Advancing Science for the Health of Women requires a well-trained, diverse, and robust workforce, which is the engine of scientific progress. Building interdisciplinary research careers in women’s health and training scientists, clinicians, and other health professionals on sex and gender influences in health and disease will accelerate the translation of knowledge into improved health care for women. The development and effective implementation of innovative programs that attract, retain, and advance women in biomedical science careers will increase gender diversity in the biomedical research workforce at all career levels, and coordinated efforts are needed to increase representation of women at the senior faculty and leadership levels.