Transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM/PCS CodingOn October 1, 2015, the United States transitioned from ICD-9-CM1 to ICD-10-CM/PCS2. The graphics demarcate this transition with statistics reported using ICD-9-CM coding identified as "ICD-9-CM" on the graphs and statistics reported using ICD-10-CM/PCS coding identified as "ICD-10-CM/PCS" on the graphs. The 2015 rates of stays per 100,000 population and average statistics for hospitalization type in this section of HCUP Fast Stats are based on the first three quarters of data with ICD-9-CM codes only (January 1, 2015 to September 30, 2015). The number of inpatient stays by hospitalization type in 2015 is not reported because the statistics are not based on full year data. Statistics for all other characteristics include data for the full 2015 calendar year since these statistics are non-clinical, and therefore not impacted by the transition to ICD-10-CM/PCS. More information on the impact of ICD-10-CM/PCS is available on the HCUP User Support (HCUP-US) web page for ICD-10-CM/PCS Resources.
1 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Inpatient StaysThe national estimates presented in this section of Fast Stats are from the HCUP National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS). The NIS is based on data from community hospitals, which are defined as short-term, non-Federal, general, and other hospitals, excluding hospital units of other institutions (e.g., prisons). The NIS includes obstetrics and gynecology, otolaryngology, orthopedic, cancer, pediatric, public, and academic medical hospitals. Excluded are community hospitals that are also long-term care facilities such as rehabilitation, psychiatric, and alcoholism and chemical dependency hospitals. Beginning in 2012, long-term acute care hospitals (LTACs) are also excluded from the sampling frame. However, if a patient received long-term care, rehabilitation, or treatment for psychiatric or chemical dependency conditions in a community hospital, the discharge record for that stay will be included in the NIS. The NIS is sampled from the HCUP State Inpatient Databases (SID). Beginning with the 2012 data year, the NIS is a 20 percent sample of discharges from all community hospitals participating in HCUP in that data year. For data years 1988 through 2011, the NIS was a 20 percent sample of community hospitals and included all discharges within sampled hospitals. The national estimates presented in this section of Fast Stats were developed using the NIS Trend Weight Files for consistent estimates across all data years (e.g., LTACs were removed from analysis using trend weights). Unit of AnalysisThe unit of analysis in the NIS is the hospital discharge (i.e., the inpatient stay), not a person or patient. This means that a person who is admitted to the hospital multiple times in one year is counted each time as a separate discharge from the hospital. Counts are summarized by discharge year. There were no exclusions applied to the data (e.g., transfers to another acute care hospital are included as separate hospital stays). Rate of Stays per 100,000Population-based rates are presented for inpatient stay trends overall and by age, sex, community-level income, and hospitalization type. Rates are not reported by expected payer because currently there is no data source for national population insurance estimates that align with HCUP's definition of expected primary payer. The rate of stays includes the HCUP number of stays in the numerator and the U.S. resident population in the denominator (with a multiplier of 100,000). For age, sex, and community-level income, the denominator is consistently defined with the numerator (i.e., rates for females use HCUP counts and population counts specific to females). For hospitalization type, the denominator represents the total U.S. resident population. Population data are obtained from Claritas, a vendor that produces population estimates and projections based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Claritas estimates intercensal annual household and demographic statistics for geographic areas. Because of the transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM/PCS on October 1, 2015, the 2015 rate of stays per 100,000 population for the hospitalization type characteristic is based on the first three quarters of 2015 data (Q1-3) only. Cost per StayThe NIS includes information on total hospital charges for an inpatient stay. Charges represent the amount a hospital billed for the entire hospital stay, excluding professional (physician) fees. Total hospital charges are converted to costs using HCUP Cost-to-Charge Ratios (CCRs) based on hospital accounting reports from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Costs reflect the actual expenses incurred in the production of hospital services, such as wages, supplies, and utility costs. For each hospital in the NIS, a hospital-wide cost-to-charge ratio is used. The average cost per stay is calculated using discharges with nonmissing total costs. Costs are not imputed if total charges are not reported on the discharge record. Costs are only reported from 2000 forward because HCUP Cost-to-Charge Ratios are unavailable prior to 2000. Inflation-Adjusted Cost per StayThe actual average cost per stay is inflation adjusted using price indexes for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). We used the BEA Interactive Data query tool to request National Data, GDP & Personal Income, Section 1 Domestic Product and Income, Table 1.1.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product. Price indexes for data years 1994ñ2014 were obtained on June 23, 2015. Price indexes for subsequent data years were obtained at later dates to coincide with updates to this section of Fast Stats. The adjustment used 2010 as the index base so that updates to the trends could retain a consistent base. Length of StayThe length of stay (LOS) is the number of days that the patient stayed in the hospital. It is calculated by subtracting the admission date from the discharge date. Same-day stays are therefore coded with a length of stay of 0. The average LOS is calculated using discharges with nonmissing LOS. In-Hospital MortalityIn-hospital mortality is determined by the discharge disposition of the patient from the hospital. The numerator of the mortality rate is the number of patients within a reporting category (e.g., within a specific diagnosis category) who died in the hospital. The denominator is based on the total number of discharges in the reporting category. Discharges missing discharge disposition are excluded from the numerator and denominator of the in-hospital mortality rate. AgeAge refers to the age of the patient at admission. Discharges missing age are excluded from results reported by age. SexAll nonmale, nonfemale responses are set to missing. Discharges with missing values for sex are excluded from results reported by sex. Expected PayerThe "expected payer" data element in HCUP databases provides information on the type of payer that the hospital expects to be the source of payment for the hospital bill. Information is reported by the following expected primary payers: Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, and self-pay/no charge. Patients identified as self-pay/no charge have an expected primary payer of self-pay, no charge, charity, or no expected payment. More information on expected payer coding in HCUP data is available in HCUP Methods Series Reports by Topic "User Guide - An Examination of Expected Payer Coding in HCUP Databases" (multiple documents; updated annually). Discharges missing expected payer are excluded from results reported by expected payer. Discharges with the following expected primary payers are not reported in Fast Stats reporting for national trends in inpatient stays: other Federal, State, and local programs; missing; or invalid. In 2016, these excluded discharges represented 3 percent of all discharges. The total reflecting the number of discharges across all expected payers (including those groups not presented in the graphs) is provided in the underlying data tables ("Show Underlying Data Tables") by expected payer. These totals are the same as the counts obtained for the all inpatient stays characteristic selection. For comparison against the total described above for all expected payers, the Excel download file also provides the sum of the displayed expected payers (i.e., the sum of the expected payer counts of discharges across the expected payers that are displayed in the graphs). Community-Level IncomeCommunity-level income is based on the median household income of the patient's ZIP Code of residence. Quartiles are defined so that the total U.S. population is evenly distributed across four groups. Over time, the data element in the NIS for community-level income has changed definitions. Starting in data year 2002, the cut-offs for the quartile designation are determined annually using ZIP Code demographic data obtained from Claritas, a vendor that produces population estimates and projections based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Claritas estimates intercensal annual household and demographic statistics for geographic areas. The value ranges for the national income quartiles vary by year. Information by community-level income is only reported from 2002 forward because of inconsistent definitions over time in the income-related data elements in the NIS. Income quartile is missing if the patient is homeless or foreign. Discharges missing the income quartile are excluded from results reported by community-level income. Hospitalization TypeEach discharge is assigned to a single hospitalization type hierarchically, based on the following order: maternal, neonatal, mental health/substance use, injury, surgical, and medical. All discharges are categorized in one of the six mutually exclusive hospitalization types based on the principal diagnosis for the hospital stay. It should be noted that previously released statistics by hospitalization type for data year 2016 have been updated to use the definitions provided below for each of the six hospitalization types. In terms of the number of inpatient stays, the difference in the currently presented 2016 statistics versus previously presented 2016 statistics by hospitalization type are as follows:
MaternalMaternal discharges are defined using the following Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM categories for data years 2015 and earlier or Major Diagnostic Category (MDC) beginning with data year 2016. MDC was assigned without using "present on admission" information on the record because not all HCUP data sources provide present on admission indicators.
NeonatalNeonatal discharges are defined using the following Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM categories for data years 2015 and earlier or Major Diagnostic Category (MDC) beginning with data year 2016. MDC was assigned without using "present on admission" information on the record because not all HCUP data sources provide present on admission indicators.
Mental Health/Substance UseMental health/substance use discharges are defined using the following Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM categories for data years 2015 and earlier or Major Diagnostic Category (MDC) beginning with data year 2016. MDCs were assigned without using "present on admission" information on the record because not all HCUP data sources provide present on admission indicators.
InjuryInjury discharges are identified by either: a) a principal diagnosis based on ranges of ICD-9-CM codes for data years 2015 and earlier, or b) a combination of the Clinical Classifications Software Refined (CCSR) for ICD-10-CM default categorization scheme for the principal diagnosis and individual ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, for data years 2016 and later.
It should be noted that ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes related to complications of surgical or medical care, or adverse events or anaphylactic shock resulting from medication, anesthesia, or food are not used in the definition of the injury hospitalization type. SurgicalSurgical discharges are identified by a surgical diagnosis-related group (DRG). The DRG grouper first assigns the discharge to a major diagnostic category (MDC) based on the principal diagnosis. For each MDC, there is a list of procedure codes that qualify as operating room procedures. If the discharge involves an operating room procedure, it is assigned to one of the surgical DRGs within the MDC category; otherwise it is assigned to a medical DRG. If the DRG indicates the information on the record is ungroupable (i.e., not identifiable as medical or surgical), then the discharge is assumed to be medical. This rarely occurs (less than 0.1 percent of total discharges). MedicalMedical discharges are identified by a medical DRG. The DRG grouper first assigns the discharge to an MDC based on the principal diagnosis. For each MDC there is a list of procedure codes that qualify as operating room procedures. If the discharge involves an operating room procedure, it is assigned to one of the surgical DRGs within the MDC category; otherwise it is assigned to a medical DRG. If the DRG indicates the information on the record is ungroupable (i.e., not identifiable as medical or surgical), then the discharge is assumed to be medical. This rarely occurs (less than 0.1 percent of total discharges). Use this export feature to download all of the underlying data for national trends in inpatient stays (all measures and characteristics) in Microsoft Excel (.xls) format.
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Internet Citation: HCUP Fast Stats. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). May 2020. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/faststats/national/inpatienttrends.jsp. |
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Last modified 5/26/2020 |