SEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Technical Development Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Point Source Category (40 CFR 432) Volume 2 of 4 ------- Technical Development Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Point Source Category (40 CFR 432) Volume 2 of 4 EPA-821-R-04-011 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Engineering and Analysis Division Washington, DC July 2004 ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLAIMER The Agency would like to acknowledge the contributions of Marvin Rubin, Shari Barash, Samantha Lewis, Lisa Larimer, Jade Lee-Freeman, Leonid Kopylev, Maria Smith, Lynn Zipf, James Covington, and William Anderson for the development of this technical document. In addition, EPA acknowledges the contribution of Tetra Tech Inc., Eastern Research Group, Westat, and Science Applications International Corporation. Neither the United States government nor any of its employees, contractors, subcontractors, or other employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use of, or the results of such use of, any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this report, or represents that its use by such a third party would not infringe on privately owned rights. References to proprietary technologies are not intended to be an endorsement by the Agency. Questions or comments regarding this report should be addressed to: Ms. Samantha Lewis Engineering and Analysis Division (4303T) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460 (202) 566-1058 lewis.samantha@epa.gov ------- VOLUME 2 Contents Section 10. Incremental Capital and Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Regulation 10-1 10.1 Background 10-1 10.2 Revised Methodology for Estimating Compliance Costs 10-2 10.3 Technology Options Considered as Basis for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards 10-4 10.4 Long-term Average Concentrations Used for Estimating Costs for the Technology Options 10-5 10.5 Cost Models 10-6 10.5.1 Option 1 Cost Model (Biological Treatment with Limited Nitrification) .... 10-7 10.5.2 Option 2 Cost Model (Nitrification) 10-7 10.5.3 Option 2.5 Cost Model (Nitrification + Partial Denitrification) 10-8 10.5.4 Option 2.5+P Cost Model (Nitrification + Partial Denitrification + Phosphorus Removal) 10-8 10.5.5 Option 4 Cost Model (Nitrification + Denitrification + Phosphorous Removal) 10-8 10.6 Estimating Facility Costs 10-9 10.7 Summary of Estimated Compliance Costs 10-11 10.8 Supplemental and Sensitivity Analyses 10-16 10.9 References 10-22 Section 11. Pollutant Loadings 11-1 11.1 Baseline Pollutant Loadings 11-2 11.1.1 Establishment of Facility Specific Baseline Pollutant Concentrations 11-2 11.1.1.1 Pollutant Concentrations from Analytical Data 11-3 11.1.1.2 Pollutant Concentrations Calculated Based on Associated Pollutant Parameters 11-4 11.1.1.3 Pollutant Concentrations Based on Default Values 11-8 11.1.1.4 Permit Limit Adjustments 11-10 11.1.2 Facility-Specific Baseline Pollutant Loading Estimates 11-11 11.2 Technology Options Loadings 11-14 11.2.1 Establishment of Facility-Specific Post-Compliance Pollutant Concentrations 11-14 ------- ('onleiils 11.2.2 Facility-Specific Technology Option Loading Estimates 11-16 11.3 Pollutant Removals 11-25 11.4 Supplemental Analyses 11-26 Section 12. Non-water Quality Environmental Impacts 12-1 12.1 Energy Requirements 12-1 12.2 Air Emissions Impacts 12-3 12.3 Solid Waste Generation 12-5 12.4 References 12-7 Sec tion 13. Selected Technology Options 13-1 13.1 Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards 13-1 13.1.1 Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT) 13-1 13.1.2 Best Control Technology for Conventional Pollutants (BCT) 13-2 13.1.3 Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) 13-3 13.1.4 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 13-4 13.1.5 Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources (PSES) and New Sources (PSNS) 13-4 13.2 Selected Technology Options for Each Subcategory 13-5 13.2.1 Subcategories A Through D (Meat Slaughtering Facilities) 13-5 13.2.1.1 Small Facilities in Subcategories A through D (meat first processors that slaughter less than or equal to 50 million pounds per year) .... 13-5 13.2.1.2 Non-Small Facilities in Subcategories A through D (meat first processors that slaughter more than 50 million pounds per year) . . . 13-7 13.2.2 Subcategory E (Small Processors) 13-17 13.2.3 Subcategories F through I (Meat Further Processing Facilities) 13-17 13.2.3.1 Small Facilities in Subcategories F through I (meat further processors that process more than 6,000 pounds per day but less than or equal to 50 million pounds per year) 13-18 13.2.3.2 Non-Small Facilities in Subcategories F through I (meat further processors that process more than 50 million pounds per year) . . . 13-20 13.2.4 Subcategory K (Poultry First Processing Facilities) 13-25 13.2.4.1 Small Facilities in Subcategory K (Poultry first processors that slaughter less than or equal to 100 million pounds per year) 13-26 13.2.4.2 Non-small Facilities in Subcategory K (Poultry first processing facilities that slaughter more than 100 million pounds per year) . . 13-28 13.2.5 Subcategory L (Poultry Further Processing Facilities) 13-33 ------- ('onleiils 13.2.5.1 Small Facilities in Subcategory L (poultry further processing facilities that produce less than or equal to 7 million pounds per year) 13-34 13.2.5.2 Non-small Facilities in Subcategory L (Poultry further processing facilities that produce more than 7 million pounds per year) 13-35 13.2.6 Subcategory J (Independent Renderers) 13-41 Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation 14-1 14.1 Overview of Data Selection 14-2 14.2 Episode Selection for Each Subcategory 14-4 14.2.1 Poultry Subcategories 14-4 14.2.1.1 Exclusions of All Data from Episodes 14-4 14.2.1.2 Pollutant Specific Exclusions 14-5 14.2.2 Meat Subcategories 14-6 14.2.2.1 Exclusions of All Data from Episodes 14-6 14.2.2.2 Pollutant Specific Exclusions 14-7 14.3 Censoring Types Associated with Data 14-7 14.4 Data Substitutions and Exclusions 14-8 14.4.1 Data Substitutions 14-8 14.4.2 Data Exclusions 14-9 14.5 Data Aggregation 14-10 14.5.1 Aggregation of Field Duplicates 14-11 14.5.2 Aggregation of Grab Samples 14-12 14.6 Overview of Limitations 14-13 14.6.1 Objective 14-13 14.6.2 Selection of Percentiles 14-15 14.6.3 Compliance with Limitations 14-16 14.7 Summary of the Limitations 14-19 14.8 Estimation of Limitations 14-19 14.8.1 Episode Long-Term Averages and Variability Factors 14-19 14.8.2 Limitations 14-21 14.8.2.1 Poultry Subcategory, K 14-21 14.8.2.2 Poultry Further Processing Subcategory, Subcategory L 14-30 14.8.3 Meat Subcategories 14-31 14.9 Summary of Final Limitations 14-32 in ------- ('onleiils Section 15. Regulatory Implementation 15-1 15.1 Applicability of the Revised Part 432 Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards 15-1 15.2 Compliance Dates 15-3 15.3 Calculation of NPDES Permit Limitations 15-4 15.3.1 Meat and Independent Renderer Facilities 15-5 15.3.2 Poultry Facilities 15-9 15.3.3 Mixed Meat and Poultry Production Facilities 15-10 15.3.4 Facilities Covered by Additional Guidelines or Technology-Based Effluent Limitations Established on a Case-By-Case Basis 15-11 15.3.5 Facilities With Highly Variable or Seasonal Production 15-12 15.4 Other NPDES Permit Conditions 15-13 15.4.1 Upset and Bypass Provisions 15-13 15.4.2 Best Management Practices 15-13 15.4.3 Compliance Monitoring 15-14 15.5 Variances and Modifications 15-15 15.5.1 Fundamentally Different Factors Variances 15-15 15.5.2 Economic Variances 15-17 15.5.3 Water Quality Variances 15-17 Section 16. Glossary Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values Appendix B. Survey Desk;n and Calculation of National Estimates Appendix C. 40 CFR Part 432 VOLUME 1 Section 1. Summary and Scope oi the Regulation 1.1 Purpose of this Rulemaking 1.2 Overview of the MPP Point Source Category 1.3 Summary of the Final M PP Effluent Limitations and Guidelines 1.4 Protection of Confidential Business Information Section 2. Lec;al Authority and Background 2.1 Legal Authority 2.2 Regulatory Background 2.3 Scope and Applicability of Final Regulation IV ------- ('onleiils Section 3. Data Collection Activities 3.1 Summary of EPA's Site Visit and Sampling Program 3.2 EPA MPP Industry Surveys 3.3 Other Information Collection Activities 3.4 Stakeholder Meetings Section 4. Meat and Poultry Products Industry Overview 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Meat Products Industry Description 4.3 Description of Meat First and Further Processing Operations 4.4 Poultry Processing Industry Description 4.5 Description of Poultry First and Further Processing Operations 4.6 Description of Rendering Operations Section 5. Sijbcategorization 5.1 Subcategorization Process 5.2 Subcategories for the Final Rule 5.3 References Section 6. Water Characterization 6.1 Meat Processing Wastes 6.2 Poultry Processing Wastes 6.3 Rendering Wastewater Generation and Characteristics 6.4 Conclusions 6.5 References Section 7. Selection ok Pollutants and Pollutant Parameters kor Regulation 7.1 Pollutants Considered for Regulation 7.2 Selection of Pollutants of Concern 7.3 Selection of Pollutants for Regulation 7.4 References Section 8. Wastew ater Treatment Technologies and Pollution Prevention Practices 8.1 Primary Treatment 8.2 Secondary Biological Treatment 8.3 Tertiary Treatment 8.4 Disinfection ------- ('onleiils 8.5 Effluent Disposal 8.6 Solids Disposal 8.7 Pollution Prevention and Wastewater Reduction Practices 8.8 References Section 9. Technology Options 9.1 Option 1 9.2 Option 2 9.3 Option 2+P 9.4 Option 2.5 9.5 Option 2.5+P 9.6 Option 3 9.7 Option 4 9.8 Option 5 VOLUME 3 Appendix D. Aggregated Daily Data for Proposed Pollutants and Sijik ategories (Part 1) VOLUME 4 Appendix D. Aggregated Daily Data for Proposed Pollutants and Subcategories (Part 2) Appendix E. Attachments to Section 13 Appendix F. Attachments to Section 14 VI ------- Section 10 Incremental Capital and Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Regulation This section presents EPA's estimates of costs for the meat and poultry products (MPP) industry to comply with the technology options EPA considered as the basis for the final effluent limitations guidelines (ELGs) and standards. A detailed description of the cost methodology and detailed cost estimates are provided in the supplementary technical document Detailed Costing Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Point Source Category (hereinafter referred to as the Cost Report). Costs were specifically evaluated for each type of direct discharging MPP facility, including meat, poultry, combined meat and poultry (mixed), and independent rendering facilities. EPA estimated the compliance costs for each technology option to determine potential economic impacts on the MPP industry and to weigh those costs against the benefits of the reduction in pollutants and nutrients resulting from implementation of the technology options. 10.1 BACKGROUND For the proposed rule, EPA developed compliance cost estimates based on the use of model facilities. Specifically, EPA subdivided the entire MPP industry into 19 groups and 4 size classes. EPA used these groups and size classifications to develop 76 model facility groups (19 groups x 4 class sizes = 76) to represent the range of potential MPP facilities currently operating. Costs were developed for each model facility group (MFG). To derive compliance costs for each MFG, the Computer Assisted Procedure for Design and Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Systems (CAPDET) (Hydromantis, 2001), a computerized cost model, was used for developing construction and annual operation and maintenance costs for required treatment units. Construction costs were used to determine the capital cost of necessary treatment units. To provide the incremental costs for each set of model facilities, the model facility costs were then multiplied by the estimated number of facilities that require the upgrade. For selected technology options, EPA also estimated retrofit costs based on data collected as part of the rule development. Each set of model facility category costs and the retrofit costs were combined separately to 10-1 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Reeulution determine costs for each regulatory subcategory (regulatory subcategories A through D, F through I, J, K, and L). A detailed description of the cost method and cost estimates for the proposed rule are available in the development document for the proposed rule (USEPA, 2002). In response to the proposed ELGs, the Industry Coalition commented that the model facilities EPA had developed were not representative of the MPP industry and that the cost estimates derived were not representative of actual industry costs (Industry Coalition, 2002). The Industry Coalition also criticized the use of CAPDET, which, they asserted, was primarily developed for estimating costs for municipal wastewater treatment. 10.2 REVISED METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING COMPLIANCE COSTS In response to comments provided on the methods used for the proposed rule and to incorporate additional data collected after the proposed rule was published, EPA revised the methodology for estimating the costs to be incurred by MPP facilities to comply with the final ELGs. In particular, the revised methodology differed from that used for the proposed rule in two significant ways: (1) the costs were estimated on a facility-specific basis for all direct discharging facilities that received a detailed survey and for some that received only a screener survey (rather than using modeled facilities), and (2) the cost models used were customized for the MPP industry. EPA provided the documentation for the revised methodology in the NODA for review and comment (see 68 FR 48479; August 13, 2003). Since the NODA was published, EPA made some additional changes to the cost methodology and model based on comments received. EPA modified the cost models as appropriate including, for example, revising the values for many of the constants and assumptions used in the model (e.g., labor rates, chemical costs), including costs for the addition of a holding/polishing pond with 7-day retention, and limiting the nitrate recycle rate to a maximum of five times the influent flow when costing facilities for Option 2.5 technology and higher. The Cost Report provides a more detailed description of the cost methodology used for the final rule, including all the equations, constants, and other cost information used by EPA to estimate the incremental capital and operation and maintenance costs associated with achieving the performance levels of the technology options considered by EPA for the final rule. 10-2 ------- Section 10. Incremental Camtal and Operation and Maintenance Costs tor the l:inal Regulation The resulting facility-specific compliance cost estimates were then used to estimate compliance costs for the MPP industry (national estimates of costs). In particular, the facility- specific cost estimates were multiplied by the survey weight established for the particular facility. Further discussion of how survey weights were derived for each surveyed facility is provided in Appendix B. The weighted facility estimates were then grouped by regulatory subcategories (e.g., subcategories A through D, F through I, J, K and L) for use in analysis of the technology options. Costs were specifically estimated for all direct discharging facilities that submitted detailed surveys and perform first processing, further processing, and/or rendering operations, and for direct discharging facilities that submitted only screener surveys and perform further processing and/or rendering operations. Because of the small amount of information available, facilities that had received only screener surveys were costed using additional information obtained from facilities that had performed further processing and/or rendering operations and had submitted a detailed survey. As shown in Table 10-1, cost estimates were derived for 74 direct discharging facilities. Among the 74 direct discharging facilities, 58 submitted detailed surveys and 16 submitted screener surveys. Table 10-1. Number of Facilities for Which Specific Costs Were Estimated for Each MPP Regulatory Subcategory Regulatory Subcategory Facility Size Number of Direct Discharge Facilities Detailed Surveys Screener Surveys A-D Small 1 0 Non-small 19 0 K Small 3 0 Non-small 33 0 F-I and L :1 Small and Non-small 1 12 J Non-small 1 4 Total number of surveys 58 16 ' Includes mixed facilities (facilities that process both meat and poultry). 10-3 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Reeulution As described further in Section 10.5, EPA developed a series of cost models to estimate compliance costs for the 74 direct discharging MPP facilities for each of the technology options considered by the Agency. These models were developed based on cost and performance data related to treatment technologies in use at MPP facilities, supplemented as necessary with a combination of vendor supplied information, data and information provided in the comments on the proposal and NODA, and information from the literature. Finally, the revisions to the cost estimates were also based on the use of all data available to EPA as part of the data collection efforts for the rule, including data from the detailed and screener surveys of the MPP industry, survey follow-up requests, and other data collection efforts. The MPP industry detailed survey, in particular, included data and information related to MPP facility wastewater characteristics, wastewater flows, and wastewater treatment system operation. Subsequent to the proposed rule, EPA visited and sampled several additional MPP facilities. Section 3 of this document describes EPA's data collection efforts for the development of the final rule. 10.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS CONSIDERED AS BASIS FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS As described in more detail in Section 9, EPA identified a number of potential technology options that were considered as the basis for developing effluent limitations for the MPP industry. In response to comments on the proposed rule, the technology options EPA considered for the final rule were slightly modified from those considered for the proposed rule. The most significant modification is development of a technology option that accounts for treatment systems that employ partial denitrification of MPP wastewaters (Option 2.5). This technology option does not achieve the same degree of denitrification as the proposed Option 3 (complete denitrification). A summary of the technology options EPA considered as the basis for establishing final ELGs for MPP facilities is provided in Table 10-2. These technology options are applicable to pretreated MPP wastewaters. Pretreatment of MPP wastewater includes any combination of screening, flotation, equalization, dissolved air flotation (with or without chemical addition) and anaerobic treatment. 1(M ------- Section 10. Incremental Camtal and Operation and Maintenance Costs tor the l:inal Regulation It should be noted that EPA develops ELGs based on the performance of a combination of processes and treatment technologies but does not require their use. Instead, selection of the specific processes and technologies used to treat MPP wastewaters is left to the discretion of individual MPP facilities. After promulgation of the final rule, EPA will require compliance with the final numerical limitations and standards; MPP facilities will not be required to use specific processes or technologies. Table 10-2. Technology Options Considered by EPA for MPP Facilities Technology Option Description 1 Biological treatment ' plus limited nitrification and disinfection 2 Biological treatment with complete nitrification and disinfection 2+Pb Option 2 plus phosphorus removal 2.5 Option 2 plus partial denitrification 2.5+P Option 2 plus partial denitrification + phosphorus removal 3b Option 2 plus more complete denitrification 4 Option 2 plus more complete denitrification and phosphorus removal 5b Option 2 plus more complete denitrification plus chemical phosphorus removal plus filtration ¦' Biological treatment for the MPP HI.(is is defined as the removal of biochemical oxygen demand from wastewater by an aerobic biological process. h After the proposed rule was published, IiPA no longer considered Option 3 because of difficulty finding facilities with Option ?•> in place that had total nitrogen effluent data and no longer considered Options 2 i P and 5 because of the costs involved. 10.4 LONG-TERM AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS USED FOR ESTIMATING COSTS FOR THE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS EPA identified treatment in-place at MPP facilities that form the basis for the technology options considered for the final ELGs for the MPP industry. The expected performance of each technology option can be described in terms of the long-term average (LTA) pollutant concentrations observed in the effluent at those MPP facilities that have the technology option. Table 10-3 presents the LTAs EPA derived for each technology option, which were used in the 10-5 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Reeulution cost models as the basis for estimating compliance costs. The option LTA concentrations for mixed facilities (i.e., those facilities that process both poultry and meat) were weighted based on the flow and production at the facilities (as reported in the detailed or screener surveys) and the option LTA concentrations in Table 10-3. Table 10-3. Long-Term Average Concentrations Used for Developing Cost Estimates for the Technology Options Considered for the Final MPP Industry Effluent Guidelines Technology Option l.TA Concentrations (ing/1.) Type of Operation Technology Option Bio- chemical Oxygen Demand Total Kjcldahl Nitrogen Ammonia- N Nitrate+ Nitrite Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus Total Suspended Solids Poultry 1 x.x 7.17 5.19 N A N A N A 10.21 2 x.x 4.97 1.0 N A N A N A 10.21 2.5 x.x 4.97 1.0 29.24 34.2 N A 10.21 2.5 ¦ P x.x 4.97 1.0 29.24 34.2 4.2 10.21 4 7.0 1.34 0.17 0.52 1.X6 2.27 5.05 1 7.0 X.095 6.115 N A N A N A 25.10 Vlcal 2 7.0 3.615 O.X95 N A N A N A 25.10 2.5 7.0 3.615 O.X95 30.59 34.2 N A 25.10 2.5 ¦ P 7.0 3.615 O.X95 30.59 34.2 X.2X 25.10 4 6.45 3.17 0.1X5 10.34 13.51 5.12 1X.65 N A - not applicable. 10.5 COST MODELS EPA developed a series of cost models to estimate the costs required to modify an existing MPP wastewater treatment system to achieve the technology option LTA concentrations (target effluent concentrations) shown in Table 10-3. For the final rule, EPA evaluated four technology options for non-small facilities, including Options 2, 2.5, 2.5+P, and 4. For small facilities, EPA evaluated two technology options for the final rule, including Options 1 and 2. EPA developed four cost models for each of the technology options considered for non- small facilities (Options 2, 2.5, 2.5+P, and 4). EPA did not specifically develop a cost model for 10-6 ------- Section 10. Incremental Camtal and Operation and Maintenance Costs tor the l:inal Regulation Option 1 due the small number of facilities that were evaluated and the fact that the technology option included less complicated unit processes (as compared to those for Options 2, 2.5, 2.5+P, and 4). Therefore, the Option 2 cost model with minor modification (e.g., use of LTAs representing Option 1) was used to cost for Option 1. The costs estimated by the models include capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Within each model, EPA developed cost equations or curves derived from a combination of vendor-supplied information, data and information provided in the MPP detailed surveys, and data and information provided in comments on the proposed rule. A brief summary of each cost model is provided below; a detailed description of each cost model is available in the Cost Report; and the electronic versions of the cost models are available in Sections 19.5 and 29.2 of the Administrative Record. 10.5.1 Option 1 Cost Model (Biological Treatment with Limited Nitrification) The Option 1 cost model estimates the incremental cost required to modify an existing nitrifying MPP facility to achieve the Option 1 LTA concentrations shown in Table 10-3. EPA used the Option 2 cost model (see discussion in Section 10.5.2) with Option 1 LTAs to estimate Option 1 costs for small facilities. This approach produced acceptable cost estimates because the only difference between Options 1 and 2 is the LTAs for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and ammonia (as nitrogen). 10.5.2 Option 2 Cost Model (Nitrification) The Option 2 cost model estimates the incremental cost required by an existing nitrifying MPP facility to achieve the Option 2 performance levels (LTA concentrations) shown in Table 10-3. The capital cost estimated for this option includes the cost for the addition of a polymer feed system and a holding pond (that could serve as an emergency or polishing pond). The O&M costs include maintenance costs, energy costs for oxygen transfer to remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and ammonia (as nitrogen), alkalinity costs, polymer costs, sludge disposal costs, sampling and analysis costs, and performance costs. The cost model also includes estimated labor costs and energy costs for the polymer feed system. 10-7 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Reeulution 10.5.3 Option 2.5 Cost Model (Nitrification + Partial Denitrification) The Option 2.5 cost model estimates the incremental cost to be incurred by a nitrifying MPP facility to move from its baseline to Option 2.5 performance levels. The capital costs include, as needed, costs for anoxic tanks, pumps, mixers, methanol and polymer feed systems, a lagoon bypass, a sludge dewatering system, and a holding pond. The O&M costs include alkalinity costs, methanol costs, polymer costs, sludge disposal costs, sampling and analysis costs for process control, performance costs, compliance costs, and methane revenue loss due to lagoon bypass. The O&M costs also include maintenance costs, labor costs, and energy costs for anoxic tanks, pumps, mixers, methanol and polymer feed systems, a sludge dewatering system, and a holding pond. 10.5.4 Option 2.5+P Cost Model (Nitrification + Partial Denitrification + Phosphorus Removal) The Option 2.5+P cost model estimates the incremental cost to be incurred by a nitrifying MPP facility to move from its baseline to Option 2.5+P performance levels. The capital costs include, as needed, costs for anoxic tanks, pumps, mixers, methanol and polymer feed systems, an alum feed system, mix tanks, a lagoon bypass, a sludge dewatering system, and a holding pond. The O&M costs include alkalinity costs, polymer costs, alum costs, sludge disposal costs, sampling and analysis costs for process control, performance costs, compliance costs, and methane revenue loss due to lagoon bypass. The O&M costs also include estimated maintenance costs, labor costs, and energy costs for anoxic tanks, pumps, mixers, alum and polymer feed systems, mix tanks, a sludge dewatering system, and a holding pond. 10.5.5 Option 4 Cost Model (Nitrification + Denitrification + Phosphorous Removal) The Option 4 cost model estimates the incremental cost to be incurred by a nitrifying MPP facility to move from its baseline to Option 4 performance levels. The capital costs include, as needed, costs for anoxic tanks, aeration tanks, pumps, mixers, an aeration system, methanol, polymer and alum feed systems, mix tanks, a lagoon bypass, a filtration system, a sludge dewatering system, and a holding pond. The O&M costs include alkalinity costs, polymer costs, alum costs, sludge disposal costs, sampling and analysis costs for process control, performance 10-8 ------- Section 10. Incremental Camtal and Operation and Maintenance Costs tor the l:inal Regulation costs, compliance costs, and methane revenue loss due to installation of a lagoon bypass. The O&M costs also include maintenance costs, labor costs, and energy costs for anoxic tanks, aeration tanks, pumps, mixers, an aeration system, an alum and polymer feed system, mix tanks, a filtration system, a sludge dewatering system, and a holding pond. A filtration system is included in the model and used as necessary, particularly when a poultry facility requires use of a filter to achieve the LTA for total suspended solids (TSS). 10.6 ESTIMATING FACILITY COSTS The primary cost model inputs required for each MPP facility are wastewater treatment plant flow, and influent and effluent pollutant concentrations for select parameters. The data inputs for each facility were obtained from a variety of sources, including the MPP detailed and screener surveys, sampling episode reports, site visit reports, and discharge monitoring reports. In the absence of influent concentrations for a facility, the concentrations were derived from influent concentrations from facilities having similar processing operations and the expected performance (i.e., removal) based on the facility's treatment in place. EPA then classified each facility's wastewater treatment system based on the description provided in the detailed survey and the summary of monitoring data submitted with the survey. After reviewing the current effluent concentrations, treatment in place, Option LTA concentrations, and technology options, EPA decided whether new or additional treatment units would be required to achieve the Option LTA concentrations. The four cost models (without modifications) estimate costs to convert a nitrification facility to the various technology options. According to the MPP detailed surveys responses, most direct discharging facilities in the MPP industry have treatment systems in place that are already nitrifying. The models described above were used to develop cost estimates for those facilities. However, for some MPP facilities with treatment systems that are not efficiently nitrifying, EPA determined that additional costs for the addition of, or modification to, tanks and/or the aeration system would be required to achieve the Option LTA concentrations. For those facilities the estimated additional costs were added to the costs generated by the cost models. 10-9 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Reeulution To estimate costs for Options 2.5, 2.5+P, and 4 for facilities that are currently denitrifying, the cost models were run twice: • The first run was used in calculating the costs by identifying equipment sizes involved for attaining the facility's current level of denitrification. The facility-level nitrate/nitrite concentrations for MPP facilities were obtained from survey responses. This run provided the design parameters (e.g., tank size, pump size, horsepower requirements) needed to achieve the nitrate/nitrite effluent concentrations reported by the facility. • The second run was used in calculating the costs by identifying the equipment sizes involved for attaining the option LTA concentration levels. This run provided the facility-specific design parameters needed to achieve the option LTA concentrations. The difference in the design parameters from the two model runs was then used to calculate the incremental costs for the facility (for all necessary components). More details regarding how the cost model accounted for existing MPP facilities that already have treatment systems that achieve some level of denitrification are provided in the Cost Report. In some instances an MPP facility uses a unique treatment system (e.g., sequencing batch reactors) that the cost models were not designed to handle specifically. For these unique instances, the cost models were slightly modified to calculate costs for those particular facilities. However, the concepts and the design and cost equations used in the models remained the same when estimating costs for such facilities. After costs were estimated for each detailed survey facility for each technology option, EPA multiplied the cost estimate for each facility by the applicable survey weight for the facility to derive a survey-weighted estimate. Weighted estimates were then summed. The result represents a national estimate of the compliance costs for achieving the performance levels associated with each technology option. 10-10 ------- Section 10. Incremental Camtal and Operation and Maintenance Costs tor the l:inal Regulation 10.7 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED COMPLIANCE COSTS For the final rule, EPA estimated the incremental costs for complying with the performance levels associated with the regulatory options considered by EPA for the final rule. The results of the cost analysis for each of the non-small direct discharging first processing facilities are provided in Table 10-4. Due to the need for protection of confidential business information (CBI), the individual facility results for the non-small direct discharging further processing and independent rendering facilities are not provided in this section, but are included in the CBI portion of the Administrative Record. A summary of the national cost estimates for all non-small direct discharging facilities is provided in Table 10-5. Due to the need for protection of CBI, the individual facility results for all small direct discharging facilities are not provided in this section, but are also included in the CBI portion of the Administrative Record. A summary of the national cost estimates for all small direct discharging facilities is provided in Table 10-6. It should be noted that Table 10-6 also includes costs for mixed processors that are attributable to small levels of production of further processed meat (Subcategories F through I) and poultry (Subcategory L). The facility counts presented in these tables include the double counting of seven facilities with production in both non-small Subcategory L and small Subcategories F through I, and three facilities with production in small Subcategory L and small Subcategories F through I. 10-11 ------- Table 10-4. Summary of Estimated Compliance Costs for Non-Small Direct Discharging First Processing Facilities by Facility and Regulatory Option DKTII) Category Option 2 Option 2.5 Option 2.5+P Option 4 Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost 001 1 PI 2 $736,700 $ 1 56,200 $1,399,300 $278,400 $1,592,900 $706,700 $2,876,000 $926,900 0012 M 123 ( R123/P2) $9 IS,000 $47,600 $2,039,100 $171,000 $2,773,700 $1,921,700 $4,103,800 $2,268,000 0019 PI 3 $508,100 $84,100 $1,105,200 $168,100 $1,105,200 $173,100 $2,716,100 $571,800 0020 PI 2 $833,700 $93,900 $1,482,100 $214,700 $1,679,700 $645,100 $3,710,600 $1,072,900 0022 PI 23 $587,800 $134,800 $1,335,400 $252,000 $2,892,300 $967,200 $4,517,700 $1,263,500 0026 PI 23 $834,600 $170,900 $1,671,200 $299,800 $2,080,500 $1,409,200 $3,631,500 $1,689,900 0027 PI 2 $726,700 $155,700 $1,033,700 $250,000 $1,212,700 $639,300 $2,247,400 $790,200 0029 PI $475,500 $155,200 $1,148,700 $249,800 $1,229,500 $412,300 $3,955,300 $651,400 0032 PI 2 $490,400 $83,600 $490,400 $98,600 $655,600 $469,800 $2,273,800 $773,800 0039 PI 2 $682,200 $89,300 $1,397,200 $ 165,600 $1,510,600 $399,000 $3,331,300 $772,600 0042 PI 2 $577,100 $86,200 $814,100 $184,300 $975,400 $537,300 $3,298,600 $731,300 0044 PI 23 $654,000 $143,500 $664,000 $ 1 52,600 $2,224,600 $851,300 $3,1 13,000 $969,400 0045 PI 2 $1,089,900 $105,000 $1,099,900 $167,200 $1,169,300 $172,200 $2,015,600 $376,100 0046 R13 $282,400 $28,500 $965,200 $150,900 $1,028,400 $269,300 $1,568,800 $420,200 0054 PI 2 $693,500 $177,400 $1,232,500 $259,100 $1,371,000 $559,900 $4,527,000 $886,100 0256 R13 $752,600 $170,300 $ 1,991,600 $168,300 $3,520,000 $804,600 $3,616,100 $1,071,300 0271 PI 2 $145,200 $109,900 $145,200 $124,900 $145,200 $129,900 $185,200 $148,900 0272 PI 2 $501,900 $213,800 $501,900 $213,800 $501,900 $218,800 $1,938,300 $439,500 0273 PI $507,400 $84,100 $1,255,800 $216,800 $1,321,200 $335,300 $2,871,100 $557,600 0274 PI $0 $20,000 $0 $35,000 $0 $40,000 $0 $48,600 0275 R13 $866,200 $126,600 $1,429,200 $160,100 $2,951,500 $809,100 $3,056,100 $1,078,100 0277 R13 $0 $20,000 $4,368,900 $216,800 $4,939,800 $ 1,3 1 7,400 $6,322,300 $1,840,300 ------- Table 10-4. Summary of Estimated Compliance Costs for Non-Small Direct Discharging First Processing Facilities by Facility and Regulatory Option (Continued) I) K Til) Category Option 2 Option 2.5 Option 2.5+P Option 4 Incremental C apital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost 0280 R13 $55X,700 $36,X00 $3,213,700 $267,000 $3,360,500 $1,101,300 $3,6 IX,600 $1,173,400 02X3 R13 $501 ,X00 $53,900 $ 1 ,X35,000 $156,700 $2,120,600 $X 14,700 $2,7X6,000 $1,054,400 02X7 M13 (R13/P3) SO $35,100 $1,360,900 $ 169,600 $1,451,500 $34X,200 $2,163,100 $59X,400 02X9 PI 2 S 1 5 1,600 $123,700 $634,000 $223,400 $757,200 $490,400 $2,944,100 $719,700 0290 PI $339,700 $30,200 $339,700 $45,200 $339,700 $50,200 $X3 5,600 $254,600 0291 PI 2 $432,700 $33,000 $1,030,100 $ 14X,400 $1,1 74,X00 $461,600 $2,X29,500 $750,200 0292 PI 23 $547,400 $X5,300 $9XX,000 $191,400 $9XX,000 $ 196,400 $2,760,500 $490,500 0293 PI 23 $5X5,200 $X6,400 $ 1,5X 1 ,X00 $219,000 $1,649,000 $295,700 $3,237,400 $529,X00 0297 PI 2 $522,300 $60,700 $532,300 $65,100 $1,916,200 $429,700 $3,16X, 100 $704,200 0300 PI 23 $ 1,63 1,500 $252,700 $1,641,500 $210,200 $ 1 ,X65,200 $6X7,700 $2,393,XOO $1,003,X00 0304 PI $447,700 $X2,300 $457,700 $X4,100 $555,200 $267,000 $1,496,300 $409,000 0307 PI 23 $371,500 $31,200 $1,1 59,600 $155,600 $1,179,500 $26X,400 $2,6XX,900 $527,500 030X PI 2 $449,500 $X2,500 $426,100 $122,100 $5X1,300 $399,X00 $2,140,900 $694,400 0309 PI $429,100 $157,400 $441,000 $ 1 59,500 $506,600 $321,500 $1,923,400 $529,600 03 10 PI 23 $677,400 $X9,200 $6X7,400 $-X 1,400 $756,900 $-76,400 $1,65X,X00 $ 129,X00 03 12 PI 2 $435,300 $49,700 $1,009,300 $122,700 $1,109,200 $32X,700 $2,X40,700 $617,500 0314 PI $432,000 $X1,X00 $432,000 $96,X00 $505,600 $206,300 $2,024,400 $4X6,000 03 1 7 R13 $367,200 $102,000 $ 1,7 3 X, 100 $3 19,000 $ 1 ,X06,700 $4X1,X00 $1,952,600 $50X,X00 03 1X R13 $XX5,000 $46,600 $3,204,600 $49,900 $3,672,700 $1,179,400 $4,763,600 $1,521,300 0321 R13 $1,621,700 $279,200 $2,X50,500 $201,100 $4,5X9,900 $1,277,900 $4,715,200 $ 1,532,XOO 0322 R13 $1,947,700 $7X,500 $6,475,'400 $250,200 $7,463,400 $2,575,200 SX,494,600 S3,174,400 ------- Table 10-4. Summary of Estimated Compliance Costs for Non-Small Direct Discharging First Processing Facilities by Facility and Regulatory Option (Continued) I) K Til) Category Option 2 Option 2.5 Option 2.5+P Option 4 Incremental C apital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost Incremental Capital Cost Incremental O&M Cost 0325 R13 $960,000 $50,500 $2,435,700 $5,000 $4,231,300 $1,148,700 $4,407,900 $1,455,500 0326 R13 $214,500 $26,500 $1,159,700 $176,000 $1,262,500 $399,800 $1,593,100 $572,300 0328 R13 $573,300 $37,200 $3,438,100 $475,900 $3,535,000 $590,300 $3,661,000 $706,200 0332 M 123 (R123/P2) $773,300 $43,900 $2,394,600 $143,300 $4,304,900 $1,626,000 $5,393,700 $1,950,700 0333 R13 $4,555,200 $2,992,700 $1 1,068,100 $4,960,000 $1 1,689,500 $5,085,900 $12,015,800 $5,307,000 0336 R13 $1,019,300 $137,200 $1,676,400 $166,700 $1,919,800 $747,600 $2,524,200 $972,800 0339 PI 23 $1,233,000 $105,800 $3,763,200 $23,500 $3,845,900 $1 15,100 $5,921,800 $61 1,400 0340 PI 3 $619,600 $ 138,500 $2,137,000 $261,900 $2,288,100 $579,700 $5,1 10,600 $855,700 0342 R13 $241,000 $27,600 $745,000 $186,500 $2,194,900 $677,500 $3,353,100 $796,700 ------- Section 10. Incremental Camtal and Operation and Maintenance Costs tor the l:inal Regulation Table 10-5. Total and Average Compliance Costs for Non-small Facilities by Subcategory and Regulatory Option Total Costs Average Facility Costs (1000's, 2003 dollars) (1000's, 2003 dollars) Post-tax Pre-tax Post-tax Pre-tax Option Capital Annualized Annualized Capital Annualized Annualized Subcategory A-D Option 2 S27.165 S5.179 S8.051 S937 SI 79 S278 Option 2.5 S75.061 SI 2.395 SI 8.435 S2.588 S427 S636 Option 2.5+P S97.662 S30.794 S47.412 S3.368 SI.062 SI.63 5 Option 4 S121,753 S3 7.382 S57.451 S4.198 SI.289 SI.981 Subcategory F-I1 Option 2 SI.106 S294 S294 S276 S73 S73 Option 2.5 SI.124 S3 63 S3 63 S281 S91 S91 Option 2.5+P S1.216 S3 96 S3 96 S3 04 S99 S99 Option 4 S2.350 S882 S882 S588 S220 S220 Subcategory J1 Option 2 SI.429 S695 S695 S75 S3 7 S3 7 Option 2.5 S7.755 S3.123 S3.123 S408 SI 64 SI 64 Option 2.5+P S9.978 S8.212 S8.212 S525 S432 S432 Option 4 S12.82 7 SI 1.237 SI 1.237 S675 S591 S591 Subcategory K. Option 2 S70.650 SI 5.026 SI 9.598 S736 SI 57 S204 Option 2.5 S 147,592 S28.067 S35.151 SI.53 7 S292 S3 66 Option 2.5+P SI 77,432 S53.370 S70.027 SI.848 S556 S729 Option 4 S366.069 S93.408 SI.205.090 S3.813 S973 SI.255 Subcategory L1,2 Option 2 SI.495 S615 S615 S149 S62 S62 Option 2.5 S2.615 SI.086 SI.086 S262 SI 09 SI 09 Option 2.5+P S4.207 SI.630 SI.630 S421 SI 63 SI 63 Option 4 S8.641 S3.612 S3.612 S864 S3 61 S3 61 Total Option 2 S101.845 S21.808 S29.253 S645 SI 38 SI 85 Option 2.5 S234.147 S45.033 S58.157 SI.482 S285 S3 68 Option 2.5+P S290.495 S94.403 S127.677 SI.839 S597 S808 Option 4 S511.639 S 146.521 SI 93.691 S3.238 S927 SI.226 For non-small facilities in Subcategories V through 1, .1, and 1., post-tax annualized costs are equal to pre-tax annualized costs because the analysis is based on model facilities, and HPA assumed a tax shield of SO to avoid underestimating impacts. : Subcategory includes seven mixed processor facilities with non-small levels of production in Subcategory 1. and small levels of production in Subcategory F through 1; on average, 61 percent of their production falls into Subcategory 1.. Compliance costs for mixed processor facilities are distributed between subcategories based on their percentage of production in each. 10-15 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Reeulution Table 10-6. Total and Average Compliance Costs for Small Facilities by Subcategory and Regulatory Option Option Total Costs (1000's, 2003 dollars) Average Costs (1000's, 2003 dollars) Capital Post-tax Annualized1 Pre-tax Annualized Capital Post-tax Annualized1 Pre-tax Annualized Subcategory A-D2 Option 1 S2.000 - S4.000 SI.000- S2.500 SI.000 - S2.500 SI50 - SI 75 S80-S120 S80-S120 Option 2' NA NA NA NA NA NA Subcategory F-I4 Option 1 S2.550 SI.224 SI.224 S121 S58 S58 Option 2 S2.550 SI.233 SI.233 S121 S59 S59 Subcategory K.2 Option 1 S7.500 - SI 0.000 S2.500 - S5.000 S2.500 - S5.000 S200 - S400 S75-S100 S75-S100 Option 2 S7.500 - SI 0.000 S2.500 - S5.000 S2.500 - S5.000 S200 - S400 S75-S100 S75-S100 Subcategory Option 1 S19 SI 5 SI 5 S6 S5 S5 Option 2 S19 SI 5 SI 5 S6 S5 S5 1 For small facilities, post-tax annualized eosts are equal to pre-tax annualized costs because (1) the facility is an S corporation or 1.1.C" (Subcategories A through 1) and K), so taxes are paid on the income of the owning partners or (2) the analysis is based on model facilities (Subcategories F through 1 and I.), and IiPA assumed a tax shield of SO to avoid underestimating impacts. : Estimated costs are presented as a range to prevent the disclosure of confidential business information. Option 2 was not costed for small facilities in this subcategory, because IiPA did not propose further regulations. 4 Subcategory includes 7 mixed processor facilities with small levels of production in Subcategory 1"-1 and non-small levels of production in Subcategory I.. This subcategory also includes 3 mixed processor facilities with small levels of production in Subcategory 1"-1 and small levels of production in Subcategory I.. Compliance costs for mixed processor facilities are distributed between subcategories based on their percentage of production in each. ^ Subcategory includes 3 mixed processor facilities with small levels of production in Subcategory 1. and small levels of production in Subcategory 1"-1. Compliance costs for mixed processor facilities are distributed between subcategories based on their percentage of production in each. 10.8 SUPPLEMENTAL AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSES As described previously in Section 10.2, EPA received a number of comments on the cost methodology and models used to estimate costs for the proposal and NODA. In particular, the Industry Coalition provided detailed comments on many aspects of the cost model. EPA specifically revised the cost methodology for the final rule to address many of the concerns raised 10-16 ------- Section 10. Incremental Camtal and Operation and Maintenance Costs tor the l:inal Regulation by the Industry Coalition about the methods used for the proposal and NODA. In fact, many of the constants used in the new cost models for the final rule (as described further in the Cost Report) are taken from those provided by the Industry Coalition (e.g., constants provided in Appendix G to the Industry Coalition comments on the proposed rule; see DCN 300004). Although EPA accommodated the majority of comments received on the cost methodology and model, there were several issues for which EPA performed sensitivity analyses (one of which, Run #3, is identified as the supplemental analysis) to determine the potential impact on final rule decisions. These analyses performed by EPA and the results are presented in Table 10-7. As described further in Section 13, EPA selected technology Options 2 and 2.5 as the basis for the BPT and BAT final effluent limitations, and therefore, the supplemental/sensitivity analyses were all performed for technology Options 2 and 2.5. As shown in Table 10-7, based on the results of these analyses, EPA did not change its conclusions regarding economic achievability, cost-reasonableness, or cost-effectiveness of the final rule. It should be noted that EPA received detailed information about improvements to the wastewater treatment systems for the Facilities 307 and 339 from the actual facilities. The upgrades to the treatment systems occurred after EPA's base year (1999) of the survey (which is the base year for EPA's estimates of incremental compliance costs and pollutant removals). In EPA's sensitivity cost analyses 3 and 4, EPA chose to incorporate this information into its databases. EPA decided that, where facilities had provided enough detailed information regarding treatment system upgrades, the costs and pollutant loadings should reflect the best data possible. Due to the incorporation of this information, EPA's facility-specific estimates of costs and pollutant reductions at each of these two facilities is reduced as compared to the estimates in the cost run for the final rule (as presented in Section 10.8.1 above). Facility 307 is one of the two model facilities whose data (from the years after the upgrade occurred) form the basis of the total nitrogen limitations. Therefore, EPA performed an analysis of costs and pollutant reductions that reflected that treatment in place during those years As shown in Table 10-7, there were four issues that served as the basis for the four supplemental/sensitivity cost model runs performed by EPA. 10-17 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Reeulution • Denitrification Rate - As described further in the Cost Report, EPA used a denitrification rate of 0.171 mg nitrate/nitrite-N denitrified/mg MLVSS-day in its evaluation of different nutrient removal technologies. Using this nitrification rate in its cost model, EPA determined that achieving Option 2.5 nitrogen removals was economically achievable and cost-effective for MPP facilities. EPA recognizes, however, that the actual denitrification rate will vary among facilities and be dependent on a number of factors. In order to confirm its conclusion about the economic achievability of the final rule, EPA performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the potential impact of a lower denitrification rate on the costs of the rule. • Methanol Costs - EPA received comments regarding the price volatility of methanol over the past 10 years, and the potential impact on the cost estimates. Further, comments were received regarding the fact that the unit cost estimates for methanol proposed for use in the cost model for the final rule ($0.60 per gallon as provided in the industry comments on the proposed rule) are too low. Based on research performed by EPA, EPA believes that the use of $0.60 per gallon (in 1999 year dollars which is equivalent to $0. 66 per gallon in year 2003 dollars) in the cost model was reasonable for 1999. However, EPA understands the potential varying prices for chemicals such as methanol, therefore, EPA used a methanol price of $ 1.05 per gallon (in 1999 year dollars which is equivalent to $ 1.16 per gallon in 2003 year dollars) in the supplemental analysis of costs for the final rule. EPA has concluded that increasing costs to $ 1.16/gal would not change EPA's decisions regarding the final rule. • Emergency Pond Size - Concerns were raised that EPA did not account for the addition of safety measures such as emergency holding basins that are needed to ensure that periodic upsets at MPP wastewater treatment plants do not result in non-compliance with the final effluent limitations. Although EPA believes that including an emergency pond at a properly designed and operated wastewater treatment plant would be desirable but not necessary, EPA included an emergency/polishing pond with a 7-day detention time in the cost model in an effort to respond to the concerns raised. The revised cost model includes costs for additional ponds that may serve as a polishing pond and/or an emergency storage pond. The pond is designed with a 7-day detention time to be located at the end of the treatment plant and ensures compliance at all times. The pond may be used as a polishing pond to meet the effluent TSS and BOD limits. Since polishing requires 1 to 3 days of detention time, only a fraction of the pond volume is needed for polishing the effluent. The pond may also be used for emergency storage during plant upset. Depending on the duration of plant upset, the entire volume of pond may be used for emergency storage during upset. EPA also performed a supplemental analysis to determine the affect of installation of an emergency pond with a 15-day detention time. As part of this analysis, EPA incorporated data and information provided by the Industry Coalition related to the presence and type of holding or emergency ponds at MPP facilities (which was 10-18 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital and Operation and Maintenance Costs tor the l:inal Regulation not specifically gathered in EPA's detailed survey questionnaire). In this analysis, EPA included costs for additional ponds or for increased capacity of existing ponds. Results of this analysis indicate that the estimated costs for Option 2.5 are still economically achievable, cost reasonable, and cost-effective (for nitrogen removal). Additional information related to how costs were estimated for holding/emergency ponds, including the analysis of costs assuming a 15-day detention time, is provided in the Cost Report. • Pretreatment for Facilities with High TKN Influent Loads-In its primary cost analysis, EPA identified 5 detailed survey respondents with high influent TKN concentrations (i.e., greater than 200 mg/L). In order for these facilities to achieve the targeted long-term average concentration for total nitrogen on Table 10-3 using the Option 2.5 cost model (which is limited to a maximum nitrate recycle rate of 5 times), EPA estimated costs for a two-stage denitrification system. Based on industry comments on EPA's use of two-state denitrification, EPA performed a supplemental analysis to cost the detailed survey facilities in that situation for additional pretreatment of their raw wastewater followed by single-stage denitrification. EPA costed the incorporation of DAF and chemical addition. The results of this supplemental would not change EPA's conclusions regarding the technology selection, economic achievability, or cost-effectiveness (for total nitrogen) for the final rule. Table 10-7 provides a summary of the values used in the cost runs and their impact on the estimated costs for the final rule. A brief description of the cost runs follow. Original Cost Run: The results of this cost run are used as the basis for the final rule and were presented in Section 10.8.1 above. This run was performed with the values of constants described in the Cost Report. The cost run included a 7-day holding pond which may be used by a facility both as a polishing pond and/or an emergency pond. Costs for the addition of a holding pond were not included for facilities that have a holding pond in place or a filtration system in place. The cost run was also based on a target LTA concentration of 34.2 mg/L for total nitrogen (see Table 10-3). The total pre-tax annualized costs (2003$) for non-small facilities based on Option 2.5 was estimated to be $58.2 million. Sensitivity Cost Run I: This cost run was performed on eight meat and 12 poultry facilities. Except for the denitrification rate, the values of all other constants used in the Original Cost Run were used. The results of this preliminary analysis indicate that reducing the 10-19 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Regulation denitrification rate to 0.09 lbs nitrate-N/lb VSS-day would increase the cost of meat and poultry facilities by 16 percent and 7 percent, respectively. Sensitivity Cost Run 2: Similar to Supplement Cost Run 1, this cost run was performed on eight meat and 12 poultry facilities. The values of constants used in the Original Cost Run remained the same except that the denitrification rate was further reduced to 0.05 lbs nitrate-N/lb VSS-day. The results of this preliminary analysis indicate that the cost of meat and poultry facilities would increase by 41 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Sensitivity Cost Run 3 (Supplemental Analysis Run): In this cost run additional facility information received since the Original Cost Run was incorporated by EPA into its analysis of costs. Therefore, the items costed based on treatment in place for some facilities were not the same as those used for the Original Cost Run. For instance, many facilities were costed for a holding pond in the Original Cost Run. Several of those facilities were later found to have a holding pond in place. Consequently, those facilities were no longer costed for a holding pond in this run. In addition, this cost run was based on an increased target LTA concentration of 45.35 mg/L for total nitrogen, which is higher than the total nitrogen levels used for the Original Cost Run. Additional features of this cost run include a revised methanol cost of $1.05 per gallon and a holding pond with a 15-day detention time. Unlike the Original Cost Run, facilities with a filtration system were also costed for a holding pond. These costs provide a very conservative cost estimate for Option 2.5. The total pre-tax annualized costs (2003$) for non-small facilities based on Option 2.5 were estimated to be $52.8 million. The costs were reduced compared to the cost of the Original Cost Run because the target effluent LTA concentration for total nitrogen was increased by more than 10 mg/L to 45.35 mg/L. Moreover, incorporation of additional facility information contributed may have contributed to the decrease in costs. Sensitivity Cost Run 4: This cost run is identical to the Supplemental Cost Run 3 except the denitrification rate is reduced to 0.05 lbs nitrate-N/lb VSS-day. All the features discussed in Supplemental Cost Run 3 are applicable to this cost run. However, it should be noted that the cost estimated by this cost run is extremely conservative and represent the high end of the Industry costs. The total pre-tax annualized costs (2003$) for the entire rule for Option 2.5 were 10-20 ------- Section 10. Incremental Camtal and Operation and Maintenance Costs lor the l:inal Regulation estimated to be $52.8 million. Even with this high end of the cost, the final rule was found to be cost effective. Table 10-7. Summary of Supplemental Cost Analyses Performed for the MPP Final Rule Cost Run Description Dcnitrification Rate (lbs Nitrate- N/lb VSS-day) Methanol Costs ($/j»allon) Holding* Pond Detention l ime (Days) Results (Annualized Costs) Original I-Tillient TN 34 mg/1. 0.17 0.60 7 S5X.2 million Sensitivity 1 Preliminary estimates I-Til lie nt TN 34 mg/1. 0.09 0.60 7 Increases cost for meat facilities by 16%; Increases cost for poultry facilities by 7% Sensitivity 2 Preliminary estimates I-Til lie nt TN 34 mg/1. 0.05 0.60 7 Increases cost for meat facilities by 41%; Increases cost for poultry facilities by 16% Sensitivity 3'1 I-Til lie nt TN 45 mg/1. 0.17 1.05 15 S52.X million Sensitivity 4" I-Til lie nt TN 45 mg/1. 0.05 1.05 15 S60.2 million ¦' These runs were based on higher target effluent nitrogen concentrations and also included updated facility data and information made available since the NODA. Run lis was used as the supplemental analysis. 10.9 REFERENCES Hydromantis, Inc.2001. Computer Assisted Procedure for Design and Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Systems (CAPDET). Version 1.0: State-of-the-art software for the design and cost estimation of wastewater treatment plants, [computer program], Hamilton, Canada. http://www.hydromantis.com. Industry Coalition. 2002. Joint comments of the meat and poultry products industry coalition. Meat and Poultry Products Industry Coalition. EPA Docket No. W-01-06. 10-21 ------- Section 10. Incremental Capital ami Operation and Maintenance Costs for the Final Reindation USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2002. Development Document for the Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Industry Point Source Category. EPA 821-B-01-007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2004. Detailed Costing Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Point Source Category. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. 10-22 ------- Section 11 Pollutant Loadings This section presents the methodology used to derive annual pollutant loading estimates for the meat and poultry products (MPP) industry. Pollutant loadings are estimated for the MPP industry to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of treatment technology options, (2) estimate the benefits gained from reducing the amount of pollutants discharged, and (3) evaluate the cost- effectiveness of the technology options in reducing the pollutant loadings. Baseline pollutant loadings and technology option loadings are defined as follows: Baseline pollutant loadings. The estimated amount of pollutants in MPP wastewaters currently being discharged to surface waters. For the purpose of this analysis, EPA considers the baseline pollutant loadings the amount that was discharged in the base year of the survey (1999). • Technology option loadings. The estimated amount of pollutants in MPP wastewaters discharged to surface waters after the implementation of the limitations and guidelines, also referred to as post-compliance or treated pollutant loadings. In calculating these loadings, EPA assumed that all MPP facilities currently discharging pollutants at higher concentrations than the long-term average (LTA) concentrations of the selected technology option level would upgrade as necessary and operate their wastewater treatment systems to meet the target LTA concentration levels. • Pollutant removals. The estimated amount of pollutants removed from wastewaters after the implementation of the limitations and guidelines. Pollutant removals are calculated by taking the difference between baseline pollutant loadings and technology option loadings. As described in Section 10, in response to comments EPA substantially revised the method to estimate compliance costs by applying a facility-specific approach and using survey weights to develop national estimates. To remain consistent with the revised costing methodology, the assessment of pollutant loading reductions was developed on a facility level similar to the revised analysis of costs. In addition, as was done for compliance cost estimates, TTi ------- Section 11. Pollulanl Loadings facilities were grouped by regulatory subcategories (i.e., subcategories A through D, F through I, K, and L) in the development of national loading estimates. For the proposed rule, EPA estimated pollutant loadings for all the pollutants of concern identified at proposal for the meat and poultry subcategories. These pollutants are listed in Section 7, Tables 7-2 and 7-3 (at proposal, carbaryl and Salmonella were also pollutants of concern for the meat subcategories and poultry subcategories, respectively). As described in Section 14, LTAs were developed for 11 pollutants of concern. These 11 pollutants of concern are comprised of the eight pollutants that were proposed for regulation (ammonia (as nitrogen), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), fecal coliforms, oil and grease (as hexane extractable material [HEM]), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids (TSS)), with the addition of three other pollutants (5-day carbonaceous biological oxygen demand (CBOD^), nitrate+nitrite as nitrogen, and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)) that were also considered for regulation after the proposal. For the final rule, since pollutant removals can only be estimated for pollutants with a target LTA, EPA only estimated pollutant loadings for the 11 pollutants for which LTAs were established. 11.1 BASELINE POLLUTANT LOADINGS 11.1.1 Establishment of Facility Specific Baseline Pollutant Concentrations To estimate the baseline pollutant loadings, baseline pollutant concentrations for the selected 11 pollutants of concern (POC) were first established for each facility in which loadings were estimated. Facility baseline concentrations are the estimated pollutant concentrations in the MPP wastewaters that a facility is currently discharging. The following sections describes the methodology used to develop facility-specific baseline pollutant concentrations. 11-2 ------- Section 11. Pollutant Loadings 11.1.1.1 Pollutant Concentrations from Analytical Data For each facility, extensive efforts were made to obtain analytical effluent wastewater concentration data representative of the treatment system in place at the facility. When available, and generally in order of preference, the following data sources were used to establish the baseline pollutant concentration for a specific facility: • Data provided by the facility in their response to the detailed survey. • Corrections to a "fact sheet" sent to each facility that summarized detailed survey information about the facility's effluent concentrations, wastewater flows, and wastewater treatment operations. • Data provided by the facility through telephone communications. Data collected by EPA as part of the sampling episode performed for the rulemaking effort. Site visit data. • Discharge monitoring report (DMR) data from the EPA Permit Compliance System (PCS), EPA Regional Office, or State regulatory agency. • Effluent data provided in the facility's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit application. When effluent data were available from any of the sources described above, the annual average concentrations reported for 1999 were used for determining baseline loadings because 1999 was the year of the MPP detailed survey. Concentrations reported for years after 1999 were also used, but only when data from 1999 were unavailable and only if facility operations or treatment performance had not significantly changed since 1999. In instances where data from more than one source were available for a particular facility, the average that represented and encompassed the largest span of time was used. For example, if both detailed survey data and sampling episode data were available for a facility, the detailed survey data were used instead of 11-3 ------- Section 11. Pollulanl Loadings the sampling episode data. In this example the detailed survey data represented the average pollutant concentration over a year while the sampling episode data represented the average concentration over a period of 3 or 5 days. 11.1.1.2 Pollutant Concentrations Calculated Based on Associated Pollutant Parameters When effluent data for a pollutant or pollutants could not be obtained from any of the above data sources, default concentrations were calculated. In particular, EPA calculated default concentrations for certain pollutants if data on an associated pollutant parameter were available. For example, based on the available data from the sampling episodes and detailed survey data, a strong relationship was found between BOD, and CBOD, concentrations in MPP wastewaters. Therefore, when a facility did not have data on effluent CBOD, concentrations, but did have effluent BOD, data, then the CBOD, concentration could be estimated based on the BOD, data (more detailed information on the calculations and formula development are available in Section 19.6.1, DCN 100784 of the rulemaking record). The following methodologies were used to estimate baseline pollutant concentrations for certain pollutant parameters: • BOD5: If BOD, data were unavailable but CBOD, data were available, BOD, was calculated as: BOD, = (CBOD - 0.0302) / 0.8442. This formula was based on the relationship found from all paired effluent BOD, and CBOD, data available in the detailed surveys and sampling episodes. CBOD5: If CBOD data were unavailable but BOD, data were available, CBOD, was calculated as: CBOD, = (0.8442 x BOD,) + 0.0302. This formula was based on the relationship found from all paired effluent BOD, and CBOD, data available in the detailed surveys and sampling episodes. Tm ------- Section 11. Pollutant Loadings TKN: If TKN data were unavailable but ammonia (as nitrogen) data were available, TKN was calculated as: TKN = NH, + 1.98. This formula was based on the average organic fraction from all detailed survey and sampling episode data with paired effluent ammonia (as nitrogen) and TKN data. • Nitrate+nitrite: Effluent nitrate+nitrite concentrations were calculated in several ways, depending on the data available for a particular facility. a. If nitrate+nitrite data were unavailable but total nitrogen data were available, nitrate+nitrite was calculated as nitrate+nitrite = total nitrogen - TKN b. If effluent data for only nitrate were available (i.e., no nitrite, or nitrate+nitrate data), then the nitrate+nitrite concentration was calculated as nitrate+nitrite = nitrate + 0.62 This formula was based on the average nitrite concentration from all facilities with separate nitrate and nitrite data. c. If nitrate+nitrite could not be calculated from the methods above, then nitrate+nitrite values were calculated based on influent and effluent total nitrogen balance equations as follows: For facilities that do not engage denitrification in their wastewater treatment system (Option 2 variants or less, i.e., Option 1 and 2+P): Effluent nitrate+nitrite = (BNR influent total nitrogen) - (effluent TKN) Where: Total nitrogen = (nitrate+nitrite) + TKN iT-5 ------- Section 11. Pollulanl Loadings Based on the following relationship: BNR influent total nitrogen - nitrogen removed from sludge wasting = Effluent total nitrogen Therefore: (BNR influent TKN) + (BNR influent nitrate+nitrite) - (nitrogen removed from sludge wasting) = (effluent TKN) + (effluent nitrate+nitrite) "BNR influent" refers to the influent to the biological nutrient removal (BNR) treatment system. The beginning of the BNR system was considered to be where either nitrification or denitrification first occurred in the wastewater treatment system (for example, the activated sludge or anoxic basin). For BNR influent total nitrogen, if BNR influent nitrate+nitrite data were not available for a facility, then it was assumed to be negligible and set equal to zero. The amount of nitrogen removed from sludge wasting was also assumed to be negligible and not incorporated in the calculations. For partial denitrification facilities (all variants of Option 2.5, i.e., Option 2.5+F, Option 2.5+P, etc.): Effluent nitrate+nitrite = [(BNR influent total nitrogen) x (TN reduction factor)] - (effluent TKN) Where: TN reduction factor: This factor was based on the average total nitrogen reduction rate for partial denitrification facilities of the appropriate meat type. For red meat facilities, the average total nitrogen reduction was 43% (based on data from six facilities). For poultry facilities, the average total nitrogen reduction was 56% (based on data from six facilities). For mixed meat further processors and independent renderers, the total nitrogen reduction was 49.5%, which was calculated 11-6 ------- Section 11. Pollutant Loadings by taking the average of the reductions for red meat and for poultry (i.e., the average of 43% and 56%). The reduction factor was calculated by subtracting the percent reduction from one (i.e., for red meat, the reduction factor = 1 - 0.43 = 0.57). • Total nitrogen: If total nitrogen data were unavailable, then total nitrogen was calculated as: total nitrogen = (nitrate+nitrite) + TKN Total phosphorus: If total phosphorus data were unavailable, total phosphorus was calculated as follows: a. The phosphorus concentration entering a treatment system's nitrification or denitrification stage was calculated based on the facility's manufacturing processes and wastewater pre-treatment units. See Detailed Costing Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Point Source Category (DCN 300004) for detailed descriptions on the calculation of BNR influent concentrations. b. Based on this concentration and the wastewater flow, the phosphorus mass (in pounds per day) entering the nitrification or denitrification stage could be calculated. c. The amount of biosludge produced by nitrification systems was calculated using the influent/effluent BOD^ and TKN concentrations and the respective yield coefficients. The amount of sludge produced from denitrification systems was determined by the calculated amount of nitrates removed in the anoxic reactor and the relevant yield coefficients. Based on data from technical literature, it was assumed that the biosludge contained 2 percent phosphorus1. From these calculations, the mass of phosphorus removed from biosludge wasting could be determined. 1 WEF, 1998. Biological and chemical systems for nutrient removal. Water Environment Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia. iT-7 ------- Section 11. Pollulanl Loadings d. The final effluent phosphorus concentration was calculated by determining the remaining mass of phosphorus in the wastewater and using the following formula: Final effluent phosphorus (mg/L) = (phosphorus in lb/dav) x 1.000.000 Flow (gallons/day) x 8.34 11.1.1.3 Pollutant Concentrations Based on Default Values Considerable effort was made to either obtain analytical effluent concentration data or to calculate pollutant concentrations based on another pollutant where a correlation was demonstrated. However, when analytical effluent data for a particular pollutant was unavailable and could not be calculated then a default value was used for the facility. Default concentrations were calculated for BOD5, COD, fecal coliforms, ammonia (as nitrogen), oil and grease, and TSS. For each regulatory subcategory, all the available analytical data for a particular pollutant was averaged from all the facilities matching the subcategory and with treatment-in-place performance comparable to Option 2 and above, and this average was used as the default value. A summary of the default concentrations used for developing baseline pollutant concentrations are presented in Table 11-2. Table 11-2. Default Concentrations for Facility Baseline Concentration Development (in mg/L) Regulatory Subcategory B()l)5 COI) Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Oil and (irease TSS A—I) 1 1.6 70 1 14 2.72 6.6 23 K 8.0 46 537 1.44 5.0 12 I-land I. 12.6 77 194 .v 12 5.0 17 .1 7.5 111 124 5.X2 0.3 16 '' NI 1,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen) As an example, all the available TSS data from Subcategory K facilities with treatment- in-place levels of Option 2 and above were averaged. The resulting average TSS concentration was calculated to be 12 mg/L, and it would subsequently be used as the default concentration for any Subcategory K facility in which effluent data for TSS were unavailable. 11-8 ------- Section 11. Pollutant Loadings A single default set to be used by all facilities of a particular regulatory subcategory was developed only using data from facilities with a treatment-in-place performance of Option 2 and above for the following reasons: Previous attempts at developing a unique default set for each treatment-in-place level that was based on all the data from facilities matching that particular treatment-in-place level (i.e., one default set for Option 2+P facilities based on all the data from Option 2+P facilities, another default set for Option 4 facilities based on all data from Option 4 facilities) failed because for many pollutant parameters, no data was available for certain treatment-in-place levels. Additionally, many of the indicated differences in default concentrations between the treatment-in-place levels for which data was available were found to be relatively small for most pollutants. • Since all facilities with a treatment-in-place of Option 2 and above perform full nitrification, the inclusion of ammonia (as nitrogen) concentrations from facilities that did not perform full nitrification (i.e., those classified as Option 1) would have inappropriately raised the default value for ammonia (as nitrogen). • Most of the facilities for which loading estimates were developed had treatment- in-place performance comparable to Option 2 and above, therefore the default value should be based on data from facilities with treatment-in-place performance comparable to Option 2 and above. Because of the general lack of data for the pollutants of concern for stand-alone red meat or poultry further processors (Subcategories F through I and L, respectively), the baseline data from these two facility types were combined. The result was one set of default baseline concentrations that was applied to all further processors, regardless of whether it was a red meat or poultry further processor. The expectation is that the wastewater characteristics at further processors are more likely to be dependent on the processing operation (e.g., breading, frying) than on the type of meat. FT-9 ------- Section 11. Pollulanl Loadings For independent rendering facilities (Subcategory J), in addition to all the available analytical data, data provided by the MPP Industry Coalition for three independent rendering facilities, and data provided by the National Renderers Association for two independent rendering facilities were used in the development of default concentrations for these facilities (see DCN 100078 in Section 19.3.5 of the Docket). 11.1.1.4 Permit Limit Adjustments After pollutant concentrations for each facility were determined from the previous steps, they were adjusted for applicable NPDES permit limits for the facility to more accurately estimate the effect of the new limitations and standards compared to current regulations. When permit limits were available for a facility (from a copy of the facility's NPDES permit or from PCS), the concentration was lowered to equal the facility's permit limit value if the average effluent concentration was greater than the limit specified in the permit2. Monthly average limitations contained in the permit were used when available; maximum daily limitations were used when monthly averages were not available. When seasonal limits were included in a permit, an average concentration for the permit was calculated using all seasonal limits. For example, if the permit BOD limit was 20 mg/L for 6 months and 10 mg/L for 6 months, the average value of 15 mg/L was used for the permit limitation. The final baseline concentration for each pollutant at each facility was established after adjustments for permit limits. 11.1.2 Facility-Specific Baseline Pollutant Loading Estimates Baseline pollutant loadings for 1999 for each facility and pollutant parameter were calculated as follows: Load = (concentration x flow x conversion factor) / 1,000,000 Permit limit adjustments could not he made when only mass hased limits were specified in the permit. Concentration hased permit limits applicable in 1999 were used when available. 1 lowever. the most current permit requirements were used when the limits tor 1999 were unknown tor any particular facility. 11-10 ------- Section 11. Pollutant Loadings where: load = pollutant loadings, in pounds per year (lb/year) or million colony-forming units per year (million cfu/year) concentration = pollutant concentration, in milligrams per liter (mg/L), or cfu/100 mL flow = facility average annual effluent flow rate as reported in the MPP detailed survey, in gallons per year conversion factor = the conversion factor used is dependent on the concentration units of the pollutant: mg/L = 8.345, and cfu/100 mL = 37.8. Facility-specific baseline pollutant loading estimates for non-small slaughtering facilities are presented in Table 11-3. Facility-specific baseline pollutant loading estimates for non-small further processing and independent rendering facilities are available in the Confidential Business Rulemaking Record (DCN 300009). In addition, facility-specific baseline pollutant loading estimates for small facilities are available in the Confidential Business Rulemaking Record (DCN 300010). 11-11 ------- Table 11-3. Facility-Specific Baseline Loading Estimates (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) DKT 11) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform Nll,-Na Nitrate + Nitrite o&(; TKN Total N Total P TSS 001 1 Pi NS 12.XX5 1 1.017 209.904 62.376 10.09X 21X.5X6 27.541 19.1X7 237.773 X2.664 59.673 0012 M123 (R123 1*2) NS IX. 129 15.533 525.021 3.X9X.704 2.X70 665.9X0 2X.025 17.X27 6X3.X07 39X.031 59.525 0019 PI 3 NS 11.7X2 10.031 129.199 12.79X 1.3X4 256.259 14.220 X4X 257.107 11.X66 13.420 0020 PI 2 NS 31.24X 26.550 25X.X72 625.6X1 10.X69 270.647 26.607 22.07X 292.725 X7.4X9 49.364 0022 PI 23 NS 23.421 19.X74 153.774 125.513 1.211 335.293 16.924 7.667 342.960 129.427 52.627 0026 PI 3 NS 12.594 10.795 246.X 14 2.273.690 5.397 273.215 21.590 16.0X4 2X9.300 229.161 75.563 0027 PI 2 NS 5X.694 49.6X5 206.143 11.379.20X 10.00X 363.19X 22.6XX IX.933 3X2.132 76.543 52.262 0029 PI NS 4X.9X2 41.425 111.429 154.526 31.799 19.636 12.264 36.624 56.261 19.494 46.29X 0032 PI NS 5.917 5.075 122.154 4X.400 2.11V, 57.753 13.356 X.067 65.X20 64.317 16.562 0039 PI 2 NS 23.011 19.557 19X.540 1.X6X.315 2.605 351.475 14.32X 11.202 362.676 37.373 26.050 0042 PI 2 NS 26.797 22.725 156.697 356.997 1.302 273.031 19.052 X.0X7 2X1.1 IX 64.430 2X.57X 0044 PI 23 NS 26.300 22.321 17X.704 3.540.310 X.2X5 101.723 2.462 16.022 117.746 131.664 42.596 0045 PI 2 NS X6.262 72.951 195.279 166.353 4.270 147.797 X3.273 12.726 160.523 3.203 200.70X 0046 R13 NS 12.420 10.546 140.35X 557.992 990 176.7XX 10.441 4.9XX 1X1.776 1.616 30.776 0054 PI 2 NS 24.924 21.169 193.603 239.577.3X1 32.007 1X7.652 16.427 40.390 22X.042 53.041 56.9X6 0256 R13 NS 151.07X 127.6X3 552.X51 16X.944 5.665 774.274 2X.642 15.013 7X9.2X7 147.962 19X.290 0271 PI 2 NS 22.174 IX. 793 111.429 1.662.263 2.924 9.0X9 12.264 12.915 22.004 1.21X 4X.004 0272 PI 2 NS 26.420 22.331 41.660 1.650.673 3.09X 3X.539 4.5X5 4.901 43.440 911 2X.242 0273 PI NS 7.754 6.631 12X.931 12.771 7X9 5X.307 2.735 6.372 64.679 9.530 6.654 0274 PI NS 7.4X4 6.376 35.30X 1X9.4XX 1.036 14.1X1 10.5X6 4.164 1X.345 211 2.X40 0275 R13 NS 66.X59 56.561 273.347 1.603.304 6X.X25 201.900 25.955 76.612 27X.512 144.X97 X6.523 0277 R13 NS 40.1 79 25.X64 44X.146 304.331 1.595 1.501.146 103.553 X.509 1.509.655 292.677 97.500 02X0 R13 NS 16.594 14.142 307.550 621.351 2.611 967.934 11.992 11.372 979.306 177.229 39.249 02X3 R13 NS 23.575 20.021 273.096 2.420.546 19.646 499.092 25.931 27.426 526.519 140.243 55.009 02X7 V113 (R13 1*3) NS IX. 794 12.739 121.X50 359.596 16.616 272.00X 9.046 23.927 295.935 43.017 37.293 02X9 PI 2 NS 13.056 11.126 157.114 3.439.427 515 177.710 6.X72 7.353 1X5.063 42.914 72.152 0290 PI NS 9.064 1.12V, 69.4XX 35.695 2.5 IX 35.X02 59.376 7.503 43.304 662 7.427 0291 PI 2 NS 12.546 10.692 152.1X4 7.537.301 2.962 273.054 1X.204 9.052 2X2.106 51.973 1X.537 0292 PI 2 NS 1X.46X 14.603 144.X57 36.590 1.394 143.379 15.943 7.666 151.045 0 27.243 0293 PI 23 NS 19.547 16.607 559.476 666.X20 1.434 52.451 3.497 X.357 60.X0X 9.196 X.XX2 0297 PI 2 NS 10.023 X.5X6 1X7.X50 111.645 2.X76 X4.57X 20.675 11.009 95.5X7 67.004 6.039 0300 PI 23 NS 145.955 123.442 344.036 2.1X1.030 1X.XX4 50.4X2 37.X64 61.9 IX 114.356 10X.112 172.2X7 0304 PI NS 11.49X 9.776 105.161 2.0X3.347 1.150 72.946 1.3X0 5.703 7X.649 27.X26 1 X.466 0307 PI 23 NS 23.19X 19.66X X2.729 252.693 7X3 309.50X 16.3X4 6.316 315.X25 5.590 2X.536 030X PI 2 NS 20.5X3 17.446 105.X76 39.74X 7.039 44.497 6.X30 11.623 56.119 45.X63 22.597 0309 PI NS 34.041 2X.777 60.032 130.X23 X66 67.359 6.905 3.466 70.X25 14.625 14.625 0310 PI 23 NS X.X62 7.611 215.007 2.2X6.147 5.246 60.202 21.642 13.760 73.962 4.300 24.124 ------- Table 11-3. Facility-Specific Baseline Loading Estimates (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) (Continued) DKT 11) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nil rale + Nilrile o&(; TKN TotalN Total P TSS 0312 I'12 NS 1 1.760 10.029 153.214 X43.X25 21.67X 251.567 X01 2X.312 279.X79 2X.X15 29.954 03 14 PI NS 1 1.066 9.407 9X.X93 234.611 1.016 22.967 6.X 12 5.29X 2X.265 7.979 17.XX5 0317 R13 NS 1 1.X0X 10.015 72.X05 166.X96 2X6 446.X65 IX.223 3.342 450.207 22.742 45.X 13 031X R13 NS 26.160 20.346 505.050 1.9 7 X. 19 2 7.267 1.345.039 47.956 13.X06 1.35X.X46 257.0X6 101.005 0321 R13 NS X7.X57 74.392 514.436 3.520.305 20.650 754.963 4X.X47 35.306 790.269 265.020 407.0XX 0322 R13 NS 62.116 52.937 1.14X.213 2.X67.529 2.X0X 2.X 12.243 90.366 35.519 2.X47.762 596.560 123.076 0325 R13 NS 79.194 67.095 550.425 1.X65.354 15.047 1.203.750 52.265 15.X39 1.219.5XX 2X1.350 134.630 0326 R13 NS 3.2X6 2.X 17 99.2XX 6.471 2X6 254.566 9.42X 429 254.994 33.999 12.2X5 032X R13 NS 16.715 14.24X 101.666 433.01X 2.231 465.X26 10.060 11.244 477.070 52.305 29.0X9 0332 Ml 23 (R123 i'2) NS 52.X70 44.X23 377.646 2.2X0.X10 1.636 9X0.369 41.53X 14.099 994.46X 316.542 102.594 0333 R13 NS 41 1.641 347.792 655.000 1.130.793 1.909.021 51.549 62.194 1.927.6X1 1.979.230 317.064 X95.469 0336 R13 NS 39.033 33.049 223.X41 291.763 X3.155 371.011 6.473 X9.532 460.544 119.990 50.0X0 0339 PI 23 NS 29.69X 25.347 417.X57 525.666 1.645 349.246 45.9X9 19.73X 36X.9X3 4.X43 56.2X9 0340 PI 3 NS 31.534 26.731 165.750 3.2X3.6X6 616 2X4.173 3.262 6.162 290.335 59.73X 3X.059 0342 R123 NS 15.X69 13.447 115.251 135.200 X29 134.X7X 10.943 4.112 13X.990 X4.440 24.143 '' NII,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). ------- Section 11. Pollulanl Loadings 11.2 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS LOADINGS This section presents the methods used to develop pollutant loading estimates after implementation of the limitations and guidelines for the MPP industry. Technology option loadings are defined as the estimated pollutant loadings in MPP wastewaters after implementation of the selected technology option; they are also referred to as post-compliance or treated pollutant loadings. To estimate the technology option loadings for each technology option being considered, post-compliance pollutant concentrations were derived for each facility for which baseline pollutant loadings were estimated. Detailed descriptions of each technology option considered by EPA are presented in Section 9. 11.2.1 Establishment of Facility-Specific Post-Compliance Pollutant Concentrations Table 11-4 presents the long-term average (LTA) concentrations for the 11 POCs for each technology option considered by EPA. LTA concentrations are expected average pollutant levels to be achieved by a facility for the selected option level. Prior to accounting for the variability of the wastewater, these target LTAs would be used to design a wastewater treatment system to meet the limitations of the final MPP rule. EPA derived these LTAs based on data from the detailed surveys and the sampling episodes. A detailed description of the methodology for LTA development is presented in Section 14. Post-compliance concentrations for each facility were determined by comparing the facility's baseline concentration with the technology option LTA concentration. When the technology option LTA concentration was lower than the facility's baseline concentration, the technology option LTA concentration was used to represent the facility's effluent pollutant concentration after implementation of the limitations and guidelines. 11-14 ------- Table 11-4. Technology Option Long-Term Average Concentrations (in mg/L) Regulatory Subcatej»ory(ies) Technology Option BOI)5 CBOI), COI) Fecal Coliform" NII.rN" Nitrate+ Nitrite o&(; TKN Total N Total P rss l" 7.0 6.0 125 400 6.1 1 N A 14 X.l N A N A 25.1 A—I) 2 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 N A 14 3.6 N A N A 25.1 and 2.5 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 30.6 14 3.6 34 N A 25.1 I-I 2.5 ¦ P 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 30.6 14 3.6 34 X.3 25.1 4 6.4 6.0 125 400 0.1X5 10.3 14 3.2 13.5 5.1 1X.6 1" X.X 6.0 29.6 400 5.19 N A 5.9 7.17 N A N A 10.2 K 2 X.X 6.0 29.6 400 1.0 N A 5.9 4.97 N A N A 10.2 and 2.5 X.X 6.0 29.6 400 1.0 29.2 5.9 4.97 34 N A 10.2 I. 2.5 ¦ P X.X 6.0 29.6 400 1.0 29.2 5.9 4.97 34 4.2 10.2 4 7.0 6.0 17.25 400 0.17 0.52 5.39 1.34 1.9 2.3 5.0 2 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 N A 14 3.6 N A N A 25.1 .1 2.5 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 30.6 14 3.6 34 N A 25.1 2.5 ¦ P 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 30.6 14 3.6 34 X.3 25.1 4 6.4 6.0 125 400 0.1X5 10.3 14 3.2 13.5 5.1 1X.6 N A not applicable for this option level. '' I.TA concentration for Fecal Coliform is 400MPN/ 100ml for all options. b NI 1,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). 1 Option 1 was only used for estimating loadings for small facilities in Subcategories A-I), 1"-1 ,K, and I.. ------- Section 11. Pollulanl Loadings 11.2.2 Facility-Specific Technology Option Loading Estimates After post-compliance pollutant concentrations were determined, technology option loadings for each facility were calculated as follows: Load = (concentration x flow x conversion factor)/1,000,000 where: load = pollutant loadings, in pounds per year (lb/year), or million colony-forming units per year (million cfu/year). concentration = pollutant concentration, in mg/L, or cfu/lOOmL. flow = facility effluent flow rate as reported in the MPP detailed survey, in gallons per year. conversion factor = the conversion factor used is dependent on the concentration units of the pollutant: mg/L = 8.345, and cfu/lOOmL = 37.8. Facility-specific technology option loading estimates for non-small slaughtering facilities are presented in Tables 11-5 to 11-7. Facility-specific technology option loading estimates for non-small further processing and independent rendering facilities are available in the Confidential Business Rulemaking Record (DCN300009). In addition, facility-specific technology option loading estimates for small facilities are available in the Confidential Business Rulemaking Record (DCN300010). 11-16 ------- Table 11-5. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) DETll) Category Size B()l)5 CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NllrN" Nitrate + Nitrite o&(; (1IEM) TKN Total N Total P rss 001 1 Pi NS 12.XX5 1 1.017 135.X70 62.376 4.590 N A 27.0X2 19.1X7 N A N A 46.X66 0012 VI123 (R123 P2) NS 1X129 15.533 525.021 3.X9X.704 2.X70 N A 2X.025 17.X27 N A N A 59.525 0019 PI 3 NS 11.7X2 10.031 X3.630 12.79X 1.3X4 N A 14.220 X4X N A N A 13.420 0020 PI 2 NS 31.24X 26.550 167.567 625.6X1 5.661 N A 26.607 22.07X N A N A 49.364 0022 PI 23 NS 23.421 19.X74 99.53X 125.513 1.211 N A 16.924 7.667 N A N A 34.334 0026 PI 3 NS 12.594 10.795 159.762 2.273.690 5.397 N A 21.590 16.0X4 N A N A 55.107 0027 PI 2 NS 39.670 27.04X 133.436 X. 167.X24 4.50X N A 22.6XX IX.933 N A N A 46.026 0029 PI NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 154.526 2.437 N A 12.264 12.111 N A N A 24.X79 0032 PI NS 5.917 5.075 79.070 4X.400 2.671 N A 13.356 X.067 N A N A 16.562 0039 P12 NS 23.011 19.557 12X.515 1.X6X.315 2605 N A 14.32X 11.202 N A N A 26.050 0042 P12 NS 26.797 20.560 101.429 356.997 1.302 N A 19.052 X.0X7 N A N A 2X.57X 0044 PI 23 NS 26.300 22.321 115.674 3.540.310 2.462 N A 3.90X 16.022 N A N A 39.900 0045 P12 NS 37.579 25.622 126.403 166.353 4.270 N A 25.195 12.726 N A N A 43.601 0046 R13 NS 12.420 10.546 140.35X 557.992 990 N A 10.441 4.9XX N A N A 30.776 0054 P12 NS 24.924 21.169 125.319 7.670.950 4.234 N A 16.427 21.042 N A N A 43.226 0256 R13 NS 33.04X 2X.327 552.X51 16X.944 4.225 N A 2X.642 15.013 N A N A 11X.502 0271 P12 NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 1.662.263 2.437 N A 12.264 12.111 N A N A 24.X79 0272 P12 NS X.017 5.466 26.967 1.650.673 911 N A 4.5X5 4.52X N A N A 9.302 0273 PI NS 7.754 6.631 X3.457 12.771 7X9 N A 2.735 6.372 N A N A 6.654 0274 PI NS 7.4X4 6.376 35.30X 1X9.4XX 1.036 N A 10.5X6 4.164 N A N A 2.X40 0275 R13 NS 27.530 23.597 273.347 1.603.304 3.520 N A 25.955 14.217 N A N A X6.523 0277 R13 NS 40.179 25.X64 44X.146 304.331 1.595 N A 103.553 X.509 N A N A 97.500 02X0 R13 NS 16.594 14.142 307.550 621.351 2.611 N A 11.992 11.372 N A N A 39.249 02X3 R13 NS 23.575 20.021 273.096 2.420.546 3.517 N A 25.931 14.204 N A N A 55.009 02X7 VI13 (R13 P3) NS IX. 794 12.739 121.X50 359.596 3.305 N A 9.046 13.34X N A N A 37.293 02X9 P12 NS 13.056 11.126 101.700 3.439.427 515 N A 6.X72 7.353 N A N A 35.0X0 0290 PI NS 9.064 7.72X 69.4XX 35.695 2.5 IX N A 14.X54 7.503 N A N A 7.427 0291 P12 NS 12.546 10.692 9X.50X 6.029.X41 2.962 N A IX.204 9.052 N A N A 1X.537 0292 P12 NS 1X.46X 14.603 93.766 36.590 1.394 N A 15.943 7.666 N A N A 27.243 0293 PI 23 NS 19.547 16.607 103.503 666.X20 1.434 N A 3.497 X.357 N A N A X.XX2 0297 P12 NS 10.023 X.5X6 121.595 111.645 2.X76 N A 20.675 11.009 N A N A 6.039 0300 PI 23 NS 66.206 45.141 222.694 2.1X1.030 7.523 N A 37.X64 37.391 N A N A 76.X 14 0304 PI NS 11.49X 9.776 6X.070 2.0X3.347 1.150 N A 1.3X0 5.703 N A N A 1 X.466 0307 PI 23 NS 23.19X 16.769 X2.729 252.693 7X3 N A 16.3X4 6.316 N A N A 2X.536 030X P12 NS 20.375 13.X92 6X.533 39.74X 2.315 N A 6.X30 11.507 N A N A 22.597 0309 PI NS 11.553 7.X77 3X.X59 130.X23 X66 N A 6.905 3.466 N A N A 13.404 0310 PI 23 NS X.X62 7.611 127.2X4 2.2X6.147 4.300 N A 21.642 13.760 N A N A 24.124 0312 P12 NS 11.760 10.029 99.175 X43.X25 3.351 N A X01 16.652 N A N A 29.954 0314 PI NS 11.066 9.407 64.013 234.611 1.016 N A 6.X 12 5.29X N A N A 17.XX5 0317 R13 NS 10.X05 9.261 72.X05 166.X96 2X6 N A IX.223 3.342 N A N A 3X.744 031X R13 NS 26.160 20.346 505.050 1.97X.192 6.504 N A 47.956 13.X06 N A N A 101.005 g ------- Table 11-5. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) (Continued) DKTll) Category Size B()l)5 CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NllrN" Nitrate + Nitrite o&(; (1IEM) TKN Total N Total P TSS ().>21 R13 NS 51.XI1 44.410 514.436 3.520.305 6.624 N A 4X.X47 26.757 N A N A 1X5.7X0 0322 R13 NS 62.116 52.937 1.14X.213 2.X67.529 2.X0X N A 90.366 35.519 N A N A 123.076 0325 R13 NS 55.436 47.516 550.425 1.X65.354 7.0XX N A 52.265 15.X39 N A N A 134.630 0326 R13 NS 3.2X6 2.X 17 99.2XX 6.471 2X6 N A 9.42X 429 N A N A 12.2X5 0328 R13 NS 16.715 14.24X 101.666 433.01X 2.231 N A 10.060 11.244 N A N A 29.0X9 0332 Ml 23 (R123 1'2) NS 44.059 37.765 377.646 2.2X0.X10 1.636 N A 41.53X 14.099 N A N A 102.594 0333 R13 NS 65.96X 56.544 655.000 1.130.793 X.434 N A 62.194 34.06X N A N A 236.543 0336 R13 NS 22.544 19.324 223.X41 291.763 2.XX2 N A 6.473 11.642 N A N A 50.0X0 0339 PI 23 NS 29.69X 25.347 270.47X 525.666 1.645 N A 45.9X9 19.73X N A N A 56.2X9 0340 PI 3 NS 31.534 21.74X 107.290 3.2X3.6X6 616 N A 3.262 6.162 N A N A 37.00X 0342 R123 11.607 9.949 115.251 135.200 X29 N A 10.943 4.112 N A N A 24.143 N A Not Applicable (not a pollutant of concern for this subcategory. '' NII,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). ------- Table 11-6. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2.5 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) DETll) Category Size B()l)5 CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NlI.rN Nitrate + Nitrite o&(; (1IEM) TKN Total N Total P TSS 001 1 Pi NS 12.XX5 1 1.017 135.X70 62.376 4.590 134.2 IX 27.0X2 19.1X7 156.9X5 N A 46.X66 0012 Mi:.! (R123 i'2) NS IX. 129 15.533 525.021 3.X9X.704 2.X70 231.074 2X.025 17.X27 25X.343 N A 59.525 0019 PI 3 NS 11.7X2 10.031 X3.630 12.79X 1.3X4 X2.613 14.220 X4X 96.627 N A 13.420 0020 PI 2 NS 31.24X 26.550 167.567 625.6X1 5.661 165.529 26.607 22.07X 193.60X N A 49.364 0022 PI 23 NS 23.421 19.X74 99.53X 125.513 1.211 9X.327 16.924 7.667 115.006 N A 34.334 0026 PI 3 NS 12.594 10.795 159.762 2.273.690 5.397 157.X19 21.590 16.0X4 1X4.590 N A 55.107 0027 PI 2 NS 39.670 27.04X 133.436 X. 167.X24 4.50X 131.X 13 22.6XX 1X.933 154.173 N A 46.026 0029 PI NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 154.526 2.437 19.636 12.264 12.111 56.261 N A 24.X79 0032 PI NS 5.917 5.075 79.070 4X.400 2.671 57.753 13.356 X.067 65.X20 N A 16.562 0039 PI 2 NS 23.011 19.557 12X.515 1.X6X.315 2.605 126.952 14.32X 11.202 14X.4X7 N A 26.050 0042 PI 2 NS 26.797 20.560 101.429 356.997 1.302 100.196 19.052 X.0X7 117.192 N A 2X.57X 0044 PI 23 NS 26.300 22.321 115.674 3.540.310 3.90X 101.723 2.462 16.022 117.746 N A 39.900 0045 PI 2 NS 37.579 25.622 126.403 166.353 4.270 124.X66 25.195 12.726 146.047 N A 43.601 0046 R13 NS 12.420 10.546 140.35X 557.992 990 61.775 10.441 4.9XX 69.065 N A 30.776 0054 PI 2 NS 24.924 21.169 125.319 7.670.950 4.234 123.794 16.427 21.042 144.794 N A 43.226 0256 R13 NS 33.04X 2X.327 552.X51 16X.944 4.225 144.421 2X.642 15.013 161.464 N A 11X.502 0271 PI 2 NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 1.662.263 2.437 9.0X9 12.264 12.111 22.004 N A 24.X79 0272 PI 2 NS X.017 5.466 26.967 1.650.673 911 26.639 4.5X5 4.52X 31.157 N A 9.302 027? PI NS 7.754 6.631 X3.457 12.771 7X9 5X.307 2.735 6.372 64.679 N A 6.654 0274 PI NS 7.4X4 6.376 35.30X 1X9.4XX 1.036 14.1X1 10.5X6 4.164 1X.345 N A 2.X40 0275 R13 NS 27.530 23.597 273.347 1.603.304 3.520 120.306 25.955 14.217 134.504 N A X6.523 0277 R13 NS 40.179 25.X64 44X.146 304.331 1.595 271.139 103.553 X.509 303.137 N A 97.500 02X0 R13 NS 16.594 14.142 307.550 621.351 2.611 135.360 11.992 11.372 151.334 N A 39.249 0283 R13 NS 23.575 20.021 273.096 2.420.546 3.517 120.196 25.931 14.204 134.3X0 N A 55.009 02X7 M13 (R13 i'.?) NS IX. 794 12.739 121.X50 359.596 3.305 112.951 9.046 13.34X 126.2X1 N A 37.293 02X9 PI 2 NS 13.056 11.126 101.700 3.439.427 515 100.463 6.X72 7.353 117.504 N A 35.0X0 0290 PI NS 9.064 7.72X 69.4XX 35.695 2.5 IX 35.X02 14.X54 7.503 43.304 N A 7.427 0291 PI 2 NS 12.546 10.692 9X.50X 6.029.X41 2.962 97.310 1X.204 9.052 113.X 17 N A 1X.537 0292 PI 2 NS 1X.46X 14.603 93.766 36.590 1.394 92.625 15.943 7.666 10X.337 N A 27.243 0293 PI 23 NS 19.547 16.607 103.503 666.X20 1.434 52.451 3.497 X.357 60.X0X N A X.XX2 0297 PI 2 NS 10.023 X.5X6 121.595 111.645 2.X76 X4.57X 20.675 11.009 95.5X7 N A 6.039 0300 PI 23 NS 66.206 45.141 222.694 2.1X1.030 7.523 50.4X2 37.X64 37.391 114.356 N A 76.X 14 0304 PI NS 11.49X 9.776 6X.070 2.0X3.347 1.150 67.242 1.3X0 5.703 7X.649 N A 1 X.466 0307 PI 23 NS 23.19X 16.769 X2.729 252.693 7X3 XI.723 16.3X4 6.316 95.5X6 N A 2X.536 030X PI 2 NS 20.375 13.X92 6X.533 39.74X 2.315 44.497 6.X30 11.507 56.119 N A 22.597 ------- Table 11-6. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2.5 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) (Continued) DETll) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite o&(; (1IEM) TKN Total N Total P TSS 0309 PI NS 11.553 7.X77 3X.X59 130.X23 X66 3X.3X6 6,905 3.466 44.X9X N A 1 3.404 03 10 PI 23 NS X.X62 7.61 1 127.2X4 2.2X6.147 4.300 60.202 21,642 13.760 73.962 N A 24.124 0312 PI 2 NS 1 1.760 10.029 99.175 X43.X25 3.351 97.969 X01 16.652 1 14.5XX N A 29.954 03 14 PI NS 1 1.066 9.407 64.013 234.61 1 1.016 22.967 6.X 12 5.29X 2X.265 N A 17.XX5 0317 R13 NS 10.X05 9.261 72.X05 166.X96 2X6 47,21X 1X.223 3.342 52.790 N A 3X.744 03IX R13 NS 26.160 20.346 505.050 1.97X.192 6.504 222,2X4 47.956 1 3.X06 24X.516 N A 101.005 0321 R13 NS 51.X1 1 44.410 514.436 3.520.305 6.624 226,415 4X.X47 26.757 253.135 N A 1X5.7X0 0322 R13 NS 62.1 16 52.937 1.14X.213 2.X67.529 2.X0X 505.355 90.366 35.519 564,993 N A 123.076 0325 R13 NS 55,436 47.516 550.425 1.X65.354 7.0XX 242.255 52.265 1 5.X39 270.X44 N A 134.630 0326 R13 NS 3.2X6 2.X 17 99.2XX 6.471 2X6 43.699 9.42X 429 4X.X56 N A 12.2X5 032X R13 NS 16,715 14.24X 101.666 433.0 IX 2.231 139.252 10.060 1 1.244 155,6X5 N A 29.0X9 0332 mi:.? (R123 1*2) NS 44,059 37.765 377.646 2.2X0.X10 1.636 192.537 41.53X 14.099 215.25X N A 102.594 0333 R13 NS 65.96X 56,544 655.000 1.130.793 X.434 51.549 62.194 34.06X 322,301 N A 236.543 0336 R13 NS 22.544 19.324 223.X41 291.763 2.XX2 9X.51X 6.473 11.642 110.144 N A 50.0X0 0339 PI 23 NS 29.698 25.347 270.47X 525.666 1.645 267.1X9 45.9X9 19.73X 312.512 N A 56.2X9 0340 PI 3 NS 31.534 21.74X 107.290 3.2X3.6X6 616 105.9X5 3.262 6.162 123.963 N A 37.00X 0342 R123 NS 11.607 9.949 115.251 135.200 X29 50.724 10.943 4.112 56.710 N A 24.143 N A Not Applicable (not a pollutant of concern for this subcategory). '' N1I,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). ------- Table 11-7. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2.5+P (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) DETll) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite o&(; (1IEM) TKN Total N Total P TSS 001 1 Pi NS 12.XX5 1 1.017 135.X70 62.376 4.590 134.2 IX 27.0X2 19.1X7 156.9X5 19.279 46.X66 0012 VI123 (R12 3 P2) NS IX. 129 15.533 525.021 3.X9X.704 2.X70 231.074 2X.025 17.X27 25X.343 62.546 59.525 0019 PI 3 NS 11.7X2 10.031 X3.630 12.79X 1.3X4 X2.613 14.220 X4X 96.627 11 .X66 13.420 0020 PI 2 NS 31.24X 26.550 167.567 625.6X1 5.661 165.529 26.607 22.07X 193.60X 23.776 49.364 0022 PI 23 NS 23.421 19.X74 99.53X 125.513 1.211 9X.327 16.924 7.667 115.006 14.124 34.334 0026 PI 3 NS 12.594 10.795 159.762 2.273.690 5.397 157.X 19 21.590 16.0X4 1X4.590 22.669 55.107 0027 PI 2 NS 39.670 27.04X 133.436 X. 167.X24 4.50X 131.X 13 22.6XX 1X.933 154.173 1X.933 46.026 0029 PI NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 154.526 2.437 19.636 12.264 12.111 56.261 10.234 24.X79 0032 PI NS 5.917 5.075 79.070 4X.400 2.671 57.753 13.356 X.067 65.X20 11.219 16.562 0039 PI 2 NS 23.011 19.557 12X.515 1.X6X.315 2.605 126.952 14.32X 11.202 14X.4X7 1X.235 26.050 0042 PI 2 NS 26.797 20.560 101.429 356.997 1.302 100.196 19.052 X.0X7 117.192 14.392 2X.57X 0044 PI 23 NS 26.300 22.321 115.674 3.540.310 3.90X 101.723 2.462 16.022 117.746 16.413 39.900 0045 PI 2 NS 37.579 25.622 126.403 166.353 4.270 124.X66 25.195 12.726 146.047 3.203 43.601 0046 R13 NS 12.420 10.546 140.35X 557.992 990 61.775 10.441 4.9XX 69.065 1.616 30.776 0054 PI 2 NS 24.924 21.169 125.319 7.670.950 4.234 123.794 16.427 21.042 144.794 17.7X2 43.226 0256 R13 NS 33.04X 2X.327 552.X51 16X.944 4.225 144.421 2X.642 15.013 161.464 39.091 11X.502 0271 PI 2 NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 1.662.263 2.437 9.0X9 12.264 12.111 22.004 1.21X 24.X79 0272 PI 2 NS X.017 5.466 26.967 1.650.673 911 26.639 4.5X5 4.52X 31.157 911 9.302 027? PI NS 7.754 6.631 X3.457 12.771 7X9 5X.307 2.735 6.372 64.679 9.530 6.654 0274 PI NS 7.4X4 6.376 35.30X 1X9.4XX 1.036 14.1X1 10.5X6 4.164 1X.345 211 2.X40 0275 R13 NS 27.530 23.597 273.347 1.603.304 3.520 120.306 25.955 14.217 134.504 32.564 X6.523 0277 R13 NS 40.179 25.X64 44X.146 304.331 1.595 271.139 103.553 X.509 303.137 73.391 97.500 02X0 R13 NS 16.594 14.142 307.550 621.351 2.611 135.360 11.992 11.372 151.334 36.639 39.249 0283 R13 NS 23.575 20.021 273.096 2.420.546 3.517 120.196 25.931 14.204 134.3X0 32.534 55.009 02X7 VI13( R13 P3) NS IX. 794 12.739 121.X50 359.596 3.305 112.951 9.046 13.34X 126.2X1 30.573 37.293 02X9 PI 2 NS 13.056 11.126 101.700 3.439.427 515 100.463 6.X72 7.353 117.504 14.430 35.0X0 0290 PI NS 9.064 7.72X 69.4XX 35.695 2.5 IX 35.X02 14.X54 7.503 43.304 662 7.427 0291 PI 2 NS 12.546 10.692 9X.50X 6.029.X41 2.962 97.310 1X.204 9.052 113.X 17 13.97X 1X.537 0292 PI 2 NS 1X.46X 14.603 93.766 36.590 1.394 92.625 15.943 7.666 10X.337 0 27.243 0293 PI 23 NS 19.547 16.607 103.503 666.X20 1.434 52.451 3.497 X.357 60.X0X 9.196 X.XX2 0297 PI 2 NS 10.023 X.5X6 121.595 111.645 2.X76 X4.57X 20.675 11.009 95.5X7 17.253 6.039 0300 PI 23 NS 66.206 45.141 222.694 2.1X1.030 7.523 50.4X2 37.X64 37.391 114.356 31,59X 76.X 14 0304 PI NS 11.49X 9.776 6X.070 2.0X3.347 1.150 67.242 1.3X0 5.703 7X.649 9.659 1 X.466 0307 PI 23 NS 23.19X 16.769 X2.729 252.693 7X3 XI.723 16.3X4 6.316 95.5X6 5.590 2X.536 030X PI 2 NS 20.375 13.X92 6X.533 39.74X 2.315 44.497 6.X30 11.507 56.119 9.724 22.597 0309 PI NS 11.553 7.X77 3X.X59 130.X23 X66 3X.3X6 6.905 3.466 44.X9X 5.514 13.404 0310 PI 23 NS X.X62 7.611 127.2X4 2.2X6.147 4.300 60.202 21.642 13.760 73.962 4.300 24.124 0312 PI 2 NS 11.760 10.029 99.175 X43.X25 3.351 97.969 X01 16.652 114.5XX 14.072 29.954 0314 PI NS 11.066 9.407 64.013 234.611 1.016 22.967 6.X 12 5.29X 2X.265 7.979 17.XX5 0317 R13 NS 10.X05 9.261 72.X05 166.X96 2X6 47.21X IX.223 3.342 52.790 12.7X1 3X.744 031X R13 NS 26.160 20.346 505.050 1.97X. 192 6.504 222.2X4 47.956 13.X06 24X.516 60.167 101.005 0321 R13 NS 51.X11 44.410 514.436 3.520.305 6.624 226.415 4X.X47 26.757 253.135 61.2X5 1X5.7X0 g ------- Table 11-7. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2.5+P (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) (Continued) DKTll) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite Oil and (irease TKN Total N Total P TSS 0522 R13 NS 62.116 52.937 1.14X.213 2.X67.529 2.X0X 505.355 90.366 35.519 564.993 136.7XX 123.076 ?25 R13 NS 55.436 47.516 550.425 1.X65.354 7.0XX 242.255 52.265 15.X39 270.X44 65.573 134.630 0326 R13 NS 3.2X6 2.X 17 99.2XX 6.471 2X6 43.699 9.42X 429 4X.X56 11.X2X 12.2X5 0328 R13 NS 16.715 14.24X 101.666 433.01X 2.231 139.252 10.060 11.244 155.6X5 37.692 29.0X9 0332 i*2i NS 44.059 37.765 377.646 2.2X0.X10 1.636 192.537 41.53X 14.099 215.25X 52.115 102.594 0333 R13 NS 65.96X 56.544 655.000 1.130.793 X.434 51.549 62.194 34.06X 322.301 7X.031 236.543 0336 R13 NS 22.544 19.324 223.X41 291.763 2.XX2 9X.51X 6.473 11.642 110.144 26.666 50.0X0 0339 PI 23 NS 29.69X 25.347 270.47X 525.666 1.645 267.1X9 45.9X9 19.73X 312.512 4.X43 56.2X9 0340 PI 3 NS 31.534 21.74X 107.290 3.2X3.6X6 616 105.9X5 3.262 6.162 123.963 15.224 37.00X 0342 R123 NS 11.607 9.949 115.251 135.200 X29 50.724 10.943 4.112 56.710 13.730 24.143 '' NII,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). ------- Table 11-8. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 4 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) DKTII) Category Size B()l)5 CBOI), COI) Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite Oil and (irease TKN TotalN Total P TSS 001 1 Pi NS 12.XX5 1 1.017 79.1X1 62.376 7X0 2.3X7 24.741 6.151 X.53X 10.420 23.1X1 0012 M123 (R123 i'2) NS IX. 129 15.533 525.021 3.X9X.704 1.397 7X.107 2X.025 17.X27 102.053 3X.676 59.525 0019 PI 3 NS 11.7X2 10.031 4X.737 12.79X 4X0 1.469 14.220 X4X 5.255 6.414 13.420 0020 PI 2 NS 31.24X 26.550 97.653 625.6X1 962 2.944 26.607 7.5X6 10.530 12.X51 2X.5XX 0022 PI 23 NS 23.421 19.X74 5X.00X 125.513 572 1.749 16.924 4.506 6.255 7.633 16.9X2 0026 PI 3 NS 12.594 10.795 93.105 2.273.690 91X 2.X07 21.590 7.232 10.039 12.252 27.257 0027 PI 2 NS 31.556 27.04X 77.762 X. 167.X24 766 2.344 22.6XX 6.041 X.3X5 10.233 22.765 0029 PI NS 17.057 14.620 42.034 154.526 414 1.267 12.264 3.265 4.532 5.531 12.306 0032 PI NS 5.917 5.075 46.0X0 4X.400 454 1.3X9 13.356 3.5X0 4.969 6.064 13.490 0039 PI 2 NS 23.011 19.557 74.X95 1.X6X.315 73X 2.25X 14.32X 5.X IX X.076 9.X56 21.926 0042 PI 2 NS 23.9X7 20.560 59.110 356.997 5X3 1.7X2 1X.470 4.592 6.374 7.779 17.305 0044 PI 23 NS 26.300 22.321 67.412 3.540.310 664 2.032 2.462 5.237 7.269 X.X71 19.735 0045 PI 2 NS 29.X93 25.622 73.664 166.353 726 2.221 23.017 5.722 7.943 3.203 21.565 0046 R13 NS 12.420 10.546 140.35X 557.992 374 20.XXI 10.441 4.9XX 27.2X3 1.616 30.776 0054 PI 2 NS 24.924 21.169 73.032 7.670.950 720 2.202 16.427 5.673 7.X75 9.611 21.3X0 0256 R13 NS 30.452 2X.327 552.X51 16X.944 X73 4X.X17 2X.642 14.966 63.7X3 24.172 XX.050 0271 PI 2 NS 17.057 14.620 42.034 1.662.263 414 1.267 12.264 3.265 4.532 1.21X 12.306 0272 PI 2 NS 6.377 5.466 15.715 1.650.673 155 474 4.5X5 1.221 1.695 911 4.601 0273 PI NS 7.754 6.631 4X.636 12.771 479 1.466 2.735 3.77X 5.244 6.400 6.654 0274 PI NS 7.4X4 6.376 33.102 1X9.4XX 326 99 X 10.343 2.571 3.569 211 2.X40 0275 R13 NS 25.367 23.597 273.347 1.603.304 72X 40.666 25.955 12.467 > > M > 20.136 73.34X 0277 R13 NS 40.179 25.X64 44X.146 304.331 1.595 91.650 103.553 X.509 119.74X 45.3X2 97.500 02X0 R13 NS 16.594 14.142 307.550 621.351 X19 45.754 11.992 11.372 59.7X1 22.656 39.249 02X3 R13 NS 23.575 20.021 273.096 2.420.546 727 40.62X 25.931 12.456 53.0X4 20.1 IX 55.009 02X7 Ml3 (R13 1*3) NS IX. 794 12.739 121.X50 359.596 6X3 3X.1X0 9.046 11.705 49.XX5 1 X.905 37.293 02X9 PI 2 NS 13.056 11.126 59.26X 3.439.427 515 1.7X7 6.X72 4.604 6.391 7.799 17.351 0290 PI NS 9.064 7.72X 43.430 35.695 42X 1.309 13.570 3.374 4.6X3 662 7.427 0291 PI 2 NS 12.546 10.692 57.40X 6.029.X41 566 1.731 17.93X 4.459 6.190 7.555 16.X06 0292 PI 2 NS 1X.46X 14.603 54.644 36.590 539 1.647 15.943 4.245 5.X92 0 15.997 0293 PI 23 NS 19.547 16.607 60.31X 666.X20 594 1.X1X 3.497 4.6X6 6.504 7.93X X.XX2 0297 PI 2 NS 10.023 X.5X6 70.X62 111.645 69 X 2.136 20.675 5.505 7.641 9.325 6.039 0300 PI 23 NS 52.664 45.141 129.779 2.1X1.030 1.279 3.912 37.X64 10.0X1 13.994 17.07X 37.993 0304 PI NS 11.49X 9.776 39.669 2.0X3.347 391 1.196 1.3X0 3.0X2 4.277 5.220 11.613 0307 PI 23 NS 19.564 16.769 4X.212 252.693 475 1.453 15.065 3.745 5.199 5.590 14.114 030X PI 2 NS 16.207 13.X92 39.939 39.74X 394 1.204 6.X30 3.103 4.306 5.256 11.692 0309 PI NS 9.190 7.X77 22.646 130.X23 223 6X3 6.905 1.759 2.442 2.9X0 6.630 0310 PI 23 NS X.X62 7.611 74.177 2.2X6.147 731 2.236 21.642 5.762 7.99X 4.300 21.716 ------- Table 11-8. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 4 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) (Continued) DKTll) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform N11 N" Nitrate + Nitrite Oil and (irease TKN Total N Total P TSS 0312 PI 2 NS 1 1.760 10.029 57.796 X43.X25 570 570 1.742 4.49o 6.232 7.606 16.920 03 14 PI NS 1 1.066 9.407 37.305 234.611 36X 1.125 6.X 12 2.X9X 4.022 4.909 10.921 0317 R13 NS 9.956 9.261 72.X05 166.X96 2X6 15.961 IX.223 3.342 20.X54 7.903 2X.7XX 031X R13 NS 26.160 20.346 505.050 1.97X.192 1.344 75.136 47.956 13.X06 9X.171 37.205 101.005 0321 R13 NS 47.740 44.410 514.436 3.520.305 1.369 76.533 4X.X47 23.463 99.996 37.X96 13X.040 0322 R13 NS 62.116 52.937 1.14X.213 2.X67.529 2.X0X 170.X 19 90.366 35.519 223.1X9 X4.5X4 123.076 0325 R13 NS 51.0X0 47.516 550.425 1.X65.354 1.465 X1.XX7 52.265 15.X39 106.991 40.547 134.630 0326 R13 NS 3.2X6 2.X 17 99.2XX 6.471 264 14.771 9.42X 429 19.300 7.314 12.2X5 032X R13 NS 16.715 14.24X 101.666 433.01X X42 47.070 10.060 11.244 61.500 23.307 29.0X9 0332 M123(R123 i'2) NS 40.597 37.765 377.646 2.2X0.X10 1.164 65.0X1 41.53X 14.099 X5.033 32.226 102.594 0333 R13 NS 60.7X5 56.544 655.000 1.130.793 1.743 51.549 62.194 29.X74 127.3 IX 4X.251 175.75X 0336 R13 NS 20.773 19.324 223.X41 291.763 596 33.301 6.473 10.209 43.510 16.4X9 50.0X0 0339 I'123 NS 29.69X 25.347 157.627 525.666 1.553 4.752 45.9X9 12.245 16.996 4.X43 46.146 0340 PI 3 NS 25.373 21.74X 62.525 3.2X3.6X6 616 1.XX5 3.262 4.X57 6.742 X.22X 1X.304 0342 R123 NS 10.695 9.949 115.251 135.200 307 17.146 10.943 4.112 22.402 X.490 24.143 '' NII,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). ------- Section 11. Pollutant Loadings 11.3 POLLUTANT REMOVALS From baseline pollutant and technology option loadings, EPA estimated national pollutant removals after implementation of the limitations and guidelines. Pollutant removals were calculated by taking the difference between the baseline pollutant loadings and each technology option loadings. National pollutant removal estimates for non-small facilities for each technology option are presented in Table 11-9. Table 11-9. Removal of Specified Pollutants by Subcategory and Option'-Non-small Facilities Kcmoyals (Pounds per Year) Subcategory Pollutant Ontion 2 Ontion 2.5 Ont. 2.5+P Ontion 4 A through I) 5-I)ay Biochemical Oxygen Demand 609.665 609.665 609.665 640.054 (non-small) Total Suspended Solids 967.092 967.092 967.092 1.116.025 Chemical Oxygen Demand 0 0 0 0 Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand 511.342 511.342 511.342 511.342 Ammonia (as Nitrogen) 2.250.306 2.250.306 2.250.306 2.309.92X Total Nitrogen 0 15.400.791 15.400.791 1X.456.9X4 Total Phosphorus 0 0 4.519.X67 4.972.1 XX Nitrate Nitrite 0 13.574.55X 13.574.55X 16.374.921 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 2.212.522 2.212.522 2.212.522 2.22X.721 ()il&(irease 0 0 0 0 1- through I 5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand 21.703 21.703 21.703 24.467 (non-small) Total Suspended Solids 0 0 0 0 Chemical Oxygen Demand 42.213 42.213 42.213 42.213 Carbonaceous Biochemical. Oxygen Demand 1 X.395 1 X.395 1 X.395 1 X.395 Ammonia (as Nitrogen) 10.575 10.575 10.575 13.X04 Total Nitrogen 0 0 0 79.677 Total Phosphorus 0 0 0 0 Nitrate Nitrite 0 0 0 0 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 12.945 12.945 12.945 15.677 ()il&(irease 0 0 0 0 .1 5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand 34.176 34.176 34.176 36.734 (non-small) Total Suspended Solids 0 0 0 19.X71 Chemical Oxygen Demand 0 0 0 0 Carbonaceous Biochemical. Oxygen Demand 2X.570 2X.570 2X.570 2X.570 Ammonia (as Nitrogen) 4X.965 4X.965 4X.965 56.3XX Total Nitrogen 0 1.469.407 1.469.407 1.652.506 Total Phosphorus 0 0 590.434 622.5X3 Nitrate Nitrite 0 1.465.011 1.465.011 1.644.216 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 51.819 51.X19 51.X19 54.7XX Oil &. Grease 0 0 0 0 K 5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand 643.X30 643.X30 643.X30 X6X.X41 (non-small) Total Suspended Solids 1.309.553 1.309.553 1.309.553 2.573.666 Chemical Oxygen Demand 6.513.77X 6.513.77X 6.513.77X 11.244.275 Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand 725.207 725.207 725.207 725.207 Ammonia (as Nitrogen) 331.973 331.973 331.973 502.103 Total Nitrogen 0 9.367.XOX 9.367.XOX 20.XX3.771 Total Phosphorus 0 0 4.147.3X5 4.671.571 Nitrate Nitrite 0 10.112.961 10.112.961 20.103.140 11-25 ------- Section 11. Pollulanl Loadings Table 11-9. Removal of Specified Pollutants by Subcategory and Option'-Non-small Facilities (Continued) Removals (Pounds per Year) Subcategory Pollutant Option 2 Option 2.5 Opt. 2.5+P Option 4 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 22x255 22x255 223.255 800.944 Oil &. Grease .>1x477 .>1x477 313.477 329.373 I. 5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand 9.14? 9.14? 9.143 18.672 (non-small) Total Suspended Solids 135 135 135 3.923 Chemical Oxygen Demand 4x609 4x609 43.609 59.123 Carbonaceous Biochemical. Oxygen Demand 1 3.889 1x889 13.889 13.889 Ammonia (as Nitrogen) 9.492 9.492 9.492 16.123 Total Nitrogen 0 146..>64 146.364 354.355 Total Phosphorus 0 0 25.012 27.000 Nitrate Nitrite 0 153.476 153.476 335.921 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 5.6X5 5.685 5.685 19.039 Oil &. Grease 0 0 0 0 1 Incremental to baseline of current performance. Current performance based on summarized 1999 DMR data provided in response to detailed surveys. Pollutant loading for various treatment options based on sampling data, survey information, and DMR data. : IiPA recognizes that total nitrogen should be more than nitrate/nitrite as nitrogen because total nitrogen is the sum of nitrate/nitrite as nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. 1 lowever, the target effluent concentrations were taken from different sets of facilities (i.e., those that provided total nitrogen data and those that provided nitrate/nitrite as nitrogen data). HPA is regulating total nitrogen, not nitrate/nitrite nitrogen for the final rule. 11.4 SUPPLEMENTAL ANALYSES As described previously in Section 10.8, EPA performed four sensitivity cost runs to determine the impacts of various issues on final rule decisions. In order to evaluate the cost- effectiveness of cost runs 3 and 4, EPA developed parallel loadings estimates using the higher target effluent nitrogen concentrations and updated facility data. As a result of incorporating updated facility data for the this analysis, default concentrations for developing baseline pollutant concentrations were slightly modified to incorporate the non-1999 data added for the analyses, as well as any updated data and information collected subsequent to the NODA. Table 11-10 summarizes the default concentrations used for developing baseline pollutant concentrations for the supplemental analyses. Table 11-11 presents the facility-specific baseline loading estimates for the sensitivity runs. In addition, Table 11-12 summarizes technology option LTAs, and Tables 11-13 and 11-14 11-26 ------- Section 11. Pollutant Loadings present the facility-specific technology option loading estimates (for Option 2 and Option 2.5, respectively) for the sensitivity runs 3 and 4. Table 11-10. Default Concentrations for Facility Baseline Concentration Development (in mg/L) Regulatory Subcategory BOI)5 COI) l ocal Coliform Ammonia (as nitrogen) Oil and (irease TSS A—I) 11.6 70 1 14 2.72 6.6 23 K 7.3 46 536 1.43 5.0 11 r-Iandl. 12.6 77 194 3.12 5.0 17 .1 7.5 111 124 5.X2 0.3 16 11-27 ------- Table 11-11. Facility-Specific Baseline Loading Estimates for Sensitivity Runs 3 and 4 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) 00 DKTII) Category Size BOI)5 CBOI), COI) Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite Oil and (irease TKN Total N Total P TSS 001 1 I'12 NS 12.XX5 1 1.017 209.904 62.376 10.09X 21X.5X6 27.541 19.1X7 237.773 X2.664 59.673 0012 Mil! (R123 i'2) NS IX. 129 15.533 525.021 3.X9X.704 2.X70 665.9X0 2X.025 17.X27 6X3.X07 39X.031 59.525 0019 PI 3 NS 11.7X2 10.031 129.199 12.79X 1.3X4 256.259 14.220 X4X 257.107 11.X66 13.420 0020 P12 NS 31.24X 26.550 25X.X72 625.6X1 10.X69 270.647 26.607 22.07X 292.725 X7.4X9 49.364 0022 PI 23 NS 21.3X2 21.3X2 55.X32 50.221 415 1.666 21.052 5.900 7.566 16.0X0 17.X 19 0026 PI 23 NS 12.594 10.795 246.X 14 2.273.690 5.397 273.215 21.590 16.0X4 2X9.300 229.161 75.563 0027 P12 NS 5X.694 49.6X5 206.143 11.379.20X 10.00X 34X.1X7 22.6XX 33.945 3X2.132 70.X63 51.7X2 0029 PI NS 4X.9X2 41.425 111.429 154.526 31.799 19.636 12.264 36.624 56.261 19.494 46.29X 0032 P12 NS 5.917 5.075 122.154 4X.400 2.77X 57.753 13.356 X.067 65.X20 64.317 16.562 0039 P12 NS 23.011 19.557 19X.540 1.X6X.315 2.6053 51.475 14.32X 11.2023 62.676 37.373 26.050 0042 P12 NS 26.797 22.725 156.697 356.997 1.302 273.031 19.052 X.0X7 2X1.1 IX 59.907 2X.57X 0044 PI 23 NS 26.300 22.321 17X.704 3.540.310 X.2X5 101.723 2.462 16.022 117.746 129.X99 42.596 0045 P12 NS X6.262 72.951 195.279 166.353 4.270 145.657 X3.273 12.726 15X.3X3 3.203 200.70X 0046 R13 NS 12.420 10.546 140.35X 557.992 990 176.7XX 10.441 4.9XX 1X1.776 1.616 30.776 0054 P12 NS 24.924 21.169 193.603 239.577.3X1 32.007 1X7.652 16.427 40.390 22X.042 53.041 56.9X6 0256 R13 NS 151.07X 127.6X3 552.X51 16X.944 5.665 774.274 2X.642 15.013 7X9.2X7 147.962 19X.290 0271 P12 NS 22.174 1X.793 111.429 1.662.263 2.924 9.0X9 12.264 12.915 22.004 1.21X 4X.004 0272 P12 NS 26.420 22.331 41.660 1.650.673 3.09X 39.375 4.5X5 4.901 44.276 911 2X.242 0273 PI NS 7.754 6.631 12X.931 12.771 7X9 5X.307 2.735 6.372 64.679 9.530 6.654 0274 PI NS 7.4X4 6.376 35.30X 1X9.4XX 1.036 14.1X1 10.5X6 4.164 IX.345 211 2.X40 0275 R13 NS 66.X59 56.561 273.347 1.603.304 6X.X25 216.559 25.955 76.612 293.171 142.013 X6.523 0277 R13 NS 40.179 25.X64 44X.146 304.331 1.595 1.501.146 103.553 X.509 1.509.655 292.677 97.500 02X0 R13 NS 16.594 14.142 307.550 621.351 2.611 967.934 11.992 11.372 979.306 177.229 39.249 02X3 R13 NS 23.575 20.021 273.096 2.420.546 19.646 499.092 25.931 27.426 526.519 140.243 55.009 02X7 Ml3 (R13 1'.?) NS IX. 794 12.739 121.X50 359.596 16.616 272.00X 9.046 23.927 295.935 43.017 37.293 02X9 P12 NS 13.056 11.126 157.114 3.439.427 515 177.710 6.X72 7.353 1X5.063 42.914 72.152 0290 PI NS 9.064 7.72X 69.4XX 35.695 2.5 IX 35.X02 59.376 7.503 43.304 662 7.427 0291 P12 NS 12.546 10.692 152.1X4 7.537.301 2.962 273.054 IX.204 9.052 2X2.106 51.973 1X.537 0292 P12 NS 1X.46X 14.603 144.X57 36.590 1.394 143.379 15.943 7.666 151.045 0 27.243 0293 PI 23 NS 19.547 16.607 559.476 666.X20 1.434 52.451 3.497 X.357 60.X0X 9.196 X.XX2 0297 P12 NS 10.023 X.5X6 1X7.X50 111.645 2.X76 X3.303 20.675 11.009 94.312 66.040 6.039 0300 PI 23 NS 145.955 123.442 344.036 2.1X1.030 1X.XX4 50.4X2 37.X64 61.91X 114.356 10X.112 172.2X7 0304 PI NS 11.49X 9.776 105.161 2.0X3.347 1.150 72.946 1.3X0 5.703 7X.649 27.X26 1 X.466 0307 PI 23 NS 22.506 19.12X 126.223 33.X03 X79 191.242 24.99X 2.71X 193.960 X.529 25.3X6 030X P12 NS 20.5X3 17.446 105.X76 39.74X 7.039 43.74X 6.X30 11.623 55.371 45.X63 22.597 0309 PI NS 9.465 X.030 60.032 130.X23 X66 67.359 6.905 3.466 70.X25 14.625 14.625 0310 P12 NS X.X62 76.112 150.722 X 6.147 5.246 60.202 21.642 13.760 73.962 4.300 24.124 $5 ------- Table 11-11. Facility-Specific Baseline Loading Estimates for Sensitivity Runs 3 and 4 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) (Continued) DFTll) Catej»ory Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite Oil and (irease TKN Total N Total P TSS 0312 1' 12 NS 1 1.760 10.029 153.214 X43.X25 21.67X 251.567 X01 2X.312 279.X79 2X.X15 29.954 0314 PI NS 1 1.066 9.407 9X.X93 234.611 1.016 22.967 6.X 12 5.29X 2X.265 7.979 17.XX5 0317 R13 NS 11.X0X 10.015 72.X05 166.X96 2X6 446.X65 IX.223 3.342 450.207 22.742 45.X 13 031X R13 NS 26.160 20.346 505.050 1.97X.192 7.267 1.345.039 47.956 13.X06 1.35X.X46 257.0X6 101.005 0321 R13 NS X7.X57 74.392 514.436 3.520.305 20.650 754.963 4X.X47 35.306 790.269 265.415 407.OXX 0322 R13 NS 62.116 52.937 1.14X.213 2.X67.529 2.X0X 2.X 12.243 90.366 35.519 2.X47.762 596.560 123.076 0325 R13 NS 79.194 67.095 550.425 1.X65.354 15.047 1.203.750 52.265 15.X39 1.219.5XX 2XX.115 134.630 0326 R13 NS 3.2X6 2.X 17 99.2XX 6.471 2X6 254.566 9.42X 429 254.994 33.999 12.2X5 032X R13 NS 16.715 14.24X 101.666 433.01X 2.231 465.X26 10.060 11.244 477.070 52.305 29.0X9 0332 M123(R123 i'2) NS 52.X70 44.X23 377.646 2.2X0.X10 1.636 9X0.369 41.53X 14.099 994.46X 316.542 102.594 0333 R13 NS 41 1.641 347.792 655.000 1.130.793 1.909.021 51.549 62.194 1.927.6X1 1.979.230 360.430 X95.469 0336 R13 NS 39.033 33.049 223.X41 291.763 X3.155 371.011 6.473 X9.532 460.544 119.990 50.0X0 0339 PI 23 NS 29.69X 25.347 417.X57 525.666 1.645 349.246 45.9X9 19.73X 36X.9X3 4.X43 56.2X9 0340 PI 3 NS 31.534 26.731 165.750 3.2X3.6X6 616 2X4.173 3.262 6.162 290.335 59.111 3X.059 0342 R123 NS 15.X69 13.447 115.251 135.200 X29 134.X7X 10.943 4.112 13X.990 X4.440 24.143 a NI 1,-N imonia (as nitrogen). ------- Table 11-12. Technology Option Long-Term Average Concentrations for Sensitivity Runs 3 and 4 (in mg/L) Regulatory Subcategories) Technology Option BOI)5 CBOI), COI) Fecal Coliform" N1I,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite Oil and (irease TKN Total Nitrogen Total Phosphor us TSS A—I) and I-I 2 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 N A 14 ,V6 N A N A 25.1 2.5 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 41.7 14 ,V6 45.4 N A 25.1 K and I. 2 x.x 6.0 29.6 400 1.0 N A 5.9 4.97 N A N A 10.2 2.5 x.x 6.0 29.6 400 1.0 40.4 5.9 4.97 45.4 N A 10.2 .1 2 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 N A 14 ,V6 N A N A 25.1 2.5 7.0 6.0 125 400 O.X95 41.7 14 ,V6 45.4 N A 25.1 N A not applicable lor this option level. '' I.TA concentration for Fecal Coliform is 400MPN 100 ml for all options. h N1I,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). ------- Table 11-13. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2 for Sensitivity Runs 3 and 4 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) DETll) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate+Nitrite o&(; (1IEM) TKN Total N Total P rss 001 1 I'12 NS 12.XX5 1 1.017 135.X70 62.376 4.590 N A 27.0X2 19.1X7 N A N A 46.X66 0012 Mi:.! (R123 i'2) NS IX. 129 15.533 525.021 3.X9X.704 2.X70 N A 2X.025 17.X27 N A N A 59.525 0019 PI 3 NS 11.7X2 10.031 X3.630 12.79X 1.3X4 N A 14.220 X4X N A N A 13.420 0020 PI 2 NS 31.24X 26.550 167.567 625.6X1 5.661 N A 26.607 22.07X N A N A 49.364 0022 PI 23 NS 21.3X2 21.3X2 55.X32 50.221 415 N A 21.052 5.900 N A N A 17.X 19 0026 PI 23 NS 12.594 10.795 159.762 2.273.690 5.397 N A 21.590 16.0X4 N A N A 55.107 0027 PI 2 NS 39.670 27.04X 133.436 X. 167.X24 4.50X N A 22.6XX 22.405 N A N A 46.026 0029 PI NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 154.526 2.437 N A 12.264 12.111 N A N A 24.X79 0032 PI 2 NS 5.917 5.075 79.070 4X.400 2.671 N A 13.356 X.067 N A N A 16.562 0039 PI 2 NS 23.011 19.557 12X.515 1.X6X.315 2.605 N A 14.32X 11.202 N A N A 26.050 0042 PI 2 NS 26.797 20.560 101.429 356.997 1.302 N A 19.052 X.0X7 N A N A 2X.57X 0044 PI 23 NS 26.300 22.321 115.674 3.540.310 3.90X N A 2.462 16.022 N A N A 39.900 0045 PI 2 NS 37.579 25.622 126.403 166.353 4.270 N A 25.195 12.726 N A N A 43.601 0046 R13 NS 12.420 10.546 140.35X 557.992 990 N A 10.441 4.9XX N A N A 30.776 0054 PI 2 NS 24.924 21.169 125.319 7.670.950 4.234 N A 16.427 21.042 N A N A 43.226 0256 R13 NS 33.04X 2X.327 552.X51 16X.944 4.225 N A 2X.642 15.013 N A N A 11X.502 0271 PI 2 NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 1.662.263 2.437 N A 12.264 12.111 N A N A 24.X79 0272 PI 2 NS X.017 5.466 26.967 1.650.673 911 N A 4.5X5 4.52X N A N A 9.302 0273 PI NS 7.754 6.631 X3.457 12.771 7X9 N A 2.735 6.372 N A N A 6.654 0274 PI NS 7.4X4 6.376 35.30X 1X9.4XX 1.036 N A 10.5X6 4.164 N A N A 2.X40 0275 R13 NS 27.530 23.597 273.347 1.603.304 3.520 N A 25.955 14.217 N A N A X6.523 0277 R13 NS 40.179 25.X64 44X.146 304.331 1.595 N A 103.553 X.509 N A N A 97.500 02X0 R13 NS 16.594 14.142 307.550 621.351 2.611 N A 11.992 11.372 N A N A 39.249 02X3 R13 NS 23.575 20.021 273.096 2.420.546 3.517 N A 25.931 14.204 N A N A 55.009 02X7 M13 (R13 P3) NS IX. 794 12.739 121.X50 359.596 3.305 N A 9.046 13.34X N A N A 37.293 02X9 PI 2 NS 13.056 11.126 101.700 3.439.427 515 N A 6.X72 7.353 N A N A 35.0X0 0290 PI NS 9.064 7.72X 69.4XX 35.695 2.5 IX N A 14.X54 7.503 N A N A 7.427 0291 PI 2 NS 12.546 10.692 9X.50X 6.029.X41 2.962 N A 1X.204 9.052 N A N A 1X.537 0292 P12 NS 1X.46X 14.603 93.766 36.590 1.394 N A 15.943 7.666 N A N A 27.243 0293 PI 23 NS 19.547 16.607 103.503 666.X20 1.434 N A 3.497 X.357 N A N A X.XX2 0297 PI 2 NS 10.023 X.5X6 121.595 111.645 2.X76 N A 20.675 11.009 N A N A 6.039 0300 PI 23 NS 66.206 45.141 222.694 2.1X1.030 7.523 N A 37.X64 37.391 N A N A 76.X 14 0304 PI NS 11.49X 9.776 6X.070 2.0X3.347 1.150 N A 1.3X0 5.703 N A N A 1 X.466 0307 PI 23 NS 22.506 19.12X 126.223 33.X03 X79 N A 24.99X 2.71X N A N A 25.3X6 030X PI 2 NS 20.375 13.X92 6X.533 39.74X 2.315 N A 6.X30 11.507 N A N A 22.597 0309 PI NS 9.465 7.X77 3X.X59 130.X23 X66 N A 6.905 53.466 N A N A 13.404 0310 PI 23 NS X.X62 7.611 127.2X4 2.2X6.147 4.300 N A 21.642 13.760 N A N A 24.124 0312 PI 2 NS 11.760 10.029 99.175 X43.X25 3.351 N A X01 16.652 N A N A 29.954 0314 PI NS 1 1.066 9.407 64.013 234.611 1.016 N A 6.X 12 5.29X N A N A 17.XX5 0317 R13 NS 10.X05 9.261 72.X05 166.X96 2X6 N A IX.223 3.342 N A N A 3X.744 031X R13 NS 26.160 20.346 505.050 1.97X. 192 6.504 N A 47.956 13.X06 N A N A 101.005 ------- Table 11-13. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2 for Sensitivity Runs 3 and 4 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) (Continued) DETll) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate+Nitrite o&(; (1IEM) TKN Total N Total P rss 0321 R13 NS 51.XI1 44.410 514.436 3.520.305 6.624 N A 4X.X47 26.757 N A N A 1X5.7X0 0322 R13 NS 62.116 52.937 1.14X.213 2.X67.529 2.X0X N A 90.366 35.519 N A N A 123.076 0325 R13 NS 55.436 47.516 550.425 1.X65.354 7.0XX N A 52.265 15.X39 N A N A 134.630 0326 R13 NS 3.2X6 2.X 17 99.2XX 6.471 2X6 N A 9.42X 429 N A N A 12.2X5 032X R13 NS 16.715 14.24X 101.666 433.01X 2.231 N A 10.060 11.244 N A N A 29.0X9 0332 Ml 23 (R12 3 i'2) NS 44.059 37.765 377.646 2.2X0.X10 1.636 N A 41.53X 14.099 N A N A 102.594 0333 R13 NS 65.96X 56.544 655.000 1.130.793 X.434 N A 62.194 34.06X N A N A 236.543 0336 R13 NS 22.544 19.324 223.X41 291.763 2.XX2 N A 6.473 11.642 N A N A 50.0X0 0339 PI 23 NS 29.69X 25.347 270.47X 525.666 1.645 N A 45.9X9 19.73X N A N A 56.2X9 0340 PI 3 NS 31.534 21.74X 107.290 3.2X3.6X6 616 N A 3.262 6.162 N A N A 37.00X 0342 R123 NS 11.607 9.949 115.251 135.200 X29 N A 10.943 4.112 N A N A 24.143 '' NII,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). ------- Table 11-14. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2.5 for Supplemental Analyses 3 and 4 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) DETll) Category Size BOD, CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform NH,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite o&(; (HEM) TKN Total N Total P TSS 001 1 PI 2 NS 12.XX5 11.017 135.X70 62.376 4.590 1X5.399 27.0X2 19.1X7 20X.I66 N A 46.X66 0012 Mi:.! (R123 i'2) NS IX. 129 15.533 525.021 3.X9X.704 2.X70 315.300 2X.025 17.X27 342.569 N A 59.525 0019 PI 3 NS 11.7X2 10.031 X3.630 12.79X 1.3X4 114.116 14.220 X4X 12X.130 N A 13.420 0020 P12 NS 31.24X 26.550 167.567 625.6X1 5.661 22X.650 26.607 22.07X 256.729 N A 49.364 0022 I'123 NS 21.3X2 21.3X2 55.X32 50.221 415 1.666 21.052 5.900 7.566 N A 17.X 19 0026 I'123 NS 12.594 10.795 159.762 2.273.690 5.397 2IX.000 21.590 16.0X4 244.771 N A 55.107 0027 P12 NS 39.670 27.04X 133.436 X. 167.X24 4.50X 1X2.077 22.6XX 22.405 204.436 N A 46.026 0029 PI NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 154.526 2.437 19.636 12.264 12.111 56.261 N A 24.X79 0032 PI 2 NS 5.917 5.075 79.070 4X.400 2.671 57.753 13.356 X.067 65.X20 N A 16.562 0039 PI 2 NS 23.011 19.557 12X.515 1.X6X 2.605 175.362 14.32X 11.202 196.X97 N A 26.050 0042 PI 2 NS 26.797 20.560 101.429 356.997 1.302 13X.403 19.052 X.0X7 155.399 N A 2X.57X 0044 PI 23 NS 26.300 22.321 115.674 3.540.310 3.90X 101.723 2.462 16.022 117.746 N A 39.900 0045 PI 2 NS 37.579 25.622 126.403 166.353 4.270 145.657 25.195 12.726 15X.3X3 N A 43.601 0046 R13 NS 12.420 10.546 140.35X 557.992 990 X4.292 10.441 4.9XX 91.5X2 N A 30.776 0054 PI 2 NS 24.924 21.169 125.319 7.670.950 4.234 171.001 16.427 21.042 192.000 N A 43.226 0256 R13 NS 33.04X 2X.327 552.X51 16X.944 4.225 197.062 2X.642 15.013 214.106 N A 11X.502 0271 PI 2 NS 21.443 14.620 72.12X 1.662.263 2.437 9.0X9 12.264 12.111 22.004 N A 24.X79 0272 PI 2 NS X.017 5.466 26.967 1.650.673 911 36.797 4.5X5 4.52X 41.315 N A 9.302 0273 PI NS 7.754 6.631 X3.457 12.771 7X9 5X.307 2.735 6.372 64.679 N A 6.654 0274 PI NS 7.4X4 6.376 35.30X 1X9.4XX 1.036 14.1X1 10.5X6 4.164 1X.345 N A 2.X40 0275 R13 NS 27.530 23.597 273.347 1.603.304 3.520 164.157 25.955 14.217 17X.355 N A X6.523 0277 R13 NS 40.179 25.X64 44X.146 304.331 1.595 369.96X 103.553 X.509 401.966 N A 97.500 02X0 R13 NS 16.594 14.142 307.550 621.351 2.611 1X4.69X 11.992 11.372 200.672 N A 39.249 02X3 R13 NS 23.575 20.021 273.096 2.420.546 3.517 164.007 25.931 14.204 17X.191 N A 55.009 02X7 Ml.! (R13 1'.?) NS IX. 794 12.739 121.X50 359.596 3.305 154.122 9.046 13.34X 167.451 N A 37.293 02X9 PI 2 NS 13.056 11.126 101.700 3.439.427 515 13X.772 6.X72 7.353 155.X 14 N A 35.0X0 0290 PI NS 9.064 7.72X 69.4XX 35.695 2.5 IX 35.X02 14.X54 7.503 43.304 N A 7.427 0291 PI 2 NS 12.546 10.692 9X.50X 6.029.X41 2.962 134.417 1X.204 9.052 150.924 N A IX.537 0292 PI 2 NS 1X.46X 14.603 93.766 36.590 1.394 127.946 15.943 7.666 143.65X N A 27.243 0293 PI 23 NS 19.547 16.607 103.503 666.X20 1.434 52.451 3.497 X.357 60.X0X N A X.XX2 0297 PI 2 NS 10.023 X.5X6 121.595 111.645 2.X76 X3.303 20.675 11.009 94.312 N A 6.039 0300 PI 23 NS 66.206 45.141 222.694 2.1X1.030 7.523 50.4X2 37.X64 37.391 114.356 N A 76.X 14 0304 PI NS 11.49X 9.776 6X.070 2.0X3.347 1.150 72.946 1.3X0 5.703 7X.649 N A 1 X.466 0307 PI 23 NS 22.506 19.12X 126.223 33.X03 X79 172.235 24.99X 2.71X 193.3X6 N A 25.3X6 030X PI 2 NS 20.375 13.X92 6X.533 39.74X 2.315 43.74X 6.X30 11.507 55.371 N A 22.597 0309 PINS NS 9.462 7.X77 3X.X59 130.X23 X66 53.024 6.905 3.466 59.535 N A 13.404 0310 PI 23 NS X.X62 7.611 127.2X4 2.2X6.147 4.300 60.202 21.642 13.760 73.962 N A 24.124 0312 PI 2 NS 11.760 10.029 99.175 X43.X25 3.351 135.327 X01 16.652 151.946 N A 29.954 0314 PI NS 1 1.066 9.407 64.013 234.611 1.016 22.967 6.X 12 5.29X 2X.265 N A 17.XX5 0317 R13 NS 10.X05 9.261 72.X05 166.X96 2X6 64.429 IX.223 3.342 70.001 N A 3X.744 031X R13 NS 26.160 20.346 505.050 1.9 7X. 192 6.504 303.306 47.956 13.X06 329.53X N A 101.005 ------- Table 11-14. Technology Option Loading Estimates for Option 2.5 for Supplemental Analyses 3 and 4 (in pounds per year, except for fecal coliforms which are in million colony forming units per year) (Continued) DETll) Category Size B()l)5 CBOl), COD Fecal Coliform Nll.,-N" Nitrate + Nitrite o&(; (1IEM) TKN Total N Total P TSS 0321 R13 NS 51.XI1 44.410 514.436 3.520.305 6.624 30X.943 4X.X47 26.757 335.662 N A 1X5.7X0 0322 R13 NS 62.116 52.937 1.14X.213 2.X67.529 2.X0X 6X9.556 90.366 35.519 749.194 N A 123.076 0325 R13 NS 55.436 47.516 550.425 1.X65.354 7.0XX 330.556 52.265 15.X39 359.145 N A 134.630 0326 R13 NS 3.2X6 2.X 17 99.2XX 6.471 2X6 59.627 9.42X 429 64.7X4 N A 12.2X5 032X R13 NS 16.715 14.24X 101.666 433.01X 2.231 190.009 10.060 11.244 206.442 N A 29.0X9 0332 VI123 (R12 3 1'2) NS 44.059 37.765 377.646 2.2X0.X10 1.636 262.716 41.53X 14.099 2X5.437 N A 102.594 0333 R13 NS 65.96X 56.544 655.000 1.130.793 X.434 51.549 62.194 34.06X 427.379 N A 236.543 0336 R13 NS 22.544 19.324 223.X41 291.763 2.XX2 134.427 6.473 11.642 146.054 N A 50.0X0 0339 PI 23 NS 29.69X 25.347 270.47X 525.666 1.645 349.246 45.9X9 19.73X 36X.9X3 N A 56.2X9 0340 PI 3 NS 31.534 21.74X 107.290 3.2X3.6X6 616 146.400 3.262 6.162 164.37X N A 37.00X 0342 R123 NS 11.607 9.949 115.251 135.200 X29 69.213 10.943 4.112 75.199 N A 24.143 '' NII,-N Ammonia (as nitrogen). ------- Section 12 Non-water Quality Environmental Impacts Sections 304(b) and 306(b) of the Clean Water Act require EPA to consider non-water quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements) associated with effluent limitations guidelines and standards. To comply with these requirements, EPA considered the potential impact of the final meat and poultry products (MPP) rule on energy consumption, air emissions, and solid waste generation. A discussion of the selected technology options is given in Section 13 of this Development Document. Considering energy use and environmental impacts across all media, EPA has determined that the impacts identified in this section are justified by the benefits associated with compliance with the final rule. Because the final rule only affects non-small facilities who directly discharge their wastewaters, impacts for those facilities are the only ones discussed here. Section 12.1 discusses the energy requirements for implementing wastewater treatment technologies at MPP facilities. Section 12.2 presents the impact of the technologies on air emissions, and Section 12.3 discusses the impact on wastewater treatment sludge generation. 12.1 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS EPA estimates that compliance with this rule (Option 2.5) will result in a small net increase in nationwide energy consumption for all subcategories subject to changes resulting from this rule, except Subcategory J, which is projected to have decreased energy requirements. This estimated decrease for Subcategory J is because the facilities will all have decreased aeration requirements due to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal during anoxic processes (before the aeration tank); because the BOD is removed beforehand, less aeration is needed for BOD removal during the aeration process. Although other subcategories may also decrease their aeration requirements, that decrease may be offset by the addition of supplementary BOD to achieve the desired nitrate reduction. For non-small direct discharging facilities nationwide, EPA estimates that there will be a 7.3 percent increase in total annual energy consumption for biological processes. This represents a net increase of approximately 12-1 ------- Section 12. Non-waler Onalily linvironmenlal Imparls 17,700 megawatt-hours per year. This is a relatively small net increase compared with the current total annual amount of energy consumption by non-small direct facilities for wastewater treatment (approximately 243,500 megawatt-hours per year). Table 12-1 presents the estimates of energy use expected to be needed as a result of this regulation, organized by subcategory. These estimates were developed using the cost models and the information available in the MPP screener and detailed surveys. Table 12-1. Incremental Energy Use for Existing Non-Small Direct Discharging MPP Facilities 40 (TR 432 Baseline Knerjjy Use for MPP Incremental Kner^y l)se for MPP Subcategory" YY YY I P (KYY II/yr) YY YY I P (KYY H/yr) |% Increase] A, B, (\ I) 62,3 X1,835 8,100,573 |1 1.5%| I\ C>, II, I 1,71 1,465 51,93 1 |2.9%| .1 10,440,620 -61 1,232 |-6.2%| K. 162,51 1,445 9,891,034 15.7%] I. 6,470,8 12 346,789 |5.1%| It should be noted that these are aggregate national estimates. Individual facilities may have a decrease in energy consumption if they use the anaerobic lagoon effluent as the only source of organic carbon for denitrification while other facilities will see increased energy use due to additional pumping and other requirements. Reductions in aerobic reactor oxygen transfer requirements have been reported in some studies, due to the removal of BOD during anaerobic and anoxic treatment (Randall et. al. 1999). Under Options 2 and 2+P, a slight increase in energy consumption is expected as additional oxygen is required for removing BOD and ammonia (as nitrogen) using nitrification. However this increase is not significant as most MPP facilities are currently nitrifying, and therefore, will require a limited amount of additional oxygen. Under Option 2.5+P, the energy requirement will be approximately the same as that of Option 2.5. Under Options 2+P and 2.5+P, however, additional energy may be required for a few facilities that require sludge dewatering. In 12-2 ------- Section 12. Non-waler Onalily linvironmenlal Imparls Option 4, which includes several aeration and anoxic tanks, EPA expects a significant increase in energy requirement because aeration and mixing are required for the tanks. Pumps and sludge dewatering systems also contribute to additional energy requirement under Option 4. 12.2 AIR EMISSIONS IMPACTS The Agency believes that the wastewater treatment processes included in the technology options for this rule (Option 2.5) will not generate significant air emissions above the current emissions, either directly from the facility or indirectly through an increased air emissions impact from the electric power generation facilities providing the additional energy. Possible non-odorous gases might be emitted from these processes, including nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen gas will be formed during the denitrification process, and will escape to the atmosphere. Since nitrogen comprises over 78% of the Earth's atmosphere and is not considered a greenhouse gas, it's generation is not considered to pose an environmental impact. Carbon dioxide will be released when BOD is oxidized by oxygen-containing compounds. However, the BOD being treated will generally not increase for most facilities, and therefore, there will generally be no incremental increase in carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide emissions might increase incrementally only for facilities requiring additional BOD for denitrification, which constitutes approximately 20% of the MPP facilities. Odors are the only significant air pollution problem associated with the treatment of MPP wastewaters, and generally are associated with anaerobic conditions. Thus, flow equalization basins, dissolved air flotation (DAF) units, anaerobic lagoons, and other wastewater treatment unit processes are possible sources of malodors. Potential odorous substances associated with MPP wastewater include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and organic compounds. Ammonia in MPP wastewaters is typically formed by the breakdown of more complex substances, and can be released under certain circumstances. However, aerobic nitrifying conditions will cause ammonia to remain in a solution as it is converted to nitrate, meaning that odors will generally be suppressed. In addition, maintenance of pH around neutral conditions will disfavor stripping ammonia, leaving it in the wastewater to be oxidized or assimilated. Thus, the incremental ammonia generation will most likely be minimal. 12-3 ------- Section 12. Non-waler Onalily linvironmenlal Imparls Hydrogen sulfide is primarily formed by the reduction of sulfates in wastewater. Such generation requires the presence of sulfate in the wastewater, which is typically low in MPP wastes (USEPA, 1974). In most cases the source of sulfates in MPP wastewater is the source water supply (Sneed, 2001). Hydrogen sulfide is mainly generated under anaerobic conditions, which most facilities currently have in place. The rule does not require such lagoons, therefore, additional generation of hydrogen sulfide will be minimal. Hydrogen sulfide may also be formed under anoxic conditions such as in the denitrification reactors. However, the formation of sulfide in an anoxic environment is less favored than the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen. This implies that if the wastewater contains nitrates, then, under anoxic conditions, sulfides will not be formed to a greater degree. Eighty percent of the non-small direct discharging facilities that EPA analyzed for the final rule presently employ anaerobic treatment and/or anoxic treatment (denitrification). Therefore, the sulfates present in the wastewater of those facilities are currently being reduced to hydrogen sulfide and are emitted. For these facilities, promulgation of Option 2.5 would result in practically no additional emissions of hydrogen sulfide. However, for the remaining 20 percent of the facilities that do not presently employ anaerobic treatment and/or anoxic treatment, EPA believes there is at least the potential for increased hydrogen sulfide generation (assuming high levels of sulfate are also present). Thus, EPA does not expect that the technology option selected for the final rule (Option 2.5) should result in a significant increase in emissions of odorous compounds. Odorous volatile organic compounds can be generated in anaerobic lagoons. However, most facilities currently have such lagoons in place, meaning that incremental additional generation of such substances will be minimal. If specific facilities have odor difficulties, covers over lagoons can be used to capture odorous substances that are subsequently destroyed by some oxidation or combustion process. Such oxidation and combustion processes will potentially result in additional carbon dioxide generation; however, that generation constitutes minimal incremental generation, since the organic substances involved would have gone through oxidation naturally. Typically, odorous organic compounds are well-destroyed in aerobic systems. Overall, the incremental odor problems associated with this regulation are small. However, odor problems are usually significant only when the sulfur content of MPP 12^ ------- Section 12. Non-waler Onalily linvironmenlal Imparls wastewaters is high, especially when treatment facilities are not well managed. Generally, MPP wastewater treatment facilities using anaerobic processes for treating wastewater with a low sulfur concentration have few odor problems. At such facilities, maintaining a naturally occurring layer of floating solids in anaerobic contact basins and lagoons generally minimizes odors. Since Option 2.5 does not require anaerobic treatment, the final rule should not increase emissions of odorous compounds from well-managed MPP wastewater treatment facilities. EPA visited several MPP facilities, and none had odor control problems. Most MPP facilities are currently nitrifying, therefore EPA expects no significant increase in air emission under Options 2 and 2+P. Like Option 2.5, air emissions under Option 2.5+P will also be minimal. However, in Option 4, which requires full denitrification with 2-stage denitrification process, the post-aeration anoxic environment is likely to produce odors due to the low level of nitrate nitrogen present. It should be noted that if a facility has upstream anaerobic treatment, there is less potential for hydrogen sulfide production in the post-aeration anoxic environment as most hydrogen sulfide emissions already occur in the upstream anaerobic treatment process. Because Option 4 involves complete denitrification with supplemental carbon source, EPA expects facilities with Option 4 technology to have higher nitrogen and carbon dioxide emissions than those facilities with Option 2.5 technology. 12.3 SOLID WASTE GENERATION The most significant non-water quality impact for this rule is the generation of solid wastes from MPP wastewater treatment. EPA estimates that compliance with the final rule will slightly increase the amount of sludge generated during MPP wastewater treatment for meat first and further processors and will decrease the amount for renderers and poultry first and further processors. For non-small direct discharging facilities nationwide, EPA estimates that there will be a 2.3 percent reduction in total annual sludge production (a net reduction of approximately 3,200 tons per year). This is a relatively small net reduction in comparison with the current total annual amount of sludge production by non-small direct facilities (approximately 138,000 tons/yr). The reduction in sludge generation for renderers and poultry processes is because of the increased use of anaerobic and anoxic processes, which inherently tend to generate less sludge 12-5 ------- Section 12. Non-water Quality Environmental Imparls than aerobic processes, while not having increased sludge generation from total suspended solids (TSS) removal. Table 12-2 presents the amount of wastewater treatment sludge expected to be generated at non-small direct discharging facilities as a result of this regulation. Actual sludge generation at individual facilities will vary from the percentages shown in the table. Depending on the treatment processes currently in place, a facility's sludge generation may increase even though the total amount for the subcategory decreases. Table 12-2. I ncremental Sludge Generation for Non-Small Direct Discharging MPP Facilities 40 (TR 432 Subcategory" Baseline Slud«e (feneration for MPP WW I P (tons/yr) Incremental Sludj»e (feneration for MPP WWTP (tons/yr) [% Increase] A, B, (\ I) 25,503 675 12.6%| I ", (1, 11, I 1,586 0.64 |0.04%| .1 6,514 -568 |-9.5% | K. 96,846 -3,203 |-3.4%| I. 7,606 -126 |-1.7%| ¦' Facilities in Subcategory H are not affected by today's rule, therefore, there is no net incremental sludge generation. The estimates of sludge production in Table 12.2 are based on the concentrations of BOD entering the biological part of the treatment system after pretreatment (e.g., DAF or anaerobic lagoon), and include sludge generation by facilities that may require a supplemental carbon source for denitrification. In a nitrification/denitrification process, a significant portion of the influent BOD is removed by the denitrification process, which results in a low amount of BOD available for removal by aerobic process. Because the sludge yield coefficient of denitrification process is lower than that of aerobic process, the overall sludge generation of a nitrification/ denitrification process is usually lower than that of a nitrification process. Since, the majority of MPP facilities are currently performing nitrification and have an aeration basin in-place, installing a denitrification unit ahead of the existing aerobic process will result in lower sludge yields for most facilities. Some facilities that require supplemental carbon source for denitrification, however, might observe an increase in sludge generation. 12-6 ------- Section 12. Non-water Quality Environmental Imparls Under Option 2, a slight increase in sludge generation might result from additional nitrification, though this increase is not significant because most MPP facilities are currently nitrifying. Under Option 2+P and 2.5+P, in addition to the incremental sludge generated under Option 2 and 2.5, respectively, a significant amount of sludge may be generated by the phosphorus removal process. In Option 4, which involves both phosphorus removal and complete denitrfication with methanol use, very high volumes of sludge may be generated. EPA also expects that a greater emphasis on pollution prevention could further reduce sludge generations, although these potential reductions were not calculated. Emphasis may be given to increasing segregation of waste materials that have value as raw materials for the production of rendered products from wastewater flows. For example, using alternatives to fluming to remove viscera from processing areas and initially "dry cleaning" facilities as the initial step in the daily cleaning of processing equipment and facilities may reduce sludge generation. Such practices were noted for some facilities in the industry surveys. If contact with water is prevented, fats and proteins that would otherwise dissolve and pass through screening and dissolved air flotation do not become sources of BOD and ammonia nitrogen, and consequently, sources of additional sludge. 12.4 REFERENCES Randall W., Z. Kisoglu, D. Sen, P. Mitta, and U. Erdal. 1999. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Plants for BNR Retrofits Using Advances in Technology, Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Blacksburg, Virginia: Submitted to the USEPA Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, Maryland. (DCN 00031) Sneed, J.W., 2001. Future of Renewable Energy Generation In Iowa. Ames, Iowa, available at http://www.econ.iastate.edu/outreach/agriculture/programs/2001_Renewable_Energy_Sy mposium/Sneed_Summary.pdf (DCN 300027) USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1974. Development Document For Effluent Limitation Guidelines And New Source Performance Standards For The Red Meat 12-7 ------- Section 12. Non-water Quality linvironmental Imparls Processing Segment Of The Meat Product And Rendering Processing Point Source Category. February 1974. (DCN 00162) 12-8 ------- Section 13 Selected Technology Options As discussed in Section 2, EPA must promulgate six types of effluent limitations guidelines (ELGs) and standards for each major industrial category, as appropriate: • Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT) • Best Control Technology for Conventional Pollutants (BCT) • Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) • Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources (PSES) • Pretreatment Standards for New Sources (PSNS). This section describes the rationale for selecting technology options that serve as the basis for the effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the MPP point source category. 13.1 EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS 13.1.1 Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT) In general, the BPT technology level represents the average of the best existing performances of plants of various processes, ages, sizes, or other common characteristics. Where existing performance is considered uniformly inadequate, BPT may be transferred from a different subcategory or industry. Limitations based on transfer of technology must be supported by a conclusion that the technology is indeed transferable and a reasonable prediction that it will be capable of meeting the prescribed effluent limits. (See Tanners' Council of America v. Train, 540 F.2nd 1188 (4,h Cir. 1976).) BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than process changes or internal controls, except where the process changes or internal controls are common industry practice. The cost-benefit inquiry for BPT is a limited balancing, committed to EPA's discretion, that does not require the Agency to quantify the benefits in monetary terms. In balancing costs in relation to effluent reduction benefits, EPA considers the volume and nature of existing 13-1 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options discharges expected after the application of BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the cost and economic impact of the required pollution controls. When setting BPT limitations, EPA is required under Section 304(b) to perform a limited cost-benefit balancing to ensure the costs are not wholly out of proportion to the benefits achieved. (See EPA's revised BPT limitations for subcategories A through D, F through I, J, and K based on Option 2.5.) 13.1.2 Best Control Technology for Conventional Pollutants (BCT) The BCT methodology, promulgated in 1986 (51 FR 24974), discusses the Agency's consideration of costs in establishing BCT ELGs. EPA evaluates the reasonableness of BCT candidate technologies (those which are technologically feasible) by applying a two-part cost test: 1. The POTW test 2. The industry cost-effectiveness test In the POTW test, EPA calculates the cost per pound of conventional pollutant removed by industrial dischargers in upgrading from BPT to a BCT candidate technology and then compares this cost to the cost per pound of conventional pollutant removed in upgrading POTWs from secondary treatment. The upgrade cost to industry must be less than the POTW benchmark of $0.25/lb (in 1976 dollars). In the industry cost-effectiveness test, the ratio of the incremental BPT to BCT cost divided by the BPT cost for the industry must be less than 1.29 (i.e., the cost increase must be less than 29 percent). The Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule (EPA-821-R-04-010) for the final rule provides more details on the calculations of the BCT cost tests. In developing BCT limits, EPA considered whether there are technologies that achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than those established for BPT, and whether those technologies are cost-reasonable according to the prescribed BCT tests. For subcategories A 13-2 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options through D, E through I, K, and L, EPA identified no technologies that can achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than the BPT standards that also pass the BCT cost test. Accordingly, EPA established BCT effluent limitations equal to the current BPT limitations for these subcategories. In the Rendering subcategory (Subcategory J), EPA found that Option 2.5 would achieve greater removal of conventional pollutants and was cost-reasonable under the BCT cost tests and therefore selected this technology as the basis for BCT. 13.1.3 Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) In general, BAT ELGs represent the best economically achievable performance of facilities in the industrial subcategory or category. The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes BAT as a principal national means of controlling the direct discharge of toxic and nonconventional pollutants. The factors considered in assessing BAT include the cost of achieving BAT effluent reductions; the age of equipment and facilities involved; the process(es) employed; potential process changes; non-water quality environmental impacts, including energy requirements; and such other factors as the EPA Administrator deems appropriate. The Agency retains considerable discretion in assigning the weight to be accorded these factors. An additional statutory factor considered in setting BAT is economic achievability. Generally, EPA determines economic achievability on the basis of total costs to the industry and the effect of compliance with BAT limitations on overall industry and subcategory financial conditions. For purposes of the final rule, EPA has determined that each technology option considered is technically available. EPA has also determined that at least one option is economically achievable for the segment to which it applies. Furthermore, EPA has determined, for the reasons given in Section 12, that none of the technology options has unacceptable, adverse non-water quality environmental impacts. EPA also considered the age, size, processes, and other engineering factors pertinent to facilities in the segments for the purpose of evaluating the technology options. EPA established separate limits for facilities on the basis of size. As discussed in more detail in Section 5, EPA is not establishing more stringent limitations for small meat slaughterers, nor is the Agency revising the limitations for the small meat processors subcategory (Subpart E). EPA survey data indicate that approximately 107 small meat processing 13-3 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options facilities would have been subject to any new limitations. EPA estimated that the additional pollutant reductions achieved by establishing more stringent limitations for those small facilities would be minimal. 13.1.4 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) New Source Performance Standards reflect effluent reductions that are achievable based on the best available demonstrated control technology. New facilities have the opportunity to install the best and most efficient production processes and wastewater treatment technologies. As a result, NSPS should represent the most stringent controls attainable through the application of the best available demonstrated control technology for all pollutants (that is, conventional, nonconventional, and priority pollutants). In establishing NSPS, EPA is directed to take into consideration the cost of achieving the effluent reduction and any non-water quality environmental impacts and energy requirements. In selecting its NSPS technology for these segments and subcategories, EPA considered all the factors specified in CWA section 306, including the costs of achieving effluent reductions and the effect of costs on new projects (barrier to entry). The Agency also considered energy requirements and other non-water quality environmental impacts for the NSPS options and concluded that these impacts were no greater than those for the BAT technology options and are acceptable. EPA therefore concluded that the NSPS technology basis promulgated constitutes the best available demonstrated control technology for those segments. 13.1.5 Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources (PSES) and New Sources (PSNS) National pretreatment standards are established for those pollutants in wastewater from indirect dischargers that might pass through, interfere with, or otherwise be incompatible with publicly owned treatment works (POTW) operations. Currently, there are no categorical pretreatment standards for the meat and poultry products (MPP) point source category. EPA is not promulgating ELGs for indirect dischargers; therefore, EPA is not promulgating new pretreatment standards for existing or new MPP indirect dischargers. 134 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options 13.2 SELECTED TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR EACH SUBCATEGORY The technology options selected for each of the ELGs and standards (BPT, BCT, BAT, NSPS, and PSNS) are described for each subcategory in sections 13.2.1 through 13.2.6. More detailed information related to the methodologies and results related to estimating the cost- effectiveness and economic achievability of the final rule is provided in the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule (EPA-821 -R-04-010). 13.2.1 Subcategories A Through D (Meat Slaughtering Facilities) 13.2.1.1 Small Facilities in Subcategories A through D (meat first processors that slaughter less than or equal to 50 million pounds per year) EPA did not revise limitations or standards for small facilities in Subcategories A through D. Such facilities continue to be subject to the current limitations in MPP ELGs (40 CFR part 432), as applicable. The current regulations include production-based limitations for these facilities for BOD, TSS, oil & grease, pH, and fecal coliforms for existing sources, and standards for these same pollutants plus the addition of standards for ammonia (as nitrogen) for new sources. The following sections describe EPA's decision to retain the current BPT, BCT, and BAT limitations and NSPS for small direct discharge facilities in Subcategories A through D. BPT. BCT. and BAT Requirements EPA proposed not to revise the current BPT, BCT, or BAT limitations for existing small direct dischargers in Subcategories A through D (meat first processors). For the final rule, for these facilities EPA evaluated the cost of achieving pollutant reductions and the economic achievability of compliance with BPT limitations based on the Option 1 technology and the level of the pollutant reductions resulting from compliance with such limitations. Option 1 includes biological treatment, partial nitrification, and disinfection. 13-5 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options EPA estimated that the cost of achieving the effluent reductions for these facilities at Option 1 would be $ 198/lb of pollutant removed (1999 dollars).1 EPA has promulgated ELGs in the past with costs per pound of pollutant removed as high as $37/lb (1999 dollars) although in general ELGs have had much lower costs per pound. Therefore, EPA evaluated the cost of the treatment technology options to small facilities using $37/lb removed as guidance for assessing BPT cost-reasonableness. Consequently, following this approach, EPA determined that the total costs of effluent reductions using the Option 1 technology are not reasonable in relation to the effluent reduction benefits for the following reasons. First, although EPA estimated that implementing the Option 1 technology would result in zero closures, EPA estimated the cost of effluent reductions using the Option 1 technology is $198/lb removed. Moreover, Option 1 does not remove any additional nutrients and consequently is not "nutrient cost-effective." For the reasons discussed in this section, EPA concluded that for existing small direct dischargers in Subcategories A through D, Option 1 is not the best practicable control technology, best conventional pollutant control technology, or best available technology economically achievable. Because the other options being considered would require more equipment and therefore higher costs than Option 1, the Agency assumed they would not be considered cost-reasonable. Therefore, EPA determined that it should not promulgate revisions to the current BPT, BCT, or BAT limitations for existing small direct dischargers. These facilities will continue to be subject to the applicable portions of sections 432.10 through 432.40. NSPS Requirements When establishing NSPS based on best available demonstrated technology, EPA considers how the cost of complying with any more stringent effluent limitations will affect new facilities trying to enter the industry. The Agency employs a barrier to entry analysis that evaluates the barrier posed to new entrants by the cost of complying with the regulation. 'In estimating the pounds of pollutants removed by implementing Option 1 technology for these facilities, liPA used the sum of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (1J()I)5) and ammonia (as nitrogen) removed. IiPA did not include removals of other pollutants, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), in this analysis because, for example, BOD and COD address many of the same pollutants and including both could result in double counting. 13-6 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options Although, as explained previously, the cost of effluent reductions for existing small facilities in Subcategories A through D might not be cost-reasonable, it is not necessarily the case that the costs for new facilities are as great. Generally, the cost for a new facility to incorporate waste treatment technologies during construction is less than that to retrofit existing facilities. EPA's barrier to entry analysis compares estimated average incremental capital costs a facility or company incurs to meet the effluent guidelines to average total assets of existing facilities or companies. EPA considered establishing NSPS for small facilities in Subcategories A through D based on Option 1 technology. EPA evaluated the barrier to entry based on a ratio of costs for Option 1 to assets of existing facilities. The Agency estimated a cost-to-assets ratio of 16.7 percent, which the Agency concludes will present a barrier to entry to new facilities. Because the costs for other options would be greater than those for Option 1, these would pose an even greater barrier to entry. For these reasons, EPA did not revise the NSPS limitations for new small direct dischargers in these subcategories. New facilities would continue to be subject to the current NSPS limitations in sections 432.15, 432.25, 432.35, and 432.45. 13.2.1.2 Non-Small Facilities in Subcategories A through D (meat first processors that slaughter more than 50 million pounds per year) For non-small facilities in Subcategories A through D, EPA revised limitations and standards for some pollutants and established total nitrogen limitations and standards for the first time. EPA did not revise the current limitations (BPT/BCT) or NSPS for conventional pollutants for these facilities The current regulations include production-based limitations and standards for these facilities for BOD, TSS, oil and grease, pH, and fecal coliforms. EPA revised BPT to include limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen), establishing a BAT limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen) equivalent to the BPT limitation, and establishing BAT/NSPS limitations for total nitrogen. The NSPS for ammonia (as nitrogen) is not being changed. As discussed in Section 15, the revised and new limitations and standards are concentration-based. The following sections discuss the technology bases EPA selected for the final rule for the non-small direct discharge facilities in Subcategories A through D. 13-7 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options BPT Requirements In 1974 EPA established BPT for the meat subcategories A through D based on biological treatment (e.g., aerobic and anaerobic treatment) to control five conventional pollutants or pollutant parameters (BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, and pH). The BPT limitations did not include limits for ammonia (as nitrogen) because nitrification was not a widely used technology and therefore not the BPT at the time. EPA notes, however, that the BPT that was the basis for the 1974 limitations provided some incidental ammonia removal through nitrification during extended aeration, which resulted in some reduction in ammonia (as nitrogen). EPA did attempt to establish ammonia limitations under BAT based on a technology other than nitrification (which was more advanced than the 1974 BPT). Those limitations were the subject of judicial challenge and were remanded to EPA for further consideration (American Meat Institute v. Environmental Protection Agency, 526 F.2d 442 (7,h Cir. 1975)). In 2002 EPA proposed new BPT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) based on Option 2 for non-small facilities in Subcategories A through D (facilities with production rates greater than 50 million pounds live weight killed (LWK) per year). As described in Section 9, Option 2 consists of biological treatment followed by more complete nitrification than Option 1 to further reduce ammonia levels and disinfection. EPA established BPT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) for non-small direct dischargers in Subcategories A through D based on the proposed technology option (Option 2). EPA concluded that "more complete" nitrification is now a widely available pollution control technology that should be the basis for the BPT ammonia limitation. For these guidelines, EPA is not revising BPT limitations for the conventional pollutants. EPA concluded that the Option 2 treatment technology represents the BPT for control of ammonia (as nitrogen) while providing incidental removals of additional conventional pollutants, particularly BOD^ and TSS, and is the basis for the BPT limitations for these facilities for the following reasons. First, this technology is available and readily applicable to all non-small facilities in Subcategories A through D. Approximately 97 percent of the non-small direct discharging 13-8 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options facilities in these subcategories currently use the Option 2 technology or better. Although most facilities have the components of Option 2 technology in place (e.g., nitrification basin/aerobic reactor), some facilities are not achieving the Option 2 long-term average (LTA) concentration for ammonia or the additional removals of the conventional pollutants. EPA attributes this to their failure to operate or maintain the Option 2 technology adequately. Consequently, when estimating the costs of compliance with Option 2 for purposes of evaluating its reasonableness and for estimating economic impacts, EPA included costs for treatment optimization that a number of facilities would need to achieve the Option 2 LTAs. For example, EPA included costs for increased aeration, detention time (capacity), chemical addition, sludge handling, process controls, and additional in-process sampling and analytical testing. (See Sections 10 and 11 for additional discussion of the cost and loading methodologies.) Second, the cost of compliance with these limitations relative to the effluent reduction benefits is not disproportionate. Based on EPA's economic analysis, EPA concluded that compliance with BPT limitations based on Option 2 technology should not result in closures of any existing non-small direct dischargers in these subcategories. Moreover, adopting this level of control will reduce the quantity of ammonia (as nitrogen) and other pollutants currently being discharged into the environment. For meat first processor facilities that produce more than 50 million pounds LWK per year, EPA estimated an annual compliance cost for Option 2 of $7.29 million (pre-tax, 1999 dollars). It also estimated 3.8 million pounds of BOD^ and ammonia (as nitrogen) removed from current discharges into the Nation's waters (for $2.55/lb pollutant removed (1999 dollars)). In estimating the pounds of pollutant removed by implementing Option 2 technology for these facilities, EPA used the sum of BOD^ and ammonia (as nitrogen) removed. EPA tried to avoid "double-counting" pollutant reductions that would occur if, for example, the Agency summed removals of COD and BOD. As previously explained, EPA evaluated BPT costs and removals using, as guidance, $37/lb removed in 1999 dollars as a point of comparison. EPA, therefore, determined that the total cost of effluent reductions due to the Option 2 technology ($2.55/lb pound removed) is reasonable in view of the effluent reduction benefits. 13-9 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options EPA found that 32 percent of the non-small facilities in these subcategories use Option 2.5 (which includes partial denitrification). Although the Option 2.5 technology is demonstrated, it is not as widely available as the Option 2 technology. Moreover, the pollutant loading reduction for ammonia (as nitrogen) for Option 2.5 is the same as the reduction estimated for Option 2 but costs $9 million more every year. Therefore, EPA did not select Option 2 it as the basis of BPT limitations. EPA did not select Option 2.5+P or Option 4 as the basis for BPT limitations because as they do not achieve additional pollutant reductions at a cost EPA considers reasonable. For example, Option 2.5+P does not achieve additional removals of ammonia (as nitrogen) but would cost an additional $36 million annually. Option 4 would remove an additional 59,000 pounds of ammonia (as nitrogen) at an additional cost of $45 million annually. Moreover, EPA notes that Option 2.5+P represents control technology not closely related to the technology basis for the earlier BPT regulations. Chemical phosphorus removal is not closely connected to the nitrification and disinfection technology that was the basis of the 1974 BPT limitations for Subcategories A through D. The Agency did not select other options considered for BPT because they were not readily available and/or produced an unfavorable total BPT cost and removal comparison. Detailed discussions explaining why EPA rejected setting BPT limitations based on these other technology options are contained in the proposal and the Notice of Data Availability (NODA; see 67 FR 8637, February 25, 2002, and 68 FR 48499, August 13, 2003). Although EPA did not change the technology basis from that proposed, the Agency promulgated BPT limitations for non-small facilities in Subcategories A through D that are slightly different from those proposed. First, where EPA promulgated BPT limitations for pollutants like ammonia (as nitrogen) for which EPA had not previously set BPT limits for these subcategories, the final limitations are based on revised and additional data reflecting the types of changes described in the NODA (see 68 FR 48495). In addition, where EPA is adopting new or revised BPT limitations, it has expressed them in a concentration-based form, whereas the unchanged limitations will continue to be expressed as production-based limits. (See Section 15 for guidance on how both types of limits can be implemented together in permits.) 13-10 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options BCT Requirements For both the proposed and final rules, in deciding whether to adopt more stringent limitations for BCT than for BPT, EPA considered technologies that might achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than those adopted for BPT. It also looked at whether those technologies are cost-reasonable under the standards established by the CWA. EPA refers to the decision criteria as the "BCT cost test." EPA did not revise the current BPT effluent limitations for conventional parameters (pH, BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, and fecal coliforms) for non-small meat first processors (Subcategories A through D). Therefore, when considering a technology that would achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than that adopted for BPT, EPA compared the removals achievable through implementation of the Option 2 technology (which EPA considered as the possible technology basis for BCT) to current BPT limitations. EPA estimated that Option 2 removed about an additional 610,000 pounds per year of BOD5 and 970,000 pounds per year of TSS compared to pollutant reductions by facilities meeting or exceeding current BPT limitations. There are no additional removals of oil and grease or fecal coliforms. EPA evaluated Option 2 under the BCT cost test and it failed (see the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule (EPA-821-R-04-010). EPA did not evaluate technology options, such as Option 2+F (Option 2 plus the addition of a filter) because they are more costly and would not remove significantly more conventional pollutants than Option 2. Therefore, if Option 2 did not pass the BCT cost test, those options would not pass. The Agency did not identify any technologies that pass the BCT cost test and achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than the current BPT technology. Thus, EPA did not revise the BCT limitations for these facilities. Non-small facilities in Subcategories A through D will continue to be regulated by the current BCT limitations (which are equivalent to the current BPT limitations) in sections 432.17, 432.27, 432.37, and 432.47. 13-11 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options BAT Requirements EPA proposed to establish the BAT level of regulatory control for non-small facilities in Subcategories A through D based on Option 3 (biological treatment, more complete nitrification, more complete denitrification and disinfection). As discussed in the NODA, after review and evaluation of the revised and new data, EPA reconsidered its assessment of Option 3 as BAT. EPA determined that Option 3 did not meet all the statutory criteria for BAT. Therefore, the Agency refocused its evaluation for the technology basis for BAT on Option 2.5, Option 2.5+P, and Option 4 for nutrient removal. For the final rule, EPA based the BAT limitations for non- small facilities in Subcategories A through D on Option 2.5 technology and is promulgating a limitation for total nitrogen on this basis. EPA did, however, set a limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen) that is equal to BPT. This section describes EPA's rationale for selecting Option 2.5 technology and rejecting Option 2.5+P and Option 4 for the basis of the total nitrogen limitation and for selecting to set BAT equal to BPT (based on Option 2) for ammonia (as nitrogen). Both the proposal and the NODA contain detailed discussions explaining why EPA rejected setting BAT limitations based on other more stringent technology options (see 67 FR 8629, February 25, 2002, and 68 FR 48499, August 13,2003). EPA selected Option 2.5 technology as the basis of BAT for non-small facilities in Subcategories A through D for the following reasons. First, Option 2.5 technology has been demonstrated as available because 32 percent of the non-small facilities in Subcategories A through D use the components of Option 2.5 technology (e.g., facility has in place a denitrification basin, nitrification basin and disinfection) or more advanced technology. EPA, however, determined that facilities in Subcategories A through D with the components of Option 2.5 technology in place are not operating their systems optimally based on review of the BOD:TKN ratios (68 FR 48500, August 13, 2003). EPA concluded that for effective denitrification to occur, facilities must be achieving a minimum BOD:TKN ratio of 3. In addition, these facilities were not achieving at least a 60 mg/L total nitrogen concentration in the effluent. (EPA used 60 mg/L as a minimum standard for facilities it considered in developing the 13-12 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options BAT LTA limitation for total nitrogen.) EPA did have data from poultry first processing facilities with Option 2.5 technology that met all BAT selection criteria, indicating that the poultry facilities' treatment systems were well operated. For this reason, when estimating costs and pollutant reductions and developing limitations associated with Option 2.5, EPA used the LTA concentration for total nitrogen from well-operated Option 2.5 poultry first processing facilities (see Section 14). EPA included costs (such as costs for lagoon bypass, additional carbon source, or two-stage denitrification) for the meat first processing facilities to achieve the poultry Option 2.5 LTA for total nitrogen. Second, Option 2.5 is economically achievable. EPA estimated the pretax annualized compliance costs (in 1999 dollars) for Option 2.5 to be $16.7 million. Using the facility and company closure methodologies described in the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule (EPA-821-R-04-010), EPA estimated that no facilities or companies will close. EPA performed an alternative analysis by estimating closures using more conservative assumptions; that is, EPA predicted a closure would occur if the facility failed under one of three forecast methodologies, rather than under at least two out of three. Using the alternative analysis, EPA estimated two facility closures under Option 2.5. Because not all facilities are covered by the closure analysis, it might understate the number of facility closures nationally. As discussed in the NODA (68 FR 48489, August 13, 2003), EPA tried to determine whether additional companies own direct discharging MPP facilities. The Agency identified, based on the screener survey results, three additional companies across all subcategories that might own direct discharging MPP facilities. Therefore, the company-level analysis might underestimate the number of company closures nationally but to a lesser degree than the facility- level analysis. EPA also considered the cost-effectiveness of nutrient removal as one aspect of its evaluation of BAT options for this industry as a whole. As discussed in the proposed rule and the NODA, EPA established a benchmark for nitrogen removal of $4/lb, based on studies of nitrogen removal by publically owned treatment works (POTWs) with biological nutrient removal, and a 13-13 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options benchmark for phosphorus removal of $ 10/lb, based on studies of agricultural best management practices that reduce phosphorus discharges. EPA used these benchmarks for nutrients in connection with the effluent guidelines for concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Under the CAFO effluent guidelines, EPA promulgated regulations for industry sectors (e.g., the dairy sector) where the nutrient cost-effectiveness exceeded these values for the individual sectors but maintained a nutrient cost-effectiveness that was under these values for the rule as a whole. Therefore, EPA evaluated each segment or subcategory in the MPP category in comparison to the $4/lb for nitrogen and $ 10/lb for phosphorus values, but ultimately evaluated whether poor nutrient cost-effectiveness of an individual segment/subcategory would change the nutrient cost-effectiveness for the rule as a whole. For Option 2.5 for subcategories A through D, EPA estimated 15.4 million pounds removed per year of total nitrogen and nutrient cost-effectiveness of $ 1,08/lb of total nitrogen removed. Because Option 2.5 does not include phosphorus removal, EPA did not calculate nutrient cost-effectiveness for phosphorus for Option 2.5. EPA concluded that Option 2.5 is nutrient cost-effective for total nitrogen. EPA considered Option 2.5+P as the basis of BAT but rejected it for the following reasons. First, no facilities in EPA's database for Subcategories A through D use Option 2.5+P technology. Second, EPA estimated the pretax annualized cost of Option 2.5+P to be $42.9 million. EPA believed these costs might be underestimated. Based on information provided in comments on the NODA and further analysis, EPA concluded that the average annual cost of increased alum addition and the resulting increased sludge generation and disposal might range from $108,000 to $378,000 more per facility than previously estimated for this subcategory. Option 2.5+P removes an estimated 4.5 million pounds per year of total phosphorus and achieves the same level of nitrogen and conventional pollutant reduction as Option 2.5. Although the cost per pound of phosphorus removed using the estimated cost of $42.9 million is $9.49/lb, EPA believes that the actual cost per pound would be greater than $10 because of the additional costs noted above. Although EPA selected options where the nutrient cost-effectiveness is greater then the reference values ($4/lb nitrogen removed and $ 10/lb phosphorus removed) for an individual subcategory or segment, EPA has not done so in cases where selecting such an option would 13-14 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options raise the nutrient cost-effectiveness of the rule, as a whole, over these values. With a phosphorus cost-effectiveness over $ 10/lb for non-small facilities in Subcategory A through D, the phosphorus cost-effectiveness for the rule, as a whole, would be greater than $ 10/lb total phosphorus removed. Therefore, considering the lack of availability of the technology and the unfavorable nutrient cost-effectiveness for phosphorus, EPA rejected Option 2.5+P as the basis of BAT limitations. EPA considered Option 4 (which includes more complete denitrification and chemical phosphorus removal) as the basis of BAT but did not select it because of the high increase in cost compared to Option 2.5 and the poor incremental nutrient cost-effectiveness (the high cost to remove additional nutrients compared to Option 2.5+P). EPA estimated that there are no direct discharging facilities in these subcategories currently operating Option 4 technology. EPA estimated the pretax annualized compliance costs for Option 4 to be $52.0 million (1999 dollars), which is $9.1 million more than Option 2.5+P and $35.3 million more than Option 2.5. EPA estimated that Option 4 removes 18.5 million pounds per year of nitrogen (3.1 million more pounds per year than Option 2.5 or Option 2.5+P) and 5.0 million pounds per year of phosphorus (approximately 500,000 more pounds per year than Option 2.5+P). EPA estimated no facility or company closures for Option 4. Finally, EPA estimated the incremental nitrogen cost-effectiveness (as compared to Option 2.5) to be $11.56/lb of total nitrogen removed and the incremental phosphorus cost-effectiveness (as compared to Option 2.5+P) to be $20.09/lb of total phosphorus removed. The incremental nutrient cost- effectiveness of Option 4 is above the benchmark values; therefore, EPA did not consider Option 4 cost-effective. EPA established BAT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) that are equivalent to the limitations promulgated in the final rule under BPT. EPA considered setting more stringent limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) under BAT; however, the selected BAT technology option (Option 2.5) does not remove any additional quantity of ammonia (as nitrogen). Although Option 4 does remove some additional pounds of ammonia (as nitrogen) as compared to Option 2, EPA did not select Option 4 for BAT for the reasons discussed earlier in this section. 13-15 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options NSPS Requirements As previously discussed, when establishing NSPS, EPA considers whether increased compliance costs related to the effluent guidelines regulation might create a barrier for a new facility to enter the industry and whether there are any new source standards currently in place for the subcategory. The barrier to entry analysis compares the estimated average increase in facility or company capital costs to meet the effluent guidelines to the average total assets of existing facilities or companies. EPA did not have data on the assets of new entrants because, in general, they cannot be identified before they are established. Therefore, EPA used data on the assets of existing facilities. The extent to which potential new entrants have total assets similar to those of existing industry participants provides a proxy for potential barriers to entry that new facility compliance costs may represent. EPA performed an analysis to evaluate the effect of the rule on the costs to new entrants into the meat and poultry products industry by calculating the ratio of average capital costs to average total assets as a measure of the potential for barriers to entry that the MPP rule could create for these facilities. If the barrier to entry ratio is large, there is a possibility that the rule will discourage entry into the MPP market. EPA estimated the ratio of costs to assets for Options 2.5, 2.5+P, and 4. The ratios are 1.6 percent for Option 2.5, 2.6 percent for Option 2.5+P, and 3.3 percent for Option 4. The estimates for Options 2.5+P and 4, however, do not reflect EPA's additional evaluation of the costs for chemical phosphorus based on comments received (see DCN 300,025). From this additional evaluation, EPA concluded that the average annualized costs for chemical phosphorus removal might be $108,000 to $378,000 per facility more than the costs used in EPA's barrier to entry analysis. With these additional costs, the ratio might rise to a level that the Agency would consider a barrier to entry for Options 2.5+P and 4. EPA decided to revise the standards for new sources for ammonia (as nitrogen) to be equivalent to the BPT limitations being established in the final rule based on Option 2 and to establish standards for total nitrogen equivalent to the BAT limitations being established based on Option 2.5. These standards do not present a barrier to entry. Although there are existing 13-16 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options NSPS for these facilities, they do not include standards for total nitrogen. In addition, the revised NSPS for ammonia (as nitrogen) is based on the best demonstrated technology (i.e., more complete nitrification) whereas the current NSPS for ammonia (as nitrogen) is based on the current BAT limitations set in 1974 and achieves a lower level of nitrification (or may include ammonia stripping) (See p. 150, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Standards for the Red Meat Processing Segment of the Meat Product and Rendering Processing Point Source Category, February 1974). Moreover, at the time the current NSPS were promulgated, nitrification technology was not well established and, in many cases, was available in only pilot plant or laboratory settings. Page 155 of the technical development document for the 1974 rule states: "Each of the identified BAT technologies, except ammonia removal, is currently being practiced in one or more packing plants." 13.2.2 Subcategory E (Small Processors) Subcategory E includes the smallest meat further processing facilities (meat further processing facilities that produce 6,000 pounds or less per day). In 2002 EPA proposed not to revise the regulations for existing or new direct dischargers in Subcategory E. EPA did not propose to revise the existing limitations applicable to smaller MPP facilities (including all facilities in Subcategory E) because EPA determined that "small" MPP facilities discharge a very small proportion of the total industry discharge and that improved treatment would produce only a limited amount of loadings removal (67 FR 8623, February 25, 2002). EPA did not receive comment or additional information to persuade it to revise the existing ELGs and standards for this subcategory. Therefore, the current part 432 regulations continue to apply to those facilities (section 432.50). 13.2.3 Subcategories F through I (Meat Further Processing Facilities) To allow for different limitations for small and non-small meat further processing facilities, EPA's 2002 proposal called for a production threshold of 50 million pounds (finished product) for facilities in Subcategories F through I. EPA is retaining that production threshold for the final rule. Therefore, EPA addresses small facilities and non-small facilities separately. Note the meat processors that process 6,000 pounds or less per day (1.56 million pounds per year) are 13-17 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options not included in Subcategories F through I, but are covered under Subcategory E. Costs in this section are presented in 1999 dollars because 1999 is the base year of the survey. 13.2.3.1 Small Facilities in Subcategories F through I (meat further processors that process more than 6,000 pounds per day but less than or equal to 50 million pounds per year) EPA did not revise limitations or standards for small facilities in Subcategories F through I. Meat further processing facilities that produce greater than 6,000 pounds per day but less than or equal to 50 million pounds per year of finished produc\t will continue to be subject to the current limitations in the meat and poultry products effluent limitations guidelines (part 432), as applicable. The following sections discuss EPA's decision to retain the current BPT, BCT, and BAT limitations and NSPS for small direct discharge facilities in Subcategories F through I. BPT, BCT. and BAT Requirements EPA proposed not to revise the BPT, BCT or BAT limitations for existing small meat further processors in Subcategories F through I. In part 432, small facilities in Subcategories F through I currently have BPT limitations for the five conventional pollutants and BAT limitations for ammonia. EPA did not propose to revise BPT limitations for conventional pollutants for small facilities in these subcategories. EPA evaluated the cost of additional technology (e.g., filtration) under the BCT cost test and it failed. Therefore, EPA did not revise the conventional pollutant limitations under BCT for small facilities in Subcategories F through I. For the final rule, EPA considered revising the ammonia (as nitrogen) limitations under BAT. EPA evaluated the cost of achieving pollutant reductions and the economic achievability of compliance with limitations based on Option 1 and Option 2 technology. Option 1 includes biological treatment, partial nitrification, and disinfection, and Option 2 accomplishes more complete nitrification (i.e., ammonia removal) than Option 1 technology. When evaluating BAT technology, EPA must determine whether the technology is available and economically achievable. EPA must also determine whether the identified technology is best. EPA typically evaluates a technology's cost-effectiveness as a factor in its decision. When considering cost- effectiveness (except for nutrients), EPA typically evaluates additional pollutant reductions in 13-18 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options toxic pound-equivalents. EPA estimated that the annualized cost of Option 1 and Option 2 are about $1.10 and $1.11 million (pre-tax, 1999 dollars), respectively, which represents approximately 9.4 percent of net income. Using the closure methodology described in the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule (EPA-821-R-04-010), there is a very small probability that there could be one facility closure out of sixteen facilities under either option: the probability of closure is 1.49 percent and 1.51 percent, respectively. EPA estimated that Option 1 achieves a reduction of 5 toxic pound- equivalents per year, and Option 2 achieves a reduction of 15.2 toxic pound-equivalents per year, resulting in a toxic cost-effectiveness of $ 129,000 per toxic pound-equivalent (in 1981 dollars) for Option 1 and $42,900 per toxic pound equivalent (1981 dollars) for Option 2. Historically, EPA evaluated BAT technology using a toxic cost-effectiveness value of $200/toxic pound- equivalents (1981 dollars). Therefore, EPA determined that Options 1 and 2 are not cost-effective and are not economically achievable best available technology. For existing small direct dischargers in the Subcategories F through I, the Agency found neither Option 1 nor Option 2 is the best practicable control technology, best conventional pollutant control technology, or best available technology economically achievable. Therefore, EPA did not revise BPT, BCT, or BAT limitations for existing small meat further processors. These facilities will remain subject to sections 432.60 through 432.90, as applicable. NSPS Requirements In 2002, EPA proposed not to revise the current new source performance standards for small facilities in Subcategories F through I (meat further processors). For the final rule, EPA concluded that the data on these facilities is insufficient to determine if Option 1 or Option 2 technology would present a barrier to entry. In addition, the analysis of barrier to entry data for these subcategories was complicated by the fact that some facilities performing operations fitting within the scope of Subcategories F through I also perform operations that are regulated under Subcategory L (poultry further processors). EPA notes that its analysis of Options 1 and 2 as candidate BAT technologies for ammonia removal in these subcategories showed insignificant additional removals above its cost-effectiveness benchmark. While new facilities may be able to 13-19 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options install technology at lower cost than existing facilities, it is unlikely that the costs would be low enough for the cost-effectiveness to approach a reasonable value. Finally, EPA also considered whether or not there were any new source performance standards currently in place when deciding whether to revise new source performance standards. There are current new source performance standards for these facilities which appear to be adequate. Therefore, EPA did not revise NSPS for new small meat further processors. New sources are subject to the current NSPS limitations in sections 432.65, 432.75, 432.85, and 432.95. 13.2.3.2 Non-Small Facilities in Subcategories F through I (meat further processors that process more than 50 million pounds per year) For non-small facilities in Subcategories F through I, EPA established limitations and standards for total nitrogen for existing and new sources and establishing ammonia (as nitrogen) standards for new sources. EPA did not revise the current limitations (BPT/BCT) or new source performance standards (NSPS) for conventional pollutants and did not revise the current BAT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen). The current regulations include production-based limitations and standards for these facilities for BOD, TSS, oil and grease, pH, and fecal coliforms for existing and new sources and a concentration-based limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen) for existing sources. As discussed in Section 14, the new limitations and standards are concentration-based. The following sections discuss the technology bases EPA selected for the final rule for the non-small direct discharge facilities in Subcategories F through I. BPT Requirements EPA established BPT for the meat further processors (Subcategories F through I) in 1975, based on biological treatment (e.g., aerobic and anaerobic treatment) to control five conventional pollutants or pollutant parameters (BOD5, TSS, oil & grease, fecal coliforms, and pH). The current limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) for non-small meat further processors are contained in BAT and not BPT. Therefore, this section does not discuss BPT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen). In February 2002, EPA proposed new BPT limitations for chemical oxygen demand (COD) based on Option 2 in an effort to better reflect current BPT treatment technology for non- 13-20 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options small meat further processing facilities (67 FR 8630, February 25, 2002). See Section 7.3.2 for a discussion on why EPA is not establishing BPT limitations for COD in the final rule. EPA did not revise the conventional pollutant limitations for non-small meat further processing facilities (Subcategories F through I) in the final rule and such facilities will remain subject to the BPT limitations in sections 432.62, 432.72, 432.82, and 432.92. BCT Requirements When deciding whether to adopt more stringent limitations for BCT than BPT, EPA considers technologies that might achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than those adopted for BPT. EPA did not promulgate new BPT effluent limitations for conventional parameters (i.e., pH, BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, and fecal coliforms) for non-small meat further processors (Subcategories F through I). When considering a technology that would achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than adopted for BPT, EPA compared the removals achievable through implementation of the Option 2 technology (which EPA considered as the possible technology basis for BCT) to current BPT limitations. EPA estimated that Option 2 removes approximately 21,700 pounds more per year of BOD5 compared to conventional pollutant reductions by facilities meeting or exceeding current BPT limitations. There are no additional removals of TSS, oil and grease, or fecal coliforms. EPA evaluated Option 2 under the BCT cost test and it failed (see the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule EPA-821 -R-04-010). EPA did not evaluate other technology options, such as Option 2 + F (Option 2 plus the addition of a filter), because they are more costly and do not remove significantly more conventional pollutants than Option 2. If Option 2 did not pass the cost test, these more expensive options would not pass. The Agency did not identify any technologies that pass the BCT cost test and achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than the current BPT technology. Thus, EPA did not revise the BCT limitations for these facilities. Non-small meat further processing facilities in Subcategories F through I will remain subject to the current 13-21 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options BCT limitations (which are equivalent to the current BPT limitations for conventional pollutants) in sections 432.67, 432.77, 432.87, and 432.97. BAT Requirements EPA proposed to establish the BAT level of regulatory control for non-small meat further processors (Subcategories F through I) based on Option 3 (i.e., biological treatment, more complete denitrification, more complete nitrification, and disinfection). As discussed in the NODA, after review and evaluation of the revised and new data, EPA reconsidered its assessment of Option 3 as BAT technology. EPA determined that Option 3 did not meet all the statutory criteria for BAT. The Agency refocused its evaluation for the technology basis for BAT on Option 2.5, Option 2.5+P, or Option 4 for nutrient removal (see Section 9 for a description of the technology options). For the final rule, EPA based the BAT limitations for total nitrogen for these facilities on Option 2.5 technology and promulgated a limitation for total nitrogen on this basis. EPA did not revise the current BAT limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen). EPA evaluated whether revising the current BAT limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen) based on Options 2, 2.5, 2.5+P, or 4 treatment technologies could be supported. When evaluating revision of BAT for non-conventional pollutants that are not nutrients, EPA considers not only whether the technology option is available and economically achievable, but also whether it is best. EPA typically evaluates a technology's cost-effectiveness as a factor in its decision. When considering cost-effectiveness (except for nutrients), EPA typically looks at the costs of the additional pollutant reductions (in toxic pound-equivalents). EPA estimated the annualized cost of each technology option under review. The approximate annualized cost of the technology options ranged from $266,000 for Option 2 to $798,000 for Option 4 (pretax, 1999 dollars). Using the closure methodology, EPA projected that there would be a slight probability (0.5 percent) that at most one facility would close under any of the technology options. However, the average toxic cost-effectiveness numbers range from $8,000 per toxic pound-equivalent (1981 dollars) for Option 2 to $ 18,400 per toxic pound- equivalent (1981 dollars) for Option 4. These high values are due to the very minimal incremental reduction in toxic pound-equivalents: 19.4 toxic pound-equivalents/year for Options 13-22 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options 2, 2.5, or 2.5+P and 25.3 toxic pound-equivalents/year for Option 4. EPA typically uses $200 per toxic pound-equivalents (in 1981 dollars) as an indication of cost-effectiveness for toxic pollutants. Therefore, EPA determined that Options 2, 2.5, 2.5+P, and 4 are a not cost-effective basis for revising current ammonia (as nitrogen) limitations for non-small facilities in these subcategories when compared with those currently being achieved. The following section describes EPA's rationale for selecting Option 2.5 technology and rejecting Options 2.5+P and 4 as the basis of BAT limitations for nutrients. EPA did not consider Option 2 for control of nutrients as it is not designed to reduce total nitrogen or total phosphorus. Both the proposal and the NODA contain detailed discussions explaining why EPA rejected setting BAT limitations based on other technology options (see 67 FR 8629, February 2002 and 68 FR 48499, August 13, 2003). EPA selected Option 2.5 technology as the basis of BAT control for total nitrogen for non-small meat further processing facilities (Subcategories F through I) because it is demonstrated as available and is economically achievable. First, although no facilities in these subcategories use Option 2.5 technology, this technology has been demonstrated as available in all other subcategories of the MPP industry. EPA notes that it did not have any detailed survey respondents that are within the scope of Subcategories F through I and that based on its screener questionnaire database, EPA estimated only four non-small facilities in these subcategories. Based upon information collected from facilities in this subcategory who received screener surveys, all of the facilities are estimated to be currently achieving the LTA of Option 2.5 for total nitrogen. Second, Option 2.5 is economically achievable. EPA estimated the pretax annualized compliance costs (in 1999 dollars) for Option 2.5 to be $329,000. These costs are conservative and may be overstated as they include costs for the components of Option 2.5 technology even at facilities where the effluent concentrations are below the LTA for Option 2.5. EPA chose to possibly overestimate costs in this subcategory because of the uncertainty regarding the numbers of facilities in these subcategories and lack of detailed information on their operations. This is due to the small number of screener survey respondents and the fact that EPA does not have any 13-23 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options detailed survey respondents from these subcategories. In addition, EPA's finding of economic achievability in the final rule is based on the estimated costs of implementing the components of the model technology, not on achieving the resulting limitations. Using the facility and company closure methodologies, EPA estimated a 0.2 percent probability of facility-level closure (i.e., at most one facility closure). EPA also considered the cost-effectiveness of nutrient removal when evaluating BAT options for this industry segment. However, as previously noted, all non-small meat further processing facilities (Subcategories F through I) in EPA's database are already achieving the Option 2.5 LTAs. Therefore, EPA estimated zero additional pounds removed per year of total nitrogen and could not calculate a nutrient cost-effectiveness for nitrogen. Furthermore, there is the possibility that facilities in subcategories A through D that perform further processing may be at a competitive disadvantage if facilities in subcategories F through I do not have equivalent limits. In addition, EPA does not want to encourage companies to split their operations in order to be subject to lower limits. EPA considered Option 2.5+P as the basis of BAT, but rejected it for the following reasons. First, no non-small meat further processing facilities in EPA's database use Option 2.5+P technology. Second, Option 2.5+P costs an additional $30,000 annually for no additional pollutant reductions when compared to Option 2.5. Therefore, this technology was not considered to be cost-effective. EPA considered Option 4 as the basis of BAT but did not select it due to the lack of availability of the technology option, the high increase in cost compared to Option 2.5, and the poor incremental nutrient cost-effectiveness (i.e., the high cost to remove additional nutrients compared to Option 2.5+P). EPA estimated that there are no facilities in these subcategories currently operating Option 4 technology. In addition, EPA estimated the pre-tax annualized compliance costs for Option 4 to be $798,000 (1999 dollars), which is $469,000 more than Option 2.5. EPA estimated that Option 4 removes approximately 80,000 pounds per year of nitrogen and zero pounds per 13-24 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options year of phosphorus. Using the facility and company closure methodologies, EPA estimated a 0.5 percent probability of facility-level closure (i.e., at most one facility closure). Finally, EPA estimated the average nutrient cost-effectiveness for nitrogen to be $ 10.02/lb of total nitrogen removed, while the incremental nitrogen cost-effectiveness relative to Option 2.5 is $5.89/lb. Both of the figures are above the $4/lb benchmark for nitrogen removal. Therefore, EPA did not consider Option 4 to be cost-effective. NSPS Requirements In 2002 EPA proposed to revise the current new source performance standards for non- small facilities in Subcategories F through I (meat further processors) based on Option 3 technology. EPA estimated only four non-small direct discharge meat further processing facilities, and therefore, has insufficient data on these facilities to determine if Options 2.5, 2.5+P, or 4 would present a barrier to entry. When deciding whether to promulgate revised new source performance standards, EPA considered whether or not there are any new source performance standards currently in place. EPA revised existing source BAT limitations for non- small meat further processors based on Option 2.5 technology for total nitrogen and did not revise BAT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen). Although there currently are new source performance standards for these facilities, they do not include limitations for total nitrogen or ammonia (as nitrogen). Therefore, for non-small meat further processors, EPA set NSPS for total nitrogen equivalent to the BAT limitations based on Option 2.5 and for ammonia (as nitrogen) based on Option 2 (because Option 2.5 does not provide any additional ammonia removal). EPA did not revise the current NSPS for conventional pollutants. 13.2.4 Subcategory K (Poultry First Processing Facilities) In 2002, EPA proposed a production threshold of 10 million pounds (live weight killed) per year for facilities in Subcategory K. EPA proposed this threshold to allow for different limitations for small and non-small poultry first processing facilities. EPA raised the production threshold for the final rule from 10 to 100 million pounds per year. Therefore, this section discusses small and non-small facilities separately. Costs presented in this section are presented in 1999 year dollars which is the base year of the survey. 13-25 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options 13.2.4.1 Small Facilities in Subcategory K (Poultry first processors that slaughter less than or equal to 100 million pounds per year) For the final rule, small poultry first processing facilities include facilities with production rates less than or equal to 100 million pounds per year (live weight killed). EPA is not establishing limitations for any existing small poultry first processing facilities in Subcategory K. However, EPA established new source performance standards for new facilities. The following sections discuss EPA's decision not to establish BPT, BCT, or BAT limitations and to establish NSPS for small direct discharge facilities in Subcategory K. BPT/BCT/BA T Requirements In 2002 EPA proposed new BPT/BCT/BAT for the small poultry first processors based on Option 1. EPA also evaluated Option 2 for small facilities in this subcategory. Based on comments on the proposal and the incorporation of data from the detailed surveys, EPA did not establish BPT/BCT/BAT limitations for small facilities in Subcategory K (poultry first processors) for the final rule. First, even though Options 1 and 2 are available technologies (i.e., partial and more complete nitrification, respectively) readily applicable to all small facilities in Subcategory K, the cost of compliance with these limitations in relation to the effluent reduction benefits is disproportionate. For poultry first processor facilities with production rates less than or equal to 100 million pounds of live weight killed (LWK) per year EPA estimated it will cost $ 1,487/lb of pollutant removed (1999 dollars) for Option 1 and $501/lb (1999 dollars) for Option 2. These values significantly exceed the $37/lb removed benchmark that EPA used, as guidance, to assess BPT cost reasonableness. Consequently, EPA determined the total cost of effluent reductions using the Options 1 and 2 technologies are not reasonable in relation to the effluent reduction benefits. The Agency tried to avoid "double-counting" pollutant reductions that would occur if, for example, EPA summed removals of COD and BOD. Therefore, EPA used the sum of BOD^ and ammonia (as nitrogen) removed to estimate the pounds of pollutant removed under the technology options for these facilities. As noted previously, EPA estimated this cost as $ 1,487/lb removed for Option 1 13-26 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options and $501/lb removed for Option 2. Second, EPA found that compliance with limitations based on Option 1 or Option 2 technology will result in at least 36 closures for the existing small direct dischargers for which facility-level financial data exists. EPA only had sufficient financial data for 9 out of an estimated 37 small facilities in this subcategory. Therefore, there may be more closures than we are able to project. Existing small direct discharge facilities in Subcategory K will remain subject to permit limits based on the best professional judgment of the permit writer. NSPS Requirements For the 2002 proposal, EPA proposed new NSPS based on Option 1. In the NODA (68 FR 48500, August 13, 2003), EPA gave notice that it was considering the modified options (Option 2.5, Option 2.5+P, and no revision/no regulation) in addition to the proposed options (Options 1 and 2) for small slaughtering facilities. Based on comments received on the proposal and the completion of the review and incorporation of data from the detailed surveys, EPA established NSPS standards for small facilities in Subcategory K based on Option 2. There are no current new source performance standards for small poultry first processors and 75 percent of small facilities in EPA's database currently use Option 2 technology (or more advanced technology); therefore, Option 2 is demonstrated technology for this segment of facilities. However, EPA determined that the ratio of capital costs to total assets for the facilities in this subcategory to be 13 percent for both Option 1 and Option 2 technology levels. While 13 percent of average total assets is a significant level, EPA concluded that the limited amount of data for these facilities limited the analysis and the actual ratio of capital costs to total assets for new facilities may be much lower. For example, the analysis includes one facility whose ratio is greater than 30 percent, while another facility has a ratio of approximately 4 percent. Thus, since the barrier to entry test results are identical for Options 1 and 2, and 75 percent of existing facilities use Option 2 technology, EPA selected the more stringent Option 2 as the level of control for new sources for ammonia (as nitrogen) and the five conventional pollutants. 13-27 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options 13.2.4.2 Non-small Facilities in Subcategory K (Poultry first processing facilities that slaughter more than 100 million pounds per year) For non-small facilities in Subcategory K, EPA, for the first time, established limitations and standards for BOD5, TSS, oil & grease, pH, fecal coliforms, ammonia (as nitrogen), and total nitrogen for existing and new sources. As discussed in Section 14, the new limitations and standards are concentration-based. The following sections discuss the technology bases EPA selected for the final rule for the direct discharge non-small facilities in Subcategory K. BPT Requirements In 2002 EPA proposed new BPT for the non-small poultry first processors (Subcategory K) based on Option 3 to control five conventional pollutants or pollutant parameters (BOD^, TSS, oil & grease, fecal coliforms, and pH) and also control ammonia (as nitrogen), total nitrogen and total phosphorus. As discussed in the NODA, after review and evaluation of the revised and new data, EPA reconsidered its assessment of Option 3 technology. EPA established BPT limitations for BOD^, TSS, oil & grease, fecal coliforms, pH and ammonia (as nitrogen) for non-small direct dischargers in Subcategory K based on technology Option 2 (see Section 9 for additional details on the Option 2 technology). The Agency concluded that the Option 2 treatment technology represents the best practicable control technology currently available and is the basis for the BPT limitations for these facilities for the following reasons. First, this technology is available technology and is readily applicable to all non-small facilities in Subcategory K. More than 92 percent of the non-small direct discharging facilities in these subcategories are using Option 2 technology, or more advanced technology. Although most facilities have the components of Option 2 technology in place (e.g., nitrification basin/aerobic reactor), some facilities are not achieving the projected Option 2 long-term average concentrations (LTAs). EPA attributes this to their failure to operate or maintain the Option 2 technology adequately. (See Sections 10 and 11 for additional discussion of the cost and loading methodologies.) Consequently, when estimating the costs of compliance with Option 2, EPA 13-28 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options included costs for treatment optimization for a number of facilities to achieve the Option 2 LTA. For example, EPA included costs for increased aeration, chemical addition, sludge handling, process controls, in-process sampling, analytical testing, and capacity. Second, the cost of compliance with these limitations in relation to the effluent reduction benefits is not disproportionate. EPA projected that compliance with BPT limitations based on Option 2 technology will not result in closures of existing non-small direct dischargers in these subcategories. Moreover, adopting this level of control will create a significant reduction in pollutants discharged into the environment. For poultry first processor facilities with production rates greater than 100 million pounds LWK per year using Option 2, EPA estimated an annual compliance cost of $17.7 million (pretax, 1999 dollars) and removal of 980,000 pounds of BOD5 and ammonia (as nitrogen) from current discharges into the Nation's waters at a cost of $ 18.18/lb of pollutant removed (1999 dollars). This cost per pound of pollutant removed is below the $37/lb benchmark that EPA is using, as guidance, to evaluate cost-reasonableness. EPA considered Option 2.5 (which also includes partial denitrification) as the basis for BPT limitations. However, Option 2.5 does not remove any additional pounds of conventional pollutants or ammonia (as nitrogen) and costs $9.4 million more annually than Option 2. In addition, EPA found that 45 percent of non-small facilities in this subcategory in EPA's database are using the components of Option 2.5 technology (e.g., facility has in place a denitrification basin, nitrification basin and disinfection) or more advanced technology. Because Option 2.5 costs more, does not remove additional pollutants, and is not as widely available as Option 2 technology, EPA did not select it as the basis of BPT limitations. Furthermore, EPA did not select Option 2.5+P or Option 4 as the basis for BPT limitations, as they do not achieve adequate additional pollutant reductions as compared to their additional compliance costs. Specifically, Option 2.5+P does not achieve any additional removals of conventional pollutants or ammonia (as nitrogen) as compared to Option 2, but it would cost an additional $45.7 million (in 1999 dollars) annually. Option 4 would remove an additional 170,000 pounds of ammonia (as nitrogen) for an additional $91.4 million (in 1999 dollars) annually. Other options the Agency considered for BPT were not selected due to lack of 13-29 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options availability and/or poor BPT cost and removal comparison. Both the proposal and the NODA contain detailed discussions explaining why EPA rejected setting BPT limitations based on other technology (see 67 FR 8629, February 25, 2002 and 68 FR 48499, August 13, 2003). BCT Requirements In deciding whether to adopt more stringent limitations for BCT than BPT, EPA considered whether technologies other than those adopted for BPT will achieve greater removal of conventional pollutants and whether the costs of those technologies are reasonable under the standards established by the CWA. EPA generally refers to the decision criteria as the "BCT cost test." EPA is promulgating BCT effluent limitations for conventional parameters (e.g., pH, TSS, O&G) equivalent to BPT for this subcategory because the Agency did not identify technologies that can achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants that also pass the BCT cost test. EPA evaluated adding a filter to the BPT technology (i.e., Option 2 + F) in order to get further conventional pollutant reductions. However, this technology option failed the BCT cost test. (For a more detailed description of the BCT cost test and details on EPA's analysis, see the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule [EPA-821 -R-04-010]). BAT Requirements EPA proposed to establish the BAT level of regulatory control for non-small facilities in Subcategory K based on Option 3 (i.e., biological treatment, more complete nitrification, more complete denitrification and disinfection). As discussed in the NODA, after review and evaluation of the revised and new data, EPA reconsidered its assessment of Option 3 as BAT technology. EPA determined that Option 3 did not meet all the statutory criteria for BAT. The Agency refocused its evaluation for the technology basis for BAT on Option 2.5, Option 2.5+P or Option 4 for nutrient removal (see Section 9 for a description of the technology options). For the final rule, EPA based the BAT limitations for these facilities on Option 2.5 technology and promulgated a limitation for total nitrogen on this basis. However, EPA is setting a limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen) that is equal to BPT, because using Option 2.5 technology or higher does 13-30 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options not result in any additional ammonia removal than the technology used to establish BPT (Option 2). The following section describes EPA's rationale for selecting Option 2.5 technology and rejecting Option 2.5+P and Option 4. The proposal and the NODA (see 67 FR 8629 and 68 FR 48499) contain detailed explanations why EPA rejected setting BAT limitations based on other technology options, and the Administrative Record for the final rule provides does not support EPA changing these conclusions. EPA determined that Option 2.5 technology is available in Subcategory K, as 45 percent of the non-small facilities in this subcategory in EPA's database use the components of Option 2.5 (or more advanced technology) and is economically achievable. EPA estimated the compliance costs for Option 2.5 to be $31.8 million (in 1999 dollars). Using the facility and company closure methodologies, EPA believes that no facilities or companies will close. For a sensitivity analysis, EPA also estimated closures using a less stringent decision rule (closure under one of three forecast methodologies rather than at least two of three). Using the alternate analysis, EPA estimated no facilities will close under Option 2.5. EPA also considered nutrient removal cost-effectiveness when evaluating BAT options for this industry. For Option 2.5, EPA estimated 9.4 million pounds removed per year of total nitrogen and a nutrient cost-effectiveness of $3.40/lb of total nitrogen removed. Because Option 2.5 does not include phosphorus removal, EPA did not calculate nutrient cost-effectiveness for phosphorus for Option 2.5. EPA concludes that Option 2.5 is nutrient cost-effective for total nitrogen. EPA considered Option 2.5+P as the basis of BAT, but rejected it. Fourteen percent of non-small facilities in Subcategory K in EPA's database use Option 2.5+P technology (or more advanced technology). EPA estimated the pre-tax annualized cost of Option 2.5+P is $63.4 million (1999 dollars), which is $31.6 million more than Option 2.5. EPA estimated no facility closures and one company closure for Option 2.5+P (Note: Facilities that are owned by the company that is projected to close did not provide facility-level financial information; therefore, those facilities are not part of the facility-level analysis). Option 2.5+P removes 4.1 million 13-31 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options pounds per year of total phosphorus and achieves the same level of nitrogen and conventional pollutant reduction as Option 2.5. Therefore, EPA estimated the average nutrient cost- effectiveness to be $6.77/lb/lb total nitrogen removed and $ 15.28/lb total phosphorus removed. These values exceed the benchmark that EPA is using, as guidance, for cost-effectiveness. Therefore, EPA did not select Option 2.5+P due to the poor cost-effectiveness for nutrients. EPA also considered, but did not select, Option 4 as the basis of BAT limitations due to the high increase in cost as compared to Option 2.5, the poor incremental nutrient cost- effectiveness (i.e., the high cost to remove additional nutrients as compared to Option 2.5+P), and high number of closures. EPA estimated that almost 3 percent of direct discharge non-small facilities in this subcategory currently operate Option 4 technology (or more advanced technology). EPA estimated the pre-tax annualized compliance costs for Option 4 to be $ 109.1 million (1999 dollars), which is $45.7 million more than Option 2.5+P and $77.3 million more than Option 2.5. EPA also estimated that Option 4 removes 20.9 million pounds per year of nitrogen (11.5 million more than Option 2.5 or Option 2.5+P) and 4.7 million pounds per year of phosphorus (about 520,000 pounds per year more than Option 2.5+P). However, EPA projects 22 facility closures and one company closure under Option 4 and estimated the average nutrient cost-effectiveness to be $5.22/lb total nitrogen removed and $23.35/lb total phosphorus removed. The incremental nutrient cost-effectiveness is $6.71 /lb of nitrogen removed (relative to Option 2.5) and $87.17 /lb of phosphorus removed (relative to Option 2.5+P). Option 4 exceeds the $4 /lb removed benchmark value for nitrogen and the $ 10/lb removed benchmark value for phosphorus. Therefore, EPA finds that Option 4 is not cost-effective for total nitrogen or phosphorus removal and is not economically achievable technology. EPA established BAT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) that are equivalent to the limitations it promulgated under BPT. EPA considered setting more stringent limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) under BAT; however, the selected BAT technology option (Option 2.5) does not remove any additional quantity of ammonia (as nitrogen). Although Option 4 does 13-32 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options remove some additional pounds of ammonia (as nitrogen) as compared to Option 2, EPA did not select Option 4 for BAT for the reasons discussed earlier in this section. NSPS Requirements EPA considers the barrier to entry into the industry for a new facility that results from the compliance costs of the regulation and whether or not there are new source standards in place for the facilities. For this rule, EPA used the ratio of average capital costs to average total assets to measure the potential for barrier to entry due to the MPP rule. EPA estimated the ratio of costs to assets for Option 2.5, 2.5+P, and Option 4: they range from 4.0 percent for Option 2.5 to 4.2 percent for Option 2.5+P to 12.3 percent for Option 4. The estimates for Option 2.5+P and Option 4, however, do not reflect EPA's additional evaluation of the costs for chemical phosphorus based on comments EPA received (see DCN 300015). From this additional evaluation, EPA concludes that for non-small poultry first processors costs may be $25,000 to $106,000 more per facility for chemical phosphorus removal (including costs for additional sludge disposal) than those used in EPA's barrier to entry analysis, as discussed here. EPA was concerned that, with these additional costs, the ratio may rise to a level that the Agency would consider to be a barrier to entry for Option 2.5+P and Option 4. Therefore, EPA set standards for new sources equivalent to the BAT limitations established by the final rule (based on Option 2.5 technology) for total nitrogen and equivalent to BPT (based on Option 2 technology) for ammonia (as nitrogen) and the five conventional pollutants. 13.2.5 Subcategory L (Poultry Further Processing Facilities) In 2002 EPA proposed a production threshold of 7 million pounds (finished product) per year for facilities in Subcategory L. EPA proposed this threshold to allow for different limitations for small and non-small poultry further processing facilities. EPA is retaining the proposed threshold for the final rule. Therefore, this section discusses small and non-small facilities separately. Costs presented in this section are presented in 1999 year dollars which is the base year of the survey. 13-33 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options 13.2.5.1 Small Facilities in Subcategory L (poultry further processing facilities that produce less than or equal to 7 million pounds per year) For the final rule, small poultry first processing facilities include facilities with production rates less than or equal to 7 million pounds (finished product) per year. EPA did not establish limitations for any existing small poultry further processing facilities in Subcategory L. However, EPA established new source performance standards for new facilities. The following sections discuss EPA's decision not to establish BPT, BCT, or BAT limitations and to establish NSPS for small direct discharge facilities in Subcategory L. BPT/BCT/BA T Requirements In 2002, EPA proposed new BPT/BCT/BAT for the small poultry further processors based on Option 1. EPA also evaluated Option 2 for small facilities in this subcategory. Based on incorporation of data from the detailed surveys, EPA did not establish BPT/BCT/BAT limitations for small facilities in Subcategory K (poultry first processors) for the final rule for the following reasons. First, even though Option 1 and Option 2 are available technologies (i.e., partial and more complete nitrification, respectively) readily applicable to all small facilities in Subcategory L, the cost of compliance with these limitations in relation to the effluent reduction benefits is disproportionate. For poultry further processor facilities with production rates less than or equal to 7 million pounds of live weight killed (LWK) per year EPA estimated it will cost approximately $74/lb of pollutant removed (1999 dollars) for Option 1 or Option 2, which exceed the $37/lb removed benchmark that EPA is using, as guidance, to evaluate BPT cost- reasonableness. Consequently, EPA determined the total cost of effluent reductions using the Option 1 or Option 2 technology is not reasonable in relation to the effluent reduction benefits. Second, due to lack of facility-level financial data, EPA could not estimate closures that would result with BPT limitations based on Option 1 or Option 2 technology. In addition, the analysis of financial data for small facilities in Subcategory L was complicated by the fact that some facilities performing operations fitting within the scope of Subcategory L also perform operations that are 13-34 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options regulated under Subcategories F through I (meat further processors). (See the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule [EPA-821-R-04-010] for a discussion of how "mixed processors" were addressed.) Existing small direct discharge facilities in Subcategory L will remain subject to permit limits based on the best professional judgment of the permit writer. NSPS Requirements In 2002, EPA proposed new NSPS for small poultry further processors (Subcategory L) based on Option 1. In the NODA (68 FR 48500, August 13, 2003), EPA gave notice that it was considering the modified options (Option 2.5, Option 2.5+P, and no revision/no regulation) in addition to the proposed options (Option 1 and Option 2) for these facilities. After considering comments and the data from the detailed surveys, EPA established NSPS standards for small poultry further processing facilities based on Option 2. EPA determined that all existing small poultry further processors in EPA's database currently use the components of Option 2 technology, although, as noted above, they would incur additional costs to meet the Option 2 LTAs. In addition, EPA determined that there is no barrier to entry for either Option 1 or Option 2 as the ratio of capital costs to total assets for the facilities in this subcategory is 0.4 percent for both Option 1 and Option 2 technology levels. Finally, there are no current new source performance standards in place for small facilities in Subcategory L. Since the barrier to entry test results are identical for Options 1 and 2, and all existing facilities have the components in place for Option 2 technology, EPA selected the more stringent Option 2 as the level of control for new sources for ammonia (as nitrogen) and the five conventional pollutants. 13.2.5.2 Non-small Facilities in Subcategory L (Poultry further processing facilities that produce more than 7 million pounds per year) For non-small facilities in Subcategory L, EPA, for the first time, established limitations and standards for BOD5, TSS, oil & grease, pH, fecal coliforms, ammonia (as nitrogen), and total nitrogen for existing and new sources. As discussed in Section 14, the new limitations and standards are concentration-based. The following sections discuss the technology bases EPA 13-35 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options selected for the final rule for the direct discharge non-small facilities in Subcategory L (poultry further processors). BPT Requirements In 2002 EPA based its proposal for new BPT for the poultry further processors (Subcategory L) on Option 3 to control five conventional pollutants or pollutant parameters (BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, and pH) and also control ammonia (as nitrogen), total nitrogen and total phosphorus. As discussed in the NODA, after review and evaluation of the revised and new data, EPA reconsidered its assessment of Option 3 technology. EPA decided to establish BPT limitations for BOD^, TSS, oil & grease (as HEM), fecal coliforms, pH and ammonia (as nitrogen) for non-small direct dischargers in Subcategory L based on technology Option 2 (see Section 9 for additional details on the Option 2 technology). The Agency concluded that the Option 2 treatment technology is the best practicable control technology currently available, and it should be the basis for the BPT limitations for these facilities. First, this technology is available and readily applicable to all non-small facilities in Subcategory L. EPA estimated that all non-small direct discharge facilities in this subcategory currently operate Option 2 technology (or more advanced technology). Second, the cost of compliance with these limitations in relation to the effluent reduction benefits is not disproportionate. For poultry further processing facilities with production rates greater than 7 million pounds finished product per year, EPA estimated an annual compliance cost under Option 2 of $557,000 (pretax 1999 dollars) and 18,600 pounds of BOD5 and ammonia (as nitrogen) removed from current discharges at a cost of $29.88/lb (1999 dollars) of pollutant removed. In estimating the pounds of pollutant removed based on Option 2 technology for these facilities, EPA used the sum of BOD^ and ammonia (as nitrogen) removed. The cost per pound removed approaches, but is still below, the $37 /lb value that EPA uses as guidance in evaluating BPT cost-reasonableness. EPA considered Option 2.5 (which also includes partial denitrification) as the basis for BPT limitations. However, Option 2.5 does not remove any additional pounds of conventional 13-36 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options pollutants or ammonia (as nitrogen) compared to Option 2 but costs almost $426,000 more annually. In addition, EPA found that Option 2.5 technology is not as widely available as Option 2 technology. That is, 37 percent of non-small poultry further processors in EPA's database use Option 2.5 (or more advanced) technology, while 100 percent use Option 2 (or more advanced) technology. Thus, EPA did not select Option 2.5 as the basis of BPT limitations. Furthermore, EPA did not select either Option 2.5+P or Option 4 as the basis for BPT limitations because they do not achieve adequate pollutant reductions relative to additional compliance costs. Specifically, Option 2.5+P does not achieve any additional removals of conventional pollutants or ammonia (as nitrogen) but would cost $918,000 more each year than Option 2. Option 4 would remove an insignificant amount of ammonia (as nitrogen) for an additional $2.7 million annually. EPA did not select other options it considered for BPT due to lack of availability and poor BPT cost and removal comparison. The 2002 proposal and the NODA (see 66 FR 457 and 68 FR 48499) contain detailed explanations of why EPA rejected BPT limitations based on other BPT technology options. BCT Requirements In deciding whether to adopt more stringent limitations for BCT than BPT, EPA considered whether there are technologies other than those adopted for BPT that achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants and whether those technologies are cost-reasonable under CWA standards. EPA generally refers to the decision criteria as the "BCT cost test." EPA promulgated effluent limitations for conventional parameters (e.g., pH, TSS, O&G) equivalent to BPT for this subcategory because it identified no technologies achieving greater removals of conventional pollutants that also pass the BCT cost test. EPA considered adding a filter to the BPT technology (i.e., Option 2 + F) to get further conventional pollutant reductions; however, this technology option failed the BCT cost test. For a more detailed description of the BCT cost test and details on EPA's analysis, see the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis for the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule (EPA-821-R-04-010). 13-37 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options BAT Requirements EPA proposed to establish the BAT level of regulatory control for non-small facilities in Subcategory L based on Option 3 (biological treatment, more complete denitrification, more complete nitrification, and disinfection). As discussed in the NODA, after review and evaluation of the revised and new data, EPA reconsidered its assessment of Option 3 as BAT technology. EPA determined that Option 3 did not meet all the statutory criteria for BAT. The Agency refocused its evaluation for the technology basis for BAT on Option 2.5, Option 2.5+P or Option 4 for nutrient removal (see Section 9 for a description of the technology options). For the final rule, EPA bases the BAT limitations for these facilities on Option 2.5 technology and promulgated a limitation for total nitrogen on this basis. EPA is, however, setting a limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen) that is equal to BPT. The following section describes EPA's rationale for selecting Option 2.5 technology and rejecting Options 2.5+P and 4. The proposal and the NODA (see 67 FR 8629 and 68 FR 48499) contain detailed explanations why EPA rejected setting BAT limitations based on other technology options, and the Administrative Record for the final rule does not support EPA changing these conclusions. EPA selected Option 2.5 technology as the basis of BAT for non-small facilities in Subcategory L for two reasons. First, Option 2.5 technology has been demonstrated as available in Subcategory L. EPA estimated that 37 percent of non-small direct discharge facilities in this subcategory in EPA's database currently operate at or above the Option 2.5 technology level. Second, Option 2.5 is economically achievable. EPA estimated the compliance costs (pre-tax, 1999 dollars) for Option 2.5 to be $983,000 per year. Using the closure methodology, there is a slight probability (0.9 percent) that there could be one facility closure under Option 2.5. EPA also considered nutrient removal cost-effectiveness when evaluating BAT options for this industry. For Option 2.5, EPA estimated 146,000 pounds removed per year of total nitrogen and a nutrient cost-effectiveness of $6.71 /lb total nitrogen removed. Option 2.5 does not include phosphorus removal; therefore, EPA did not calculate nutrient cost-effectiveness for phosphorus for Option 2.5. For the subcategory, Option 2.5 exceeds the $4/lb removed value 13-38 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options EPA uses as guidance for nitrogen cost-effectiveness, but the cost-effectiveness for the rule as a whole does not exceed the $4 /lb value. Therefore, Option 2.5 is cost-effective for total nitrogen. EPA considered Option 2.5+P as the basis of BAT but rejected it. EPA estimated that 9 percent of the non-small poultry further processors use Option 2.5 (or more advanced) technology with phosphorus removal. The pre-tax annualized cost of Option 2.5+P is $1.5 million (1999 dollars) and the probability of a facility level closure is less than 1.4 percent (i.e., at most one facility closure). Option 2.5+P removes 25,000 pounds per year of total phosphorus and achieves the same level of nitrogen and conventional pollutant reduction as Option 2.5. Therefore, EPA estimated the average nutrient cost-effectiveness to be $10.08 /lb total nitrogen and $58.98 /lb total phosphorus removed. Therefore, EPA did not select Option 2.5+P due to the poor cost-effectiveness for both total nitrogen and total phosphorus. EPA also considered Option 4 as the basis of BAT but did not select it due to the high increase in cost compared to Option 2.5 and the poor nutrient cost-effectiveness (i.e., the high cost to remove additional nutrients compared to Option 2.5+P). Nine percent of non-small direct discharge facilities in this subcategory operate Option 4 technology (or more advanced technology). Therefore, EPA considers the technology to be available. EPA estimated the pre-tax annualized compliance costs for Option 4 to be $3.3 million (1999 dollars), which is $ 1.8 million more than Option 2.5+P and $2.3 million more than Option 2.5. Option 4 removes 354,000 pounds per year of nitrogen (208,000 more than Options 2.5 or 2.5+P) and 27,000 pounds per year of phosphorus (approximately 2,000 more pounds per year than Option 2.5+P). There is a 3 percent probability of a facility-level closure for Option 4 (at most one facility closure) and a ratio of 16.8 percent when comparing annualized compliance costs to net income. EPA considers this cost to revenue ratio high and an indication that Option 4 is not economically achievable for non-small facilities in Subcategory L. Finally, the incremental nutrient cost-effectiveness for nitrogen (as compared to Option 2.5) is $11 /lb total nitrogen removed and for phosphorus (as compared to Option 2.5+P) is $902 /lb total phosphorus removed. Therefore, EPA finds that Option 4 is not nutrient cost-effective for total nitrogen or total phosphorus removal and is not economically achievable. 13-39 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options EPA established BAT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) that are equivalent to the limitations it promulgated under BPT. EPA considered setting more stringent limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) under BAT; however, the selected BAT option (Option 2.5) does not remove any additional quantity of ammonia (as nitrogen). Although Option 4 does remove some additional pounds of ammonia (as nitrogen) as compared to Option 2, EPA did not select Option 4 for BAT for the reasons discussed earlier in this section. NSPS Requirements For this rule, EPA used the ratio of average capital costs to average total assets to measure the potential barrier to entry due to the MPP rule. However, several non-small facilities in Subcategory L also perform operations that fall under the scope of Subcategories F through I. This complicates the analysis of the barrier to entry data. EPA estimated the ratio of costs to assets for Option 2.5, Option 2.5+P, and Option 4 for non-small poultry further processing facilities (Subcategory L). The ratios range from 0.1 percent for Option 2.5 and Option 2.5+P to 0.6 percent for Option 4. The estimates for Option 2.5+P and Option 4, however, do not reflect EPA's additional evaluation of the costs for chemical phosphorus based on comments EPA received (see DCN 300015). EPA performed an analysis using increased quantities of alum for chemical phosphorus removal for the detailed survey respondents (i.e., non-small meat and poultry slaughterers). From this additional evaluation, EPA concludes that costs for poultry slaughterers may be between 2 percent and 43 percent more per facility for chemical phosphorus removal (including increased sludge disposal) than those used in EPA's barrier to entry analysis, as discussed here. EPA was concerned that, with similar additional costs, the ratio for further processors may rise to a level that the Agency would consider to be a barrier to entry for Option 2.5+P and Option 4. Based on these results, EPA decided to establish standards for new sources equivalent to the BAT limitations based on Option 2.5 technology for total nitrogen and equivalent to BPT (based on Option 2) for ammonia (as nitrogen) and the five conventional pollutants. 13^0 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options 13.2.6 Subcategory J (Independent Renderers) Currently section 432.101(b) defines a renderer subject to the guidelines limitations as "an independent or off-site rendering operation ...which manufactures at rates greater than 75,000 pounds of raw material per day [or 19.5 million pounds per year based on 260 work days]." In 2002 EPA proposed to lower the production threshold to 10 million pounds per year based on a review of the available data at that time (i.e., screener survey data). EPA selected the threshold to design model facilities for use in estimating costs, pollutant loadings, non-water quality impacts, and economic impacts for the proposed rule. EPA promulgated this production threshold of 10 million pounds per year. There were no comments opposing this change in the threshold. Facilities that manufacture at rates less than or equal to 10 million pounds per year will remain out of the scope of 40 CFR part 432, while facilities above the threshold will be covered by the final regulation. EPA has not identified any additional direct discharging rendering facilities producing at rates between 10 million and 19.5 million pounds per year in its database. For facilities in Subcategory J, EPA established limitations and standards for total nitrogen for existing and new sources. EPA did not revise the current limitations (BPT/BCT) or new source performance standards (NSPS) for conventional pollutants and did not revise the current BAT limitations or NSPS for ammonia (as nitrogen). The current regulations include production-based limitations and standards for these facilities for BOD5, TSS, oil & grease, pH, fecal coliforms and ammonia (as nitrogen). As discussed in Section 14, the new limitations and standards are concentration-based. The following sections discuss the technology bases EPA selected for the final rule for the direct discharge facilities in Subcategory J. BPT Requirements EPA established BPT for Subcategory J (Renderers) in 1975, based on biological treatment (e.g., aerobic and anaerobic treatment) to control five conventional pollutants or pollutant parameters (BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, and pH). The current limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen) for non-small meat further processors are contained in BAT and not BPT. Therefore, this section does not discuss BPT limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen). In February 2002 EPA proposed new BPT limitations for COD based on Option 2 in 13-41 ------- Section /.?. Selected Technology Options an effort to better reflect current BPT treatment technology for renderers (67 FR 8630, February 25, 2002). See Section 7.3.2 for a discussion on why EPA is not establishing BPT limitations for COD in the final rule. EPA did not propose revising BPT limitations for conventional pollutants. Therefore, EPA did not revise the conventional pollutant limitations for independent rendering facilities (Subcategory J) in the final rule and such facilities will remain subject to the BPT limitations in section 432.102. BCT Requirements In deciding whether to adopt more stringent limitations for BCT than BPT, EPA considered technologies that might achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than those adopted for BPT. EPA also looked at whether those technologies are cost-reasonable under the standards established by the CWA. EPA generally refers to the decision criteria as the "BCT cost test." EPA did not promulgate new BPT effluent limitations for conventional parameters (i.e., pH, BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, and fecal coliforms) for independent rendering facilities (Subcategory J). Therefore, when considering a technology that would achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than adopted for BPT, EPA compared the removals achievable through implementation of the Option 2 technology (which EPA considered as the possible technology basis for BCT) to current BPT limitations. EPA estimated that Option 2 removes approximately 34,000 pounds more per year of BOD5 compared to conventional pollutant reductions by facilities meeting or exceeding current BPT limitations. There are no additional removals of TSS, O&G, or fecal coliforms. EPA evaluated Option 2 under the BCT cost test and it failed (see the Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Meat and Poultry Products Rule (EPA 821 -R-04- 010). For the final rule, EPA did not evaluate other technology options, such as Option 2 + F (Option 2 plus the addition of a filter), because they are more costly and do not remove significantly more conventional pollutants than Option 2. Therefore, if Option 2 did not pass, 13-42 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options these more expensive options would not pass the BCT cost test. The Agency did not identify any technologies that pass the BCT cost test and achieve greater removals of conventional pollutants than the current BPT technology. Thus, EPA did not revise the BCT limitations for these facilities. Independent rendering facilities in Subcategory J will remain subject to the current BCT limitations (which are equivalent to the current BPT limitations for conventional pollutants) in section 432.107. BAT Requirements EPA proposed to establish the BAT level of regulatory control for independent renderers (Subcategory J) based on Option 2 and took comment on other options in the NODA. For the final rule, EPA is basing the BAT limitations for these facilities on Option 2.5 technology and promulgated a limitation for total nitrogen on this basis. EPA did not revise the current BAT limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen). EPA evaluated whether revising the current BAT limitation for ammonia (as nitrogen) based on Option 2, Option 2.5, Option 2.5+P, or Option 4 treatment technologies could be supported. When evaluating revision of BAT for non-conventional pollutants that are not nutrients, EPA not only considers whether the technology option is available and economically achievable, but also whether it is best. EPA typically evaluates a technology's cost-effectiveness as a factor in its decision. When considering cost-effectiveness (except for nutrients), EPA typically evaluates the additional pollutant reductions (in toxic pound-equivalents). EPA estimated the annualized cost of each technology option under review. The approximate annualized cost of the technology options ranged from $628,000 for Option 2 to $ 10.2 million for Option 4 (pre-tax, 1999 dollars). Using the closure methodology, there is a slight probability (no more than 3.3 percent) that there could be one facility closure under Options 2, 2.5, and 2.5+P and one closure under Option 4. However, the average toxic cost- effectiveness numbers range from $4,100 per toxic pound-equivalent ($ 1981) for Option 2 to $29,000 per toxic pound-equivalent ($ 1981) for Option 4. These high values are due to the very minimal incremental reduction in toxic pound-equivalents (i.e., 90 toxic pound-equivalents/year for Option 2, 2.5, or 2.5+P and 205 toxic pound-equivalents/year for Option 4) and the high 13-43 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options incremental cost. EPA typically uses $200 per toxic pound-equivalents (in 1981 dollars) as an indication of cost-effectiveness for toxic pollutants. Therefore, EPA determined that Options 2, 2.5, 2.5+P, and 4 are a not cost-effective basis for revising current ammonia (as nitrogen) limitations for independent renderers in Subcategory J when compared with those currently being achieved. The following section describes EPA's rationale for selecting Option 2.5 technology and rejecting Option 2.5+P and Option 4 as the basis of BAT limitations for nutrients. EPA did not consider Option 2 for control of nutrients as it is not designed to reduce total nitrogen or total phosphorus. Both the proposal and the NODA contain detailed discussions explaining why EPA rejected setting BAT limitations based on other technology (see 67 FR 8629; February 25, 2002 and 68 FR 48499; August 13, 2003). EPA did not propose Option 3 for facilities in Subcategory J based on concerns over the economic impact and nitrogen cost-effectiveness estimated for the proposed rule. However, as discussed in Section 3 of this document and the NODA (68 FR 48476; August 13, 2003), EPA incorporated a significant amount of information into its analyses since proposal. This includes surveys from independent rendering facilities and comments from a trade association representing independent rendering facilities. In light of that data and information, EPA now finds a technology option that includes some denitrification (Option 2.5) is economically achievable and nutrient cost-effective for total nitrogen for independent rendering facilities. EPA selected Option 2.5 technology as the basis of BAT limitations for total nitrogen for total nitrogen for independent rendering facilities because it is demonstrated as available and is economically achievable. First, Option 2.5 technology has been demonstrated as available in Subcategory J as 38 percent of facilities in EPA's database use components of Option 2.5 technology (or more advanced technology). Second, Option 2.5 is economically achievable. EPA estimated the pre-tax annualized compliance costs (in 1999 dollars) for Option 2.5 to be $2.8 million. Using the facility and company closure methodologies, EPA estimated a 1.3 percent probability of facility-level closure (i.e., at most one facility closure). 13^4 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options EPA also considered the cost-effectiveness of nutrient removal when evaluating BAT options for this industry segment. For Option 2.5, EPA estimated 1.5 million pounds removed per year of total nitrogen and the nutrient cost-effectiveness to be $ 1,92/lb of total nitrogen removed. Because Option 2.5 does not include phosphorus removal, EPA did not calculate nutrient cost-effectiveness for phosphorus for Option 2.5. EPA concludes that Option 2.5 is nutrient cost-effective for total nitrogen. EPA considered Option 2.5+P as the basis of BAT, but rejected it for the following reasons. Option 2.5+P costs $7.4 million annually for 1.5 million pounds of total nitrogen reduction per year (i.e., the same reduction of total nitrogen as Option 2.5) and 590,000 pounds of total phosphorus reduction per year. Therefore, the average nitrogen cost-effectiveness for Option 2.5+P is $5.06/lb of total nitrogen removed and the average phosphorus cost- effectiveness is $ 12.59/lb of total phosphorus removed. The nutrient cost-effectiveness values for nitrogen and phosphorus exceed the benchmarks that EPA uses; therefore, EPA did not select Option 2.5+P. EPA considered Option 4 as the basis of BAT but did not select it due to the lack of availability of the technology option, the high increase in cost compared to Option 2.5, and the poor incremental nutrient cost-effectiveness (i.e., the high cost to remove additional nutrients compared to Option 2.5+P). Based on its database, EPA estimated that there are no facilities in this subcategory currently operating Option 4 technology. In addition, EPA estimated the pre-tax annualized compliance costs for Option 4 to be $10.2 million (1999 dollars), which is $7.4 million more than Option 2.5. EPA estimated that Option 4 removes approximately 1.7 million pounds per year of total nitrogen (200,000 more than Option 2.5) and 620,000 pounds per year of total phosphorus (30,000 more than Option 2.5+P). Using the facility and company closure methodologies, EPA estimated a 4.8 percent probability of facility-level closure (i.e., 1 facility closure). Finally, EPA estimated the incremental nutrient cost-effectiveness to be $40/lb of total nitrogen removed (compared to Option 2.5) and $85/lb of total phosphorus removed (compared to Option 2.5+P). The nutrient cost-effectiveness of Option 4 is well above the $4/lb total 13-45 ------- Section /.?. Selected Tec hnology Options nitrogen removed and $ 10/lb total phosphorus removed benchmarks and therefore, EPA does not consider Option 4 to be cost-effective. NSPS Requirements In 2002, EPA proposed to revise the current new source performance standards for independent rendering facilities in Subcategory J based on Option 2 technology. As discussed in the NODA, with the development of Option 2.5, EPA reconsidered technology basis for all subcategories (68 FR 48500; August 13, 2003). EPA selected Option 2.5 technology as the basis for BAT limitations; therefore, EPA did not consider Option 2 technology (a less stringent technology) as the basis for NSPS for the final rule. EPA estimated the ratio of costs to assets for Options 2.5, 2.5+P and Option 4. The ratios are: 0.3 percent for Option 2.5, 0.4 percent for Option 2.5+P, 0.5 percent for Option 4. The estimates for Option 2.5+P and Option 4, however, do not reflect EPA's additional evaluation of the costs for chemical phosphorus based on comments EPA received (see DCN 300,025). EPA performed an analysis using increased quantities of alum for chemical phosphorus removal for the detailed survey respondents (i.e., non-small meat and poultry slaughterers). From this additional evaluation, EPA concludes that the average costs for meat and poultry slaughterers may be between 4 and 26 percent more per facility for chemical phosphorus removal (including increased sludge disposal) than those used in EPA's barrier to entry analysis, as discussed here. EPA is concerned that, with similar additional costs, the ratio for independent renderers may rise to a level that the Agency would consider to be a barrier to entry for Option 2.5+P and Option 4. Although this subcategory does have current NSPS, they do not include limitations for total nitrogen. Therefore, EPA established NSPS for total nitrogen based on Option 2.5 technology. EPA did not revise NSPS for ammonia (as nitrogen) or for the conventional pollutants. 13-46 ------- Section 14 LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS: DATA SELECTION AND CALCULATION This section describes the data sources, data selection, data conventions, and statistical methodology used by EPA in calculating the long-term averages, variability factors, and limitations. The effluent limitations and standards' for meat and poultry subcategories and options are based on long-term average effluent values and variability factors that account for variation in treatment performance within a particular treatment technology over time. This section only provides information for pollutants for which EPA ultimately promulgated limitations. For the Poultry Subcategories, EPA promulgated limitations for ammonia (as nitrogen (N)), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), oil and grease measured as hexane extractable materials (O&G (as HEM)), fecal coliforms and total nitrogen. For the Meat Subcategories, EPA promulgated limitations for ammonia (as N) and total nitrogen. Section 14.1 gives a brief overview of data sources (a more detailed discussion is provided in Section 3) and describes EPA's evaluation and selection of facility data sets that are the basis of the final limitations. Section 14.2 provides a more detailed discussion of the selection of the data sets used as the basis for the limitations. Section 14.3 describes censoring types associated with the data. Section 14.4 describes data substitutions and exclusions. Section 14.5 presents the procedures for data aggregation. Section 14.6 provides an overview of the limitations. Sections 14.7 and 14.8 describe procedures for estimation of long-term averages, variability factors, and concentration-based limitations. Final limitations are listed in Section 14.9. The attachments for Section 14 are provided in Appendix F. 'In the remainder of this chapter, references to 'limitations' includes 'standards.' 14-1 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation 14.1 OVERVIEW OF DATA SELECTION To develop the long-term averages, variability factors, and limitations, EPA used wastewater data from facilities with components of the model technology for each subcategory and option. These data were collected from two sources: EPA's sampling episodes, herein referred to as "sampling episodes;" and industry's self-monitoring data, herein referred to as "self-monitoring episodes." EPA qualitatively reviewed the data from the sampling and self- monitoring episodes and selected episodes to represent each option based on a review of the production processes and treatment technologies in place at each facility. EPA only used data from facilities that had some or all components of the model technologies for the option (model technologies for each option are described in Section 9 of TDD). For some facilities, EPA had data from one or more sampling episodes and/or one or more self-monitoring episodes. In general, EPA analyzed the data from each episode separately in calculating the limitations. If EPA received individual measurements (i.e., not averaged data) from a facility with a sizeable gap (e.g., one year) or data that represented a different treatment train, then each self-monitoring episode was considered separately. As an example, Episode 307 utilized the Option 2 treatment technology during 1999 while this facility used the Option 2.5 technologies beginning in 2001.2 This approach to multiple periods data from a single facility is consistent with EPA's practice for other industrial categories. Data from different sources generally characterize different time periods, different treatment technologies, and/or different chemical analytical methods. :In this section and the record, HPA has referred to the 1999 data as Hpisode 307a; the 2001 data as Hpisode 307b; the 2002-2003 data as Hpisode 307c; and the 2001-2003 data as Hpisode 307e. Similarly, for Facility 340, HPA refers to the 1999 data as Hpisode 340a; and the 2001-2002 data as Hpisode 340b. Where facilities provided daily data and monthly averages, the monthly averages are presented as the episode number followed by'm.' For example, Hpisode 307m and 290m. 14-2 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation In developing the promulgated limitations, EPA generally used the self-monitoring data when they were measured by analytical methods specified in or approved under 40 CFR Part 136 that facilities are required to use for compliance monitoring. One exception was EPA's exclusion of some industry self-monitoring data for oil and grease. Consistent with other recently promulgated or amended effluent guidelines limitations for other point source categories/ EPA excluded all self-monitoring oil and grease data analyzed with methods that require freon, an ozone-depleting agent, as an extraction solvent. EPA is phasing out these freon-based methods and has approved a replacement method, Method 1664, which measures hexane extractable materials (HEM). Consequently, EPA developed the O&G (as HEM) limitations solely on the measurements from Method 1664. For TSS, EPA excluded data from one facility (290) that reported using Method 2540B, because this method measures total solids rather than TSS. In evaluating the fecal coliforms data, EPA excluded data where the reported methods might have been measuring total rather than fecal coliforms (facilities 11, 26, 32, 290, 308, 326). EPA also excluded data from episodes where the laboratories measured fecal coliforms after the 8-hour holding times consistent with 40 CFR 136. These data were from sampling episodes at poultry facilities (6443, 6445, 6448, 6493). First, EPA evaluated each data set to determine what technology or series of technologies the data represented. In this manner, EPA eliminated many data sets because they did not represent a technology basis considered during development of this rule. In a few instances, EPA included data from facilities that employ technologies in addition to the technology bases being considered. In these cases, EPA had data from intermediate sampling points representing the model technologies; in other words, the data EPA employed reflected application of only the technologies under consideration. Next, EPA reviewed the remaining data sets to ensure that each facility was effectively operating its technologies particularly in regards to partial denitrification. EPA also excluded treatment data from indirect discharging facilities because, in XTR Parts 420, 437, and 438 14-3 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation general, they are not required to treat their effluent discharges to the same levels as directly discharging facilities - particularly for conventional parameters and nutrients. Second, EPA reviewed the remaining data on a pollutant-by-pollutant basis to determine if any data values appeared to be unreasonable and suitable for possible exclusions. For example, EPA eliminated data for a particular pollutant that were collected while a facility was experiencing exceptional incidents or upsets or pollutant data for time periods that indicate the facility was in violation of its permit. These exclusions, along with justifications, are described in detail in the next section. 14.2 EPISODE SELECTION FOR EACH SUBCATEGORY This section describes the data selected to calculate the final limitations for each pollutant in each subcategory. Part 1 of Appendix D lists the daily data and sampling points corresponding to the episodes that represent the final technology options considered for which EPA had long- term monitoring or EPA sampling data. Attachment 14-1 in Appendix F provides summary statistics for these same episodes, sorted by subcategory and option. 14.2.1 Poultry Subcategories For the Poultry Subcategories, EPA is promulgating conventional pollutant and ammonia (as N) limitations based on Option 2. EPA is promulgating total nitrogen limitations based on Option 2.5. 14.2.1.1 Exclusions of All Data from Episodes For Episode 339, EPA excluded the data for all pollutants from one week (7/17- 7/23/2000), because all of the effluent was directed to the recycle pond rather than being discharged. The facility indicated there was some type of plant upset that caused it not to meet their limits. Because this was not the facility's normal practice, EPA excluded the data from that time period. 14-4 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation For Episode 304, EPA excluded all data for all pollutants from January 1, 1999 through July 31, 1999. These data were collected during the start-up period of the treatment system and do not represent well-operated conditions. 14.2.1.2 Pollutant Specific Exclusions The following describes data that EPA excluded for specific parameters. Unless indicated otherwise, these data were ultimately not used to determine the final limitations. Consequently, these exclusions had no effect on the final limitations. They are presented here because they are included in statistical analyses provided in record section 32 for the final rule. Ammonia (as N) For Episode 339, EPA excluded all ammonia (as N) data for the months of July through September of 2002 because the ammonia (as N) effluent discharges during this period at this facility were associated with enforcement period for ammonia (as N) discharges. EPA further reviewed the ammonia (as N) data from this facility and similarly excluded ammonia (as N) data that were greater than permit limit of 2.9 mg/L (May 1 to October 31) and 3.9 mg/L (November 1 to April 30). In addition, for Episode 277, EPA excluded the ammonia (as N) value of 9.0 mg/L collected on 7/7/1999 because the value is extreme in comparison with other data from that facility (DCN333091). BOD5 For Episode 273, EPA excluded a BOD^ value of 47.63 mg/L for 3/19/1999 because the value appears to be an extreme value. 14-5 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation Total Nitrogen For Episode 304, EPA excluded a total nitrogen data value of 832.92 mg/L for 5/5/2003 because the value is inconsistent with other results for that facility (See DCN 333090). EPA also excluded a data value of 36.51 mg/L for 8/11/1999 because the value is smaller than the corresponding sum of the values of nitrite/nitrate and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). For Episode 307, EPA excluded the total nitrogen data value of 2934 mg/L in March of 2002 because the value was an order of magnitude greater than any other reported value, and thus, likely to be a typographic error. 14.2.2 Meat Subcategories For the meat subcategories, EPA considered promulgating total nitrogen limitations based on Option 2.5 and ammonia (as N) limitations based on Option 2. EPA ultimately transferred limitations for these pollutants from Poultry Subcategory K (See discussion in Section 14.8.3). This section discusses the data exclusions that EPA used in evaluating the data from the meat subcategories. However, because these data were ultimately not used to determine the final limitations, these exclusions had no effect on the final limitations. 14.2.2.1 Exclusions of All Data from Episodes There are two facilities in EPA's database for which EPA performed two separate sampling activities (i.e., once prior to proposal and once after proposal). Based on an assessment of the sampling data collected during the two different sampling episodes for both facilities, EPA concluded that the post-proposal sampling episode at each facility provides a better demonstration of the model technology, and has included only the post-proposal Episodes, 6485 and 6486, in its final database. The excluded Episodes are 6335 and 6446. 14-6 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation 14.2.2.2 Pollutant Specific Exclusions Ammonia (as N) For Episode 287, EPA excluded the ammonia (as N) data from the first half of January in 1999 (1/1/1999 to 1/17/1999). Time plots of the ammonia (as N) data for this facility (DCN 333070) showed increased values during this time period and much lower values for the remainder of the year. Similarly, for Episode 277, EPA excluded data value from 7/7/1999 because the value appears to be extreme (DCN 333091). BOD5 For Episode 287, EPA excluded the BOD^ data from the first half of January in 1999 (1/1/1999 to 1/17/1999). Time plots of the BOD^ data for this facility (DCN 333070) showed increased values during this time period and much lower values for the remainder of the year. 14.3 CENSORING TYPES ASSOCIATED WITH DATA In its statistical analyses, EPA considered the censoring type associated with the data. EPA considered measured values to be detected. In statistical terms, the censoring type for such data was 'non-censored' (NC). Measurements reported as being less than some sample-specific detection limit (e.g., <10 mg/L) were censored and were considered to be non-detected (ND). In the tables and data listings in this document and the record for the rulemaking, EPA has used the abbreviations NC and ND to indicate the censoring types. Laboratories can also report numerical results for specific pollutants detected in the samples as "right-censored." Right-censored measurements are those that are reported as being greater than the highest calibration value of the analysis (e.g., >1000 |ig/L). The next section explains EPA assumptions for the right-censored data. 14-7 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation The distinction between the two censoring types, NC and ND, is important because the procedure used to determine the variability factors considers censoring type explicitly. This estimation procedure modeled the facility data sets using the modified delta-lognormal distribution described in Appendix E. In this distribution, data are modeled as a mixture of two distributions. 14.4 DATA SUBSTITUTIONS AND EXCLUSIONS In some cases, EPA did not use all of the data described in Section 14.2 in calculating the limitations. Other than the data substitutions and exclusions described in this section and Section 14.2, EPA has used the data from the episodes and sampling points presented in Appendix D. 14.4.1 Data Substitutions EPA's data substitutions included use of different values and/or censoring assumptions. The following paragraphs describe these substitutions. In a few data sets, facilities reported their data to have zero values. (See DCN333007) Because laboratory equipment cannot measure 'zero' values, EPA substituted higher values for purposes of the statistical analyses. Some of these reported zero values were for O&G (as HEM) and those values were substituted with the baseline level of 5 mg/L. Some other zero values were for BOD^, ammonia (as N), and TKN in Episode 326 (EPA did not use data from this episode in calculation of final limitations) and fecal coliforms (Episodes 293 and 297, 314, 326, (EPA did not regulate fecal coliforms based on these data.) EPA substituted baseline values, as defined in Appendix A, instead of zero values. In EPA's view, some data were more likely to have been detection limits rather than measured (or non-censored) values. With this interpretation, the data are more appropriately modeled as non-detected values in the statistical analyses. This paragraph describes the data that were affected by this interpretation. (Also see DCN 333006.) For Episode 277, 11 percent of the ammonia (as N) data were reported as measured at 0.1 mg/L which was the same value as the 14-8 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation detection limit associated with 61 percent of the data. In addition, for Episode 397, 31 percent of the ammonia (as N) data were reported as measured at 0.1 mg/L. Thus, EPA considered all ammonia (as N) values of 0.1 mg/L at Episodes 277 and 397 to be non-detected. For O&G (as HEM), Episode 309 reported 28 percent of its data to be measured values of 5.1 mg/L. EPA assumed that these values resulted from adjusting the minimum level for slightly smaller sample sizes that required by the analytical method, and thus, assumed that the values were non-detected in its statistical analyses. For TSS, Episode 328 reported 21 percent of its data to be measured at 4 mg/L, which was the same value as the detection limit associated with 21 percent of the data. Thus, EPA assumed that all TSS values of 4 mg/L at Episode 328 were non-detected. On the other hand, EPA assumed that some data that were reported as non-detected were measured (or non-censored values) for purposes of the statistical analyses. These values were for total nitrogen from Episode 304 (See DCN 3333006.) For measurements of total nitrogen, Episode 304 reported some data as being less than ('<') some value. In this case, the total nitrogen values were the sum of TKN and nitrate/nitrite. EPA suspects that the facility used this convention when the TKN value was measured below detection and the nitrate/nitrite was reported at a value substantially above the nominal quantitation limit. In such cases, the TKN would have been a very small fraction of the total nitrogen value. For this reason, EPA considered it was more appropriate to consider such total nitrogen values to be non-censored for purposes of its statistical analyses. 14.4.2 Data Exclusions In addition to the data exclusions as part of the engineering reviews as described in Sections 14.1 and 14.2, EPA excluded some data from the statistical analyses. EPA excluded right-censored data in the self-monitoring episodes from its calculations. Right-censored measurements are those that are reported as being greater than the highest calibration value of the analysis (e.g., >1000 |ig/L). Episode 334 reported four right-censored values for BOD^ and fecal coliforms. Those data points were excluded from the analysis as they 14-9 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation happened during a short time period and indicated some abnormal situation at the facility. EPA also had some right-censored data from the sampling episodes. None of the right-censored data were in the episode data sets selected as the basis for the final limitations. In its preliminary evaluations of the sampling episode data, EPA assumed that right-censored values were non- censored. 14.5 DATA AGGREGATION In some cases, EPA determined that two or more samples had to be mathematically aggregated, or averaged, to obtain a single value that could be used in other calculations. In some cases, this meant that field duplicates and grab samples were aggregated for a single sampling point. Appendix D lists the data after these aggregations were completed and a single daily value was obtained for each day for each pollutant. See DCN 330001 for a listing of the data before aggregation. Because each aggregated data value entered into the modified delta-lognormal model as a single value, the censoring type associated with that value was also important. In many cases, a single aggregated value was created from unaggregated data that were all either detected or non- detected. In the remaining cases with a mixture of detected and non-detected unaggregated values, EPA determined that the resulting aggregated value should be considered to be detected because the pollutant was measured at detectable levels. This section describes each of the different aggregation procedures. They are presented in the order that the aggregation was performed. That is, field duplicates were aggregated first and grab samples second. 14-10 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation 14.5.1 Aggregation of Field Duplicates During the EPA sampling episodes, EPA collected a small number of field duplicates. Generally, ten percent of the number of samples collected were duplicated. Field duplicates are two samples collected for the same sampling point at approximately the same time, assigned different sample numbers, and flagged as duplicates for a single sampling point at a facility. Because the analytical data from each duplicate pair characterize the same conditions at that time at a single sampling point, EPA aggregated the data to obtain one data value for those conditions. The data value associated with those conditions was the arithmetic average of the duplicate pair. In most cases, both duplicates in a pair had the same censoring type. In these cases, the censoring type of the aggregate was the same as the duplicates. In the remaining cases, one duplicate was a non-censored value and the other duplicate was a non-detected value. In these cases, EPA determined that the appropriate censoring type of the aggregate was 'non-censored' because the pollutant had been present in one sample. (Even if the other duplicate had a zero value4, the pollutant still would have been present if the samples had been physically combined.) Table 14-1 summarizes the procedure for aggregating the analytical results from the field duplicates. This aggregation step for the duplicate pairs was the first step in the aggregation procedures for both influent and effluent measurements. Table 14-1. Aggregation of Field Duplicates If (he field duplicates are: Censoring type of average is: Value of aggregate is: Formulas for aggregate value of duplicates: Both non-eensored NIC arithmetic average of measured values (NC, i N(\)/2 Both non-deteeted NI) arithmetic average of sample-specific detection limits (1)1., i 1)1.;)/2 JThis is presented as a 'worst-ease' scenario. In praetiee, the laboratories eannot measure 'zero' values. Rather they report that the value is less than some level (see Seetion 4). 14-11 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation Table 14-1. Aggregation of Field Duplicates (Continued) If (he field duplicates are: Censoring type of average is: Value of aggregate is: Formulas for aggregate value of duplicates: Both non-detected Nl) arithmetic average of sample- specific detection limits (1)1., i 1)1.;)/2 NC - non-censored (or detected). NI) - non-detected. 1)1. - sample-specific detection limit. 14.5.2 Aggregation of Grab Samples During the EPA sampling episodes, EPA collected two types of samples: grab and composite. Typically, EPA collected composite samples. Of the pollutants promulgated for regulation, O&G (as HEM) was the only one for which the chemical analytical method specifies that grab samples must be used. EPA collected multiple (usually four) grab samples during a sampling day at a sampling point. To obtain one value characterizing the pollutant levels at the sampling point on a single day, EPA mathematically aggregated the measurements from the grab samples. The procedure arithmetically averaged the measurements to obtain a single value for the day. When one or more measurements were non-censored, EPA determined that the appropriate censoring type of the aggregate was 'non-censored' because the pollutant was present. Table 14-2 summarizes the procedure. Table 14-2. Aggregation of Grab Samples If the grab or multiple samples are: Censoring type of Daily Value is: Daily value is: Formulas for Calculating Daily Value: All non-censored NC arithmetic average of measured values £nc, 1=1 n All non-detected Nl) arithmetic average of sample-specilk detection limits XDL. 1=1 11 14-12 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation Table 14-2. Aggregation of Grab Samples (Continued) If (he grab or multiple samples are: Censoring type of Daily Value is: Daily value is: Formulas for Calculating Daily Value: Mixture of non-censored and non-detected values (total number of observations is n kim) NC arithmetic average of measured values and sample-specific detection limits k m i NC, * t DL, 1= 1 1= 1 n NC - non-censored (or detected). NI) - non-detected. 1)1. - sample-specific detection limit. 14.6 OVERVIEW OF LIMITATIONS The preceding sections discuss the data selected as the basis for the limitations and the data aggregation procedures EPA used to obtain daily values in its calculations. This section provides a general overview of limitations before returning to the development of the limitations for the MPP industry. This section describes EPA's objective for daily maximum and monthly average limitations, the selection of percentiles for those limitations, and compliance with final limitations. EPA has included this discussion in Section 14 because these fundamental concepts are often the subject of comments on EPA's effluent guidelines regulations and in EPA's contacts and correspondence with the MPP industry. 14.6.1 Objective In establishing daily maximum limitations, EPA's objective is to restrict the discharges on a daily basis to a level that is achievable for a facility that targets its treatment at the long-term average. EPA acknowledges that variability around the long-term average results from normal operations. This variability means that occasionally facilities may discharge at a level that is greater than or lower than the long-term average. This variability also means that facilities may occasionally discharge at a level that is considerably lower than the long-term average. To allow for these possibly higher daily discharges, EPA has established the daily maximum limitation. A facility that discharges consistently at a level near the daily maximum limitation would not be operating its treatment system to achieve the long-term average, which is part of EPA's objective 14-13 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation in establishing the daily maximum limitations. That is, targeting treatment to achieve the limitations may result in frequent values exceeding the limitations due to routine variability in treated effluent. In establishing monthly average limitations, EPA's objective is to provide an additional restriction to help ensure that facilities target their average discharges to achieve the long-term average. The monthly average limitation requires continuous dischargers to provide on-going control, on a monthly basis, that complements controls imposed by the daily maximum limitation. In order to meet the monthly average limitation, a facility must counterbalance a value near the daily maximum limitation with one or more values well below the daily maximum limitation. To achieve compliance, these values must result in a monthly average value at or below the monthly average limitation. In estimating the limitations, EPA first determines an average performance level (the "option long-term average") that a facility with well-designed and operated model technologies (that reflect the appropriate level of control) is capable of achieving. This long-term average is calculated from the data from the facilities using the model technologies for the option. EPA expects that all facilities subject to the final limitations will design and operate their treatment systems to achieve the long-term average performance level on a consistent basis because facilities with well-designed and operated model technologies have demonstrated that this can be done. Next, EPA determines an allowance for the variation in pollutant concentrations when wastewater is processed through extensive and well-designed treatment systems. This allowance incorporates all components of variability, including shipping, sampling, storage, and analytical variability. This allowance is incorporated into the limitations through the use of the variability factors that EPA calculated from the data from the facilities using the model technologies. If a facility operates its treatment system to achieve the relevant option long-term average, EPA expects the facility will be able to comply with the limitations. Variability factors assure that 14-14 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation normal fluctuations in a facility's treatment are accounted for in the limitations. By accounting for these reasonable excursions above the long-term average, EPA's use of variability factors results in limitations that are generally well above the actual long-term averages. EPA calculates the percentile used as a basis for the daily maximum limitation using the product of the long-term average and the daily variability factor. EPA also calculates the percentile used as a basis for the monthly average limitation using the product of the long-term average and the monthly variability factor. The following subsection describes EPA's rationale for selecting the certain percentiles as the basis for the limitations. 14.6.2 Selection of Percentiles EPA calculates limitations based upon percentiles chosen, on one hand, to be high enough to accommodate reasonably anticipated variability within control of the facility and, on the other hand, to be low enough to reflect a level of performance consistent with the Clean Water Act requirement that these effluent limitations be based on the "best" technologies. The daily maximum limitation is an estimate of the 99th percentile of the distribution of the daily measurements. The monthly average limitation is an estimate of the 95th percentile of the distribution of the monthly averages of the daily measurements. The 99th and 95th percentiles do not relate to, or specify, the percentage of time a discharger operating the "best available" or "best available demonstrated" level of technology will meet (or not meet) the daily maximum and monthly average limitations. Rather, EPA used these percentiles in developing the limitations. If a facility is designed and operated to achieve the long-term average on a consistent basis and the facility maintains adequate control of its processes and treatment systems, the allowance for variability provided in the limitations is sufficient for the facility to meet the requirements of the rule. EPA used 99 percent and 95 percent to draw a line at a definite point in each statistical distributions (100 percent is not feasible because it represents an infinitely large value) while setting the percentile at a level that would ensure that operators work hard to establish and maintain the appropriate level of control. 14-15 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation By targeting its treatment at the long-term average, a well-operated facility would be able to comply with the limitations at all times because EPA has incorporated an appropriate allowance for variability into the limitations. In conjunction with the statistical methods, EPA performs an engineering review to verify that the limitations are reasonable based upon the design and expected operation of the control technologies and the facility process conditions. As part of that review, EPA examines the range of performance by the facility data sets used to calculate the limitations. Some facility data sets demonstrate the best available technology. Other facility data sets may demonstrate the same technology, but not the best demonstrated design and operating conditions for that technology. For these facilities, EPA will evaluate the degree to which the facility can upgrade its design, operating, and maintenance conditions to meet the limitations. If such upgrades are not possible, then EPA will modify the limitations to reflect the lowest levels that the technologies can reasonably be expected to achieve. 14.6.3 Compliance with Limitations EPA promulgates limitations with which facilities can comply at all times by properly operating and maintaining their processes and treatment technologies. EPA uses a percentile of a statistical distribution in developing the daily maximum limitation and the monthly average limitation because statistical methods provide a logical and consistent framework for analyzing a set of effluent data and determining values from the data that form a reasonable basis for effluent limitations. EPA establishes the limitations on the basis of percentiles estimated using data from facilities with well-operated and controlled processes and treatment systems. However, because EPA uses a percentile basis, the issue of exceedances (i.e., values that exceed the limitations) or excursions is often raised in public comments on limitations. For example, comments often suggest that EPA include a provision that allows a facility to be considered in compliance with permit limitations if its discharge exceeds the daily average limitations one day out of 100 and the monthly average discharge exceeds the monthly average limitation one month out of 20. This 14-16 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Culcululion issue was, in fact, raised in other rules, including EPA's final Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers (OCPSF) rulemaking. EPA's general approach there for developing limitations based on percentiles is the same in this rule, and was upheld in Chemical Manufacturers Association v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 870 F.2d 177, 230 (5th Cir. 1989). The Court determined that: EPA reasonably concluded that the data points exceeding the 99th and 95th percentiles represent either quality-control problems or upsets because there can be no other explanation for these isolated and extremely high discharges. If these data points result from quality-control problems, the exceedances they represent are within the control of the plant. If, however, the data points represent exceedances beyond the control of the industry, the upset defense is available. Id. at 230. More recently, this issue was raised in EPA's Phase I rule for the pulp and paper industry. In that rulemaking, EPA used the same general approach for developing limitations based on percentiles that it had used for the OCPSF rulemaking and for today's rule. This approach for the monthly average limitation was upheld in National Wildlife Federation, et al v. Environmental Protection Agency, 286 F.3d 554 (D.C. Cir. 2002). The Court determined that: EPA's approach to developing monthly limitations was reasonable. It established limitations based on percentiles achieved by facilities using well-operated and controlled processes and treatment systems. It is therefore reasonable for EPA to conclude that measurements above the limitations are due to either upset conditions or deficiencies in process and treatment system maintenance and operation. EPA has included an affirmative defense that is available to mills that exceed limitations due to an unforeseen event. EPA reasonably concluded that other exceedances 14-17 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation would be the result of design or operational deficiencies. EPA rejected Industry Petitioners' claim that facilities are expected to operate processes and treatment systems so as to violate the limitations at some pre-set rate. EPA explained that the statistical methodology was used as a framework to establish the limitations based on percentiles. These limitations were never intended to have the rigid probabilistic interpretation that Industry Petitioners have adopted. Therefore, we reject Industry Petitioners' challenge to the effluent limitations. As that Court recognized, EPA's allowance for reasonably anticipated variability in its effluent limitations, coupled with the availability of the upset defense, reasonably accommodates acceptable excursions. Any further excursion allowances would go beyond the reasonable accommodation of variability and would jeopardize the effective control of pollutant discharges on a consistent basis and/or bog down administrative and enforcement proceedings in detailed fact-finding exercises, contrary to Congressional intent. See, as an example, Rep. No. 92-414, 92d Congress, 2d Sess. 64, reprinted in A Legislative History of the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 at 1482; Legislative History of the Clean Water Act of 1977 at 464-65. EPA expects that facilities will comply with promulgated limitations at all times. If the exceedance is caused by an upset condition, the facility would have an affirmative defense to an enforcement action if the requirements of 40 CFR 122.41 (n) are met. If an exceedance is caused by a design or operational deficiency, then EPA has determined that the facility's performance does not represent the appropriate level of control. For promulgated limitations, EPA has determined that such exceedances can be controlled by diligent process and wastewater treatment system operational practices such as frequent inspection and repair of equipment, use of back-up systems, and operator training and performance evaluations. EPA recognizes that, as a result of the rule, some dischargers may need to improve treatment systems, process controls, and/or treatment system operations in order to consistently 14-18 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation meet the effluent limitations. EPA believes that this consequence is consistent with the Clean Water Act statutory framework, which requires that discharge limitations reflect the best technology. 14.7 SUMMARY OF THE LIMITATIONS The limitations for pollutants for each option are provided as 'daily maximums' and 'maximums for monthly averages' (except for pH). Definitions provided in 40 CFR 122.2 state that the daily maximum limitation is the "highest allowable 'daily discharge'" and the maximum for monthly average limitation (also referred to as the "average monthly discharge limitation") is the "highest allowable average of 'daily discharges' over a calendar month, calculated as the sum of all 'daily discharges' measured during a calendar month divided by the number of 'daily discharges' measured during that month." Daily discharges are defined to be the "'discharge of a pollutant' measured during a calendar day or any 24-hour period that reasonably represents the calendar day for purposes of sampling." For the MPP rule, EPA has calculated daily maximum and monthly average limitations expressed in terms of allowable pollutant discharge in concentration-based units of milligrams per liter (mg/L). 14.8 ESTIMATION OF LIMITATIONS This section discusses the calculation of the daily maximum and monthly average limitations. In the tables provided in this section, either the mean or long-term average is provided. If the column is labeled 'mean', then the arithmetic average is presented. The column labeled 'LTA' presents the long-term average which was calculated following the procedures in Appendix E. 14.8.1 Episode Long-Term Averages and Variability Factors For each episode data set that contained individual daily measurements (e.g., monitored daily or weekly) EPA calculated the episode long-term average (LTA) and daily variability factor (VF) by using the modified delta-lognormal distribution (see Appendix E). In the following 14-19 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation discussion, these are considered to be based on the statistical model. Attachment 14-2 in Appendix F provides the episode long-term average and variability factors for all pollutants of concern for all options. For the regulated pollutants, where appropriate, EPA has incorporated autocorrelation into the estimates from the data sets containing individual daily measurements. (See Attachment 14-3 in Appendix F for changes of the LTA and VF before and after incorporation, DCN 333050 for evaluation methodology). When data are said to be positively autocorrelated, it means that measurements taken at specific time intervals (such as 1 day or 2 weeks apart) are related. To determine if autocorrelation exists in the data, a statistical evaluation is required using many measurements for equally spaced intervals over an extended period of time. Where such data were available for the final rule, EPA performed a statistical evaluation of autocorrelation and if necessary provided adjustments to the limitations as explained in DCN 333050. As a result of its evaluation of autocorrelation, EPA determined that adjustments should be incorporated into the limitations for total nitrogen, ammonia (as N), BOD^, and TSS for both the Meat and Poultry subcategories. EPA was only able to evaluate the autocorrelation in some data sets selected as the basis for the limitations for those pollutants. Where a data set was insufficient for purposes of evaluating autocorrelation, EPA transferred the values it used in the adjustment ("rho values") as shown in Attachments 14-3 in Appendix F. These autocorrelation adjustments resulted in higher limitations for pollutants for which adjustment was performed. Appendix E explains autocorrelation and the adjustments for these limitations in further detail. DCN 333050 describes EPA's evaluation of autocorrelation in the episode data sets. For other episode data sets that contained monthly averages (listed in Part 2 of Appendix D), EPA calculated the mean of those values using the arithmetic average. In the final rule, EPA has included these monthly averages in developing the option LTA used as the basis for the limitation. EPA determined that it was appropriate to include these averages, so the limitations would be based upon a broader section of the industry. 14-20 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation 14.8.2 Limitations For each regulated pollutant, this section explains the selection process and method that EPA used to calculate each of the promulgated limits. 14.8.2.1 Poultry Subcategory, K EPA promulgated limitations for ammonia (as N), BOD^ O&G (as HEM), TSS, total nitrogen, and fecal coliforms for the Poultry Subcategory K. The basis of these limitations is discussed below. BOD^ and TSS To develop the final limitations for BOD^ and TSS for the Poultry Subcategory K, EPA first determined the median of the BOD^ and TSS effluent mean concentrations of all of the poultry facilities in its database that utilize Option 2 or Option 2.5 technologies. In order to respond to comments, EPA eliminated all Option 2 and Option 2.5 facilities with a filter or chemical phosphorus removal from the analysis. The Option 2 and Option 2.5 technologies are the same except that Option 2.5 technology also includes partial denitrification. For this calculation, EPA combined the data from facilities using either option because EPA does not want to interfere with denitrification (which is required to achieve BAT limits for total nitrogen) and the data indicate that effluent discharges of BOD5 and TSS are sometimes higher at facilities that employ partial denitrification. Table 14-3 provides information on the facilities and BOD^ and TSS effluent mean concentrations used to calculate the median BOD^ and TSS effluent concentrations. Based on comments that EPA should use all of the data available to it, EPA used its full effluent database for Option 2 and 2.5 facilities (i.e., including data from facilities that only provided data reported as summarized monthly averages) to select a model facility for use in developing the BOD^ and TSS option LTAs for the final rule. This ensures that facilities operating the selected technology would be able to achieve the limitations of the final rule (including the BAT limitations for total nitrogen). 14-21 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation Table 14-3. Data Used to Determine the Median of BOD^ and TSS Mean Effluent Concentrations from Treatment with Option 2 or Option 2.5 Technologies' Facility Number Treatment Option Mean BOD, Effluent Concentration' mj»/L Mean TSS Kffluent Concentration' mj»/L 11 2.5 N/A 12.8 22 2 N/A 15.65 26 2.5 N/A 13.9 27 2 13.02 N/A 32 2.5 N/A 4.98 39 2 5.30 6.00 42 2 7.82 8.34 45 2.5 1.77 4.17 133 2 7.00 31.50 291 2 3.77 5.57 300 2.5 19.40 22.90 307a 2 7.87 10.1 309 2 Lxceeds Permit Limit 11.1 312 2 3.51 8.94 ' For facilities in FPA's BAT database, these values reflect the Final values alter data exclusions. N A - Not Available Using the information in Table 14-3, EPA determined that the median BOD^ and TSS effluent mean concentrations for all poultry facilities in EPA's database employing the Option 2 or Option 2.5 technologies are 7.0 mg/L and 10.1 mg/L, respectively. However, for purposes of calculating the option LTA and VFs for use in developing limitations for the final rule, EPA is limited to using only those episodes with individual data points (i.e. unsummarized daily/weekly monitoring or EPA's 3-5 day sampling episodes.) For TSS, the facility with its mean closest to 7.0 mg/L (Episode 307a) did provide individual data, so EPA used this data to develop the LTAs and VFs for the final limitations. For BOD^, the facility with the median of means (Episode 133) 14-22 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation did not provide individual data points (only summarized monthly average data), therefore, EPA selected the facility whose mean was closest to the median value but that also provided individual data. For BOD5, this facility is again Episode 307a, so EPA used this data to develop the option LTAs and VFs for the final limitations. Because LTAs for most episode data sets are calculated from the statistical model, they are not necessarily the same as arithmetic averages of the data. EPA notes that LTAs for BOD5 and TSS for facility 307a are just slightly higher than the mean concentrations provided in Table 14-3 (i.e. the BOD^ option LTA = 7.98 mg/L and the TSS option LTA = 10.2 mg/L.) Using the methodology described in Appendix E and multiplying the LTA by the VFs for facility 307a, the BOD^ daily maximum limit is 7.98 mg/L x 3.25 = 26 mg/L and the monthly average limitation is 7.98 mg/L x 1.96 = 16 mg/L. The TSS daily maximum limitation is 10.2 mg/L x 2.94 = 30 mg/L and the monthly average limitation is 10.2 x 1.87 = 20 mg/L. These limit numbers have all been rounded up to the nearest integer. O&G (as HEM) As explained above for BOD5 and TSS, EPA selected Episode 307a as the model facility for the BOD^ and TSS parameter limitations in the Poultry Subcategory K. EPA is unable to base the O&G (as HEM) limitations on data from Episode 307a because EPA's database does not contain any O&G (as HEM) data for Facility 307a. Thus, to develop the final limitations for O&G (as HEM), as was done for BOD^ and TSS, for the Poultry Subcategory K, EPA first determined the median of the O&G (as HEM) effluent LTA concentrations of all of the poultry facilities in its database that utilize Option 2 or Option 2.5 technologies. In response to comments, EPA eliminated all Option 2 and Option 2.5 facilities with a filter or chemical phosphorus removal from the analysis. The Option 2 and Option 2.5 technologies are the same except that Option 2.5 also includes partial denitrification. However, EPA found that no Option 2 facilities had any O&G (as HEM) data, so was left with only Option 2.5 facilities. Since EPA has no basis to conclude that this additional step would have any effect 14-23 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation on the O&G (as HEM) effluent concentrations, EPA concluded that it is appropriate to calculate the O&G (as HEM) limitations for the Poultry Subcategory K from Option 2.5. Table 14-4 provides information on the facilities and O&G (as HEM) effluent discharges used to calculate the median of the O&G (as HEM) effluent LTA concentrations. Based on comments that EPA should use all of the data available to it, EPA used its full effluent database for options 2 and 2.5 facilities (i.e., including data from facilities that only provided data reported as summarized monthly averages) to calculate the O&G (as HEM) LTAs and limitations for the final rule. This ensures that facilities operating the selected technology would be able to achieve the limitations of the final rule. Table 14-4. Data Used to Establish O&G (as HEM) Limitations in the Poultry Subcategory K1 Kpisorie Number LTA, mj»/L 1-I)ay VI 4-I)ay VI Daily Max Limit, mj»/L Monthly Average Limit, mu/L 11 5.75 1.93 1.23 26 6.21 2.51 1.37 32 6.13 2.12 1.29 644 X 5.93 h h 312 c c c Final Limitation 6.03 2.19 1.30 13.2 7.8 ' Limits are calculated as product of median LTA and mean VI'. h LPA is unable to calculate V'l's tor data sets that contain only a single non-censored value. c Although this facility provided KPA with some summary effluent data, the data included boiler blowdown wastewater and is therefore not representative of poultry process wastewaters alone. First, EPA calculated the option LTA for O&G (as HEM) as the median of the episode- specific LTAs. The median is the midpoint of the values ordered (i.e., ranked) from smallest to largest. For example, for O&G (as HEM), when the four episode LTAs are ordered, this midpoint value is 6.03 mg/L. 14-24 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation Second, EPA selected the option daily VF. After calculating the episode-specific VFs, EPA calculated the option daily VF as the mean of the episode-specific daily VFs for that pollutant in the subcategory and option. Likewise, the option monthly VF was the mean of the episode-specific monthly VFs for that pollutant in the subcategory and option. In this case, the option daily VF and the monthly VFs are 2.19 and 1.30, respectively. Ammonia as N Similar to the manner in which EPA selected Episode 307a to calculate the BOD^ and TSS limitations, EPA first determined the median of the ammonia (as N) effluent mean concentrations of all the poultry facilities in its database that utilize the Option 2.5 technologies. In order to respond to comments, EPA eliminated all Option 2.5 facilities with a filter or chemical phosphorus removal. The Option 2 and Option 2.5 technologies are the same except that Option 2.5 also includes partial denitrification. For this evaluation, EPA used only the data from facilities using Option 2.5 because EPA does not want to discourage denitrification and the data indicate that effluent discharges of ammonia (as N) are sometimes higher from facilities that employ partial denitrification. Table 14-5 provides information on the facilities and ammonia (as N) effluent discharges used to calculate the median of the ammonia (as N) effluent mean concentrations. Based on comments that EPA should use all of the data available to it, EPA used its full effluent database for Option 2.5 facilities (i.e., including data from facilities that only provided data reported as summarized monthly averages ) to select a model facility for use in developing the ammonia (as N) option LTA for the final rule. This ensures that facilities operating the selected technology would be able to achieve the limitations of the final rule (including the BAT limitations for total nitrogen). 14-25 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation Table 14-5. Mean Ammonia (as N) Effluent Concentration Data from Treatment with Option 2 or Option 2.5 Technologies' Facility Number1' Treatment Option Mean Ammonia (as N) Kffluent Concent rat ion 'ni«/l. 11 2.5 2.2 22 2 0.36 26 2.5 1.4 27 2 2.2 32 2.5 0.69 39 2 0.60 42 2 0.38 45 2.5 0.17 133 2 2.0 291 2 0.89 300 2.5 2.5 307a 2 0.303 307c 2.5 0.36 309 2 0.66 ' For facilities in FPA's model facility database, these values reflect the final values after data exclusions. h FPA also has data for FPA sampling Fpisode 644X. FPA did not include Fpisode 644X in this table because its ammonia (as N) effluent concentration is already accounted for by Fpisode 307e. This is because the data for Fpisode 307e encompass the time period of Sampling Fpisode 644X. First, EPA calculated the option LTA for ammonia (as N) as the median of the episode- specific effluent mean concentrations. The median is the midpoint of the values ordered (i.e., ranked) from smallest to largest. Using the information in Table 14-5, EPA determined that the median ammonia (as N) effluent mean concentration for all poultry facilities in EPA's database employing the Option 2.5 technologies is 1.05 mg/L. However, for purposes of calculating the option LTA and VFs for use in developing limitations for the final rule, EPA is limited to using 14-26 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation only those episodes with individual data points (i.e. unsummarized daily/weekly monitoring or EPA's 3-5 day sampling episodes.) EPA selected the facility whose LTA was the closest to the median but that also provided individual data. Table 14-6 presents the episode data that could be used to develop limitations for the final rule. For ammonia (as N), the episode with an LTA closest to 1.05 mg/L for ammonia (as N) is Episode 26, so EPA used this episode data set to develop the LTAs and VFs for the final limitations. The ammonia (as N) daily maximum limitation is 5.9 mg/L (1.1 mg/L x 5.37) and the monthly average limitation is 2.81 mg/L (1.1 mg/L x 2.55). Table 14-6. Data Used to Establish the Ammonia (as N) Limitations in the Poultry Subcategory Ka Kpisodc Number Option LTA, mj»/L l-l)ay VI 4-Day VI 11 2.5 1.93 7.69 3.08 26 2.5 1.1 5.37 2.55 32 2.5 .69 2.46 1.66 45 2.5 . 153 4.57 2.33 291 2 0.82 7.68 3.08 307a 2. .303 5.02 2.40 307e 2.5 .36 5.83 2.0 309 2 0.56 7.49 3.16 644 X 2.5 1.28 1.69 1.21 However, EPA received comments about the seasonal variability of ammonia (as N). In order to address these comments, EPA summarized all of the information for poultry facilities with ammonia (as N) permit limits in its database. For each facility that had tiered limits based on the time of the year, EPA compared the highest value to the lowest value. Tables 14-7 shows this comparison. 14-27 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation Table 14-7. Comparison of Winter and Summer Ammonia (as N) Permit Limitations for Poultry Facilities Kpisode Number Ammonia (as N) Daily Maximum Limit, mj»/L Ammonia (as N) Monthly Averaj»e Limit, mj»/L Winter IIij»h Summer Low Winter IIij»h Summer Low 20 14 X 9 5 26 39 29 26 19 27 30 7.5 20 5 291 4 2.4 2.7 1.6 297 12 X X 5 307 2.7 1.3 1.7 0.7 3 10 1 1 7.5 5.5 5 314 IS 5 12 3 339 3.9 2.9 1.2 0.9 For each facility and each type of limit, EPA calculated the ratio between the winter high permit limit and mean of the winter and summer permit limit. EPA found that the average of these ratios was 1.30 for both the daily maximum permit limits and the monthly average permit limits. Therefore, in order to account for seasonal variability, EPA calculated the final ammonia (as N) limits by multiplying the daily maximum and monthly average limitations determined previously by the average of the ratio determined above. The ammonia (as N) daily maximum and monthly average limitations are 8 mg/L (5.9 x 1.3) and 4 mg/L (2.8 x 1.3), respectively. These limit numbers have all been rounded up to the nearest integer. Total Nitrogen EPA conducted a thorough evaluation of all poultry subcategory facilities as possible BAT facilities to calculate total nitrogen limitations. This evaluation is discussed thoroughly in 14-28 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation DCN 300001 and is summarized as follows. First, EPA eliminated all facilities that do not employ the Option 2.5 technologies. This Option includes partial denitrification. Next, EPA eliminated all facilities that did not provide total nitrogen effluent data (or both TKN and nitrate/nitrite) or only provided summary data. EPA eliminated facilities that only provided summary data because daily variability cannot be determined from summary data. Next, EPA carefully reviewed the remaining facilities and eliminated some facilities because they were not operating their technology consistent with the BAT definition of partial denitrification. One facility was eliminated because it additionally treated tannery wastewater which is not subject to this rule. As a result of this evaluation, EPA concluded that data from two facilities could be used to establish the total nitrogen limitations. These Episodes are 307c and 339. Table 14-8 provides information on the facilities and total nitrogen effluent discharges used to calculate the total nitrogen limitations. Table 14-8. Data Used to Establish the Total Nitrogen Limitations in the Poultry Subcategory K ' Kpisodc Number LTA, mj»/L l-l)ay VI 4-Day VI 307c 55.5 2.79 1.93 339 35.5 2.35 1.66 First, EPA calculated the option LTA for total nitrogen as the median of the episode- specific LTAs. The median is the midpoint of the values ordered (i.e., ranked) from smallest to largest. For total nitrogen, this midpoint value is 45.5 mg/L. Second, EPA selected the option daily VF. After calculating the episode-specific VFs, EPA calculated the option daily VF as the mean of the episode-specific daily VFs for that pollutant in the subcategory and option. Likewise, the option monthly VF was the mean of the episode-specific monthly VFs for that pollutant in the subcategory and option. In this case, the option daily VF and the monthly VFs are 2.57 and 1.795 respectively. 14-29 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation The total nitrogen daily maximum limit is 117 mg/L (45.5 mg/L x 2.57) and the monthly average limitation is 82 g/L (45.5 mg/L x 1.79). However, EPA received comments that both Episode 307c and 339 have excess detention times in their anoxic basins. Therefore, EPA identified and used an additional factor to ultimately calculate the final total nitrogen limitations. This factor was related to the consideration of several variables, including the anoxic basin, BOD/TKN ratio, and influent total nitrogen variability and increased the effluent total nitrogen limits by 25 percent (DCN 300017). Therefore, the final total nitrogen limitations for Subcategory K are 147 mg/L and 103 mg/L for the daily maximum and monthly average limitations, respectively. These numbers have been rounded up to the nearest integer. Fecal Coliforms During EPA sampling episodes, EPA collected and analyzed for fecal coliforms. However, when EPA conducted this sampling, it exceeded the holding time specified for analysis for many samples. Subsequent analyses indicated that exceeding holding times could affect the results. (DCN 165310) Therefore, EPA proposed to establish fecal coliforms limitations for the Poultry Subcategory K equivalent to the existing limitations/standards for the Meat Subcategories (i.e., 400 MPN per 100 mL at any time). For the final rule, EPA has concluded this transfer is appropriate because EPA determined this level is achievable by the poultry facilities. 14.8.2.2 Poultry Further Processing Subcategory, Subcategory L EPA promulgated limitations for ammonia (as N), BOD^ O&G (as HEM), TSS, total nitrogen, and fecal coliforms for the Poultry Further Processing Subcategory L. EPA transferred all of these limitations from the Poultry Subcategory K. In general, EPA sought to transfer data from first processors to further processors due to the lack of available effluent data for further processing facilities. With the available data, EPA 14-30 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation performed a comparison of influent from the two subcategories. EPA found the wastewater charateristics to be comparable. Therefore, EPA concludes this transfer is reasonable. 14.8.3 Meat Subcategories EPA promulgated limitations for ammonia (as N) and total nitrogen for the Meat Subcategories. Ammonia (as N) and total nitrogen limitations were transferred from the Poultry Subcategory. Each of these transfers is discussed below. Total Nitrogen EPA did not identify any meat facilities that were operating the BAT Option 2.5 technology as defined in the final regulation and that were able to provide total nitrogen (or TKN and nitrate/nitrite) data for their effluent. Consequently, EPA evaluated the appropriateness of transferring the poultry total nitrogen limitations to these subcategories. EPA performed a comparison of the wastewater characteristics and wastewater treatment kinetics of poultry and meat facilities. EPA found that with the exception of higher influent TKN concentrations at meat facilities, the wastewaters concentrations are very similar. In order to account for the higher TKN concentrations, EPA transferred the LTA and VFs from the poultry BAT Option 2.5 facility with the influent TKN concentration that is most comparable to the average meat facility influent TKN concentration (i.e., Episode 307, 2002-2003 data only). Data for this facility has been provided above in Table 14-8. In addition, for the same reasons explained in the discussion for the total nitrogen limitation in the Poultry Processing subcategory, EPA identified and used an additional factor to ultimately calculate the final total nitrogen limitations for the Meat Subcategories. This factor was related to the consideration of several variables, including the anoxic basin, BOD/TKN ratio, and influent total nitrogen variability and increased the effluent total nitrogen limits by 25 percent (DCN300017). The resulting limitations are 194 mg/L and 134 mg/L for the daily maximum and monthly average limitations, respectively. 14-31 ------- Section 14. Limitations and Standards: Data Selection and Calculation Ammonia as N As explained above, EPA performed a comparison of the wastewater characteristics and wastewater treatment kinetics of poultry and meat facilities. EPA found that with the exception of higher influent TKN concentrations at meat facilities, the wastewaters concentrations are very similar. In addition, EPA found that due to the nature of the design of biological treatment systems, the wastewaters were similar in treatability. Since the general wastewater characteristics of meat facilities are similar to poultry facilities, and the biological processes used to treat the wastewater are the same, EPA concludes that transferring ammonia (as N) limitations from the Poultry Subcategories to the Meat Subcategories is appropriate. 14.9 Summary of Final Limitations Table 14-9 presents a summary of the limitations for the MPP industry. Table 14-9. Final Limitations for the MPP Industry. Subcategory Pollutant Daily Maximum Limitation, mj»/L Monthly Average Limitation, mj»/L Poultry Subcategories K. and I. Ammonia (as N) 8.0 4.0 BOI), 26 16 TSS 30 20 ()&(i (as IIHM) 14 8 Total Nitrogen 147 103 Meat Subcategories Ammonia (as N) 8.0 4.0 Total Nitrogen 194 134 14-32 ------- Section 15 Regulatory Implementation This section provides guidance to National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit writers and the regulated community for implementing 40 CFR Part 432 effluent limitations guidelines (ELGs) and standards for meat and poultry processing (MPP) facilities. The section is organized as follows: Section 15.1 describes the applicability of the revised Part 432 ELGs and standards. • Section 15.2 summarizes compliance dates. • Section 15.3 presents guidance on calculating NPDES permit effluent limitations. • Section 15.4 summarizes compliance monitoring requirements. Section 15.5 discusses variances and modifications. 15.1 APPLICABILITY OF THE REYISED PART 432 EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS The MPP ELGs and standards regulate direct discharges of process wastewaters into waters of the United States (e.g., streams, lakes, oceans) that are authorized by an NPDES permit. MPP facilities that discharge their process wastewaters to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) are not regulated by this final rule. The revised 40 CFR Part 432 applies to all existing and new meat and poultry first processing (slaughtering) and further processing facilities and independent rendering facilities. Facilities above certain production thresholds (Table 15-1) that are involved in any of the following activities are subject to the revised or new limitations in this rule: 15-1 ------- Section 15. liegulutoiy Implementation Table 15-1. Summary of 40 CFR 432 Production Thresholds for Regulated Subcategories Regulatory Subcategory Production Threshold Non-Small Small A - Simple Slaughterhouse >50 million lb/yr <50 million lb/yr B - Complex Slaughterhouse >50 million lb/yr <50 million lb/yr (' - I.ow-Processing Packinghouse >50 million lb/yr <50 million lb/yr I) - High-Processing Packinghouse >50 million lb/yr <50 million lb/yr H - Small Processor - <1,560,000 lb/yr I-" - Meat Cutter >50 million lb/yr > 1,560,000 lb/yr but <50 million lb/yr (i - Sausage and Luncheon Meats Processor >50 million lb/yr > 1,560,000 lb/yr but <50 million lb/yr 11-1 lam Processor >50 million lb/yr >1,560,000 lb/yr but <50 million lb/yr 1 - Canned Meats >50 million lb/yr > 1,560,000 lb/yr but <50 million lb/yr .1 - Renderer >10 million lb/yr K. - Poultry First processing >100 million lb/yr <100 million lb/yr 1. - Poultry Further Processing >7 million lb/yr <1 million lb/yr • First Processing. A first processor is a facility that slaughters live animals and produces whole or cut-up carcasses. First processing operations can include the assembly and holding of animals for slaughter; killing, bleeding; removal of hide, hair or feathers; evisceration and variety meat (organ) harvest; carcass washing; trimming; carcass chilling and refrigeration; and cleanup. A facility is still a first processor if it performs operations in addition to slaughtering, such as further processing or rendering. First processors include facilities classified as simple slaughterhouses (40 CFR Part 432, Subpart A), complex slaughterhouses (Subpart B), low-processing 15-2 ------- Sec Hon 15. Reguluton Implementation packinghouses (Subpart C), and high-processing packinghouses (Subpart D), in addition to the newly created Subpart K for poultry first processors. • Further Processing. A further processor are operations which utilize whole carcasses or cut-up meat or poultry products for the production of fresh or frozen products, and may include the following types of processing: cutting and deboning, cooking, seasoning, smoking, canning, grinding, chopping, dicing, forming, breading, breaking, trimming, skinning, tenderizing, marinating, curing, pickling, extruding, and/or linking. A facility is still a further processor if it performs operations in addition to further processing, such as rendering (but not slaughtering). Further processors include facilities classified as small processors (40 CFR Part 432, Subpart E), meat cutters (Subpart F), sausage and luncheon meats processors (Subpart G), ham processors (Subpart H), and canned meats processors (Subpart I), in addition to the newly created Subpart L for poultry further processors. Rendering. A renderer processes slaughtering by-products (e.g., animal fat, bone, blood, hair, feathers, dead animals) into usable products. An independent renderer is subject to 40 CFR Part 432, Subpart J, and is a facility that performs only rendering operations at a production rate greater than 10 million pounds per year and does not do any first or further processing. Facilities in the meat subcategories (A through I) whose production falls below the specified production thresholds (see Table 15-1) remain subject to Part 432, as specified; that is, EPA is not revising the current limits in Part 432 for those facilities. 15.2 COMPLIANCE DATES New and reissued NPDES permits to direct dischargers must include these effluent limitations, and the permits must require immediate compliance with such limitations. If the permitting authority wishes to provide a compliance schedule, it must do so through an enforcement mechanism. 15-3 ------- Section 15. Regululoiy Implementation New sources must comply with the new source standards (NSPS) of this rule when they commence discharging MPP process wastewater. Because the final rule was not promulgated within 120 days of the proposed rule, the Agency considers a discharger to be a new source if its construction commences more than 30 days after publications of the final rule in the Federal Register. There are meat product facilities that were new sources subject to the earlier NSPS provisions because they commenced construction after promulgation of the earlier NSPS. The CWA provides for a protection period for such facilities from any more stringent standards. The protection period is generally 10 years from the completion of construction. See section 306(d) of the CWA, 33 U.S.C. § 1316(d) and 40C.F.R. 122.29(d). Thus, any source that commenced construction after promulgation of the earlier NSPS and before promulgation of today's NSPS will not be subject to any more stringent BAT limitations in today's rule until the protection period identified in 40 C.F.R. 122.29(d) expires. 15.3 CALCULATION OF NPDES PERMIT LIMITATIONS The existing ELGs and standards that are being retained for Best Practical Control Technology currently available (BPT), Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology (BCT), Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT), and NSPS are production-based limitations in pounds (of pollutant) per 1,000 pounds (of production unit). The new ELGs and standards being established for BPT, BCT, BAT, and NSPS are concentration-based limitations in milligrams per liter (mg/L). The NPDES regulations (at 40 CFR 122.45(f)) require permit writers to include in permits mass-based limitations for direct dischargers, but they allow an exception when the limits are expressed in terms of other units of measurement (e.g., concentration). This section provides guidance on how the 40 CFR Part 432 effluent guidelines are to be included in NPDES permits. The effluent limitations included in 40 CFR Part 432 are provided as maximum daily discharge limitations and maximum monthly average discharge limitations. Definitions provided at 40 CFR 122.2 state that the "maximum daily discharge limitation" is the "highest allowable 'daily discharge'" and the "maximum average for monthly discharge limitation" is the "highest 15-4 ------- Sec Hon 15. Reguluton Implementation allowable average of 'daily discharges' over a calendar month, calculated as the sum of all 'daily discharges' measured during a calendar month divided by the number of 'daily discharges' measured during that month." "Daily discharge" is defined as the "'discharge of a pollutant' measured during a calendar day or any 24-hour period that reasonably represents the calendar day for purposes of sampling." 15.3.1 Meat and Independent Renderer Facilities New and existing MPP facilities that are regulated under the meat and independent renderer subcategories will be subject to a combination of production- and concentration-based effluent limitations. The existing ELGs for Subcategories A through J that are being retained will remain as production-based limitations expressed in pounds (of pollutant) per 1,000 pounds (of production unit). In addition, the new 40 CFR Part 432 ELGs and standards established for several parameters are concentration-based limitations. A summary of the pollutants regulated under the meat and independent renderer subcategories and the basis by which they should be applied are provided in Table 15-2. In developing NPDES permit limitations for MPP facilities subject to both production- and concentration-based effluent limitations and standards, a permit writer must include both limitations. Production units for existing effluent limitations and standards include live weight killed, equivalent live weight killed, finished product, and raw material. To convert the effluent limitations and standards expressed as pounds per 1,000 pounds of product to a monthly average or daily maximum permit limit, the permitting authority would use a production rate with units of 1,000 pounds per day. The NPDES permit regulations at 40 CFR 122.45(b)(2) require that NPDES permit limits be based on a "... reasonable measure of actual production." The production rates used for NPDES permitting for the MPP industry have commonly been the annual average production from the prior 5-year period, prorated to a daily basis. 15-5 ------- Section 15. Regululoiy Implementation Table 15-2. Summary of Basis for Pollutants Regulated under the Meat and Independent Renderer Subcategories Applicable Subcatej»ory(ies) Size Facility Type Pollutants Re«ulated Under Kxistin« 40 (TR Part 432 Production- Based Kffluent (Guidelines" Additional Pollutants Regulated Under New 40 CFR Part 432 Concentration-Based Kffluent (Guidelines'' A D Non-small (>50 million lb/yr) Hxisting BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1 Ammonia (as N), total nitrogen New BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1, ammonia (as N) Total nitrogen Small ( 50 million lb/yr) Hxisting BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1 - New BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1, ammonia (as N) - H Small ( 1,560,000 lb/yr) Hxisting/New BOIX, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1 - F I Non-small (>50 million lb/yr) Hxisting BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1, ammonia (as N) Total nitrogen New BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1 Ammonia (as N), total nitrogen Small (>1,560,000 but 50 million lb/yr) Hxisting BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1, ammonia (as N) - New BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1 - .1 (>10 million lb/yr) Hxisting BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1, ammonia (as N) Total nitrogen New BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, pi 1, ammonia (as N) Total nitrogen Note: BOD, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand; TSS total suspended solids; N nitrogen. ¦' Hflluent limitations for fecal coliform bacteria and pi 1 are not production-based. Furthermore, additional allocations are provided for BOD, and TSS for hide and by-product processing. b Hflluent limitations for all pollutants are concentration-based. The objective in determining a production estimate for a facility is to develop a measure of production that can reasonably be expected to prevail during the next term of the permit. This measure is used in combination with the production-based limitations to establish a maximum 15-6 ------- Sec Hon 15. Reguluton Implementation mass of pollutant that may be discharged each day and month. If the permit production rate is based on the maximum month, however, permit could allow excessive discharges of pollutants during significant portions of the life of the permit. These excessive allowances might discourage facilities from ensuring optimal waste management, water conservation, and wastewater treatment practices during lower production periods. On the other hand, if the average permit production rate is based on an average derived from the lowest year of production over the past 5 years, facilities might have trouble ensuring that their waste management, water conservation, and wastewater treatment practices can accommodate shorter periods of higher production. Facilities might need to target a more stringent treatment level than that on which the limits were based during periods of high production. To accomplish this, facilities would likely have to develop more efficient treatment systems and better water conservation and waste management practices for use during these periods. The new ELGs and standards being established for BPT, BAT, and NSPS for ammonia and total nitrogen are concentration-based limitations. The permit writer, however, has the option to also include mass-based limitations in pounds (of pollutant) per day. Mass-based effluent limitations may be included in permits to ensure that dilution of process wastewaters will not be used as a substitute for treatment. Therefore, the permit writer would need to determine whether the potential exists for dilution of process wastewaters in the facility to be permitted. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), issued a landmark rule in 1996, the Pathogen Reduction: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems. The HAACP program is designed to ensure the safety of food products in the United States by reducing the occurrence and numbers of pathogenic microorganisms on meat and poultry products and thereby reducing the incidence of foodborne illness associated with consuming those products. The HACCP rule specifically requires MPP facilities (excluding renderers) to develop and implement a system of preventive controls to improve the safety of their products. The HACCP rule also mandates all MPP facilities to develop and implement written standard operating procedures for sanitation. To comply with the HACCP requirements, water is commonly used at MPP facilities to flush loose meat, blood, soluble protein, and inorganic particles from processing areas. As a result, MPP plants can use large quantities of 15-7 ------- Section 15. Regululoiy Implementation water during various processing and cleaning operations. Information collected by EPA as part of the MPP rule development effort indicates that water conservation is still practiced at MPP plants in light of the HAACP requirements. For example, within the USDA guidelines, water used in some MPP operations may be reclaimed and reused. Also, using dry cleaning to clean process area floors reduces the amount of water used. Section 6 provides additional information on reported water use levels for meat and poultry processing operations and rendering. EPA believes this information will be useful to permit writers and control authorities in those instances where they deem it appropriate to set mass-based limitations. In making the decision whether to include mass-based limitations in NPDES permits, a permit writer needs to evaluate whether appropriate water conservation practices are being used at the MPP plant. If dilution of wastewater is a concern at a particular MPP plant, the permit writer should derive them mass-based limitations and include them in the permit. Mass-based effluent limitations are derived by multiplying the concentration-based effluent limitations from the final rule by an appropriate wastewater flow rate for the facility's MPP operations (expressed in gallons per day). The permit writer must use a reasonable estimate of process wastewater flows and the concentration limitations to develop mass-based limitations for the NPDES permit. Process wastewater discharge is defined in the regulation (40 CFR Part 432) to include wastewaters resulting from production of meat and poultry products that come into direct contact with raw materials, further-processed products, or final products, and surface runoff from the immediate process area that has the potential to become contaminated. The MPP effluent guidelines do not apply to nonprocess wastewater. Nonprocess wastewater means sanitary wastewater, noncontact cooling water, water from laundering, and noncontact storm water. Nonprocess wastewater also includes wastewater discharges from nonindustrial sources, such as residential housing, schools, churches, recreational parks, and shopping centers, as well as wastewater discharges from gas stations, utility plants, and hospitals. EPA considers storm water that is commingled with MPP operations process wastewater prior to treatment or discharge (contact storm water) subject to the MPP effluent guidelines. In cases where the process wastewater flow claimed by industry might be excessive, the permit writer may develop a more appropriate process wastewater flow for use in computing the mass-based effluent limitations. 15-8 ------- Sec Hon 15. Reguluton Implementation 15.3.2 Poultry Facilities New and existing MPP facilities that are regulated under the poultry processing subcategories will be subject to concentration-based effluent limitations. The new 40 CFR Part 432 ELGs and standards established for several parameters are concentration-based limitations (in milligrams per liter). A summary of the pollutants regulated under the poultry processing subcategories is provided in Table 15-3. Table 15-3. Summary Basis for Pollutants Regulated under the Meat and Independent Renderer Subcategories Applicable Subcategory) ies) Size Facility Type Pollutants Regulated Under New 40 (TR Part 432 Concentration-Based Hffluent Guidelines K. Non-small (>100 million lb vr) Existing and new B()I)5, TSS, oil and grease (as I1HM), fecal colilbrms, pi 1, ammonia (as N), total nitrogen Small ( 100 million lb vr) Existing - New B()I)5, TSS, oil and grease (as I1HM), fecal colilbrms, pi 1, ammonia (as N) I. Non-Small (>7 million lb/yr) Existing and new BOI)5, TSS, oil and grease (as IIHM), fecal colilbrms, pi I, ammonia (as nitrogen) total nitrogen Small ( 7 million lbs/yr) Existing - New B()I)5, TSS, oil and grease (as IIHM), fecal colilbrms, pi I, ammonia (as N) Note: IIHM hexane-extractable material. The ELGs and standards being established for BPT, BCT, BAT, and NSPS are concentration-based limitations. The permit writer, however, has the option to include mass- based limitations in pounds (of pollutant) per day as well. As described in Section 15.3.2, there are several considerations for a permit writer in deciding whether to include, as well as in calculating, mass-based limitations for MPP facilities. 15-9 ------- Section 15. Regululoiy Implementation 15.3.3 Mixed Meat and Poultry Production Facilities A limited number of MPP facilities process both meat and poultry products at the same site. In these instances, a permit writer will need to apply all applicable effluent guidelines for each subcategory applicable to the particular operations at the MPP facility. Permit writers should use the "building block approach," whereby the allowable pollutant loads from individual regulated waste streams are combined to derive a single limitation applicable to the combined wastewaters. For example, if an existing facility discharges wastewater from meat slaughtering operations commingled with wastewater discharges from poultry further processing operations, the permit writer must base the effluent limitations in the permit on the limitations for Subparts A through D as well as Subpart L. It should be noted that the ELGs for certain conventional pollutants (BOD, TSS, and oil and grease) are based on production in Subparts A through I. However, in Subparts K and L (for poultry plants) the ELGs for these same conventional pollutants are concentration-based. In this instance, the permit writer would need to convert the concentration-based limitations in subparts K and L to mass-based limits to allow for combination with the applicable production-based limitations (in pounds per day). Section 15.3.2 describes several considerations for a permit writer when calculating mass-based limitations at MPP facilities. Under certain circumstances, a mixed MPP facility will be subject to two different concentration-based limitations. For example, the final rule includes different concentration- based effluent limitations for total nitrogen for those subparts applicable to meat processing (A through D and F through I) and those subparts applicable to poultry processing (K and L). Because a permit writer is required to apply all applicable effluent guidelines, and in most instances all process flows are combined before treatment, the permit writer should establish a flow-weighted concentration that would serve as the effluent limitation. Before selecting appropriate process flow values for use in flow-weighting the different concentration-based limitations, the permit writer should consider the factors discussed in Section 15.3.2 above. Alternatively, permit writers may also combine concentration-based effluent limitations by 15-10 ------- Sec lion 15. Regulatory Implementation converting each to a mass limitation using the appropriate waste water flow from each applicable waste stream and then combining the mass values. As noted previously, Section 15.3.2 describes several considerations for a permit writer when calculating mass-based limitations at MPP facilities. 15.3.4 Facilities Covered by Additional Guidelines or Technology-Based Effluent Limitations Established on a Case-By-Case Basis When a facility is also covered by other existing effluent guidelines (e.g., leather tanning), the facility will need to comply with both regulations. In those cases, the permit writer will combine the limitations using an approach that proportions the limitations based on the different production levels (for production-based standards) or wastewater flows (for concentration-based standards). NPDES permit writers refer to this approach as the "building block approach." There might also be instances when other existing effluent guidelines regulate a set of pollutants different from those in the MPP final rule. As described in the EPA NPDES Permit Writers ' Manual (USEPA, (EPA-833-B-96-003; USEPA, 1996), if all regulated process wastewaters are combined, there are two approaches for properly applying the effluent guidelines: • If one waste stream containing a pollutant that is not covered by an effluent guideline is combined with another waste stream that has applicable effluent guidelines for the same pollutant, then the permit writers must use best professional judgment (BPJ) to establish a technology-based effluent limit for the nonregulated wastewater. • If one waste stream that does not contain a pollutant is combined with another waste stream that has applicable effluent guidelines for the pollutant, the permit writer must ensure that the nonregulated waste stream does not dilute the regulated waste stream to the point where the pollutant is not analytically detectable. If this circumstance occurs, the permit writer will most likely need to establish internal outfalls, as allowed under 40 CFR 122.45(h). 15-11 ------- Section 15. Regulatory Implementation The NPDES permit regulations at 40 CFR 125.3 require the establishment of technology- based limits derived on a case-by-case basis using BPJ for nonmunicipal (industrial) facilities. BPJ limits may be particularly established by permit writers for MPP facilities in cases where the effluent limitations in the final rule are not available for, or do not regulate, a particular pollutant of concern or a particular waste stream (e.g., nonprocess waste waters). Like the approach described above for applying effluent limitations from different effluent guidelines, permit writers will need to combine as appropriate any BPJ-based effluent limitations. If the limitations are based on production or mass, the final NPDES permit limitations will be the sum of the mass effluent limitations derived in Sections 15.3.1 and 15.3.2 and any mass effluent limitations developed on a case-by-case basis using BPJ by the permit writer to take into account nonprocess wastewater discharge. If applicable effluent limitations are based on concentration, the permit writer should flow-weight the applicable effluent concentrations. 15.3.5 Facilities With Highly Variable or Seasonal Production Certain MPP facilities might expect production to change significantly during the permit term. In those cases where highly variable production is expected, a permit writer can include alternative or tiered limits. According to the EPA NPDES Permit Writer's Manual (EPA-833-B- 96-003; USEPA, 1996), up to a 20 percent fluctuation in production is considered normal. To address instances where the production at an MPP facility is expected to be highly variable, a permit writer can establish tiered limits. Tiered limits are simply a set of limits that vary based on the production at the facility. In establishing tiered limits, permit writers should ensure that the permit clearly identifies how the tiered limits are to be applied (e.g., how to calculate and report production). For facilities with large seasonal variations in production, permit writers might want to consider the use of seasonal limitations (one set of limits based on spring/summer production rates and another set of limits based on fall/winter production rates). 15-12 ------- Sec Hon 15. Reguluton Implementation 15.4 OTHER NPDES PERMIT CONDITIONS In accordance with the requirements contained in 40 CFR Parts 122 and 125, a number of other NPDES permit conditions are applicable to direct discharging MPP facilities. This section highlights several conditions with particular relevance to such MPP facilities. 15.4.1 Upset and Bypass Provisions A "bypass" is an intentional diversion of the streams from any portion of a treatment facility. An "upset" is an exceptional incident in which unintentional and temporary noncompliance with technology-based permit effluent limitations occurs because of factors beyond the reasonable control of the permittee. EPA's regulations concerning bypasses and upsets for direct dischargers are set forth at 40 CFR 122.41(m) and (n). 15.4.2 Best Management Practices Sections 304(e), 308(a), 402(a), and 501(a) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) authorize the EPA Administrator to prescribe BMPs as part of ELGs and standards, or as part of a permit. Section 304(e) of the CWA authorizes EPA to include BMPs in ELGs for certain toxic or hazardous pollutants for the purpose of controlling "plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or waste disposal, and drainage from raw material storage." CWA Section 402(a)(1) and the NPDES regulations at 40 CFR 122.44(k) also provide for BMPs to control or abate the discharge of pollutants when numeric limitations and standards are infeasible. In addition, section 402(a)(2), read in concert with section 501(a), authorizes EPA to prescribe as wide a range of permit conditions as the Administrator deems appropriate to ensure compliance with applicable effluent limitations and standards and such other requirements. Dikes, curbs, and other control measures are being used at some MPP facilities to contain leaks and spills as part of "good housekeeping" practices. On a facility-by-facility basis, however, a permit writer may choose to incorporate BMPs into the permit. Section 8.8 provides a detailed discussion of pollution prevention practices and BMPs used in the MPP industry. 15-13 ------- Section 15. Regululoiy Implementation 15.4.3 Compliance Monitoring NPDES permit writers must establish requirements for regulated MPP facilities to monitor their effluent to ensure that they are complying with effluent limitations. As specified at 40 CFR 122.41, 122.44, and 122.48, all NPDES permits must specify requirements for using, maintaining, and installing (if appropriate) monitoring equipment; monitoring type, intervals, and frequencies that will provide representative data; analytical methods; and reporting and recordkeeping. The NPDES program requires permittees (with certain specific exceptions) to monitor for limited pollutants and report data at least once a year. EPA has not promulgated specific monitoring requirements or monitoring frequencies in the MPP final rule; therefore, NPDES permit writers may establish monitoring requirements and monitoring frequencies at their discretion. The Agency notes, however, that in developing the Part 432 limitations, it considered a weekly sampling frequency. EPA expects that facilities properly operating and maintaining the option technology will be able to comply with the monthly average limitation/standard when they sample at the assumed weekly monitoring frequency, although compliance is required regardless of the number of samples analyzed and averaged in a month. EPA does not, however, condone the practice of allowing the number of monitoring samples to vary arbitrarily merely to allow a facility to achieve a desired average concentration, (a value below the limit). It is expected that enforcement authorities would prefer, or even require, monitoring samples at some regular, predetermined frequency. If a facility has difficulty complying with the standards on an ongoing basis, the facility should improve its equipment, operations, and/or maintenance. In addition, Part 136 requires facilities to collect grab samples for oil and grease. In developing the Part 432 oil and grease limitations, EPA generally collected six grab samples in a 24-hour monitoring day. The sample types for pH can range from a one-time grab sample during a monitoring day to continuous sampling throughout a monitoring day where pH is a critical aspect of the wastewater treated or the wastewater treatment operation. In May 2000 EPA promulgated a regulation streamlining the NPDES regulations (Amendments to Streamline the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Program 15-14 ------- Sec Hon 15. Reguluton Implementation Regulations: Round Two (65 FR 30886; May 15, 2000)), which includes a monitoring waiver for direct dischargers subject to effluent guidelines. A direct discharging facility may choose not to sample a guideline-limited pollutant if that discharger "has demonstrated through sampling and other technical factors that the pollutant is not present in the discharge or is present only at background levels from intake water and without any increase in the pollutant due to activities of the discharger" (65 FR 30908; 40 CFR 122.44). EPA noted in the preamble to the final NPDES streamlining rule that the Agency is granting a waiver from monitoring requirements but not a waiver from the limit. In addition, the revision does not waive monitoring for any pollutants for which there are limits based on water quality standards. The waiver for direct dischargers lasts for the term of the reissued NPDES permit and is not available during the term of the first permit issued to a discharger. Any request for this waiver must be submitted with the application for a reissued permit or request for modification of a reissued permit. With the permit writer's authorization, any direct discharging facility covered by the MPP ELGs and standards may use the monitoring waiver contained in the NPDES streamlining final rule. 15.5 VARIANCES AND MODIFICATIONS The CWA requires application of effluent limitations established pursuant to section 301 or the pretreatment standards of section 307 to all direct and indirect dischargers. However, the statute provides for the modification of these national requirements in a limited number of circumstances. Moreover, the Agency has established administrative mechanisms to provide an opportunity for relief from the application of the national ELGs and pretreatment standards for categories of existing sources for toxic, conventional, and nonconventional pollutants. 15.5.1 Fundamentally Different Factors Variances EPA will develop effluent limitations or standards different from the otherwise applicable requirements if an individual discharging facility is fundamentally different with respect to the factors considered in establishing the limitations or standards applicable to the individual facility. Such a modification is known as a "fundamentally different factors" (FDF) variance. 15-15 ------- Section 15. Regulatory Implementation EPA provides for FDF variances from the BPT effluent limitations, BAT limitations for toxic and nonconventional pollutants, and BCT limitations for conventional pollutants for direct dischargers. FDF variances for toxic pollutants were challenged judicially and ultimately sustained by the Supreme Court (see Chemical Manufacturers A.s.sn v. NRDC, 479 U.S. 116 (1985)). Subsequently, in the Water Quality Act of 1987, Congress added section 301(n) to the CWA to authorize modifications of the otherwise applicable BAT effluent limitations or categorical pretreatment standards for existing sources if a facility is fundamentally different with respect to the factors specified in section 304 (other than costs) from the facilities EPA considered in establishing the effluent limitations or pretreatment standard. Section 301(n) also defined the conditions under which EPA may establish alternative requirements. Under Section 301(n), an application for approval of an FDF variance must be based solely on either information submitted during rulemaking raising the factors that are fundamentally different or information the applicant did not have an opportunity to submit. The alternative limitation or standard must be no less stringent than justified by the difference and must not result in markedly more adverse non-water quality environmental impacts than does the national limitation or standard. The EPA regulations at 40 CFR Part 125, Subpart D, authorizing the Regional Administrators to establish alternative limitations and standards, further detail the substantive criteria used to evaluate FDF variance requests for direct dischargers. Thus, 40 CFR 125.31(d) identifies six factors (e.g., volume of process wastewater, age and size of a discharger's facility) that may be considered in determining whether a facility is fundamentally different. The Agency must determine whether, on the basis of one or more of these factors, the facility in question is fundamentally different from the facilities and factors EPA considered in developing the nationally applicable effluent guidelines. The regulation also lists four other factors (e.g., the infeasibility of installation within the time allowed, a discharger's ability to pay) that may not provide a basis for an FDF variance. In addition, under 40 CFR 125.31(b)(3), a request for limitations less stringent than the national limitation may be approved only if compliance with the national limitations would result in either a removal cost wholly out of proportion to the 15-16 ------- Sec Hon 15. Reguluton Implementation removal cost considered during development of the national limitations, or a non-water quality environmental impact (including energy requirements) fundamentally more adverse than the impact considered during development of the national limits. The legislative history of section 301(n) underscores the necessity for the FDF variance applicant to establish eligibility for the variance. EPA's regulations at 40 CFR 125.32(b)( 1) are explicit in imposing this burden on the applicant. The applicant must show that the factors relating to the discharge controlled by the applicant's permit which are claimed to be fundamentally different are, in fact, fundamentally different from those factors EPA considered in establishing the applicable guidelines. An FDF variance is not available to a new source subject to NSPS. 15.5.2 Economic Variances Section 301(c) of the CWA authorizes a variance from the otherwise applicable BAT effluent guidelines for nonconventional pollutants due to economic factors. Normally, the discharger must file the request for a variance from effluent limitations developed from BAT guidelines during the public notice period for the draft permit. Other filing time periods might apply, as specified at 40 CFR 122.21 (1 )(2). Specific guidance for this type of variance is available from EPA's Office of Wastewater Management. 15.5.3 Water Quality Variances Section 301(g) of the CWA authorizes a variance from BAT effluent guidelines for certain nonconventional pollutants due to localized environmental factors. These pollutants are ammonia, chlorine, color, iron, and total phenols. 15-17 ------- Section 16 Glossary, Acronyms, and Abbreviations A AAIMP - The American Association of Meat Processors Administrator - The Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Agency - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Alternate discharge - See Zero discharge AMI - American Meat Institute AMSA - Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies Average monthly discharge limitation - The highest allowable average of "daily discharges" over a calendar month, calculated as the sum of all "daily discharges" measured during the calendar month divided by the number of "daily discharges" measured during the month. B BAT - The best available technology economically achievable, applicable to effluent limitations for industrial discharges to surface waters, as defined by Section 304(b)(2)(B) of the CWA. BCT - The best control technology for conventional pollutants, applicable to discharges of conventional pollutants from existing industrial point sources, as defined by Section 304(b)(4) of the CWA. Blood processing - The blood may be heated to coagulate the albumin; then, the albumin and fibrin are separated (e.g., with a screen or centrifuge) from the blood water and forwarded for further processing. The blood water or serum remaining after coagulation may be evaporated for animal feed, or it may be sewered. 16-1 ------- Section 16. (Hossair, Acronyms, unci Abbreviations BOD5 - Biochemical oxygen demand measured over a 5 day period. BPJ - Best professional judgment BPT - The best practicable control technology currently available, applicable to effluent limitations, for industrial discharges to surface waters, as defined by Section 304(b)(1) of the CWA. C Canned meat processor (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart I) - An operation that prepares and cans meats (such as stew, sandwich spreads, or similar products) alone or in combination with other finished products at rates greater than 2730 kg (6000 lb) per day. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Clean water act (CWA) - The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (33 U.S.C. Section 1251 et seq.), as amended. Complex slaughterhouse (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart B) - A slaughterhouse that accomplishes extensive by-product processing, usually at least three of such operations as rendering, paunch and viscera handling, blood processing, hide processing, or hair processing Conventional pollutants - Constituents of wastewater as determined by Section 304(a)(4) of the CWA (and EPA regulations), i.e., pollutants classified as biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, oil and grease, fecal coliform, and pH. D Daily discharge - The discharge of a pollutant measured during any calendar day or any 24-hour period that reasonably represents a calendar day. Deep-well injection - Long-term or permanent disposal of untreated, partially treated, or treated wastewaters by pumping the wastewater into underground formations of suitable character through a bored, drilled, or driven well. 16-2 ------- Section 16. (Hossair, Acronyms, unci Abbreviations Direct discharger - A facility that discharges or may discharge treated or untreated wastewaters into waters of the United States. DMR - Discharge monitoring report Dry rendering - The process of cooking animal byproducts by dry heat in open steam-jacketed tanks. Effluent limitation guideline (ELGs) - Under CWA section 502( 11), any restriction, including schedules of compliance, established by a State or the Administrator on quantities, rates, and concentrations of chemical, physical, biological, and other constituents which are discharged from point sources into navigable waters, the waters of the contiguous zone, or the ocean (CWA Sections 301(b) and 304(b)). ELWK - Equivalent live weight killed Existing source - For this rule, any facility from which there is or may be a discharge of pollutants, the construction of which is commenced before the publication of the final regulations prescribing a standard of performance under Section 306 of the CWA. Facility- All contiguous property and equipment owned, operated, leased, or under the control of the same person or entity. FDF - Fundamentally different factor Finished product - The final manufactured product produced on site, including products intended for consumption with no additional processing as well as products intended for further processing, when applicable. First processing - Operations which receive live meat animals or poultry and produce a raw, dressed meat or poultry product, either whole or in parts. 16-3 ------- Sec Hon 16. (Hossair, Acronyms, and Abbreviations FSIS - Food Safety and Inspection Service FTE - Full time equivalent employee Further processing - Operations which use whole carcasses or cut-up meat or poultry products for the production of fresh or frozen products, and may include the following types of processing: cutting and deboning, cooking, seasoning, smoking, canning, grinding, chopping, dicing, forming, or breading. G Ground water - Water in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the surface of land or water H Ham processor (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart H) - An operation that manufactures hams alone or in combination with other finished products at rates greater than 2730 kg (6000 lb) per day. Hazardous waste - Any waste, including wastewater, defined as hazardous under RCRA, TSCA, or any state law. Hexane extractable method (HEM) - A measure of oil and grease in wastewater by mixing the wastewater with hexane and measuring the oils and greases that are removed from the wastewater with the hexane. See 40 CFR Part 136. Hide processing - Wet or dry hide processing. Includes demanuring, washing, and defleshing, followed by curing. High-processing packinghouse (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart D) - A packinghouse that processes both animals slaughtered at the site and additional carcasses from outside sources. / In scope - Facilities and/or wastewaters that EPA proposes to be subject to this guidelines. 16^ ------- Section 16. (Hossair, Ac ronyms, and Abbreviations Indirect discharger - A facility that discharges or may discharge wastewaters into a publicly owned treatment works. L Live weight killed (LWK) - The total weight of the total number of animals slaughtered during a specific time period. Long-term average (LTA) - For purposes of the effluent guidelines, average pollutant levels achieved over a period of time by a facility, subcategory, or technology option. LTAs were used in developing the effluent limitations guidelines and standards in the proposed regulation. Low-processing packinghouse (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart C) - A packinghouse that processes no more than the total animals killed at that plant, normally processing less than the total kill. M Maximum monthly average discharge limitation - The highest allowable average of "daily discharges" over a calendar month, calculated as the sum of all "daily discharges" measured during the calendar month, divided by the number of "daily discharges" measured during the month. Meat - The term "meat" includes all animal products from cattle, calves, hogs, sheep and lambs, etc., except those defined as poultry. Meat cutter (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart F) - An operation fabricates, cuts, or otherwise produces fresh meat cuts and related finished products from livestock carcasses, at rates greater than 2730 kg (6000 lb) per day. Meat product operations - Include meat and poultry slaughtering operations, by-product operations, rendering, and further processing. 16-5 ------- Sec Hon 16. (Hossair, Acronyms, and Abbreviations Minimum level - The level at which an analytical system gives recognizable signals and an acceptable calibration point. MPP - Meat and poultry products N NAICS - North American Industry Classification System. NAICS was developed jointly by the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to provide new comparability in statistics about business activity across North America. National pollutant discharge elimination system (NPDES) permit - A permit to discharge wastewater into waters of the United States issued under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination system, authorized by Section 402 of the CWA. See NPDES. Nitrification capability - The capability of a POTW treatment system to oxidize ammonia or ammonium salts initially to nitrites (via nitrosomonas bacteria,) and subsequently to nitrates (via Nitrobacter bacteria). Criteria for determining the nitrification capability of a POTW treatment system are: bioassays confirming the presence of nitrifying bacteria, and analyses of the nitrogen balance demonstrating a reduction in the concentration of ammonia or ammonium salts and an increase in the concentrations of nitrites and nitrates. Non-contact cooling water - Water used for cooling in process and nonprocess applications which does not come into contact with any raw material, intermediate product, by-product, waste product (including air emissions), or finished product. Non-conventional pollutants - Pollutants that are neither conventional pollutants nor priority pollutants listed at 40 CFR §401.15 and Part 423 Appendix A. Non-detect value - The analyte is below the level of detection that can be reliably measured by the analytical method. This is also known in statistical terms as left-censoring. 16-6 ------- Section 16. (Hossair, Ac ronyms, and Abbreviations Non-water quality environmental impact - Deleterious aspects of control and treatment technologies applicable to point source category wastes, including, but not limited to air pollution, noise, radiation, sludge and solid waste generation, and energy used. NRA - National Renderers Association NRDC - Natural Resources Defense Council NPDES program - The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program authorized by Sections 307, 318, 402, and 405 of the Clean Water Act. It applies to facilities that discharge wastewater directly to United States surface waters. NSPS - New Source Performance Standards, applicable to industrial facilities whose construction is begun after the effective date of the final regulations (if those regulations are promulgated after 120 days from publication of proposal in the Federal Register). See 40 CFR 122.2. NTTA - National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act NWPCAM - The National Water Pollution Control Assessment Model (version 1.1) is a computer model to model the instream dissolved oxygen concentration, as influenced by pollutant reductions of BOD^, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total suspended solids, and fecal coliform bacteria. o Off-site - Outside the boundaries of a facility On-site - The same or geographically contiguous property, which may be divided by a public or private right-of-way, provided the entrance and exit between the properties is at a crossroads intersection, and access is by crossing as opposed to going along the right-of-way. Non- contiguous properties owned by the same company or locality but connected by a right-of-way, which it controls, and to which the public does not have access, is also considered on-site property. 16-7 ------- Sec Hon 16. (Hossair, Acronyms, and Abbreviations Out-of-scope - Out-of-scope facilities are facilities which EPA has not determined to be subject to provisions of this guideline, or facilities that do not engage in meat products operations. Outfall - The mouth of conduit drains and other conduits from which a facility effluent discharges into receiving waters. P Packinghouse - A plant that both slaughters animals and subsequently processes carcasses into cured, smoked, canned, or other prepared meat products. Pass through - The term "pass through" means a discharge that exits the POTW into waters of the United States in quantities or concentrations which, alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from other sources, is a cause of a violation of any requirement of the POTW's NPDES permit (including an increase in the magnitude or duration of a violation). Point source - Any discernable, confined, and discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may be discharged. See CWA section 502(14). Pollutants of concern (POCs) - Pollutants commonly found in meat and poultry processing wastewaters. Generally, a chemical is considered as a POC if it is detected in untreated process wastewater at five times a baseline value in more than 10 percent of the samples. Poultry - Broilers, other young chickens, hens, fowl, mature chickens, turkeys, capons, geese, ducks, and small game such as quail, pheasants, and rabbits. Poultry operations - Includes poultry slaughtering operations, by-product operations, rendering, and further processing. Priority pollutant - 126 compounds that are a subset of the 65 toxic pollutants and classes of pollutants outlined, pursuant to Section 307 of the CWA. Process wastewater - Any water which, during red meat or poultry operations, comes into direct contact with or results from the storage, production, or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, or waste product. Wastewater from equipment cleaning, 16-8 ------- Section 16. (Hossair, Ac ronyms, and Abbreviations direct-contact air pollution control devices, rinse water, storm water associated with industrial activity, and contaminated cooling water are considered to be process wastewater. Process wastewater may also include wastewater that is contract hauled for off-site disposal. Sanitary wastewater, uncontaminated noncontact cooling water, and storm water not associated with industrial activity are not considered to be process wastewater. PSES - Pretreatment standards for existing sources of indirect discharges, under Section 307(b) of the CWA, applicable (for this rule) to indirect dischargers that commenced construction prior to promulgation of the final rule. PSNS - Pretreatment standards for new sources under Section 307(c) of the CWA. Publicly owned treatment works (POTW) - A treatment works as defined by section 212 of the Clean Water Act, which is owned by a State or municipality (as defined by section 502(4) of the Clean Water Act). This definition includes any devices and systems used in the storage, treatment, recycling and reclamation of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature. It also includes sewers, pipes and other conveyances, only if they convey wastewater to a POTW treatment plant. The term also means the municipality as defined in section 502(4) of the Clean Water Act, which has jurisdiction over the indirect discharges to and the discharges from such a treatment works. R Raw material - The basic input materials to a renderer, composed of animal and poultry trimmings, bones, meat scraps, dead animals, feathers and related usable by-products. RCRA - The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) (42 U.S.C. Section 6901 et seq.), which regulates the generation, treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling of solid and hazardous wastes. Renderer (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart J) - An independent or off-site rendering operation, conducted separately from a slaughterhouse, packinghouse, or poultry dressing or processing plant, that manufactures at rates greater than 75,000 pounds of raw material per day of 16-9 ------- Sec Hon 16. (Hossair, Acronyms, and Abbreviations meat meal, tankage, animal fats or oils, grease, and tallow, and may cure cattle hides, but excluding marine oils, fish meal, and fish oils. RFA - Regulatory Flexibility Act s Sample-specific detection limit - The smallest quantity in the experiment calibration range that may be measured reliably in any given sample. SAP - Sampling and analysis plan. Sausage and luncheon meat processor (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart G) - An operation that cuts fresh meats, grinds, mixes, seasons, smokes, or otherwise produces finished products, such as sausage, bologna, and luncheon meats at rates greater than 2730 kg (6000 lb) per day. SBREFA - Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996. SCC - Sample control center SER - Small entity representative SIC - Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) - A numerical categorization system used by the U.S. Department of Commerce to catalogue economic activity. SIC codes refer to the products, or group of products, produced or distributed, or to services rendered by an operating establishment. SIC codes are used to group establishments by the economic activities in which they are engaged. SIC codes often denote a facility's primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. economic activities. Simple slaughterhouse (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart A) - A slaughterhouse that accomplishes very limited by-product processing, if any, usually no more than two of such operations as rendering, paunch and viscera handling, blood processing, hide processing, or hair processing. 16-10 ------- Section 16. (Hossair, Acronyms, unci Abbreviations Site - A site is generally one contiguous physical location at which manufacturing operations related to the meat products industry occur. This includes, but is not limited to, slaughtering, processing, and rendering. In some instances, a site may include properties located within separate fence lines, but located close to each other. Slaughter house - A plant that slaughters animals and has as its main product fresh meat as whole, half, or quarter carcasses, or smaller meat cuts. Small-business - The definitions of small business for the meat products industries are in SBA's regulations at 13 CFR 121.201. These size standards were updated effective October 1, 2000. SBA size standards for the meat and poultry products industry (i.e., for NAICS codes 311611, 311612,311613, and 311615) define a "small business" as one with 500 or fewer employees. Small processor - (Definition for 40 CFR 432, Subpart E) An operation that produces up to 2730 kg (6000 lb) per day of any type or combination of finished products. Stearin - An ester of glycerol and stearic acid found in MPP wastewaters. Surface water - Waters of the United States, as defined at 40 CFR 122.2. 1 TKN - Total Kjeldahl nitrogen Treatment - Any method, technique, or process designed to change the physical, chemical, or biological character or composition of any metal-bearing, oily, or organic waste so as to neutralize such wastes, to render such wastes amenable to discharge, or to recover metal, oil, or organic content from the wastes. TSS - Total suspended solids Variability factor - Used in calculating a limitation (or standard) to allow for reasonable variation in pollutant concentrations when processed through extensively and well designed 16-11 ------- Sec Hon 16. (Hossair, Acronyms, and Abbreviations treatment systems. Variability factors assure that normal fluctuations in a facility's treatment are accounted for in the limitations. By accounting for these reasonable excursions above the long- term average, EPA's use of variability factors results in limitations that are generally well above the actual long-term averages. Viscera handling (wet or dry viscera handling) - Includes removal of partially digested feed and washing of viscera. w Wastewater - See Process Wastewater. Wastewater treatment - The processing of wastewater by physical, chemical, biological, or other means to remove specific pollutants from the wastewater stream, or to alter the physical or chemical state of specific pollutants in the wastewater stream. Treatment is performed for discharge of treated wastewater, recycle of treated wastewater to the same process which generated the wastewater, or for reuse of the treated wastewater in another process. Wet rendering - The process of cooking animal byproducts by steam under pressure in closed tanks. z Zero (or alternate) Discharge - Disposal of process and/or nonprocess wastewaters other than by direct discharge to a surface water or by indirect discharge to a POTW or PrOTW. Examples include land application, deep well injection, and contract hauling. 16-12 ------- Appendix A Analytical Methods and Baseline Values ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values The analytical methods described in this appendix were used to determine pollutant levels in wastewater samples collected by EPA and industry at a number of meat and poultry product facilities. (Sampling efforts are described in Section 3.) In developing the final rule, EPA used data from samples collected by EPA and industry to determine the levels of Aeromonas, ammonia as nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, Cryptosporidium, dissolved biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved total phosphorus, Escherichia coli (E. coli), fecal coliform bacteria, fecal Streptococcus, 21 metals, oil and grease (measured as /7-hexane-extractable material [HEM]), nitrate/nitrite, six pesticides, Salmonella, total coliform bacteria, total dissolved solids (TDS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total organic carbon (TOC), total orthophosphate, total phosphorus, total residual chlorine, total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile residue. As explained in Section 7, EPA is regulating a subset of these pollutants. Sections A.l and A.2 of this appendix explain nominal quantitation limits and baseline values. Section A.3 describes the reporting conventions used by laboratories in expressing the results of the analyses. Section A.4 describes each analytical method and the corresponding baseline values that EPA used in determining the pollutants of concern. Section A.5 defines total nitrogen. Table A-l lists the analytical methods and baseline values used for each pollutant. A.l NOMINAL QUANTITATION LIMITS The nominal quantitation limit is the smallest quantity of an analyte that can be reliably measured with a particular method. Protocols used for determining nominal quantitation limits in a particular method depend on the definitions and conventions that EPA used at the time the method was developed. The nominal quantitation limits associated with the methods addressed in this section fall into five categories: 1. The first category pertains to EPA Methods 1660 and 1664, which define the minimum level (ML) as the lowest level at which the entire analytical system must give a recognizable signal and an acceptable calibration point for the analyte. These methods are described in Section A.4.1. A-l ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values 2. The second category pertains specifically to EPA Method 1620, which is explained in detail in Section A.4.2. 3. The third category pertains to the remainder of the chemical methods (classical wet chemistry and pesticides) in which a variety of terms are used to describe the lowest level at which measurement results are quantitated. In some cases (especially with the classical wet chemistry analytes) the methods date to the 1970s and 1980s when EPA used different concepts of quantitation. These methods typically list a measurement range or lower limit of measurement. The terms differ by method and, as discussed in subsequent sections, the levels presented are not always representative of the lowest levels laboratories currently can achieve. For methods associated with a calibration procedure, the laboratories demonstrated through a low-point calibration standard that they were capable of reliable quantitation at method-specified (or lower) levels. In such cases these nominal quantitation limits are operationally equivalent to the ML (though not specifically identified as such in the methods). In the case of titrimetric or gravimetric methods, the laboratory adhered to the established lower limit of the measurement range published in the methods. Details of the specific methods are presented in Sections A.4.3 through A.4.17. 4. The fourth category pertains to Cryptosporidium. There is currently no detection limit associated with the method used to determine Cryptosporidium (EPA Method 1622, described in Section A.4.18), so when Cryptosporidium was not found in the sample, no number was associated with the sample. Therefore, there is no nominal quantitation limit for Cryptosporidium. 5. The fifth category pertains to all microbiological methods except methods for Cryptosporidium. The fifth category pertains specifically to the multiple-tube test procedure, explained in detail in Section A.4.19. A-2 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values A.2 BASELINE VALUES As described further in Section 7, in determining the pollutants of concern, EPA compared the reported concentrations for each pollutant to a multiple of the baseline value. As described in Section A.3 and shown in Table A-l, for most pollutants, the baseline value was set equal to the nominal quantitation limit for the analytical method. EPA made two general types of exceptions, and these are briefly described below. Section A.4 provides additional details about these exceptions in the context of the analytical method. The first type of exception occurred when baseline values differed from the nominal quantitation limits in the analytical methods. When the baseline values had lower values, EPA made these exceptions because the laboratory had submitted data that demonstrated reliable measurements could be obtained at lower levels for those pollutants. When the baseline values had higher values, EPA concluded that the nominal quantitation limit for a specified method was less than the level that laboratories could reliably achieve and adjusted the baseline value upward. The second type of exception was setting baseline values at a common value for multiple analytical methods for the same pollutant. For some analytes, EPA permitted the laboratories to choose between methods to accommodate sample characteristics. When these methods had different nominal quantitation limits, EPA usually used the one with the lowest value or the one associated with the method used for most samples. A.3 ANALYTICAL RESULTS REPORTING CONVENTIONS All of the analytical chemistry data were reported as liquid concentrations in weight/volume units, e.g., micrograms per liter (|ig/L). Cryptosporidium results were reported in the calculated number of Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per liter. Bacteriological data generated using multiple-tube fermentation techniques were reported as most probable number per 100 milliliters (MPN/100 mL) or for data generated using membrane filtration techniques, as colony forming units (CFU/100 mL). A-3 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values The laboratories expressed the results of the analyses either numerically or as not quantitated1 for a pollutant in a sample. If the pollutant was quantitated2 in the sample, then the result was expressed numerically. For the non-quantitated results, for each sample, the laboratories reported a "sample-specific quantitation limit."" The sample-specific quantitation limit for a particular pollutant is generally the smallest quantity in the calibration range that can be measured in any given sample. The sample-specific quantitation limit was used as a reporting limit for this industry. Two reporting examples are provided below. Example 1: For a hypothetical pollutant X, the sample-specific quantitation limit is 10 |ig/L. When the laboratory quantitated the amount of pollutant X in the sample as being 15 |ig/L, the result would be reported as "15 |ig/L". Example 2: For the hypothetical pollutant X, the sample-specific quantitation limit is 10 |ig/L. When the laboratory could not quantitate the amount of pollutant X in the sample, the result would be reported as "<10 |ig/L." That is, the analytical result indicated a value less than the sample-specific quantitation limit of 10 |ig/L. The actual amount of pollutant X in that sample is between zero (i.e., the pollutant is not present) and 10 |ig/L. If a pollutant is reported as non-quantitated in a particular wastewater sample, this does not mean that the pollutant is not present in the wastewater. It means that analytical techniques (whether because of instrument limitations, pollutant interactions, or other reasons) do not permit its measurement at levels below the sample-specific quantitation limit. In its calculations, EPA generally substituted the reported value of the sample-specific quantitation limit for each non-quantitated result. In a few cases described in Section A.4.1, when the sample-specific quantitation limit was less than the baseline value, EPA substituted the 1 Hlsewhere in this document and in the preamble to the final rule, HPA refers to pollutants as "not detected" or "non-detected." This appendix uses the term "not quantitated" or "non-quantitated" rather than non- detected. : Hlsewhere in this document and in the preamble to the final rule, HPA refers to pollutants as "detected." This appendix uses the term "quantitated" rather than detected. Hlsewhere in this document and in the preamble to the proposed rule, HPA refers to a "sample-specific quantitation limit" as a "sample-specific detection limit" or, more simply, as a "detection limit." A4 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values baseline value for the non-quantitated result. And in a few instances (also described in Section A.4.1), when the quantitated value was below the baseline value, EPA considered these values to be non-quantitated in the statistical analyses and substituted the baseline value for the measured value. A.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS EPA and industry analyzed all of the meat product facility wastewater samples using methods identified in Table A-l. (As explained in Section 7, EPA is regulating only a subset of these analytes.) EPA generally used either EPA methods from Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes (MCAWW) or the American Public Health Association's Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (SM). Table A-l provides a summary of the pollutants analyzed, the method(s) used to measured each analyte, the nominal quantitation levels, and the baseline levels. The following sections provide additional information supporting the summary in Table A-l. In analyzing samples, EPA generally used approved analytical methods listed in Title 40, Part 136 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR 136) for compliance monitoring or methods EPA has used for decades in support of effluent guidelines development. Exceptions for use of non-approved methods are explained in the method-specific subsections that follow Table A-l. Except for nitrate/nitrite, EPA established limitations or standards based only on data generated by approved methods listed in 40 CFR 136. As explained in Section A.4.10, EPA used nitrate/nitrite data from Method 300.0 to develop the final limitations and standards for total nitrogen and is promulgating the use of Method 300.0 for compliance. Each of the following sections states whether the method is approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136 (even if the pollutant will not be regulated), provides a short description of the method, identifies the nominal quantitation limit, and explains EPA's choice for the baseline value. The sections are ordered alphabetically by analyte name within the five categories identified in Section A.l. A-5 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values Table A-l. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values Analyte Method CAS Number Sample Collection & Analysis Nominal Quantitation Value Baseline Value Aeronionas 92601. C2101 HPA 2.0/100 ml. 2.0/100 ml. Ammonia as nitrogen 350.1 7664417 Industry 0.01 ITlg/I. 0.20 mg/1. 350.2 HPA 0.20 mg/I. 350.3 Industry 0.03 mg/1. SM4500-N113 B N/A SM4500-N113 C 0.02 mg/1. SM4500-N113 H 5.0 mg/1. SM4500-N113 H 0.03 mg/1. SM4500-NI13 (1 0.8 mg/1. Antimony 1620 7440360 HPA 20.0 ng/1- 20.0 |_ig/1. Arsenic 1620 7440382 HPA 10.0 ng/1- 10.0 |_ig/1. Barium 1620 7440393 HPA 200.0 |_ig/1. 200.0 |_ig/1. Beryllium 1620 7440417 HPA 5.0 ng/I. 5.0 ng/I. BOD, 405.1 C003 HPA 2.0 mg/1. 2.0 mg/1. SM5210 B 2.0 mg/1. Boron 1620 7440428 HPA 100.0 |_ig/1. 100.0 |_ig/1. Cadmium 1620 7440439 HPA 5.0 ng/I. 5.0 ng/I. Carbonaceous BOI), 405.1 ("002 HPA 2.0 mg/1. 2.0 mg/1. SM5210 B 2.0 mg/1. Carbaryl 632 63252 HPA 1.0 ng/I. 1.0 ng/I. COD 410.1 ("004 HPA 50.0 mg/1. 5.0'1 mg/1. 410.2 5.0 mg/1. 410.4 (automated) 3.0 mg/1. 410.4 (manual) 20.0 mg/I.h SM5220 B 5.0 mg/1. SM5220 C Industry 50.0 mg/1. 11AC11 8000 3.0 mg/1. Chloride 300.0 16887006 HPA 0.05 mg/1. 1.0 mg/1. 325.3 1.0 mg/1. Chromium 1620 7440473 HPA 10.0 |_ig/1. 10.0 |_ig/1. n.s-Permethrin 1660 61949766 HPA 5.0 ng/1. 5.0 ng/I. Cobalt 1620 7440484 HPA 50.0 |_ig/1. 50.0 |_ig/1. Copper 1620 7440508 HPA 25.0 ng/I. 25.0 ng/I. Cryptosporidium 1622 137259508 HPA 0 oocysts/1. 0 oocysts/1. Dichlorvos 1657 62737 HPA 2.0 |_ig/1. 2.0 |_ig/1. Dissolved BOD, 405.1 ("003 D HPA 2.0 mg/1. 2.0 mg/1. A-6 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values Table A-l. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values (Continued) Analyte Method CAS Number Sample Collection & Analysis Nominal Quantitation Value Baseline Value Dissolved total phosphorus 365.2 142654421) HPA 0.01 ITlg/1. 0.01 mg/1. 365.3 li. coli SM9221 H C'050 HPA 2.0/100 ml. 2.0/100 ml. l ocal coli form SM9221 C ("2106 Industry 2.0/100 ml. 2.0/100 ml. SM9221 H HPA 2.0/100 ml. SM 9222 I) Industry 2.0/100 ml. l ocal Streptococcus SM9230 B ("2107 HPA 2.0/100 ml. 2.0/100 ml. 111 •; m 1664 ("036 HPA 5.0 rng/1. 5.0 mg/1. 1664 A 5.0 rng/1. 1 .cad 1620 7439921 HPA 50.0 ng/I. 50.0 |_ig/1. Malathion 1657 121755 HPA 2.0 ng/I. 2.0 |_ig/1. Manganese 1620 7439965 HPA 1 5 ng/'I. 1 5 ng/1. Mercury 1620 7439976 HPA 0.20 ng/1- 0.20 |_ig/1. Molybdenum 1620 74399X7 HPA 10.0 ng/1- 10.0 |_ig/1. Nickel 1620 7440020 HPA 40.0 |_ig/1. 40.0 |_ig/1. Nitrate/Nitrite 300.0 ("005 HPA 0.01 rng/1. 0.05 mg/1. 352.1 Industry 0.1 rng/1. 353.1 HPA 0.01 rng/1. 353.2 HPA 0.05 rng/1. 354.1 Industry 0.01 rng/1. SM4500-NQ2 B Industry 0.005 mg/1. SM4500-N03 I) Industry 0.14 mg/1. SM4500-NQ3 H Industry 0.01 mg/1. Oil and grease 413.1 ("036 Industry 5.0 mg/1. 5.0 mg/1. SM5520 B Industry 10.0 mg/1. SM 5520 I) Industry 10.0 mg/1. Salmonella HDA-BAM 68583357 HPA 2.0 mg/1. 2.0 mg/1. Selenium 1620 77X2492 HPA 5.0 ng/I. 5.0 ng/I. Silver 1620 7440224 HPA 10.0 ng/1- 10.0 |_ig/1. Tetrachlorvinphos 1657 2224X799 HPA 2.0 ng/I. 2.0 |_ig/1. Thallium 1620 74402X0 HPA 10.0 ng/1- 10.0 |_ig/1. Tin 1620 7440315 HPA 30.0 ng/I. 30.0 |_ig/1. Titanium 1620 7440326 HPA 5.0 ng/I. 5.0 ng/I. Total coli form SM9221 B HI 0606 HPA 2.0/100 ml. 2.0/100 ml. Total dissolved solids 160.1 ("010 HPA 10.0 mg/1. 10.0 mg/1. A-7 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values Table A-l. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values (Continued) Analyte Method CAS Number Sample Collection & Analysis Nominal Quantitation Value Baseline Value Total Kjeldahl nitrogen 351.2 ("021 HPA 0.10 mg/I. 0.5 mg/I. 351.3 HPA 0.50 mg/I. SM4500-Norg B Industry N/A SM4500-N113 H Industry 5.0 mg/I. Total organic carbon 415.1 ("012 HPA 1.0 mg/I. 1.0 mg/I. Total orthophosphate 300.0 ("034 HPA 0.20 mg/I. 0.01 mg/I. 365.2 0.01 mg/I. Total phosphorus 365.2 14265442 HPA 0.01 mg/I. 0.01 mg/I. 365.3 HPA 0.01 mg/I. 365.4 Industry 0.01 mg/I. SM4500-P B Industry 0.01 mg/I. SM4500-P H Industry 0.01 mg/I. 11 ACT I SI 90 Industry 0.01 mg/I. Total residual chlorine 330.5 77S2505 HPA 0.20 mg/I. 0.20 mg/I. 11ACT1 SI 67 0.10 mg/I. Total suspended solids 160.2 ("009 HPA 4.0 mg/I. 4.0 mg/I. SM2540 I) Industry 4.0 mg/I. //•(Y/i.s-Permethrin 1660 61949777 HPA 5. 0 ng/I. 5.0 ng/I. Vanadium 1620 7440622 HPA 50. 0 ng/I. 50.0 |_ig/1. Volatile residue 160.4 ("030 HPA 10. 0 mg/I. 10.0 mg/I. Yttrium 1620 7440655 HPA 5. 0 ng/I. 5.0 ng/I. Zinc 1620 7440666 HPA 20. 0 ng/I. 20.0 |_ig/1. '' The baseline value was adjusted to reflect the lowest nominal quantitation limit of the titrimetric procedures (410.1,410.2, and 5220B). See Section A.4.6 for a detailed explanation. h Method 410.4 lists two different quantitation limits that are dependent on whether the automated or manual protocols were followed. The automated method limit is 3 mg/I. and the manual method limit is 20 mg/I.. A-8 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values A.4.1 EPA Methods 1660 (m-Permethrin, /ra/is-Permethrin) and 1664, 1664A, 413.1, SM5520B, and SM5520D (HEM) Laboratories used EPA Method 1660 to measure cz.v-permethrin and /rt/zz.v-permethrin, and EPA Methods 1664 and 1664A to measure zz-hexane-extractable material (HEM). While 40 CFR 136 lists Method 1664Aasan approved method for compliance monitoring of HEM, Part 136 does not list any methods for the pesticides cz.v-permethrin and //wz.v-permethrin. Table 7 in 40 CFR 455, however, lists Method 1660 as approved for compliance monitoring of permethrin for the Pesticide Chemicals Point Source Category. (Permethrin is the common name given to any mixture of the two isomers, cz.v-permethrin and /rt/zz.v-permethrin.) These methods use the minimum level (ML) concept for quantitation of the pollutant(s). The ML is defined as the lowest level at which the entire analytical system must give a recognizable signal and an acceptable calibration point for the analyte. When an ML is published in a method, EPA has demonstrated that the ML can be achieved in at least one well-operated laboratory. When that laboratory or another laboratory uses that method, the laboratory is required to demonstrate, through calibration of the instrument or analytical system, that it can achieve pollutant measurements at the ML. For cz.v-permethrin, //wz.v-permethrin, and HEM, EPA used the method-specified MLs as the baseline values. In determining the pollutants of concern and in calculating the HEM standards, if a quantitated value or sample-specific quantitation limit was reported with a value less than the ML specified in the method, EPA substituted the value of the ML and assumed that the measurement was not quantitated. For example, for cz.v-permethrin with an ML of 5 |ig/L, if the laboratory reported a quantitated value of 3 |ig/L, EPA would have assumed that the concentration was not quantitated4 with a sample-specific quantitation limit of 5 |ig/L. The objective of this comparison was to identify any results for the three pollutants reported below the method-defined ML. Results reported below the ML were changed to the ML to ensure that all results used by EPA were reliable. In most cases, the quantitated values and sample-specific quantitation limits were equal to or greater than the baseline values. 4 As explained in Appendix (', IiPA applied different statistieal assumptions to quantitated and non- quantitated results. A-9 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values A.4.2 EPA Method 1620 (Metals) Laboratories used EPA Method 1620 to measure the concentrations of 21 metals. Although EPA Method 1620 is not listed in 40 CFR 136 as an approved method for compliance monitoring, it represents a consolidation of the analytical techniques in several approved methods listed in 40 CFR Part 136, such as EPA Method 200.7 (inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectroscopy of trace elements) and Method 245.1 (mercury cold vapor atomic absorption technique). This method was developed specifically for the effluent guidelines program. EPA Method 1620 includes more metal analytes than are listed in the approved methods and contains quality control requirements at least as stringent as the approved methods in 40 CFR 136. EPA Method 1620 employs the concept of an instrument detection limit (IDL). The IDL is defined as "the smallest signal above background noise that an instrument can detect reliably."^ Data reporting practices for EPA Method 1620 analyses follow the conventional metals-reporting practices used in other EPA programs, in which values are required to be reported at or above the IDL. In applying EPA Method 1620, IDLs are determined on a quarterly basis by each analytical laboratory and are, therefore, laboratory-specific and time-specific. Although EPA Method 1620 contains MLs, the MLs predate EPA's recent refinements of the ML concept described earlier. The ML values associated with EPA Method 1620 are based on a consensus opinion reached between EPA and laboratories during the 1980s regarding levels that could be considered reliable quantitation limits when using EPA Method 1620. These limits do not reflect advances in technology and instrumentation since the 1980s. Consequently, the IDLs were used as the lowest values for reporting purposes, with the general understanding that reliable results can be produced at or above the IDLs. Though the baseline values were derived from the MLs (or adjusted MLs) in EPA Method 1620, EPA used the laboratory-reported quantitated values and sample-specific quantitation limits, which captured concentrations down to the IDLs, in its data analyses. " Keith, I..11., W. C'rummctt, .1. Deegan, R.A. I.ibby, J.K. Taylor, (i. Wcntlcr (19X3). "Principles of Hnvironmental Analysis," Analytical Chemistry, Volume 55, Page 2217. A-10 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values In general, EPA used the MLs specified in Method 1620 as the baseline values. However, EPA adjusted the baseline value for lead to 50 micrograms per liter (|ig/L) and boron to 100 |ig/L. In EPA Method 1620, lead has an ML of 5 |ig/L for graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) spectroscopy analysis; EPA determined, however, that it was not necessary for the laboratories to measure down to such low levels and that lead could be analyzed by ICP spectroscopy/' Consequently, the ML requirement was adjusted to 50 |ig/L, the ML for the ICP method. In EPA Method 1620, boron has an ML of 10 |ig/L, but laboratory feedback years ago indicated that laboratories could not reliably achieve this low level. As a result, EPA requires laboratories to measure values at only 100 |ig/L and above. Thus, EPA adjusted the baseline value to 100 |ig/L. A.4.3 Methods 350.1, 350.2, 350.3, 4500-NH, B, SM4500-NH, C, SM4500-NH, D, SM4500-NHj E, SM4500-NH3 F, and SM4500 NHrG (Ammonia as Nitrogen) For EPA sampling episodes, ammonia as nitrogen was measured using Method 350.2, which is listed as approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. Industry supplied data generated by 350.1, 350.3, SM4500-NH, B, SM4500-NH, C, SM4500-NH, D, SM4500-NH, E, SM4500-NH, F, and SM4500-NH, G. All of the methods used by the industry to determine ammonia as nitrogen are approved in 40 CFR 136, except for SM4500-NH3 D. Method 350.2 utilizes either colorimetric, titrimetric, or electrode procedures to measure ammonia. SM4500-NH3 B is a preliminary distillation procedure used to separate the ammonia from sample matrix interferences. Method 350.1 is an automated colorimetric method that uses a continuous flow analytical system; SM4500-NH, C is colorimetric; SM4500-NH3 D is a phenate method; SM4500-NH, E is titrimetric; and 350.3 and SM4500-NH, F & G are potentiometric methods that all measure ammonia. Method 350.2 has a lower measurement range limit of 0.20 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for the colorimetric and electrode procedures and a lower measurement range limit of 1.0 mg/L for the titrimetric procedure. Rather than using different baseline values for the same pollutant, '' Also antimony, arsenic, selenium, and thallium were analyzed by ICP instead of (il'AA. The method Ml.s were used because the laboratories demonstrated that their 11)1.s were able to quantitate below the Ml. for these four analytes. A-11 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values EPA used the 0.20 mg/L because it represented a value at which ammonia as nitrogen can be measured reliably by several determinative techniques in Method 350.2, as well as in other approved methods in 40 CFR 136. A.4.4 Methods 405.1 and SM5210 B (BOD5, Carbonaceous BOD5, and Dissolved BOD5) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD,), carbonaceous BOD, (CBOD,), and dissolved BOD, (DBOD,) were measured using Method 405.1 and Standard Method (SM) 5210 B, both of which are approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. BOD, and CBOD, are essentially the same method, except an organic compound is added to the CBOD, test to inhibit nitrogenous oxygen demand. If the sample does not include any nitrogenous demand to inhibit, the results should be comparable for BOD, and CBOD,. BOD, and dissolved BOD, are the same method, except that the dissolved BOD, sample is filtered prior to analysis (either in the field or immediately upon receipt by the laboratory). Method 405.1 and SM5210 B are identical and the nominal quantitation limit, expressed in the methods as the lower limit of the measurement range at 2 mg/L, is the same for all three forms of BOD,. EPA used this nominal quantitation limit of 2 mg/L as the baseline value in determining the pollutants of concern. A.4.5 EPA Method 632 (Carbaryl) Carbaryl was determined by EPA Method 632. No methods approved for carbaryl are given in 40 CFR 136. However, Method 632 is approved for compliance monitoring of carbaryl for the Pesticide Chemicals Point Source Category (see Table 7 in 40 CFR 455). In this method, samples are prepared by liquid-liquid extraction with methylene chloride in a separatory funnel. The extract is analyzed by a high-pressure liquid chromatograph with an ultraviolet (UV) detector. The nominal quantitation limit was determined by a low-point calibration standard. The nominal quantitation limit for carbaryl is 1 |ig/L, which was used as the baseline value. A-12 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values A.4.6 Methods 410.1, 410.2, 410.4, SM5220 B, SM5220 C, and HACH 8000 (Chemical Oxygen Demand) EPA determined chemical oxygen demand (COD) using Methods 410.1,410.2, 410.4, and SM5220 B. Industry determined COD using SM5220 C and HACH 8000. Methods 410.1, 410.2, 410.4, SM5220 C and HACH 8000 are approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. Methods 410.1, 410.2, and SM5220 C are titrimetric procedures that follow identical analytical protocols and differ only in the range of COD concentrations that they are designed to measure. Reagent concentrations and sample volumes are adjusted to accommodate a wide range of sample concentrations, because the dynamic range of the chemistry used to detect COD is somewhat limited. Standard Method 5220 B is a titrimetric method that incorporates the different reagent concentrations and sample volumes listed in Methods 410.1 and 410.2 into one method. Data from all three of these methods are directly comparable. Method 410.4 is a colorimetric procedure. The HACH 8000 method is a colorimetric procedure that utilizes a preliminary digestion procedure and can be used for various concentration ranges. Methods 410.1 and SM5220 C are designed to measure mid-level concentrations (greater than 50 mg/L) of COD and are associated with a nominal quantitation limit of 50 mg/L. Method 410.2 is designed to measure low-level concentrations of these parameters in the range of 5 to 50 mg/L. Method 410.4 has a measurement range of 3 to 900 mg/L for automated procedures and a measurement range of 20 to 900 mg/L for manual procedures. The HACH 8000 method has a lower measurement limit of 3.0 mg/L. EPA contracts required laboratories to measure down to the lowest quantitation limit possible regardless of the method used. Therefore, if the laboratory analyzed a sample using Method 410.1 and obtained a non-quantitated result, it had to reanalyze the sample using Method 410.2. Thus, the quantitation limit reported for non-quantitated results was equal to 5 mg/L, unless sample dilutions were required for complex matrices. For all COD data, EPA used the baseline value of 5 mg/L, which is associated with the lower quantitation limit for the titrimetric procedures because most of the data used to determine the pollutants of concern had been obtained by the titrimetric procedures (Methods 410.1, 410.2, or SM5220 B). A-13 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values A.4.7 Methods 325.3 and 300.0 (Chloride) Chloride was measured using Method 325.3, which is approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136, and Method 300.0, which is not listed in 40 CFR 136. Method 325.3 is a colorimetric (actually titrimetric) procedure and measures concentrations greater than 1 mg/L. Method 300.0 uses ion chromatography and can measure to levels as low as 0.05 mg/L. EPA allowed laboratories to use Method 300.0 even though it is not approved at 40 CFR 136 because the analytical methods normally used for chloride are subject to interferences sometimes present in samples containing blood, animal tissue, or other particulates. With Method 300.0, the complex matrices are not a factor and this method has a lower nominal quantitation limit than Method 325.3. (Section A.4.10 provides a more detailed description of Method 300.0.) For all chloride data, EPA used the baseline value of 1 mg/L, which is associated with the higher quantitation limit for the colorimetric procedure because most of the data used in the pollutants of concern analysis had been obtained by the colorimetric procedure (Method 325.3). A.4.8 EPA Method 1657 (Dichlorvos, Malathion, Tetrachlorvinphos) Laboratories used Method 1657 to measure dichlorvos, malathion, and tetrachlorvinphos concentrations in the samples. There is one approved method for malathion at 40 CFR 136 — SM6630C; however, the other two pesticides are not listed in 40 CFR 136. EPA Method 1657 was selected for analysis of all three pesticides for several reasons, including the following: • Method 1657 is approved for compliance monitoring of all three pesticides for the Pesticide Chemicals Point Source Category (see Table I1 in 40 CFR 455). • EPA 1600-series methods were developed specifically for the effluent guidelines program; therefore, they have more stringent quality control requirements than Standard Methods. • It was more economical to use one method for the three pesticides than to analyze malathion separately by SM6630C. Tabic 7 lists tetrachlorvinphos as stirofos. A-14 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values In Method 1657, samples are prepared by liquid-liquid extraction. The extract is dried and concentrated and a l-|_iL aliquot of the extract is injected into the gas chromatography equipment. The nominal quantitation limit of 2 |ig/L was used as the baseline value for all three pesticides. This nominal quantitation limit was determined from the results of low-point calibration standards. A.4.9 Methods 365.2, 365.3, 365.4, SM4500-P B, SM4500-P E, and HACH 8190 (Dissolved Total Phosphorus and Total Phosphorus) EPA determined dissolved total phosphorus and total phosphorus by Methods 365.2 and 365.3. Industry determined total phosphorus by Methods 365.4, SM4500-P B, SM4500-P E, and HACH 8190. Methods 365.2, 365.3, 365.4, SM4500-P B, and SM4500-P E are approved for compliance monitoring of total phosphorus at 40 CFR 136. HACH 8190 is a colorimetric method that is considered to be a comparable version of Method 365.2. Total phosphorus represents all of the phosphorus present in the sample, regardless of form, as measured by the persulfate digestion procedure. Dissolved phosphorus results were obtained by filtering the sample prior to this step. Methods 365.2 and 365.3 are spectrophotometric methods that differ from each other only in the preparation of one of the reagents. Method 365.2 specifies the separation of the ammonium molybdate and the antimony potassium tartrate from the ascorbic acid reagent, while Method 365.3 allows for the combining these reagents into a single solution. Because the chemistry is unaffected, data from the two methods are directly comparable. Method 365.4 is an automated colorimetric method. SM4500-P B is the sample digestion step used with SM 4500- P E, a spectrophotometric method comparable to Method 365.2. These methods have the same nominal quantitation limit, 0.01 mg/L, for both analytes. EPA used this value as the baseline value for both dissolved total phosphorus and total phosphorus. A-15 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values A.4.10 Methods 300.0, 352.1, 353.1, 353.2, 354.1, SM4500-N02 B, SM4500NOrD, and SM4500-N0j E (Nitrate/Nitrite) For EPA sampling episodes, nitrate/nitrite was measured by Methods 300.0, 353.1, and 353.2. For industry-supplied data, nitrate/nitrite was measured by Methods 352.1, 354.1, SM4500-NO, B, SM4500-NO, D, and SM4500-NO., E. All of these methods, except for Methods 300.0 and SM4500-N03 D, are approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. Because nitrate/nitrite is a component of total nitrogen (see Section A.5), EPA considered approving EPA Method 300.0 at 40 CFR Part 432 for compliance monitoring of nitrate/nitrite or amending 40 CFR Part 136 to include Method 300.0 for determination of nitrate/nitrite from wastewaters. In the preamble to the MPP proposed rule, EPA requested comments on the use of this method for the MPP point source category and whether the method should be approved and included in 40 CFR Part 432, 40 CFR Part 136, or both. EPA did not receive any comments on this topic. EPA is planning to propose a rule to amend 40 CFR Part 136 to include Method 300.0 for determining nitrate/nitrite in wastewater. Many of the approved analytical methods for nitrite/nitrate in 40 CFR 136, including Methods 352.1, 353.1 and 353.2, are based on colorimetric techniques (adding to a sample reagents that form a colored product when they react with the nitrate/nitrite and then measuring the intensity of the colored product). Such methods can be subject to interferences in the complex matrices associated with this industry, where samples may contain blood, animal tissue, or other particulates that affect both the color development and ability to pass light through the sample to measure the intensity of the colored product. In contrast, Method 300.0 employs the technique known as ion chromatography to measure 10 inorganic anions, including nitrate and nitrite. Ion chromatography permits the various inorganic anions to be separated from one another as well as from other materials and contaminants present in the sample. Each anion can be identified on the basis of its characteristic retention time (the time required to pass through the instrumentation). After separation, the anions are measured by a conductivity detector that responds to changes in the effluent from the ion chromatograph-changes that occur when the negatively charged anions (analytes) elute at characteristic retention times, thereby changing the conductivity of the solution. Thus, Method 300.0 offers better specificity for nitrate and nitrite in the presence of A-16 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values interferences compared with the approved colorimetric methods. Method 300.0 is included in the rulemaking record (Docket No. W-01-06, Record No. 10036). Methods 353.1 and 353.2 are essentially the same method, with variations in the technique used to reduce the nitrite (NO;) present in the sample to nitrate (NO,). Method 353.1 uses hydrazine to accomplish the reduction, while Method 353.2 uses cadmium granules. Method 353.2 is typically preferred simply because the cadmium granules are far easier to handle and less toxic than hydrazine. The chemistry of the colorimetric determination is the same, as are the interferences. SM4500-NO, E is a manual cadmium reduction method that is similar to Method 353.3. The reduction methods convert all of the nitrate into nitrite and measure total nitrite concentration. Methods 354.1 and SM4500-N02 B directly measure nitrite. These methods are essentially the same as the oxidized nitrogen methods, but without the reduction. Methods 352.1, SM4500-NO, D, and 300.0 directly measure nitrate. Method 352.1 uses the colorimetric reaction of brucine sulfate with nitrate to form a color that is proportional to the nitrate concentration. SM4500-NO, D uses a nitrate electrode to measure nitrate. Method 300.0 is detailed above. Each of the methods lists slightly different nominal quantitation limits that are expressed in the methods as the lower limit of the measurement range. The nominal quantitation limit for Methods 300.0, 353.1, 354.1, and SM4500-NO, E is 0.01 mg/L. The nominal quantitation limit for Method 353.2 is 0.05 mg/L, and for 352.1 is 0.1 mg/L. The nominal quantitation limit for SM4500-N02 B is 0.005 mg/L and for SM4500-NO, D is 0.14 mg/L. Rather than use different baseline values for the same pollutant, EPA used the nominal quantitation limit of 0.05 mg/L from Method 353.1 as the baseline value for nitrate/nitrite. EPA chose this value because Method 353.1 was used to obtain most of the data used in the pollutants of concern analysis. This value is also the maximum of the nominal quantitation limits from the methods used by EPA. A.4.11 Methods 413.1, SM5520 B, and SM5520 D (Oil and Grease) Industry determined oil and grease by Methods 413.1, SM5520 B, and SM5520 D. Methods 413.1 and SM5520 B are listed as approved methods for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136, whereas SM5520 D is not listed there. Methods 413.1 and SM5520 B are gravimetric A-17 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values methods. SM5520 D is a soxhlet extraction method. Method 413.1 has a lower limit measurement range of 5.0 mg/L, and SM5520 B and SM5520 D have a lower limit measurement range of 10 mg/L. EPA used the nominal quantitation limit of 5.0 mg/L from EPA Method 1664A as the baseline value. A.4.12 Method 160.1 (Total Dissolved Solids) Total dissolved solids (TDS) was measured by Method 160.1, which is approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136 (see 'residue - filterable'). Method 160.1 is a gravimetric method with a lower limit measurement range of 10 mg/L. EPA used this nominal quantitation limit of 10 mg/L as the baseline value. A.4.13 Methods 351.2, 351.3, SM4500-Norg B, and SM4500-NH, E (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) For EPA sampling episodes, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was measured by Methods 351.2 and 351.3. For industry supplied data, TKN was measured by SM4500-Norg B and SM4500-NH, E. All of these methods are approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. Method 351.2 is designed to be used with a flow colorimetry apparatus with a lower measurement range limit of 0.1 mg/L. Method 351.3 is a manual colorimetric analysis that has a lower measurement range limit of 0.5 mg/L. SM4500-Norg B is the sample preparation method and SM4500-NH, E is the determinative method for TKN. SM4500-Norg B and SM4500-NH, have a lower measurement range of 5 mg/L. Rather than use different baseline values for the same pollutant, EPA used the nominal quantitation limit of 0.5 mg/L from Method 351.3 as the baseline value for TKN. EPA chose this value because Method 351.3 was used by EPA to obtain most of the data used in the pollutants of concern analysis. This value is also the maximum of the nominal quantitation limits from the two methods used by EPA. A.4.14 Method 415.1 (Total Organic Carbon) Total organic carbon (TOC) was determined by Method 415.1, which is approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. Method 415.1 is a combustion (or oxidation) method A-18 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values with a lower measurement range limit of 1 mg/L. EPA used this nominal quantitation limit of 1 mg/L as the baseline value. A.4.15 Methods 365.2 and 300.0 (Total Orthophosphate) Methods 365.2 and 300.0 were used to measure orthophosphate concentrations. Total orthophosphate is the inorganic phosphorus (P04) in the sample. Method 365.2 is approved for compliance monitoring of total orthophosphate in 40 CFR 136, while Method 300.0 is not. As explained previously (see Sections A.4.7 and A.4.10), EPA allowed laboratories to use Method 300.0 because interferences sometimes present in samples containing blood, animal tissue, or other particulates are not a factor in the analysis. Method 365.2 is a colorimetric method for determining orthophosphate and measures concentrations greater than 0.01 mg/L. Method 300.0 uses ion chromatography and can measure down to 0.20 mg/L. For all orthophosphate data, EPA used the baseline value of 0.01 mg/L, which is associated with the lower quantitation limit for the colorimetric procedure because the laboratories used Method 365.2 to produce the majority of the data used in the pollutants of concern analysis. A.4.16 Methods HACH 8167 and 330.5 (Total Residual Chlorine) Total residual chlorine was determined by Methods 330.5 and HACH 8167. Method 330.5 is approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. Methods 330.5 and HACH 8167 use the same colorimetric reagent, N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DPD), and are essentially the same procedure; thus, the data are directly comparable. The nominal quantitation limit in Method 330.5 is 0.2 mg/L; the nominal quantitation limit for method HACH 8167 is 0.1 mg/L. Rather than use two different baseline values for the same pollutant, EPA used the value associated with Method 330.5 (0.2 mg/L) as the baseline value because Method 330.5 was used to produce the majority of the data used in the pollutants of concern analysis. The Method 330.5 baseline value also is the higher of the two values. A-19 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values A.4.17 Method 160.2 and SM2540 D (Total Suspended Solids) For EPA sampling episodes, total suspended solids (TSS) was determined using Method 160.2. For industry supplied data, TSS was measured by SM2540 D. Both methods are approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. Both methods are gravimetric with a lower limit measurement range of 4 mg/L. The nominal quantitation limit of 4 mg/L was used as the baseline value. A.4.18 Method 160.4 (Volatile Residue) Volatile residue was determined by Method 160.4, which is approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136. Method 160.4 is a gravimetric and ignition method with a lower limit measurement range of 10 mg/L. The nominal quantitation limit of 10 mg/L was used as the baseline value. A.4.19 EPA Method 1622 (Cryptosporidium) Cryptosporidium was determined by EPA Method 1622, which, as explained in Section A. 1, has not been approved for compliance monitoring. However, Methods 1622 and 1623 are 40 CFR Part 136-approved methods for Cryptosporidium for ambient water monitoring, published on July 21, 2003 (68 Federal Register (FR) 139, pages 43272^3283; correction notice in 68 FR 182 page 54934). In Method 1622, the laboratory filters a 10-liter sample through an absolute- porosity filter to capture any target organisms that may be present, elutes the filter, concentrates the eluate, purifies the concentrate using immunomagnetic separation, and applies the purified sample to a microscope slide. The purified sample is stained with an antibody stain and a vital dye stain, and target organisms are identified and counted based on immunofluorescence assay, differential interference microscopy, and vital dye staining characteristics. Due to the high turbidity of the sample matrices for these episodes, it was necessary for the analytical laboratory to modify the sample processing steps of the method, depending on the nature of the particulates in the sample. For samples that contained a high concentration of biological particles, a small volume of the sample (100 to 250 milliliters (mL)) was concentrated using centrifugation and then processed according to EPA Method 1622. For samples with lower A-20 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values concentrations of biological particulates that could be filtered, a 10-liter sample was filtered through a compressed foam filter, the filter was eluted, and the eluate was concentrated by centrifugation and then processed according to EPA Method 1622. As explained earlier, there is no detection limit or baseline value associated with EPA Method 1622; however, EPA used the baseline value of zero in the pollutant of concern analysis. Furthermore, if Cryptosporidium was not quantitated, the sample was reported as zero. A.4.20 SM9221B, SM9221C, SM9221D, SM9221E, SM9221F, SM9230B, SM9260L, FDA-BAM Chapter 5 (Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, E. call, Fecal Streptococcus, Aeromonas, Salmonella) Laboratories measured the densities of total coliform, fecal coliform, E. coli, fecal streptococcus, Aeromonas, and Salmonella in 100-milliliter samples using the multiple-tube fermentation procedures specified in Standard Methods and the Food and Drug Administration's Biological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM). EPA used methods approved for compliance monitoring in 40 CFR 136 for total coliform (SM9221 B), fecal coliform (SM9221C,D,E), and fecal streptococcus (SM9230B). At the time of the sampling there were no methods approved in 40 CFR 136 for E. coli, Aeromonas, and Salmonella', however, EPA published final ambient water monitoring methods for E.coli on July 21, 2003 (68 FR 139, pages 43272^3283; correction notice in 68 FR 182, page 54934). The method used for E. coli, SM9221 F, is now an approved method in Part 136. To measure total coliform (SM 922 IB), fecal coliform (SM 9221C,D,E), and E. coli (SM 9221 F), samples were inoculated into a presumptive medium (lauryl tryptose broth) and incubated. Tubes positive for growth and gas production were transferred into confirmatory media: brilliant green bile broth (for total coliform), EC (for fecal coliform), or EC-MUG (for E. coli). Tubes with growth and gas production in their respective media were recorded as positive. To measure fecal streptococcus (SM 9230B), samples were inoculated into a presumptive medium (azide dextrose broth) and incubated. Tubes positive for turbidity (growth) were confirmed by streaking onto bile esculin agar plates. All plates with typical growth were recorded as positive for fecal streptococcus. A-21 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values Aeromonas densities were determined using SM 9260L, followed by the confirmation steps in EPA Method 1605 to minimize false positive results. Samples were inoculated into a presumptive medium (TSB30) and incubated. Tubes with growth were streaked onto ampicillin- dextrin agar (ADA). All yellow colonies were isolated on nutrient agar and confirmed as Aeromonas if they were oxidase positive and were able to ferment trehalose. In addition to the biochemical confirmation, colony morphologies from ADA and nutrient agar were recorded and used to differentiate between Aeromonas and Bacillus. The FDA-BAM Chapter 5 method was used to determine Salmonella densities. Samples were inoculated into a presumptive medium (tetrathionate broth) and incubated. Tubes with growth were streaked onto Hektoen enteric agar plates. Typical colonies were confirmed on triple sugar iron agar slants. The FDA-BAM method was used instead of the approved Kenner-Clark method because the performance of the FDA-BAM method is better suited for samples that contain blood and particulates. The nominal quantitation limit for these analytes was determined using the most probable number (MPN) approach specified in Standard Methods. The MPN of each target organism per 100 milliliters was calculated based on the positive and negative results from the analysis of multiple replicates at multiple dilutions for each sample (see Table 9221. IV of Standard Methods and Table 2 in Appendix 2 of FDA-BAM). Based on the tables in Standard Methods, the nominal quantitation limit for all analytes was 2 MPN per 100 mL. The nominal quantitation limit was used as the baseline value. No values were reported below the baseline value. A. 4.20.1 Holding Time Study When EPA conducted its own sampling episodes at the facilities, it exceeded the required holding time for some samples. Although laboratories qualified to conduct total coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli analyses might have been within driving distance of the facilities being evaluated, laboratories qualified to perform fecal streptococcus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas analyses generally were not available, because analysis for these analytes is more complex than coliform analyses. As a result, for most sampling episodes, EPA decided to ship samples overnight to a laboratory capable of performing all of the bacterial analyses. Because these A-22 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values samples would exceed the holding time requirements in 40 CFR 136, EPA performed a holding time study to evaluate the possible effects of analyzing samples at different holding times. To determine whether or not the results for samples with longer holding times were consistent with results for samples analyzed within 8 hours (i.e., the time period consistent with 40 CFR 136 for compliance sampling), for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, Aeromonas, fecal streptococcus, and Salmonella from MPP facilities, EPA conducted a holding time study to evaluate sample concentrations at 8, 24, 30, and 48 hours after sample collection for wastewater effluent samples from a beef facility (before disinfection and final effluent), a pork facility (final effluent prior to discharge into the sewer system), and a poultry facility (final effluent). The study report, which contains results for all target bacteria, is DCN 165311 in Section 22.6 in the public record for the Notice of Data Availability (NODA). Only the results for fecal coliform and E. coli are discussed here, because EPA is not establishing numeric limitations for other target indicators in the holding time study. As holding times increase, the fecal coliform and E. coli concentrations may change. EPA's intent in conducting the study was to gain some insight into the length of time that would still provide results comparable to the results for samples held for eight hours. For red meat effluent, the results of this study indicate that samples for fecal coliform and E. coli measurements can be held for 24 hours and still produce results comparable to analyses conducted at 8 hours after sample collection, provided that samples are stored on ice until analysis and not frozen. For poultry wastewater effluent, the study results indicate that samples held longer than 8 hours do not provide comparable results to results at 8-hour holding times. For red meat facilities where EPA is retaining the previously promulgated limitations and standards, EPA is using the fecal coliform data from the EPA sampling episodes for some analyses such as (1) calculations for loadings and (2) evaluation of treatment performance by comparing influent and effluent data. For the treatment technologies that EPA considered, all of the red meat data from sampling episodes are associated with holding times of about 24 hours. Based on the results of the holding time study, EPA is using the 24-hour data for these analyses. Note that EPA is not revising the current limitations and standards for red meat facilities and thus is not using these data to develop limitations and standards for fecal coliform. In the NODA, A-23 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values EPA requested comments on the use of the 24-hour holding time data for analysis of loadings and treatment performance at red meat facilities. EPA did not receive any comments in response to the solicitation in the NODA. For poultry facilities, where EPA transferred the existing limitations and standards from the red meat subcategories, EPA used only data within the 8-hour holding time for its loading analysis because the holding time study indicated that longer holding times for poultry processing wastewaters were not comparable to the 8-hour period. Because only one sampling episode (6304) meets this criterion, EPA based its loadings and other analyses on fecal coliform data from this single sampling episode and any appropriate self-monitoring data. EPA used these data in evaluating the achievability of the limitations that EPA transferred from the existing limitations for the red meat subcategory. EPA received comments on the transfer of limitations for the poultry subcategory from the red meat subcategory, and on its planned use of data to analyze loadings and treatment performance. A.4.20.2 Monitoring ofE. coli and Fecal Coliform Although EPA considers fecal coliform to be the appropriate parameter for regulation for the MPP industry, EPA recognizes that some states and tribes may still prefer that facilities monitor directly for E. coli. Because concentrations of fecal coliform and E. coli might be similar in these matrices, EPA is considering an alternative that would allow facilities to monitor E. coli instead of fecal coliform in the effluent. This alternative would be available when EPA amends 40 CFR 136 to include an analytical method for E. coli in industrial effluent. EPA expects to promulgate such a method in the next few years. EPA is conducting validation studies of this method and expects to propose this method in 2004. See Vol. 68, No. 156 of the Federal Register for more detail. A.4.20.3 Reporting Units EPA received comments requesting that the Agency allow for monitoring of fecal coliforms to be reported in colony forming units (CFU) per 100 milliliters in addition to most probable numbers (MPN) per 100 mL as specified in the existing regulations. Based on the research of Thomas and Woodward in Estimation of Coliforms Density by the Membrane Filter A-24 ------- Appendix A. Analytical Methods and Baseline Values and the Fermentation Tube Methods, results from either technique can be considered comparable as long as the volume analyzed is equivalent. This finding of comparability is consistent with documentation for the existing fecal coliform limitations and standards. Therefore, EPA is revising the limitations and standards to allow for fecal coliform results to be reported in units of either MPN per 100 mL or CFU per 100 mL, based on the analytical method used to determine the results. Specifically, fecal coliform results should be reported in MPN per 100 mL if the multiple-tube format is used; and in CFU per 100 mL if the membrane filtration (MF) technique is used. According to SM 9222A and SM 9222B, although statistical comparisons show the MF technique to be more precise than the multiple-tube procedure, data generated from the MF and the multiple-tube test yield approximately the same water quality information. A.5 Total Nitrogen EPA is regulating total nitrogen to ensure that the relationship between organic nitrogen (estimated by TKN) and inorganic nitrogen (estimated by nitrate/nitrite) is maintained. EPA is defining "total nitrogen" to be the sum of nitrate/nitrite and TKN for the purposes of the MPP industry. This summation includes nitrogen in the trinegative oxidation state (the dominant oxidation state of nitrogen in organic compounds), ammonia-nitrogen, and nitrogen in nitrite (N02 ) and nitrate (NO, ). In developing the limitations (see Section 14), EPA used a baseline value of 0.1 mg/L, which is the sum of the baseline values for nitrate/nitrite (0.05 mg/L) and TKN (0.05 mg/L). A-25 ------- Appendix B Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates In 2001, EPA distributed two industry surveys. The first survey, entitled 2001 Meat Products Industry Screener Survey (short survey), was mailed to 1,650 meat products industry facilities. The second survey, entitled 2001 Meat Products Industry Survey (detailed survey), was mailed to 350 meat products industry facilities. Section B. 1 of this appendix describes the survey design (identification of facilities in the industry and sample design). Section B.2 of this appendix describes the selection of the sample. Section B.3 of this appendix describes response status of short survey facilities. Section B.4 of this appendix describes the calculation of sample weights. Section B.5 of this appendix describes the methodology for estimating national totals and their variance estimates. Section B.6 of this appendix summarizes EPA's analysis of the detailed survey. B.I SURVEY DESIGN This section describes the development of the sampling plan, which includes identification of the meat products industry and stratification of facilities. B.l.l Sample Frame To produce a mailing list of facilities for the detailed survey and short survey, EPA developed a sample frame of the meat products industry. A sample frame is a list of all members (sampling units) of a population, from which a random sample of members will be drawn for the survey. Therefore, a sample frame is the basis for the development of a sampling plan to select a random sample. EPA used several data sources to construct this sample frame. The March 2000 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) database was the main source of data. It was supplemented with information from the Urner-Barry Meat and Poultry Directory 2000 and an April 2000 list of 236 renderers provided by the National Renderers Association (NRA). The sample frame for the meat product survey contained 8,217 facilities. EPA classified each facility into sampling strata by considering facility type, facility size, and type of animal used at the facility. Each facility was of one of the following three types: first processor, further processor, or renderer. Three size categories were used to determine the facility size. The size category was defined as large for facilities with 500 employees or more, small for B-l ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates facilities with 10 to 499 employees, and very small for facilities with 9 employees or less. Each facility on the sample frame specialized in one or several types of animal. These types of animal corresponded to poultry, beef, pork, and other. Renderers were not identified by size or animal type. B.I.2 Sample Design The sample frame for the survey included an unknown number of out-of-scope facilities. In order to obtain reliable counts of eligible meat product facilities, i.e., the facilities that were in- scope, by type and facility size directly from the frame, the survey was designed as a two-phase sample. A first-phase sample of 2,000 facilities was selected from a sample frame containing 8,217 facilities. Additionally, a second-phase sample of 350 facilities was selected from the first- phase sample. All 350 second-phase sample facilities were mailed the detailed questionnaire, while the remaining 1,650 first-phase sample facilities received the short questionnaire. While the abridged form collected basic data to determine eligibility status and types of meat processed, the long form collected data about the 350 second-phase sample facilities for technical and financial information. Because of time constraints, both surveys were sent out simultaneously. To improve the accuracy of estimates from the detailed survey, the final weights were calibrated to the estimated counts of eligible facilities from the short survey. EPA identified a list of 65 facilities that were to be selected for the second-phase detailed sample with certainty to obtain information necessary for evaluating facility operations and best technology options. The first-phase and second-phase facility samples were stratified samples. Stratification separated the eligible population into non-overlapping strata that were as homogeneous as possible. Stratification assured that the sample would contain the same proportions as found on the sample frame, for those variables used to define the strata. The first- phase sample (selecting 1,935 non-certainties from 8,152) was stratified by facility type and size. The stratification of the second-phase sample was based only on facility type, since just 285 facilities were to be selected from the 1,935 first-phase non-certainties. B-2 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates Table B-l shows the distribution of facilities on the sample frame by facility type (first processor, further processor, renderer, or missing), size, and certainty status. Most certainty facilities were large first processors. Only 5 certainty facilities were small and none of the very small facilities were included in the sample with certainty. B.1.3 Imputing for Missing Facility Type In order to estimate the number of eligible facilities by type, size, and meat product (the purpose of the short survey), it was necessary to include samples of sufficient size from each facility-type-by-size stratum. This required assigning each facility on the frame to one of these strata; however, this information was unknown for many facilities; thus, EPA imputed the missing stratification data. Table B-l. Distribution of Facilities in the Sample Frame by Certainty, Facility Type, and Size Size Certainty status Facility type Larue Small Very small Unknown Total first Processor 149 234 0 0 383 Non-certainties further Processor 34 883 0 0 917 Renderer 0 0 0 235 235 Unknown 50 1,259 5,308 0 6,61 7 Non-certainty total 233 2,376 5,308 235 8,152 first Processor 56 3 0 0 59 Certainties further Processor 1 0 0 0 1 Renderer 0 0 0 1 1 Unknown 2 2 0 0 4 Certainty total 59 5 0 1 65 Grand total 292 2,381 5,308 236 8,217 From Table B-l it is seen that facility type had to be imputed for 6,617 non-certainty facilities.1 The facilities to be imputed a specific type were chosen randomly from the set of facilities with missing type. The facilities with unknown facility type were distributed between "first processors" and "further processors" proportionally to the reported number by type within 1 It should be noted that no imputation was earried out on the four certainty facilities with missing facility type, as they were to be included in the sample by design. B-3 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates each size category. Therefore, 9 (=50 x (34/(34+149))) of the 50 large facilities with missing facility type were assigned to the further processor category, while the remaining 41 large facilities were assigned to the "first processor" category. Similarly, 995 of the 1,259 small facilities with missing facility type were assigned the "further processor" type, and the remaining 264 small facilities were assigned the "first processor" type. All very small facilities were assumed to be further processors because very small facilities in this industry were typically further processors. All imputed values were used only for allocating the sample. None of the values were used for estimation and any wrong assumption simply resulted in a less efficient sample (larger variance). In addition, this imputation process was not expected to introduce any bias in the statistical procedure. For example, all very small facilities were assumed to be further processors; however, if any very small facility reported as a first processor it was treated as such in all analyses. B.1.4 Imputing for Missing Animal Type Before selecting the samples, the frame was sorted by animal type within each stratum. This allowed for appropriate representation of the different animal types in random selection of the sample. Table B-2 shows the distribution by animal type of noncertainty facilities that were not renderers. It should be noted that the stratification did not require the specification of animal type for the renderers. All large facilities with missing animal type were randomly assigned to one of the 7 animal type categories described in Table B-2 proportionally to the large facilities with animal types reported in the frame. On the other hand, small and very small facilities were combined and randomly assigned to animal type groups proportionally to the number of small facilities reported with animal types. B-4 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates Table B-2. Distribution of Noncertainty and Non-Renderer Facilities Imputed for Animal Type Facility size Animal type Number of facilities reported on frame Number of facilities imputed Large Pork only 17 4 Poultry only 127 30 Poultry & Pork 2 0 Beef only 10 2 Beel'& Pork 6 1 Beel'& Poultry 3 2 Beef& Poultry & Pork 23 6 Missing 45 N/A Small and very small Pork only 157 805 Poultry only 152 779 Poultry & Pork 32 164 Beef only 1% 1,005 Beef& Pork 203 1,041 Beef& Poultry 76 390 Beef& Poultry & Pork 43 X 2,246 Missing 6,430 N/A Total 7,91 7 6,475 B.2 SAMPLE SELECTION OF FACILITIES The design of the first-phase sample was based upon the assumption that large facilities were more likely to be eligible than small facilities, which in turn were expected to be eligible more frequently than very small facilities. Thus, EPA determined that oversampling of the large facilities would be appropriate, in order to include many eligible facilities. Too much oversampling would reduce the accuracy of estimates because some facilities would have much greater weights than other facilities. An examination of alternative oversampling schemes2 suggested balancing these two constraints by selecting large facilities at six times the rate of very small facilities, and at twice the rate of small facilities. : July 28, 2000 memorandum from David Marker to I lelen Jacobs and Jade I.ee-I:reeman. B-5 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates After sorting by animal type, the facilities were selected from each stratum using systematic sampling scheme. Systematic sampling involve selecting every k,h facility where k is determined by the selection rate. The allocation of the sample is described in Table B-3. The allocation in Table B-3 was based upon the 6-3-1 rule according to which, large facilities were selected at a rate that was 6 times higher than that of very small facilities and twice higher than that of small facilities. Using this allocation scheme, EPA selected a total of 2,000 facilities from the frame of 8,217 facilities. Table B-3. Allocation of the First-Phase Sample Stratum It Sample frame size (NJ First phase sample size (nj Certainty 65 65 Large First Processor 190 152 Large I urtherProcessor 43 34 Small First Processor 498 199 Small Further Processor 1,878 750 Very Small Further Processor 5,308 706 Re rule re r 235 94 Total 8,217 2,000 The 350 sample facilities were allocated in the second-phase sample to provide similar precision for each of seven analytic domains of interest. These domains were: poultry, beef, and pork first processors; poultry, beef, and pork further processors; and renderers. The 285 noncertainty sample facilities were therefore allocated so that approximately 41 (=285/7) were in each of these seven domains. The entire second-phase sample, including the noncertainty sample, consisted of 121 first processors, 122 further processors, and 42 renderers, along with 65 facilities selected with certainty. The facilities were sorted within facility type by animal type (as listed in Table B-4) before selecting the samples. Table B-4 shows how the first-phase sample in the previous table was distributed across the short and detailed surveys. B-6 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates Table B-4. Allocation of the Sample to the Short and Detailed Surveys Facility size and type Sample size First phase Short survey Detailed Survey Certainty 65 0 65 Large First proeessor 152 100 52 I.arge Further proeessor 34 31 3 Small First proeessor 199 130 69 Small Further proeessor 750 688 62 Very small Further proeessor 706 649 57 Re rule re r 94 52 42 Total 2,000 1,650 350 For the purpose of selecting the sample of facilities, the WESSAMP SAS macro developed at Westat was used. WESSAMP selects systematic samples within sampling strata defined through a set of parameters. B.3 RESPONSE STATUS OF SHORT (SCREENER) SAMPLE FACILITIES Of the 1,650 facilities to which a short form was mailed, 173 did not return the form and as of December 31, 2002 eligibility was unknown for 157 of them. The remaining 16 were known to be eligible non-respondents. EPA also assumed that some of the 157 facilities with unknown eligibility were eligible non-respondents. A total of 286 facilities that were either out- of-scope or could not be located were classified as ineligible. The remaining 1,191 facilities were eligible respondents. These were facilities that returned a complete form and indicated that they engaged in meat processing. The short survey weights were constructed for a total of 1,254 eligible respondents. This includes 63 certainty facilities that completed the detailed survey questionnaire. They are included in the weighting for both surveys to allow national estimates to be produced from either set of respondents. Thus, the short survey weights were constructed using the 1,191 eligible short survey respondents, and 63 "shadow" facilities corresponding to the 63 certainty facilities that were eligible to be detailed survey respondents. Table B-5 shows the response status by stratum for the 1,650 facilities that were mailed the short survey (excluding the 63 shadow facilities). B-7 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates Table B-5. Response Status for the Short Survey by First-Phase Stratum Non-respondent Ineligible Stratum Sample size Kl^ible Respondent (5.) Known Kli«ibilitv (S2) Unknown Kli«ibilitv (S4) Out-of- Scope (¦S',) Non- deliverable Large First Processor 100 97 1 1 1 0 Large Further Processor 31 28 0 1 2 0 Small First Processor 130 101 1 9 15 4 Small Further Processor 688 498 7 59 73 51 Very Small Further Processor 649 435 7 85 57 65 Renderer 52 32 0 2 5 13 Total 1,650 1,191 16 157 153 133 B.4 WEIGHTING OF THE SHORT SURVEY This section describes the methodology used to calculate the base weights, non-response adjustments, and the final weights for the short survey. In its analysis, EPA applied sample weights to survey data. The short survey was weighted in order to account for variable probabilities of selection, differential response rates, and ineligible facilities. The base weights and non-response adjustments reflect the probability of selection for each facility and adjustments for facility level non-responses, respectively. Weighting the data allows inferences to be made about all eligible facilities, not just those included in the sample, but also those not included in the sample or those that did not respond to the survey. Also, the weighted estimates have a smaller variance than unweighted estimates (see Section B.5 of this appendix for variance estimation.) B.4.1 Base Weight Calculation The first step in weighting the short survey was to assign a base weight to each of the sample facilities. The base weight associated with a short survey facility was calculated by multiplying the reciprocal of the probability of including that facility in the first-phase sample of 2,000 facilities, by the reciprocal of the probability of not including that facility in the detailed survey sample in the second phase. Table B-6 shows the calculation of the base weight. The short B-8 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates survey base weight for a given first-phase stratum h and second-phase stratum / can formally be written as follows: -l -l Base weighty ^Nhj x m, M where Nh is the number of facilities in the sample frame that belong to first-phase stratum /?, nh is the number of facilities selected in the first-phase sample that belong to first-phase stratum h (Nh and nh are shown in Table B-5), M, is the number of first-phase sample facilities that belonged to second-phase stratum /, and m, is the number of facilities selected in the detailed survey sample from second-phase stratum /. For example, in the first-phase sample, 34 of 43 large further processors were selected, so the first-phase inclusion probability was 0.7907. The second-phase sample only stratified by facility type, so the second-phase inclusion probability for further processors in the detailed survey was (3 + 62 + 57)/(34 + 750 + 706) = 0.0819 (see Table B-4). The overall inclusion probability for the short survey was (0.7907) x (1 - 0.0819) = 0.72596. The base weight was the reciprocal of this probability, i.e., reciprocal of 0.72596, which is 1.3775. B-9 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National listimales Table B-6. Base Weight Calculation for the Short Survey Stratum First-phase inclusion probability (",/*J Second-phase detailed survey inclusion probabilities (nt/M,) Short survey inclusion probabilities fe('-t)) Short survey base weijihts Large First processor o.xooo 0.3447 0.52422 1.9076 Small First processor 0.3996 0.3447 0.26185 3.8191 Large Further processor 0.7907 0.0819 0.72596 1.3775 Small Further processor 0.3994 0.0819 0.36666 2.7273 Very Small Further processor 0.1330 0.0819 0.12212 8.1889 Renderer 0.4000 0.4468 0.22128 4.5192 B.4.2 Eligibility and Non-response Adjustment The base weights associated with the short survey facilities were adjusted for non- response. Because 157 of the 173 non-responding facilities had an unknown eligibility status, it was assumed that they were distributed among eligible (respondent and non-respondent) and out- of-scope facilities in the same proportions as the respondents within each stratum. It was assumed that all non-respondents did receive their surveys. The non-response adjustment was applied in two steps. In the first step, the base weights of facilities were multiplied by the adjustment factor obtained by dividing the sum of the weights of all sample facilities by the sum of the weights of facilities with known eligibility status. Thus, the weight, vv,,, for a facility /' in stratum /?, after the unknown eligibility adjustment can be written as follows: wM = [base weight) x [unknown_eligibility adjustment) t l \ f S\ + S\ + S\ + S\) = (/«,«. „«*/„), x [ _s. ;.s., + .v. J 1 - h where Sh S:. and S4 represent the sum of the weights for stratum h of eligible respondents, eligible non-respondents, unknown eligibility non-respondents, and ineligible facilities, respectively (see Table B-5). In the second step, the unknown eligibility adjusted B-10 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates weight was further adjusted to account for eligible non-respondents, which was the final survey weight. As with the adjustment for unknown eligibility, the non-response adjustment factor was defined as the ratio of the sum of the weights of eligible facilities (both respondents and non- respondents) to the sum of the weights of the eligible respondent facilities only. This non- response adjustment was also performed within strata in order to account for differential response rates in the short survey. Table B-7 shows the non-response adjustment factors (both unknown eligibility adjustment and non-response adjustment for eligible non-respondents) and final weights for each stratum. Table B-7. Non-Response Adjustment and Final Weight for the Short Survey Stratum It Short survey base \veij»ht Unknown Kli«ibility adjustment f .S| + + Sj 1 I 5, + S2 + 5, J Non-response adjustment fs, +S.-1 I S, J Short survey final \veij»ht OK J Large First Processor 1.9076 1.0101 1.0103 1.9467 Small First Processor 3.81 y i 1.0769 1.0099 4.1536 Large Further Processor 1.3775 1.0333 1.0000 1.4234 Small Further Processor 2.7273 1.1021 1.0141 3.0480 Very Small Further Processor 8.1 889 1.1703 1.0161 9.7380 Renderer 4.5192 1.0541 1.0000 4.7635 EPA has revised the short survey weighting based on all responses received until December 31, 2002. These revised survey weights have been used to produce the national estimates. (See Section B.6.) B.5 ESTIMATION METHOD This section presents the general methodology and equations for calculating estimates from the short survey. B.5.1 National Estimates National total estimates were obtained for each characteristic and domain of interest by multiplying the reported value by the final survey weight (non-response-adjusted weight B-ll ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates including both unknown eligibility adjustment and adjustment for eligible non-respondents) and by summing all weighted values for the facilities that belong to the domain of interest k. Similarly, ratio estimates (for example, of the mean) in a given domain k were obtained as a ratio of two national total estimates. For example, the average cattle production by facilities doing first processing was calculated by dividing the weighted production of cattle by the weighted count of first processors. where vv,,, is the final weight for facility i,ytl is the cattle production for facility /', both in domain k, and the summation is over all facilities reporting cattle production. Note that many facilities were involved in more than one type of activity or production. Their classification into one activity type, either first processing, further processing, rendering, or some combination was determined by the relative concentration of their production in any activity. Similar classification issues arose when reporting production by animal type (red meat, poultry, or mixed). For purposes of statistical weighting procedures, if at least 85 percent of total production was of a given type of activity, it was classified accordingly (e.g., first processor). If no activity type accounted for 85 percent of production it was classified as mixed type. The same rule was used for animal type. B.5.2 Variance Estimates To compute the correct estimates of standard errors a set of jackknife replicate weights was constructed and attached to each facility. Under the jackknife replication method, a number -I B-12 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates of subsamples (called jackknife replicates) were generated from the full sample, and the entire weighting process as described in the previous sections was repeated for each replicate. In this way, a series of replicate weights were generated for each facility, which together with the full- sample weight were used to calculate sampling errors (see Wolters, 1985 for a description of the jackknife and other variance estimation methods)'. Given that there were almost 1,200 responding facilities for the short survey, it was decided to create 90 replicates for variance estimation. Each respondent was assigned a number between 1 and 90. The first replicate used the values from all facilities except those assigned to group 1. The other replicates were derived in a similar way by excluding the values for a different group each time. In order to illustrate how the sampling errors have been calculated, let be the weighted national average estimate of a characteristic v (e.g., first processor meat production of cattle) for the entire data set. If is the corresponding estimate for jackknife replicate r, then the estimated variance of v is given by the following formula: where the summation extends over all 90 jackknife replicates that were formed for the short survey. This jackknife variance was often used to compute 95 percent confidence limits around the estimate. These limits are given by: y ± l-96-y/var(>-) The WesVar program was used to compute estimates of standard errors. Wolters, K.. M. (1985) Introduction to Variance Estimation, Springer-Yerlag Publishers, New York. B-13 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates B.6 ANALYSIS OF THE DETAILED SURVEY For the final rule, the base weight associated with a detailed sample facility was calculated by multiplying the reciprocal of the probability of including that facility in the first- phase sample of 2,000 facilities, by the reciprocal of the probability of including that facility in the detailed survey sample. Table B-8 shows the calculation of the base weight. The detailed survey base weight for a given first-phase stratum h and second-phase stratum / can formally be written as follows: Base weight M -i -i N„ m. M,. where Nh is the number of facilities in the sample that belong to first-phase stratum h (Nh and nh are shown in Table B-3), nh is the number of facilities selected in the first-phase sample that belong to first-phase stratum /?, Mt is the number of first-phase sample facilities that belong to second-phase stratum /, and m, is the number of facilities selected in the detailed survey sample from second-phase stratum / (second-phase stratum totals can be found in the column labeled "Detailed Survey" in Table B-4). B-14 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National lislimales Table B-8. Base Weight Calculation for the Detailed Survey Sample Stratum First-phase inclusion probability ("„ / <%) Second-phase inclusion probabilities ('»/ / M,) Detailed survey inclusion probabilities U wjl m,)) Detailed survey base \veij»hts k) U)') Large First Processor 0.8000 0.3447 0.2758 3.6260 Small First Processor 0.3996 0.3447 0.1378 7.2594 Large Further Processor 0.7907 0.0819 0.0647 15.4460 Small Further Processor 0.3994 0.0819 0.0327 30.5816 Very Small Further Processor 0.1330 0.0819 0.0109 91.8232 Re rule re r 0.4000 0.4468 0.1787 5.5952 Certainties 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 Due to duplication on the sample frame, a few facilities were sampled for both the short and detailed surveys. Such facilities were encouraged to complete both forms since estimates are made independently from both surveys. The non-response adjustment for the detailed survey was carried out with the same methodology used to adjust the base weights for the short survey (see Section B.4.2). The non- response adjustments for each stratum are shown in Table B-9. However, the non-response- adjusted weights were further adjusted to benchmark them to the weighted counts of eligible facilities calculated from the short survey. This is because the much larger sample size in the short survey provides better estimates of the number of eligible facilities in each stratum. This second adjustment was done within type and size categories and yielded the final weight. If h designates a first-phase stratum, then the detailed survey final weight vv, for a given facility /' can be written as follows: , , (Estimated Number of Facilities from Short Survev), W, = [NR - Adjusted Weight) x — : : "~A— ' (Estimated Number of Facilities from Detailed Survey) h B-15 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates Table B-9. Non-Response Adjustment and Final NR Adjusted Weight for the Detailed Survey Stratum It Detailed survey base \veij»ht Non-response adjustment ( S", + S2 + 5, + sA V S\ + S2 + Sy J Non-response adjust ment fs,+sA { 5, J Detailed survey final NK adjusted \veij»ht Large First Processor 3.6260 1.0000 1.0000 3.6260 Small First Processor 7.2594 1.173 1 1.0513 8.9525 Large Further Processor 15.4460 1.0000 1.0000 15.4460 Small Further Processor 30.5816 1.0577 1.2162 39.3391 Very Small Further Processor 91.8232 1.1818 1.2500 135.6479 Re rule re r 5.5952 1.0526 1.0000 5.8897 As a first step in the benchmarking, EPA categorized facilities into groups using the facility meat type (red meat, poultry, or a mixture) and production type (first processing, further processing, first processing/further processing, first processing/rendering, further processing/rendering, first processing/further processing/rendering). In addition, EPA gathered independent renderers into one group. As a result of crossing three meat types by six different production types and adding rendering as a separate type, EPA obtained the following 19 possible types of facilities. 1. Red Meat Slaughter, 2. Red Meat Slaughter/Render, 3. Red Meat Processor, 4. Red Meat Processor/Render, 5. Red Meat Both, 6. Red Meat Both/Render, 7. Poultry Slaughter, 8. Poultry Slaughter/Render, B-16 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates 9. Poultry Processor, 10. Poultry Processor/Render, 11. Poultry Both, 12. Poultry Both/Render, 13. Mixed Meat Slaughter, 14. Mixed Meat Slaughter/Render, 15. Mixed Meat Processor, 16. Mixed Meat Processor/Render, 17. Mixed Meat Both, 18. Mixed Meat Both/Render, and 19. Renderer Only. EPA further split these facility types into non-small (or large) and small based on total production. Thus, EPA obtained a total of 38 possible groups of facilities. Within each of the 38 groups, EPA compared the estimated number of facilities using the short survey weights to the estimates using the detailed survey weights. Because the detailed questionnaire had data for only a few or no facilities within some groups, it was necessary to collapse some groups. Moreover, the adjustment factors were either too small or too large for some of the groups. Therefore, the 38 facility groups were collapsed to form 11 post-strata. To perform this step, EPA determined that it was appropriate to collapse certain production types and sizes within meat type. For example, two groups for non-small red meat slaughters and non-small red meat slaughter/render were collapsed into a single group. The criteria for collapsing were that the short survey sample count for the post-stratum (after collapsing) must be at least 10 and that for the detailed survey the sample count must be at least 5. Moreover, the adjustment factors must be between 0.4 (=1/2.5) and 2.5. The large variations in the post-stratification adjustment factors introduces large variations in the final (post-stratified) weights that results in increased variances. On the other hand, too much collapsing of cells would introduce bias. Therefore, the choice of lower and upper cut-off values for the adjustment factors was a trade-off between the bias and variance. EPA chose these lower and upper threshold values of adjustment factors because values larger B-17 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates than 0.4 for lower threshold and values smaller than 2.5 for upper threshold would have resulted in too much collapsing, and hence the risk of potential bias. For the final rule, the certainty cases were held out of the post-stratification step, so that the sum of the weights for the non-certainty detailed survey respondents were made to match the sum of the weights for the non-certainty short survey respondents. As a result, none of the weights are now less than 1.0. Within each of the 11 groups, we then benchmarked the detailed survey weights so that the national estimate of facilities using the detailed questionnaire database matched the national estimates based upon the short survey data. Because facilities from different sampling strata could be assigned to the same group, it is possible to have facilities with different survey weights within a particular group after collapsing. By collapsing these groups, we obtained information about facilities with similar characteristics, and improved precision for its national estimates based upon data available only from the detailed questionnaire (e.g., data about the wastewater treatment components). Table B-10 provides the number of facilities in the short survey database, the number of facilities in the detailed questionnaire database, and the national estimate of the number of facilities. Both the short survey and detailed survey provide the same national estimate of number of facilities for each of the 11 post-strata. Table B-10. Number of MPP Facilities Post-Stratum Number of Facilities Shortsurvey Respondents Detailed Survey Respondents National Estimate Non-small Red Meat Slaughter, Slaughter/Render, Processor, Processor/Render, Slaughter/Processor or Slaughter/Processor/Render 82 54 210 Small Red Meat Slaughter or Slaughter/Render 62 6 493 Small Red Meat Processor or Processor/Render 309 43 1873 Small Red Meat Slaughter/Processor or Slaughter/Processor/Render 122 16 1018 B-18 ------- Appendix B - Survey Design and Calculation of National Estimates Table B-10. Number of MPP Facilities (Continued) Post-Stratum Number of Facilities Shortsurvey Respondents Detailed Survey Respondents National Estimate Small Mixed Meat 340 18 1911 Non-small Poultry Slaughter or Poultry Slaughter/Render 79 27 170 Non-small Poultry Slaughter/Processor, Processor, or Processor/Render 75 35 175 Non-small Poultry Slaughter/Processor/ Render 10 9 28 Small Poultry Slaughter, Slaughter/Render, Slaughter/Processor, Slaughter/Processor/Render, Processor, or Processor/Render 50 6 327 Render Only 29 20 132 Note the national estimates presented in Table B-10 include all MPP facilities (e.g., direct dischargers, indirect dischargers, zero dischargers, and all facilities regardless of si/.e) and is not the same as the national estimate of number of regulated MPP facilities (e.g., direct dischargers above the category-specific production thresholds). National estimates and corresponding standard errors for the detailed survey are calculated using the methods described in Section B.5 for the short survey. B-19 ------- Appendix C 40 CFR Part 432 ------- Appendix ('. 40 CI R Par! 432 ------- Environmental Protection Agency Pt. 432 Galibrat ion verific at ion standard (V'KR): The midpoint calibration standard (('S3) that is used to verify calibration. See Table 1. Ghlorophenolics: collectively. the analytes listed in Table 1. GS1. GS2. ('S3. ("SI. GSii: See (Calibration standards and Table I. field blank: An aliquot of reagent water or other reference matrix that is placed in a sample container in the laboratory or the field, and treated as a sample in all respects, including exposure to sampling site condi t ions, storage, preservation, and all analyt ical procedures. The purpose of the field blank is to determine if the field or sample t ransport ing procedures and environment s have contaminated the sample. GG: Gas chromat ograph or gas c hroma t ography. IIRGG: High resolut ion GG. IPR: Initial precision and recovery: four aliquots of the diluted PAR standard ana lyzed to establish the ability to generate ac ceptable precision and ac c urac y. An IPR is performed prior to the first time this method is used and any time the method or instru inent at ion is modified. K I): Kuderna Danish concentrator: a de vice used to concentrate the analytes in a solvent. Laboratory blank: See Method blank. l aboratory control sample (I CS): See On going precision and recovery standard (OPR). laboratory reagent blank: See Method blank. May: This action, activity, or procedural step is neither required nor prohibited. May not: This action, activity, or proce dural step is prohibited. Method blank: An aliquot of reagent water that is trealed exac t ly as a sample inc luding exposure to all glassware, equipment, sol vents, reagents, internal standards, and sur rogates that are used with samples. The method blank is used to determine if analyt es or interferences are present in the laboratory environment, the reagents, or the apparat us. Minimum level (MI ): The level at which t he ent ire analyt ical system must give a rec ogni/able signal and acceptable calibration point for the analyte. It is equivalent to the concentration of the lowest calibration standard, assuming that all method specified sample weights, volumes, and cleanup proce dures have been employed. MS: Mass spectrometer or mass spec t rom et ry. Must: This action, activity, or procedural step is required. OPR: Ongoing precision and recovery standard (OPR); a laboratory blank spiked with known quant it ies of analyt es. The OPR is analyzed exact ly like a sample. Its purpose is to assure that the results produced by the laboratory remain within the limits spec i fied in this method for prec ision and recov ery. PAR: Precision and recovery standard: sec ondary standard that is diluted and spiked to form the IPR and OPR. Preparat ion blank: See Method blank. Primary dilution standard: A solution con taining the specified analyt es that is pur chased or prepared from stock solutions and diluted as needed to prepare c alibrat ion solu t ions and ot her so hit ions. Quality control check sample (QCS): A sample containing all or a subset of the analyt es at known concentrations. The QCS is obtained from a source external to the lab oratory or is prepared from a source of standards different from the source of cali brat ion standards. It is used to c hec k lahora tory performance with test materials pre pared external to the normal preparation prcx ess. Reagent water: Water demonstrated to be free from the analyt es of interest and poten tially interfering substances at the method del ect ion limit for t he analyt e. Relative standard deviation (RSI)): The standard deviation times 100 divided by the mean. RI': Response factor. See Sec tion 10.f>. 1. RR: Relat ive response. See Sect ion 10.1.1. RSI): See Relat ive st andard devTit ion. Should: This action, activity, or proce dural step is suggested but not required. Stock solution: A solution containing an analyte that is prepared using a reference material traceable to I,PA. the National In st itute of Science and Technology (XIS I ). or a source that will attest to the purity and aut bent ic it y of t he reference material. V'KR: See Calibrat ion verificat ion standard. PART 431 [RESERVED] PART 432—MEAT PRODUCTS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Subpart A—Simple Slaughterhouse Subcategory Sec . 132.10 Applicability: description of the sim pie slaughterhouse subcategory. 132.11 Specialized definit ions. 132 12 I Affluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduc t ion at tainable by t he applic at ion of t he best practicable control technology currently available. 132.13 [Reserved] 132.11 Pret real inent standards for exist ing sources. 132.If) Standards of performance for new sources. 132.1 (i Pret real inent standards for new sources. c-i ------- Pt. 432 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) 132.17 I;,ffluont limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart B—Complex Slaughterhouse Subcategory 132.20 Applicability: description of the coin plex slaughterhouse subcategory. 132.21 Specialized definit ions. 132.22 1 Affluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best practicable control technology currently standards for existing performance for new standards for new av 132.23 [Reserved] 132.21 Pret real ment sources. 132.2:") Standards of sources. -132.26 Pret real ment sources. 132.27 leffluent 132.11 Pret real inent standards for existi sources. 132,1:") St; of performance for new sources. 132,10 Pretreal inent standards for new sources. 132.17 leffluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart E—Small Processor Subcategory 132 t he at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart C—Low-Processing Packinghouse Subcategory 132.30 Applicability: description of the low- processing packinghouse subcategory. 132.31 Specialized definit ions. 132.32 leffluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best practicable control technology currently available. 132.33 [Reserved] 132.31 Pret real ment sources. 132.3:") Standards of sources. •132.30 Pret real ment sources. 132.37 leffluent 132 132 132 132 132 132 standards for existing performance for new standards for new at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart D—High-Processing Packinghouse Subcategory 132.10 Applicability: descript ion of the high processing packinghouse subcategory. 132.11 Specialized definit ions. 132.12 leffluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best practicable control technology currently :")0 Applicability: descript ion of small processor subcategory. :")1 Specialized definit ions. :")2 leffluent limitations guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best practicable control technology currently available. :")3 132-f) 1 [Reserved] :">:") Standards of performance for new sources. :")0 Pret real ment standards for new sources. :")7 leffluent limitations guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart F—Meat Cutter Subcategory 132.00 Applicability: descript ion of the meat cut ter subcategory. 132.01 Specialized definit ions. 132.02 leffluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best practicable control technology currently available. 132.03 leffluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best available t echnology economically achievable. 132.01 [Reserved] 132.0:") Standards of performance for new sources. 132.00 Pret real ment standards for new 132,13 [Reserved] sources. 132.07 leffluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart G—Sausage and Luncheon Meats Processor Subcategory 132-70 Applicability: description of the sau sage and lunc heon meat processor sub category. 132.71 Specialized definit ions. 132.72 leffluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduct ion C-2 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.11 at tamable by t ho applicat ion of t ho host practicable control technology currently available. 132.73 1 Affluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best available t eehnology economically achievable. 132.71 [Reserved! 132.7:") Standards of performance for new sources. 132.7(i Pretreal inent standards for new sources. 132.77 1 Affluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart H—Ham Processor Subcategory 132.80 Applicability: description of the ham processor subeat egory. 132.81 Specialized definit ions. 132.82 1 effluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best practicable control technology currently available. 132.83 1 effluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best available t eehnology economically achievable. 132.81 [Reserved] 132.8:") Standards of performance for new sources. -132.86 Pretreal inent standards for new sources. 132.87 1 effluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart I—Canned Meats Processor Subcategory 132.90 Applicability: description of the canned meats processor subcategory. 132.91 Specialized definit ions. 132.92 1 effluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best practicable control technology currently available. 132.93 1 effluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best available t eehnology economically achievable. 132.91 [Reserved] 132.9:") Standards of performance for new sources. -132.96 Pretreal ment standards for new sources. 132.97 1 effluent limit at ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollutant cont rol tech no logy. Subpart J—Renderer Subcategory 132.100 Applicability: deseript ion of the ren derer subeat egory. 132.101 Specialized definit ions. 132.102 leffluent limitat ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best practicable control technology currently available. 132.103 leffluent limitat ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best available t eehnology economically achievable. 132.101 [Reserved] 132.10:") Standards of performance for new sources. 132.106 Pret real ment standards for new sources. 132.107 leffluent limitat ions guidelines rep resent ing t he degree of effluent reduet ion at tainable by t he applicat ion of t he best convent ional pollut ion cont rol tech no logy. AtlHOKIIY: Sees. 301. 301 (b) and (c). 306 (b) and (c). and 307(c) of the federal Water Pol hit ion Control Ac t. as amended: 33 tJ.S.C. 1251. 1311. 1311 (b) and (c). 1316 (b) and (c). 1317(c): 86 Stat. 816 et seq.. Pub. I.. 92 500: 91 Stat. 1567. Pub. I.. 95 217. Sot"Kt K: 39 PR 7897. Feb. 28. 1971. unless ot herwise noted. Subpart A—Simple Slaughterhouse Subcategory $432.10 Applicability; description of the simple slaughterhouse sub- category. The provisions of this subpart arc ap plicable to discharges result ing from tlie product ion of red meat carcasses, in whole or part, by simple slaughter- houses. $432.11 Specialized definitions. for the purpose of this subpar t: (a) f.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 (T'R part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) Ihe term "slaughterhouse" shall mean a plant that slaughters animals and has as its main product fresh meat as whole, half or quarter carcasses or smaller- meat cut s. C-3 ------- §432.12 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) (c) The term "simple slaughter house" shall mean a slaughterhouse which accomplishes very limited by- product processing, if any, usually no more than two of such operations as rendering, paunch and viscera hail dling, blood processing, hide proc- essing, or hair processing. (d) The term "l.VVK" (live weight killed) shall mean the total weight of the total number of animals slaugh t ered during the time to which the ef fluent limitations apply; i.e., during any one day or any period of thirty consecut ive days. (e) The term "l .l.VVK" (equivalent live weight killed) shall mean the total weight of the total number of animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse or packinghouse, which animals provide hides, blood, viscera or renderable materials for processing at that slaughterhouse, in addition to those derived from animals slaughtered on site. (f) The term "oil and grease" shall mean those components of process waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," l()7l, I'.PA, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, page 217. $432.12 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HP I): (a) The following limitations estab lish the quantity <>t" quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to on site slaughter or subsequent meat, meat product or by product processing of carcasses of animals slaughtered on site, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best practicable control technology current ly available: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg LWK) BOD5 0 24 0 12 TSS 0 40 0 20 Oil and grease 0 12 0 06 Fecal coliform (') (') PH (') (') English units (pounds per 1.000 lb LWK) BOD5 0 24 0 12 TSS 0 40 0 20 Oil and grease 0 12 0 06 Fecal coliform (') (') PH (>) (>) 1 Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml -'Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 (b) The following limitations estab lish the quantity <>t" quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing (defleshing, washing and curing) of hides derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be dis charged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by §432.12(a): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 04 0 02 0 08 0 04 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 04 0 02 0 08 0 04 (c) The following limitations estab lish the quantity <>•" quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing of blood derived from ani mals slaughtered at locations other t hail the slaughterhouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to C-4 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.15 the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by §432.12(a): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 04 0 02 0 08 0 04 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 04 0 02 0 08 0 04 (d) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the wet or low temperature rendering of material derived from animals slaugli t ered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be dis charged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by §432.12(a): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 06 0 03 0 12 0 06 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 06 0 03 0 12 0 06 (e) The following limitations estab lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the dry rendering of material derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by §432.12(a): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 0 02 0 01 TSS 0 04 0 02 pH (') (') English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 0 02 0 01 TSS 0 04 0 02 pH (') (') 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 13!) IK 7X07. I'd). 28. 1071. as amended at <>() I k XiOlil. .June 20. 1005] $432.13 | Reserved | $432.14 Pretreatment standards for existing sources. Any existing source subject to this subpart that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 4(1 (T'R part 4(13. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a point source subject to the provisions of t his subpart. Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard pH No limitation BOD5 Do TSS Do Oil and grease Do Fecal coliform Do 110 I K ()1K). I'd). 11. 107:"). as amended at (i() I k ;i;i0(il. lime 20. 100f)| $432.15 Standards of performance for new sources. (a) I lie following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to on site slaughter or subsequent meat, meat product or by- product processing of carcasses of ani mals slaughtered on site which may be discharged by a new source subject to C-5 ------- §432.16 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) t lie provisions of t his subpart: the limi tat ions shall he as specified in ?}432.12(a). with the exception that in addition to the pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by that sub section, discharges of ammonia shall not exceed the limitations set forth below: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg LWK) Ammonia 0 34 0 1 7 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb LWK) Ammonia 0 34 0 1 7 (b) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity <>•" quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing of blood derived from animals slaughtered at lo cations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the discharge allowed by §§432.15(a) and 432.12(c): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 06 0 03 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 06 0 03 (c) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the wet or low tempera ture rendering of material derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than slaughterhouse, which may be dis charged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the discharge allowed by §§432.15(a) and 432.12(d): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 10 0 05 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 10 0 05 (d) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the dry rendering of material derived from animals slaugh t ered at locations other than the slaughterhouse which may be dis charged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the discharge allowed by §§432.15(a) and 432.12(e): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 04 0 02 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 04 0 02 13!) IK 7X07. I'd). 28. 137-1: 3!) I k 2G-123. .July 10. 1071| $432.16 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 4(1 (T'R part 403. |GO IK 330(5-1. .June 20. 1005] C-6 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.22 $432.17 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. F.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best conventional pollut ant control technology (HOT): The lim it at ions shall be the same as those specified for conventional pollutants (which are defined in §401.l(i) in §'132.12 of this subpart for the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT). |fil Ik 2fi()()l. .July !). l!)8(i| Subpart B—Complex Slaughterhouse Subcategory § 432.20 Applicability; description of the complex slaughterhouse sub- category. The provisions of this subpart are ap plicable to discharges resulting from the production of red meat carcasses, in whole or part, by complex slaughter houses. $432.21 Specialized definitions. For t he purpose of t his subpart: (a) F.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 OTP part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term "slaughterhouse" shall mean a plant that slaughters animals and has as its main product fresh meat as whole, half or quarter carcasses or smaller meat cut s. (c) The term "complex slaughter house" shall mean a slaughterhouse that accomplishes extensive by prod uct processing, usually at least t hree of such operat ions as rendering, paunch and viscera handling, blood processing, hide processing, or hair processing. (d) The term "FVVK" (live weight killed) shall mean the total weight of the total number of animals slaugh t ered during the time to which the ef fluent limitations apply; i.e., during any one day or any period of thirty consecut ive days. (e) The term "FI.VVK" (equivalent live weight killed) shall mean the total weight of the total number of animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse or packinghouse, which animals provide hides, blood, viscera or renderable materials for processing at that slaughterhouse, in addition to those derived from animals slaughtered on site. (f) The term "oil and grease" shall mean those components of process waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in "Methods for Ohemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," 1971, F.FA, Analytical Quality Oontrol l.aboratory, page 217. $432.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. F.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT): (a) The following limitations estab lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to on site slaughter or subsequent meat, meat product or by product processing of carcasses of animals slaughtered on site, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best practical control technology cur rent ly available: C-7 ------- §432.22 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg LWK) BOD5 0 42 0 21 TSS 050 0 25 Oil and grease 0 16 0 08 Fecal coliform (') (') PH P) P) English units (pounds per 1.000 lb LWK) BOD5 0 42 0 21 TSS 050 0 25 Oil and grease 0 16 0 08 Fecal coliform (') (') PH P) P) 1 Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml -'Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 (b) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity <>t" quality of' pollut ants of pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing (defleshing, washing and curing) of hides derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be dis charged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of t his sect ion: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 04 0 02 0 08 0 04 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 04 0 02 0 08 0 04 (c) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing of blood derived from ani mals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of t his sect ion: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 0 04 0 02 TSS 0 08 0 04 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 0 04 0 02 TSS 0 08 0 04 (d) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the wet or low temperature rendering of material derived from animals slaugh t ered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be dis charged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of t his sect ion: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 0 06 0 03 TSS 0 12 0 06 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 0 06 0 03 TSS 0 12 0 06 (e) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the dry rendering of material derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a): C-8 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.25 Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 02 0 01 0 04 0 02 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 02 0 01 0 04 0 02 13!) Ik 7X07. I'd). 28. 1071: 30 I k 2(il23. .July 10. 1071. as amended al 15 I k 8225-1. Her. 15. 1080: GO I k 330B-1. .June 20. 1005] $432.23 | Reserved | § 432.24 Pretreatment standards for existing sources. Any exist ing source subject to this subpart that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 C.I'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a point source subject to the provisions of t his subpart. Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard pH No limitation BOD5 Do TSS Do Oil and grease Do Fecal coliform Do 110 I k ()11(). I'd). 11. 1075. as amended at GO I k 330B5. .June 20. 1005] § 432.25 Standards of performance for new sources. (a) The following standards of per- formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to on site slaughter or subsequent meat, meat product or by- product processing of carcasses of ani tnals slaughtered on site which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart: The lim it at ions shall be as specified in §432.22(a), with the exception that in addition to the pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by that sub section, discharges of ammonia shall not exceed the limitations set forth below: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg LWK) Ammonia 0 48 0 24 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb LWK) Ammonia 0 48 0 24 (b) The following standards of per fonnance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attr ibutable to the processing of blood der ived from animals slaughtered at lo cations other- than the slaughterhouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the discharge allowed by paragraph (a) of this section and S432.22(c): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 06 0 03 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 06 0 03 (c) The following standards of per fonnance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the wet or low tempera ture rendering of material der ived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of this section and §432.22(d): C-9 ------- §432.26 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 10 0 05 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 10 0 05 (d) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of po lit it ant s or po lit it ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the dry rendering of material derived from animals slaugli t ered at locations other than the slaughterhouse, which may be dis charged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the discharge allowed by paragraph (a) of t his sect ion and § 432.22(e): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 04 0 02 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 04 0 02 13!) IK 7X07. I'd). 28. 1071: 30 I k 2G-123. .July 10. 1071| § 432.26 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 OI'R part 4(13. |GO I K :i:i0(if). .June 20. 1005] $432.27 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of ef'flu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best conventional pollut ant control technology (HOT): The lim it at ions shall be the same as those specified for conventional pollutants (which are defined in §401.Hi) in §432.22 of this subpart for the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT). 151 I K 25001. .July 0. 108(i| Subpart C—Low-Processing Packinghouse Subcategory § 432.30 Applicability; description of the low-processing packinghouse subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are ap plicable to discharges resulting from the production of red meat carcasses in whole or part, by low processing pack inghouses. $432.31 Specialized definitions. 1 or t he purpose of t his subpart: (a) I'.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 0.1 R part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term "packinghouse" shall mean a plant that both slaughters ani mals and subsequent ly processes car casses into cured, smoked, canned or ot her prepared meat products. (c) The term "low processing pack inghouse" shall mean a packinghouse that processes no more than the total animals killed at that plant, normally processing less than the total kill. (d) The term "l.VVK" (live weight killed) shall mean the total weight of the total number of animals slaugli t ered during the time to which the ef fluent limitations apply; i.e., during any one day or any period of thirty consecut ive days. (e) The term "1 .l.VVK" (equivalent live weight killed) shall mean the total C-10 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.32 weight of the total number of animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse or packinghouse, which animals provide hides, blood, viscera or renderable materials for processing at that slaughterhouse, in addition to those derived from animals slaughtered on site. (f) The term "oil and grease" shall mean those components of process waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," 1971, I'.PA, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, page 217. $432.32 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. L.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HP I): (a) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to on site slaughter or subsequent meat, meat product or byproduct, processing of carcasses of animals slaughtered on site, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best practicable control technology current ly available: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg LWK) BOD5 0 34 0 1 7 TSS 0 48 0 24 Oil and grease 0 16 0 08 Fecal coliform (') (') PH P) P) English units (pounds per 1.000 lb LWK) BOD5 0 34 0 1 7 TSS 0 48 0 24 Oil and grease 0 16 0 08 Fecal coliform (') (') PH P) P) 1 Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml -'Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 (b) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing (defleshing, washing and curing) of hides derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the packinghouse, which may be dis charged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of t his sect ion: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 0 04 0 02 TSS 0 08 0 04 (c) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing of blood derived from ani mals slaughtered at locations other than the packinghouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to C-ll ------- §432.33 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of t his sect ion: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 04 0 02 0 08 0 04 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 04 0 02 0 08 0 04 (d) The following limitations estab lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the wet or low temperature rendering of material derived from animals slaugh t ered at locations other than the pack inghouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the dis charge allowed by paragraph (a) of this sect ion: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 06 0 03 0 12 0 06 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 06 0 03 0 12 0 06 (e) The following limitations estab lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the dry rendering of material derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the packinghouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of t his sect ion: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 0 02 0 01 TSS 0 04 0 02 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 0 02 0 01 TSS 0 04 0 02 13!) I K 7X07. I'd). 28. 137-1. as amended at (ill I k .June 20. 1005] $432.33 | Reserved | § 432.34 Pretreatment standards for existing sources. Any existing source subject to this subpart that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with '1(1 (T'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a point source subject to the provisions of t his subpart. Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard pH No limitation BOD5 Do TSS Do Oil and grease Do Fecal coliform Do 110 I K ()H7. I'd). 11. 107:"). as amended at (i() I k ;«0(if). lime 20. 100f>] § 432.35 Standards of performance for new sources. (a) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to on site slaughter or subsequent meat, meat product or by- product processing of carcasses of ani mals slaughtered on site which may be discharged by a new source subject to t he provisions of t his subpart: The lim it at ions shall be as specified in S432.32(a), with the exception that in C-12 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.36 addition to t lie pollutants of pollutant properties controlled by that sub section, discharges of ammonia shall not exceed the limitations set forth below: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg LWK) Ammonia 0 48 0 24 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb LWK) Ammonia 0 48 0 24 (b) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity <>r quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing of blood derived from animals slaughtered at lo cations other than the packinghouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the discharge allowed by paragraph (a) of this section and tj432.32(c): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 06 0 03 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 10 06 0 03 (c) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the wet or low tempera ture rendering of material derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the packinghouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of this section and tj432.32(a). Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 10 0 05 ENT A= 01 -'English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 10 0 05 (d) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the dry rendering of material derived from animals slaugh t ered at locations other than the pack inghouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the dis charge allowed by paragraph (a) of this sect ion and §432.32(e): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 04 0 02 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 04 0 02 13!) I K 7X07. I'd). 28. 1071: 30 I k 2G-123. .July 10. 1071| § 432.36 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 4(1 (T'R part 4(13. |GO I K :i:i0<>fi. .June 20. 1005] C-13 ------- §432.37 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) $432.37 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. F.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best conventional pollut ant control technology (HOT): The lim it at ions shall be the same as those specified for conventional pollutants (which are defined in §401.l(i) in §432.32 of this subpart for the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT). |fil Ik 2fi()()l. .July !). l!)8(i| Subpart D—High-Processing Packinghouse Subcategory § 432.40 Applicability; description of the hign-processing packinghouse subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are ap plicable to discharges resulting from the production of red meat carcasses, in whole or part, by high processing packinghouses. $432.41 Specialized definitions. For t he purpose of t his subpart: (a) F.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 OTP part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term "packinghouse" shall mean a plant that both slaughters ani mals and subsequent ly processes car casses into cured, smoked, canned or ot her prepared meat products. (c) The term "high processing pack inghouse" shall mean a packinghouse which processes both animals slaugh t ered at the site and additional car casses from outside sources. (d) The term "I.VVK" (live weight killed) shall mean the total weight of the total number of animals slaugh t ered during the time to which the ef fluent limitations apply; i.e., during any one day or any period of thirty consecut ive days. (e) The term "FI.WK" (equipment live weight killed) shall mean the total weight of the total number of animals slaughtered at locations other than the slaughterhouse or packinghouse, which animals provide hides, blood, viscera or renderable materials for processing at that slaughterhouse, in addition to those derived from animals slaughtered on site. (f) The term "oil and grease" shall mean those components of process waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in "Methods for Ohemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," 1971, F.FA, Analytical Quality Oontrol l.aboratory, page 217. $432.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. F.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT): (a) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality of pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to on site slaughter or subsequent meat, meat product or byproduct processing of carcasses of animals slaughtered on site, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best practicable control technology current ly available: C-14 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.42 Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg LWK) BOD5+ 0 48 0 24 TSS+ 0 62 0 31 Oil and grease 026 0 13 Fecal coliform (') (') PH (') (') English units (pounds per 1.000 lb LWK) BOD5+ 0 48 0 24 TSS+ 0 62 0 31 Oil and grease 026 0 13 Fecal coliform (') (') PH (>) (>) 1 Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml -'Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 ~ The values for B()I)5 and suspended solids are for average plants, i.e.. plants with a ratio of average weight of processed meat products to average I.YVK of ().:*>:*>. Adjust inents can be made for high processing pack ing houses at other ratios according to the following equal ions: kg BOD5/1000 kg I .VVK 0.21 t 0.23 (v 0,1) kg SS/1000 kg I VVK 0.28 t 0.30 (v 0,1) where v kg processed meat products; kg I .VVK. (b) The following limitations estab lish the quantity or quality of po 1 Hit ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing (defleshing, washing and curing) of hides derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the packinghouse, which may be dis charged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of t his sect ion: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 0 04 0 02 TSS 0 08 0 04 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 0 04 0 02 TSS 0 08 0 04 (c) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity <>t" quality of' pollut ants of pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing of' blood derived from ani tnals slaughtered at locations other than the packinghouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of' this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of't his sect ion: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 0 04 0 02 TSS 0 08 0 04 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 0 04 0 02 TSS 0 08 0 04 (d) The following limitations estab lish the quantity or quality of' pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the wet or low temperature rendering of material derived from animals slaugh t ered at locations other than the pack inghouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of' this subpart, in addition to the dis charge allowed by paragraph (a) of'this sect ion: C-15 ------- §432.43 Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 06 0 03 0 12 0 06 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 06 0 03 0 12 0 06 (e) The following limitations est ah lish the quantity or quality <>'" pollut ants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to the dry rendering of material derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the packinghouse, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of t his sect ion: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 02 0 01 0 04 0 02 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) BOD5 TSS 0 02 0 01 0 04 0 02 13!) IK 7X07. I'd). 28. 137-1. as amended at (ill I k .June 20. 1005] $432.43 | Reserved | § 432.44 Pretreatment standards for existing sources. Any existing source subject to this subpart that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 (T'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) publicly owned treatment works by a point source subject to the provisions of t his subpart. Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard pH No limitation BOD5 Do TSS Do Oil and grease Do Fecal coliform Do 110 I K ()H7. I'd). 11. 107:"). as amended at (i() I k XiOlif). .June 20. 100f>] § 432.45 Standards of performance for new sources. (a) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to on site slaughter or subsequent meat, meat product or by- product processing or carcasses of ani mals slaughtered onsite which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart: The lim it at ions shall be as specified in §432.42(a), with the exception that in addition to the pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by that sub section, discharges of ammonia shall not exceed the limitations set forth below: Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg LWK) Ammonia 0 80 0 40 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb LWK) Ammonia 0 80 0 40 (b) The following standards of per formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the processing of blood derived from animals slaughtered at lo cations other than the packinghouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the discharge allowed by paragraph (a) of this section and §432.42(c): C-16 ------- Environmental Protection Agency Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 06 0 03 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 06 0 03 (c) The following standards of per- formance establish the quantity <>r quality of pollut ant s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the wet or low tempera ture rendering of material derived from animals slaughtered at locations other than the packinghouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addi t ion to the discharge allowed by para graph (a) of this section and §423.42(d): Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 10 0 05 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 10 0 05 (d) The following standards of per- formance establish the quantity or quality of pollut arrt s or pollut ant prop ert ies, controlled by this section and attributable to the dry rendering of material derived from animals slaugh t ered at locations other- than the pack inghouse, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart, in addition to the dis charge allowed by paragraph (a) of this sect ion and §432.42(e): §432.50 Effluent limitations Effluent characteristic Average of daily Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg ELWK) Ammonia 0 04 0 02 English units (pounds per 1.000 lb ELWK) Ammonia 0 04 0 02 13!) I'K 7X07. I'd). 28. 137-1: 3!) I k 2G-123. .July 10. 1071| § 432.46 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water- pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 4(1 OI'R part 403. |GO I'K 330(ifi. June 20. 1005] $432.47 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any exist ing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best conventional pollut ant control technology (HOT): The lim it at ions shall be the same as those specified for conventional pollutants (which are defined in §401.Hi) in §432.42 of this subpart for the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT). 151 I'K 25001. .July 0. 108(i| Subpart E—Small Processor Subcategory Sol kt K: 10 I'K 005. .Jan. 3. 1075. unless olh erwise noled. § 432.50 Applicability; description of the small processor subcategory. The provisions of this subpar t are ap plicable to discharges resulting from C-17 ------- §432.51 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) the production of finished meat prod nets such as fresh meat cuts, smoked products, canned products, hams, sail sages, luncheon meats, or similar prod ucts by a small processor. $432.51 Specialized definitions. 1 or t he purpose of t his subpart: (a) l.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 (T'R part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term "small processor" shall mean an operation that produces up to 2730 kg ((>000 lb) per day of any type or combinat ion of finished products. (c) The term "finished product" shall mean the final manufactured product as fresh meat cuts, hams, bacon or other smoked meats, sausage, luncheon meats, stew, canned meats or related product s. $432.52 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. l.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HP I): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 20 10 TSS 2 4 12 Oil and grease 10 05 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 20 10 TSS 24 12 Oil and grease 10 05 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 No limitation |1() I k nor., Jan. 3. 137:"., as amended at (i() I k .June 20. l!)!)f.| §§ 432.53—432.54 | Reserved | § 432.55 Standards of performance for new sources. The following standards of perform ance establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a new source subject t o t he provisions of t his subpart: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 10 05 TSS 12 06 Oil and grease 0 5 0 25 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 10 05 TSS 12 06 Oil and grease 0 5 0 25 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 No limitation § 432.56 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 (T'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a new source subject to the provisions of t his subpart: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation TSS Do Oil and grease Do pH Do Fecal coliform Do [10 I'k !)0fi. Ian. 3. 137:"., as amended at (i() I'k June 20. 1005] C-18 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.63 $432.57 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. F.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, the following limit a t ions establish the quantity <>•" quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best conventional pollutant control technology: Effluent limitations Average of daily values Effluent characteristic Maximum for 30 con- for any 1 secutive day days shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 1 0 05 TSS 1 2 06 Oil and grease 05 0 25 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) BOD5 1 0 05 TSS 1 2 06 Oil and grease 05 0 25 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 No limitation |fil I k 2fi()()l. .July !). l!)8(i| Subpart F—Meat Cutter Subcategory Sol kt K: 10 I R 90(). .Ian. 3. 197:"). unless oth erwise noted. § 432.60 Applicability; description of the meat cutter subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are ap plicable to discharges resulting from the fabrication or manufacture of fresh meat cuts such as steaks, roasts, chops, etc. by a meat cutter. $432.61 Specialized definitions. For t he purpose of t his subpart: (a) F.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 (TP part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term "meat cutter" shall mean an operation which fabricates, cuts, or otherwise produces fresh meat cuts and related finished products from livestock carcasses, at rates greater than 2730 kg ((>000 lb) per day. (c) The term "finished product" shall mean the final manufactured product as fresh meat cuts including, but not limited to, steaks, roasts, chops, or boneless meat s. $432.62 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. F.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 0 036 0018 TSS 0 044 0 022 Oil and grease 0012 0 000 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 0 036 0018 TSS 10 044 0 022 Oil and grease 0012 0 006 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml [ 10 I R 9()(i. .Ian. 3. 197:"), as amended at (i() I R 33f)()fi. .June 29. 19951 $432.63 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best available tech- nology economically achievable. The following limitations establish t he quant ity or qua lit y of pollut ant s or pollutant properties, controlled by this sect ion, which may be discharged by a C-19 ------- §432.64 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best available technology economically achievable: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Milligrams per liter—effluent Ammonia 8 0 mg/l 4 0 1 11 I k 507-18. Aug- 20. $432.64 | Reserved | § 432.65 Standards of performance for new sources. The following standards of perform ance establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a new source subject t o t he provisions of t his subpart: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 0 036 0018 TSS 0 044 0 022 Oil and grease 0012 0 006 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms (') (') English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 0 030 0015 TSS 0 036 0018 Oil and grease 0012 0 006 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms (>) (>) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml § 432.66 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with '1(1 (T'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a new source subject to the provisions of t his subpart: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation TSS Do Oil and grease Do pH Do Fecal coliform Do 110 I K 00(i. .Ian. 3. 1075. as amended at ()0 I K ;i;i0(if). .June 20. 1005] $432.67 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of ef'flu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best conventional pollut ant control technology (MOT): I lie lim it at ions shall be the same as those specified for conventional pollutants (which are defined in §401.l(i) in §'132.(!2 of this subpart for the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT). |51 I K 25001. Inly 0. 108(i| Subpart G—Sausage and Lunch- eon Meats Processor Sub- category Sol kt K: 10 I K 007. .Ian. 3. 1075. unless oth erwise noted. S 432.70 Applicability; description of the sausage and luncheon meat processor subcategory. I lie provisions of this subpart are ap plicable to discharges resulting from the manufacture of fresh meat cuts, sausage, bologna, and other luncheon meats by a sausage and luncheon meat processor. $432.71 Specialized definitions. For the purpose of this subpart: (a) I'.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 (T'R part 401 shall apply to this subpart. C-20 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.75 (b) The term "sausage and luncheon meat processor" shall mean an oper at ion which cuts fresh meats, grinds, mixes, seasons, smokes or otherwise produces finished products such as sail sage, bologna and luncheon meats at rates greater than 2730 kg ((i()()() lb) per day. (c) The term "finished product" shall mean the final manufactured product as fresh meat cuts including steaks, roasts, chops or boneless meat, bacon or other smoked meats (except hams) such as sausage, bologna or other luncheon meats, or related products (except canned meats). $432.72 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HP I): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 0 56 0 28 TSS 0 68 0 34 Oil and grease 020 0 10 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 0 56 0 28 TSS 0 68 0 34 Oil and grease 020 0 10 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml |1() I k 007. Jan. 3. 1075. as amended at (iO I k :i:i0()(i. .June 20. 100f)| $432.73 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best available tech- nology economically achievable. The following limitations establish t he quant ity or qua lit y of po lit it ant s or pollutant properties, controlled by this sect ion, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best available technology economically achievable: [Milligrams per liter—effluent] Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristics Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Ammonia 80 mg/l 4 0 |11 Ik 50718. Aug. 20. 1070] S 432.74 | Reserved | S 432.75 Standards of performance for new sources. The following standards of perform ance establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a new sources subject t o t he provisions of t his subpart: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 0 56 0 28 TSS 0 68 0 34 Oil and grease 020 0 10 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 0 48 0 24 TSS 0 58 0 29 Oil and grease 020 0 10 pH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml C-21 ------- §432.76 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) S 432.76 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 C.l'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of' pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a new source subject to the provisions of t his subpart: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation TSS Do Oil and grease Do pH Do Fecal coliform Do |1() Ik 007. Jan. 3. 1075. as amended at (iO I H :i:i0()(i. .June 20. 100f)| $432.77 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best conventional pollut ant control technology (MOT): The lim it at ions shall be the same as those specified for conventional pollutants (which are defined in §401.Hi) in §432.72 of this subpart for the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT). |fil I k 25001. .July 0. 108(i| Subpart H—Ham Processor Subcategory Sol kt K: 10 I R 008. .Ian. 3. 107:"). unless oth erwise noted. § 432.80 Applicability; description of the ham processor subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are ap plicable to discharges resulting from the manufacture of hams alone or in combination with other finished prod ucts by a ham processor. $432.81 Specialized definitions. For t he purpose of t his subpart: (a) I'.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 (T'R part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term "ham processor" shall mean an operation which manufactures hams alone or in combination with other finished products at rates greater than 2730 kg ((iOOO lb) per day. (c) The term "finished products" shall mean the final manufactured product as fresh meat cuts including steaks, roasts, chops or boneless meat, smoked or cured hams, bacon or other smoked meats, sausage, bologna or other luncheon meats (except canned meat s). $432.82 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 0 62 0 31 TSS 0 74 0 37 Oil and grease 0 22 0 11 pH (') (') Fecal coliform P) P) English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 0 62 0 31 TSS 0 74 0 37 Oil and grease 0 22 0 11 pH (') (') Fecal coliform P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml |10 I k 008. .Jan. 3. 1075. as amended at (iO I k :i:i0()(i. June 20. 1005] C-22 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.90 $432.83 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best available tech- nology economically achievable. The following limitations establish t he quant ity or qua lit y of" po lit it ant s or pollutant properties, controlled by this sect ion, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of" this subpart after application of" the best available technology economically achievable: [Milligrams per liter—effluent] Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Ammonia 8 0 mg/l 4 0 1 11 I k 507-18. Aug. 20. $432.84 | Reserved | § 432.85 Standards of performance for new sources. The following standards of" perform ance establish the quantity or quality of" pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a new source subject t o t he provisions of" t his subpart: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 0 62 0 31 TSS 0 74 0 37 Oil and grease 0 22 0 11 pH (') (') Fecal coliform (') (') English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 0 62 0 31 TSS 0 74 0 37 Oil and grease 0 22 0 11 pH (') (') Fecal coliform (>) (>) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml § 432.86 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with '1(1 OI'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of" pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a new source subject to the provisions of" t his subpart: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation TSS Do Oil and grease Do pH Do Fecal coliform Do [10 I k 008. Jan. 3. 1075. as amended at (iO I k :i:i0()(i. .June 20. 1005] $432.87 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of" ef'f'lu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of" the best conventional pollut ant control technology (U(-T): I lie lim it at ions shall be the same as those specified for conventional pollutants (which are defined in §'101. Hi) in §'132.82 of" this subpart for the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT). 151 I k 25001. .July 0. 108(i| Subpart I—Canned Meats Processor Subcategory Sol kt K: 10 I k 000. .Ian. 3. 1075. unless otli erwise noted. § 432.90 Applicability; description of the canned meats processor sub- category. I lie provisions of'this subpart are ap plicable to discharges resulting from the manufacture of" canned meats alone C-23 ------- §432.91 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) or in combination witli any other fin ished products, by a canned meats processor. $432.91 Specialized definitions. For t lie purpose of t his subpart: (a) l.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 C.I'R part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) llie term "canned meat proc- essor" shall mean an operation which prepares and cans meats (such as stew, sandwich spreads, or similar products) alone or in combination with other fin ished products at rates greater than 273(1 kg ((>000 lb.) per day. (c) llie term "finished products" shall mean the final manufactured product as fresh meat cuts including steaks, roasts, chops or boneless meat, hams, bacon or other smoked meats, sausage, bologna or other luncheon meats, stews, sandwich spreads or ot her canned meat s. $432.92 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best practicable control technology currently available. l.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best practicable control technology currently available (HP I): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 0 74 0 37 TSS 0 90 0 45 Oil and grease 026 0 12 pH (') (') Fecal coliform P) P) English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 0 74 0 37 TSS 0 90 0 45 Oil and grease 026 0 13 pH (') (') Fecal coliform P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml [ 10 I k 000. Jan. 3. 1075. as amended at (iO I k :i:i0()(i. .June 20. 100f)| $432.93 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best available tech- nology economically achievable. llie following limitations establish t he quant ity or qua lit y of po lit it ant s or pollutant properties, controlled by this sect ion, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best available technology economically achievable: [Milligrams per liter—effluent] Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Ammonia 8 0 mg/l 4 0 111 I'k 50718. Aug. 20. 1070] $432.94 | Reserved | $ 432.95 Standards of performance for new sources. llie following standards of perform ance establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a new source subject t o t he provisions of t his subpart: C-24 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.101 Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of finished product) BOD5 0 74 0 37 TSS 0 90 0 45 Oil and grease 026 0 13 pH (') (') Fecal coliform (') (') English units (lb/1.000 lb of finished product) BOD5 0 74 0 37 TSS 0 90 0 45 Oil and grease 026 0 13 pH (') (') Fecal coliform (>) (>) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml § 432.96 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 C.l'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of' pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a new source subject to the provisions of t his subpart: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation TSS Do Oil and grease Do pH Do Fecal coliform Do |1() Ik 000. Jan. 3. 1075. as amended at (ill I H :i:i0()(i. .June 20. 100f)| $432.97 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the applica- tion of the best conventional pollut- ant control technology. I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limita t ions representing the degree of efflu ent reduction attainable by the appli cation of the best conventional pollut ant control technology (HOT): The lim it at ions shall be the same as those specified for conventional pollutants (which are defined in §401.Hi) in §432.92 of this subpart for the best practicable control technology currently available (HPT). |fil I k 2fi()()l. .July 0. 108(i| Subpart J—Renderer Subcategory Sol kt K: 10 I R 010. .Ian. 3. 107:"). unless oth erwise noted. S 432.100 Applicability; description of the renderer subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are ap plicable to discharges resulting from the manufacture of meat meal, dried animal byproduct residues (tankage), animal oils, grease and tallow, perhaps including hide curing, by a renderer. $432,101 Specialized definitions. For the purpose of this subpart: (a) I'.xcept as provided below, the gen eral definitions, abbreviations and methods of analysis set forth in 40 OFR part 401 shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term "renderer" shall mean an independent or off site rendering op eration, conducted separate from a slaughterhouse, packinghouse or poul try dressing or processing plant, which manufactures at rates greater than 75,000 pounds of raw material per day of meat meal, tankage, animal fats or oils, grease, and tallow, and may cure cattle hides, but excluding marine oils, fish meal, and fish oils. (c) The term "tankage" shall mean dried animal by product residues used in feedstuff's. (d) The term "tallow" shall mean a product made from beef' cat t le or sheep fat that has a melting point of'40 0. or great er. (e) The term "raw material" or as ab breviated herein, "RM", shall mean the basic input materials to a renderer composed of' animal and poultry trim tilings, bones, meat scraps, dead ani mals, feathers and related usable by- product s. C-25 ------- §432.102 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) $432,102 Effluent limitations guide- lines representing the degree of ef- fluent reduction attainame by the application of the best practicable control technology currently avail- able. (a) I'.xcept as provided in §§125.30 through 125.32, and subject to the pro visions of paragraph (b) of this sect ion, any existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best prac- ticable control technology currently available (HP I ): Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) BOD5 034 0 17 TSS 0 42 0 21 Oil and grease 0 20 0 10 pH (') (') Fecal coliform (') (') English units (lb/1.000 lb of raw material) BOD5 034 0 17 TSS 0 42 0 21 Oil and grease 0 20 0 10 pH (') (') Fecal coliform (>) (>) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml (b) The limitations given in para graph (a) of this section for BOD5 and TSS are derived for a renderer which does no cattle hide curing as part of the plant activities. If a renderer does conduct hide curing, the following em pirical formulas should be used to tie rive an additive adjustment to the ef fluent limitations for BOD5 and I SS. BOD5 Adjust meat (kg/kkg KM) |8.0 x (nuni bel of hides) / kg of raw material] (lb/1.000 11) KM) |17.(> x (number of hides) /lbs of raw material] TSS Adjust meat (kg/kkg KM) [11.0 x (mini bel of hides)/kg of I aw material] (lb/1.000 lb KM) |21.2 x (number of hides)/lbs of raw material! 110 I K 010. Ian. 3. 1075: 10 I K 11871. Mar. I t. 137:"., as amended at (iO I K MOM. .June 20. 1!)!):".| $432,103 Effluent limitations guide- lines representing the degree of ef- fluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achiev- able. The following limitations establish t he quant ity or qua lit y of pollut ant s or pollutant properties, controlled by this sect ion, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best available technology economically achievable: Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristic Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Ammonia 0 14 0 07 English units (lb/1.000 lb of raw material) Ammonia 0 14 0 07 1 11 I K 507-18. Aug. 20. 1979] $432,104 | Reserved | $432,105 Standards of performance for new sources. (a) Subject to the provisions of para graph (b) of this section, the following standards of performance establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this sect ion, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of t his subpart: C-26 ------- Environmental Protection Agency §432.107 Effluent limitations Average of daily Effluent characteristics Maximum values for 30 for any 1 consecutive days day shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kilograms per 1.000 kg of raw material) BOD5 0 18 0 09 TSS 22 11 Oil and grease 10 05 Ammonia 14 07 PH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) English units (pounds per 1.000 lb of raw material) BOD5 0 18 0 09 TSS 22 11 Oil and grease 10 05 Ammonia 14 07 PH (') (') Fecal coliforms P) P) 1 Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 -'Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml (b) The standards given in paragraph (a) of this section for BOD5 and TSS are derived for a renderer which does no cattle hide curing as part of the plant activities. If a renderer does con duct hide curing, the following empir ical formulas should he used to derive an additive adjustment to the stand ards for B()D5and I SS. BOD5 adjust meat (kilograms per 1.000 kg of raw material) 8.0x(number of hides)/kilo grams of raw material (pounds per 1.000 lb of raw material) 17.()x(numl>er of hides)/ pounds of raw mat el ial TSS adjustment (kilograms per 1.000 kg of raw material) 11.0 x (number of hides)/ kilograms of raw material (pounds per 1.000 lb of raw material) 21.2 x (number of hides)/pounds of raw material 112 IK f>441<). Oct. (i. 1077] S 432.106 Pretreatment standards for new sources. Any new source subject to this sub part that introduces process waste water pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 (T'R part 403. In addition, the following pretreatment standard establishes the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties controlled by this section which may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works by a new source subject to the provisions of t his subpart: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation TSS Do Oil and grease Do PH Do Fecal coliform Do 140 I'K 010. Ian. 3. 107:"). as amended at (iO I'K :i:«K)(i. .June 20. 100f>| $432,107 Effluent limitations guide- lines representing the degree of ef- fluent reduction attainame by the application of the best conventional pollution control technology. (a) l.xcept as provided in SS 125.30 through 125.32, and subject to the pro visions of paragraph (b) of this sect ion, the following limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this sect ion, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after application of the best conventional pollutant control t echnology: Effluent limitations Average of daily values Effluent characteristic Maximum for 30 con- for any 1 secutive day days shall not ex- ceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) BOD5 0 18 0 09 TSS 0 22 0 11 Oil and grease 0 10 0 05 Fecal coliforms (') (') PH P) P) BOD5 0 18 0 09 TSS 0 22 0 11 Oil and grease 0 10 0 05 Fecal coliforms (') (') PH P) P) 1 Maximum at any time 400 mpn/100 ml -'Within the range 6 0 to 9 0 (b) llie limitations given in para graph (a) of this section for BOD5 and TSS are derived for a renderer which does no cattle hide curing as part of the plant activities. If a renderer does conduct hide curing, the following em pirical formulas should be used to tie rive an additive adjustment to the ef fluent limitations for BOD5 and TSS. BOD5 Adjust ment (kg/kkgKM) 3.li x (iniin ber of ilides)/kg of raw material (lb/1.000 lb C-27 ------- § 432.107 40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-03 Edition) KM) 7.9 x (number of bides)/Ibs of raw material ISS Adjustment (k«/kk« KM) (>.2x(number of bides)/k« of raw material (lb/1.000 lb KM) 13.(j x (number of hides)/lbs of raw mate rial |:")1 I K 25001. July 9. 1986) C-28 ------- |