2.0. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD015848.
- Mislan, K. A. S., and D. S. Wethey, 2011: Gridded meteorological data as a resource for mechanistic macroecology in coastal environments. Ecol Appl, 21, 2678-2690, doi:10.1890/10-2049.1.
- Moore, G. W. K., J. L. Semple, and G. Hoyland, 2011: Global Warming, El Nino, and High-Impact Storms at Extreme Altitude: Historical Trends and Consequences for Mountaineers. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 50, 2197-2209, doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-11-023.1.
- Nigam, S., B. Guan, and A. Ruiz-Barradas, 2011: Key role of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in 20th century drought and wet periods over the Great Plains. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL048650.
- Ouzeau, G., J. Cattiaux, H. Douville, A. Ribes, and D. Saint-Martin, 2011: European cold winter 2009-2010: How unusual in the instrumental record and how reproducible in the ARPEGE-Climat model? Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL047667.
- Parker, D. E., 2011: Recent land surface air temperature trends assessed using the 20th Century Reanalysis. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD016438.
- Pegion, K., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 2011: Prospects for Improving Subseasonal Predictions. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 3648-3666, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00004.1.
- Rasmussen, K. L., and R. A. Houze, Jr., 2011: Orogenic Convection in Subtropical South America as Seen by the TRMM Satellite. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 2399-2420, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-10-05006.1.
- Rienecker, M. M., and Coauthors, 2011: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Clim., 24, 3624-3648, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1.
- Rimbu, N., and G. Lohmann, 2011: Winter and summer blocking variability in the North Atlantic region - evidence from long-term observational and proxy data from southwestern Greenland. Climate of the Past, 7, 543-555, doi:10.5194/cp-7-543-2011.
- Schwalm, C. R., C. A. Williams, and K. Schaefer, 2011: Carbon consequences of global hydrologic change, 1948-2009. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JG001674.
- Smith, A., N. Lott, and R. Vose, 2011: The Integrated Surface Database Recent Developments and Partnerships. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92, 704-708, doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3015.1.
- Smith, J. A., M. L. Baeck, A. A. Ntelekos, G. Villarini, and M. Steiner, 2011: Extreme rainfall and flooding from orographic thunderstorms in the central Appalachians. Water Resources Research, 47, doi:10.1029/2010WR010190.
- Soon, W., K. Dutta, D. R. Legates, V. Velasco, and W. Zhang, 2011: Variation in surface air temperature of China during the 20th century. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 73, 2331-2344, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.07.007.
- Stachnik, J. P., and C. Schumacher, 2011: A comparison of the Hadley circulation in modern reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD016677.
- Stickler, A., and S. Broennimann, 2011: Significant bias of the NCEP/NCAR and twentieth-century reanalyses relative to pilot balloon observations over the West African Monsoon region (1940-1957). Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137, 1400-1416, doi:10.1002/qj.854.
- Tardif, J. C., M. P. Girardin, and F. Conciatori, 2011: Light rings as bioindicators of climate change in Interior North America. Global and Planetary Change, 79, 134-144, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.09.001.
- Trenberth, K. E., J. T. Fasullo, and J. Mackaro, 2011: Atmospheric Moisture Transports from Ocean to Land and Global Energy Flows in Reanalyses. J. Clim., 24, 4907-4924, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4171.1.
- Truchelut, R. E., and R. E. Hart, 2011: Quantifying the possible existence of undocumented Atlantic warm-core cyclones in NOAA/CIRES 20th Century Reanalysis data. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL046756.
- van den Besselaar, E. J. M., M. R. Haylock, G. van der Schrier, and A. M. G. K. Tank, 2011: A European daily high-resolution observational gridded data set of sea level pressure. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2010JD015468.
- Vicente-Serrano, S. M., and Coauthors, 2011: A multiscalar global evaluation of the impact of ENSO on droughts. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD016039.
- Villarini, G., J. A. Smith, M. L. Baeck, T. Marchok, and G. A. Vecchi, 2011: Characterization of rainfall distribution and flooding associated with US landfalling tropical cyclones: Analyses of Hurricanes Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne (2004). Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD016175.
- Wang, X. L., and Coauthors, 2011: Trends and low-frequency variability of storminess over western Europe, 1878-2007. Climate Dynamics, 37, 2355-2371, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1107-0.
- Webb, J. D. C., 2011: Violent thunderstorms in the Thames Valley and south Midlands in early June 1910. Weather, 66, 153-155, doi:10.1002/wea.799.
- Winkler, J. A., G. S. Guentchev, M. Liszewska, Perdinan, and P.-N. Tan, 2011: Climate Scenario Development and Applications for Local/Regional Climate Change Impact Assessments: An Overview for the Non-Climate Scientist. Geography Compass, 5, 301-328, doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00426.x.
- Woollings, T., 2011: Ocean Effects of Blocking. Science, 334, 612-613, doi:10.1126/science.1214167.
- Zhang, X., L. Jin, C. Chen, D. Guan, and M. Li, 2011: Interannual and interdecadal variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation spatial shift. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56, 2621-2627, doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4607-8.
- Zhao, P., S. Yang, H. Wang, and Q. Zhang, 2011: Interdecadal Relationships between the Asian-Pacific Oscillation and Summer Climate Anomalies over Asia, North Pacific, and North America during a Recent 100 Years. J. Clim., 24, 4793-4799, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00054.1.
- Zhou, X., P. Zhao, G. Liu, and T. Zhou, 2011: Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age and in the present day. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56, 3003-3011, doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4651-4.
2010
- Broennimann, S., T. Griesser, and A. Stickler, 2010: A gridded monthly upper-air data set from 1918 to 1957. Cli. Dyn., 38, 475-493, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0940-x.
- Brown, P. J., and A.T. DeGaetano, 2013: Trends in U.S. Surface Humidity, 1930-2010. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 52, 147-163, doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-12-035.
- Cook, B.I., R. Seager, and R.L. Miller, 2010: Atmospheric circulation anomalies during two persistent north american droughts: 1932-1939 and 1948-1957. Clim. Dyn., 36, 2339-2355. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0807-1.
- de Bruin, H. and H. Van den Dool, 2010: De storm van 1894: Een ramp voor Scheveningen, en een test case voor moderne meteorologen.Zenit, August, 316-320.
- Emanuel, K., 2010: Tropical Cyclone Activity Downscaled from NOAA-CIRES Reanalysis, 1908-1958. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., Vol. 2, Art. #1, 12 pp., doi:10.3894/JAMES.2010.2.1.
- Giese, B.S., G.P. Compo, N.C. Slowey, P.D. Sardeshmukh, J.A. Carton, S. Ray, and J.S. Whitaker, 2010:The 1918/1919 El Ni�o. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 177-183, doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2903.
- Lovejoy, S., and D. Schertzer, 2010: Towards a new synthesis for atmospheric dynamics: Space-time cascades, Atmos. Res., 96, 1-52, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.01.004.
- Wood, K. R., and J.E. Overland, 2010: Early 20th century Arctic warming in retrospect, Int. J. of Climatol., 30, 1269-1279, doi:10.1002/joc.1973.
2009
- Broennimann, S., A. Stickler, T. Griesser, A. M. Fischer, A. Grant, T. Ewen, T. Zhou, M. Schraner, E. Rozanov, and T. Peter, 2009: Variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices for the Northern Hemisphere during the past 100 years. Meteorol. Z., 18, 379-396, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0389.
- Whitaker, J.S., G.P. Compo, and J.-N. Thepaut, 2009: A comparison of variational and ensemble-based data assimilation systems for reanalysis of sparse observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1991-1999, doi:10.1175/2008MWR2781.1.
In the News
The following external links to news articles and blogs are provided as a courtesy. Endorsement of non-NOAA sites is not implied.
![]() | 08/13/20 | Weather in the Foothills. (Crescenta Valley Weekly). |
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![]() | 08/17/20 | Scorching Heat in Death Valley. (Wasatch Weather Weenies). |
![]() | 01/15/20 | Rescued Records Help us Understand Science. (CIRES Spheres). |
![]() | 01/15/20 | NOAA Picks Updates Its Massive Supercomputer Generated Climate Dataset. (HPC Wire). |
![]() | 01/12/20 | NOAA Releases Extended Version of 20th Century Reanalysis Project. (Berkeley Lab). Also [Primeur Magazine]. |
![]() | 11/29/18 | Inside the Seas of Knowledge Digitization Project (National Archives Foundation) |
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03/20/18 | C3S and NOAA cooperate on integrating historical weather data for new Climate Data Store (ECMWF Copernicus Climate Change Service) |
12/13/17 | The 'weather detectives' using clues from the past to study changing climate (Stuff: Science) |
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03/28/17 | A Century-Old Arctic Shipwreck Could Help Us Predict Extreme Weather (FiveThirtyEight) |
07/15/16 | Investigating the Great Flood of 1916 (NOAA news and updates) |
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06/30/16 | The discovery of diaries of an English missionary living in Northland in the 1800s reveals him as New Zealand’s first meteorologist (NIWA) |
06/20/16 | Symposium looks at devastation of Flood of 1916. (Citizen-Times USA Today) |
06/16/16 | Better bad weather with oldWeather (Old Weather Blog) |
06/07/16 | Upcoming PRECIS (Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies) workshops. (UK Met Office) |
05/31/16 | Too windy for Zeppelins (Old Weather Blog) |
01/16/16 | Climatologists find ice clues in old whaling ship logbooks (ClimateWire) |
03/30/15 | Exploring the NOAA/CIRES Twentieth Century Global Reanalysis Version 2c (NCAR Research Data Archive Blog) |
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03/30/15 | 1938 atmospheric river that caused the Los Angeles flood of 1938 (NCAR Research Data Archive Blog) |
10/20/15 | Droughts and shifts in tropical circulation (The Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research) |
03/17/15 | Cold-Season Storms and Extreme River Flooding in Belarus (CO2 Science) |
04/11/15 | Palm Sunday 1965: Southern Great Lakes ravaged by one of the worst tornado outbreaks on record (United States Tornadoes) |
Resources
At PSL
- International Surface Pressure Databank (ISPD): maps of observation locations through time.
- International Surface Pressure Databank (ISPD): annual and monthly maps of observation counts through time (obs used in 20CRv3).
- FACTS (FAcility for Climate AssessemenTS): Near Real-Time Tools for Weather and Climate Event Assessment
- PSL Monthly Climate Indices: Plot, analyze and obtain various ocean and atmospheric indices including the the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO) the SOI and many others.
- Overview slide about the 20CR project suitable for talks.
Animations
- View custom weather event animations made at PSL
- Generate your own animations at PSL
- 20CRv3 diagnostics and animations from oldweather
- View 20CR Vimeo animations
External
- Reanalyses.org: Advancing Reanalysis
- KMNI Data Explorer
- GCOS Surface Pressure Working Group
- International Surface Pressure Databank (ISPD)
- International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEP)
- International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship
- NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEI)
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
- Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth initiative (ACRE)
- IEDRO Weather Data Rescue Organization
- Synoptic maps of 20CRv3 from Wetterzentrale: 6 hourly 20CRv3 maps for SLP/500 hPa geopotential height,SLP/850T, 850 streamlines.