&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4604
EPA 812-B-94-003
April 1994
Sampling for Lead in
Drinking Water in
Nursery Schools and
Day Care Facilities
Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Oil Ba.sed Inks on 100% Recycled Paper (50% Postconsumer) • Please recycle as newsprint
-------
-------
Purpose of This Booklet
This booklet provides simple, step-by-step
instructions for sampling drinking water for lead and for
selecting remedies when contamination problems are found.
The document is intended to assist owners and operators of
small nursery schools and day care facilities. Exposure to
lead is a significant health concern, especially for young
children and infants whose growing bodies tend to absorb
more lead than the average adult.
Lead generally gets into drinking water through contact with
plumbing materials containing lead. The longer water
remains in contact with leaded-plumbing, the more the
opportunity exists for lead to leach or dissolve into water.
Buildings with on again/off again water use patterns, such
as day care centers and nursery schools, may be more
susceptible to elevated lead concentrations. Water may sit
in the pipes of these facilities for significant periods, such as
overnight and during weekends, and thus enable more lead
to leach into the water.
Even though water delivered from your community's public
water supply must meet Federal and State standards for
lead, you may still end up with too much lead in your
drinking water because of the plumbing in your facility and
because of your facility's water use patterns. The only way
to be certain that lead is not a problem in your nursery
school or day care center is to test various drinking water
outlets (fountains, faucets, and coolers) for the substance.
If problems are found, they can then be corrected.
This booklet provides advice on how you might proceed to
test for lead and implement remedies if problems are found.
If you rent your facility, inform the building owner of your
plans to conduct testing and solicit his cooperation in
correcting any lead problems identified.
If you own or direct a large nursery school
or day care facility, or if you plan to test all of your
drinking water outlets yourself, you should obtain a
copy of Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and Non-
Residential Buildings. This U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) publication contains:
• Information on the causes and effects of lead
in drinking water.
• Step-by-step instructions for sampling water
for lead.
* Advice on short- and long-term solutions to
lead problems.
-------
Background Information
Health Effects of Lead:
Why You Should Be Concerned
Lead is a toxic metal that can be harmful to human
health when ingested or inhaled. Unlike most other
contaminants, lead is stored in our bones and is later
released into our bloodstreams. As a result, even small
doses can accumulate and become significant. The groups
most vulnerable to lead include fetuses and young children.
Pregnant Women and Fetuses: Accumulated lead stored in
mothers may damage a child before it is born, causing a
lower birth weight and slowing down normal physical and
mental development. Recently published studies suggest
that even low levels in a mother may later affect an infant's
mental performance.
Young Children: Young children, especially those under
the age of six, process lead differently than adults. Their
growing bodies tend to absorb and withhold more lead,
putting them at higher risk of lead contamination. Even at
low levels of lead exposure, children may experience lower
IQ levels, impaired hearing, reduced attention span, and
poor classroom performance. At high levels, lead can
seriously damage the brain.
Middle-aged Men and Women: Some recent studies have
found an association between blood-lead levels and slight
increases in blood pressure among adults. The relationship is
more marked in middle-aged men but is also significant for
middle-aged women. It remains to be determined whether
lead-related increases in blood pressure are significantly
connected to more serious cardiovascular diseases.
The degree of harm from lead exposure depends on a
number of factors including the frequency, duration, and
dose of the exposure and individual susceptibility factors,
such as age, previous exposure history, and nutrition and'
health. In addition, the degree of harm depends on one's
total exposure to lead from all sources in the
environment-air, soil, dust, food, and water. Lead in
drinking water can be a significant contributor to overall
exposure to lead, particularly for infants whose diet consists
of liquids made with water, such as baby food formula
How Lead Gets into Drinking Water
Drinking water before treatment, whether it comes
from underground or from a surface source such as a lake
or reservoir, contains little if any lead. Lead usually gets
into drinking water after it leaves the local treatment plant
or private well and comes into contact with plumbing
materials in individual homes and businesses that contain
lead. The physical/chemical interaction that occurs between
the water and plumbing is known as "corrosion."
Some interior pipes, soldered piping joints, faucets, valves,
and fittings are the primary contributors of lead to drinking
water. Sediment trapped in some pipes and fixtures may
also contribute lead to drinking water. Water coolers
manufactured before 1988 may contain lead parts or lead-
lined water storage tanks and contribute excessive levels of
lead to drinking water. Pictures of some common drinking
water outlets are shown in Exhibit 1.
The critical issue is that even though your public water supplier
may send you water that meets all Federal and State public
health standards for lead, you may still end up with too much
lead in your drinking water because of the plumbing in your
nursery school or day care center. That is why testing your
drinking water outlets for lead is so important.
-------
Background Information
Connecting
Plp«
Water Cooler
Connecting np«
SoM*rJota1
Bubbler
Sources of Lead in
Drinking Water
Common sources of lead in
drinking water include;
• solder
• fluxes
• pipes and pipe fittings
• fixtures (e.g., brass faucets
containing alloys of lead)
• sediments
Faucet (Tap)
Exhibit 1. Common Drinking Water Outlets
-------
Background Information
Factors Contributing to Corrosion
What causes lead to possibly leach from your
plumbing into your drinking water? Actually, no single
situation or activity causes this interaction. Rather, it is a
combination of several factors. The corrosion of lead tends
to occur more frequently in "soft" water (lathers soap
easily) and acidic (low pH) water. Other factors, however,
also contribute to the corrosion potential of water and
include water velocity and temperature, alkalinity, chlorine
levels, the age and condition of plumbing, and the amount
of time water is in contact with plumbing. The occurrence
and rate of corrosion depends on the complex interaction
between a number of these and other chemical, physical,
and biological factors.
Public water system officials routinely undertake activities
aimed at controlling the corrosion characteristics of their
water supplies. Their treatment activities can lead to a
protective coating of minerals being formed on the inside
layer of pipes, thereby insulating the drinking water, in
effect, from lead. Given that the health effects of lead
occur at very low levels, these activities are critical. The
activities undertaken by individual homeowners and building
owners/operators to identify and remove problem plumbing
are also critical.
How Lead in Drinking Water is Regulated
Lead is regulated in drinking water under a Federal
body of law known as the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).
This Act was initially passed in 1974 and, in part, requires
EPA to establish regulations for known or potential
contaminants in drinking water for the purpose of protecting
public health. Major amendments were passed to the SDWA
in 1986. These amendments included, in part, some specific
provisions for controlling lead in drinking water:
• A new regulation to
minimize lead and the
corrosivity of water
supplied by public
water systems (known
as the Lead and
Copper Rule; took
effect May 1991).
Your day care center or nursery school is roost
likely to have a lead problem if:
• The facility has lead pipes in the plumbing (the
pipes will be dull gray in color and will appear
shiny when scratched with a knife or key; lead
pipes have not been widely used since the 1930s
and their use has been banned since 1986).
V The facility has copper pipes joined by lead
solder (the solder joint will be dull gray in color
and appear shiny when scratched with a knife or
key; the newer the solder, the greater the
likelihood of lead contamination; the use of lead
solders and flux has been banned since 1986).
• The facility has brass pipes, faucets, fittings
and valves (these materials contain alloys of
lead and may contribute excessive levels of lead
to drinking water even though they meet the
lead-free requirements of the Safe Drinking
Water Act—less than 8 percent lead; these
plumbing materials are likely to contribute
more lead if they are less than 1 year old).
• The water supplied to the facility is corrosive
(contact your public water supplier to determine
the corrosiveness of the water and what steps it
is taking to minimize these characteristics).
• Sediment in the screens on faucets contain
lead.
• The service connector to the building
housing your facility is made of lead (the pipe
that carries water from the public water system
main to the building).
• Water coolers in the facility are known to
contain lead parts or have lead-lined water
tanks (see EPA's listing of-water coolers in
Appendix B).
Note: If you rent your facility, ask your landlord to
help identify potential sources of lead in drinking
water in the building.
-------
Background Information
• A requirement that only lead-free materials be used in
new plumbing and in plumbing repairs; solders and
flux are to contain less than 0.2 percent lead and
pipes and fittings are to contain less than 8 percent
lead (referred to as the Lead Ban; effective 1986).
In 1988, Congress passed the Lead Contamination Control
Act (LCCA), which further amended the SDWA. This law
was passed to reduce the dangers of lead exposure to
children by drinking water at schools and day care centers.
In part, the LCCA required:
States to establish a
program to assist
schools and day care
centers in testing for
and remedying lead
contamination
problems.
EPA to publish guidance to assist schools and day care
centers in testing for and remedying lead in drinking
water problems (this booklet and EPA's publication
"Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and Non-Residential
Buildings" represents this guidance).
EPA to publish a list of water coolers that are not lead-
free, including a separate list of coolers that have lead-
lined tanks (see Appendix Bfor a listing); the Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC) was to subsequently
issue an order requiring manufacturers and importers of
water coolers with lead-lined tanks to repair, replace or
recall, and provide a refund for such coolers; civil and
criminal penalties were also established to prohibit the
further manufacture and sale in interstate commerce of
coolers that are not lead-free.
Schools and day care centers that conduct lead testing
to inform the school community about the testing
effort and make the test results available for
inspection; guidance on this topic is provided later in
this booklet under the section entitled
Outreach—Notify Parents and Staff.
Th« SDWA
ArMndnwntsof
1986
• Require lead to be
further mttrteed
(Lead & Copper Rule)
Require materials
med In the repair
orconsltucttonof
pkjrnbkxjtobe
lead-Tree
(Lead Ban)
Some States and local jurisdictions have lead testing programs that are more comprehensive than the LCCA.
Consult your State/local education or drinking water program to learn about any such program. At a minimum, these
organizations should be able to provide you with technical assistance as you undertake sampling.
-------
You cannot see, taste or smell dissolved lead in
water. Testing is the only way to determine whether lead is
a problem in your nursery school or day care center. This
section outlines how you can go about sampling and
interpreting test results. If you rent your facility, notify the
building owner of your testing plans and provide him with a
copy of your test results. You should encourage your
landlord to participate in the testing process and to take
corrective actions if lead problems are found.
Who Will Collect and
Analyze Samples?
In general, most
nursery schools and day
care centers will need to
contract with a certified
drinking water laboratory
to collect and analyze
samples. Contact your
State drinking water program or EPA's Safe Drinking Water
Hotline (see Appendix A) for a list of certified laboratories in
your area. Once you have identified possible laboratories,
consider the following issues prior to making a selection:'
• Will the laboratory take samples for you or will they
provide training and sample containers for collectors
designated by you?
• Will the samples be hand-delivered or shipped to the
laboratory? Within what time frames must samples
reach the laboratory?
• What is the cost of the laboratory's services? Costs
should range between $10 and $30, depending upon
the extent of the services to be provided.
• What-is the laboratory's time frame for providing
sample results?
What documentation will the laboratory provide to
note sample results? If lead contamination problems
are found, sample records and test results will assist
you in pinpointing the sources of problems.
Is the laboratory willing to establish a written agreement
or contract with you for the services to be provided?
Where to Sample
Test all drinking water
outlets in your nursery school
or day care center for lead
where water is normally
drawn for drinking or food
preparation for children. This is likely to include such
outlets as faucets in kitchens, classrooms, and bathrooms-
bubblers; water coolers; and bottled water dispensers
am.
When to Sample
Collect samples in the
morning before the facility opens
and before any water is used (this
includes toilet flushing). Collect
water in your sample containers
immediately after opening the
faucet or turning on your drinking
water outlet. Do not let any water
run into the basin before collecting
your sample. These samples are
called morning, first-draw
samples. For best results, the
outlets you are testing should not
have been used for 8 to 18 hours
prior to collection of samples.
Helpful Hints
* Do not take samples after a vacation or weekend
(if the facility is unused during these periods) as
the water collected would not be representative of
water the children normally drink.
• Do not close the control valve to a water
cooler or sink to prevent its use before
sampling. Small scrapings from the valves
may get into the sample and produce inaccurate
results. If necessary, place a sign or box over
the unit to prevent its use for 8 to 18 hours
before collecting the sample.
-------
Testing Your Water for Lead
How to Handle Sample Containers
If you take the samples
yourself, the laboratory will
provide you with sampling
containers and instructions.
Carefully follow the instructions
for handling the containers. Do
not rinse the containers because
the laboratory may have added a
small amount of a chemical to
preserve the sample until it
reaches the laboratory. Avoid
contact with this chemical. Fill
the container only to the level
indicated (250 milliliters).
Label each container with your name and the specific location
where the sample was collected. You may also wish to
number your samples. In your own files, keep a separate
record for each sample with the location, sample number, date
and time the sample was collected, and any other pertinent
information (e.g., manufacturer and model number).
Either mail or deliver your
samples to the laboratory,
depending upon the
arrangements you worked out
in advance. The "holding"
time on samples is usually
short, so samples should
generally be shipped the
same day they are collected.
Some laboratories do not
want samples shipped near
the end of a week because
they are not open on
weekends to receive them.
Interpreting Test Results
Levels of lead in drinking
water are measured in parts per
billion (ppb) or parts per million
(ppm). Parts per billion are also
expressed as micrograms per liter
(/xg/L), and parts per million are also
expressed as milligrams per liter
(mg/L). One ppb is equivalent to 1
/ig/L, and 1 ppm equals 1 mg/L.
In light of recent health studies,
which reveal that even very low
levels of lead in drinking water can
be harmful, especially to children,
EPA recommends that you take
action if samples from any of your drinking water outlets
show lead levels over 20 ppb. Any drinking water outlet
with test results at or above this level should not be used for
water consumption until the source of contamination is
found and corrective actions are taken to reduce the lead
level below 20 ppb. Consider providing water from a
known lead-free source until the situation is remedied.
>20 ppb
-------
Testing Your Water for Lead
Foflow-Up Samples
Follow-up samples
should be taken from all
outlets with lead levels
over 20 ppb. A
comparison of morning,
first-draw sample results
and follow-up sample
results from the same
outlet will help you
determine whether lead is
coming from the outlet
itself or from the building's interior plumbing. The second
sample (or follow-up sample) is called a flushed sample
and is more representative of water being consumed in your
nursery school or day care center during the day. This
sample generally shows a lower lead level.
Collect a flushed sample in the morning before the facility
opens and before any water is used. At each outlet being
tested, allow the water to run for 30 seconds and then
collect a 250 milliliter sample.
If the test results from the follow-up samples show lead
levels above 20 ppb, lead is being contributed from the
building's interior plumbing. You will need to take
additional samples to pinpoint the specific sources of lead.
If you plan to conduct such sampling yourself, consult
EPA's publication Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and
Non-Residential Buildings for guidance (obtain through your
State drinking water program-see Appendix A for contact
information). If you rent your facility, ask your landlord to
conduct follow-up testing and to implement any necessary
corrective measures.
If test results from any water cooler show lead
levels above 20 ppb, you may need to take additional
samples to determine the origin of the lead
contamination. There is the possibility that lead is being
contributed by the building's plumbing and not the
cooler. The procedures for conducting follow-up tests
on water coolers is specified in EPA's publication Lead
in Drinking Water in Schools and Non-Residential
Buildings (obtain through your State drinking water
program—see Appendix A for contact information).
If you have not already done so, check to see if the
make and model number of your cooler is listed by
EPA as containing lead parts or a lead-lined tank (see
Appendix B). If you have a water cooler that has a
lead-lined tank, contact the manufacturer to determine
their requirements for repairing, replacing, or
providing a refund, or contact the CPSC for follow-up
steps (see Appendix A).
8
-------
Correcting Lead Contamination Problems
Routine Control Measures
To minimize children's exposure to lead, there are
several activities you can conduct on a routine basis. These
activities include:
(1) Flush all drinking water outlets. Until you receive
your test results and implement corrective measures
for any lead contamination problems, flush all
drinking water outlets every morning before the
children arrive. Refrain from consuming water that
has been in contact with plumbing for more than
6 hours, such as overnight or during the weekend.
Flushing drinking water outlets is important because
the longer water is exposed to lead pipes or solder,
the greater the likelihood of lead contamination.
Before using water for drinking or cooking, flush the
cold water faucet by allowing the water to run until
you feel the water become as cold as it will get. You
must do this for each drinking water faucet.
Even if all of your morning, first-draw samples show
low lead levels, there is still a possibility that lead
may get into any water that sits in your plumbing for
long periods (such as during vacations or over long
weekends). To be safe, on the first day back, flush
all drinking water outlets prior to opening the facility.
Possible Remedies
In order to determine which remedies will work in
your nursery school or day care center, it is important to
pinpoint the sources of lead in your facility. This is
accomplished through conducting follow-up testing and then
comparing these results with those of your morning, first-
draw samples. (See EPA's publication "Lead in Drinking
Water in Schools and Non-Residential Buildings" for further
information on this topic—order document through your
State drinking water program listed in Appendix A).
Before implementing any remedy, all options available should
be considered (see Exhibit 2 for a list of possible remedies).
Decisions should be based on such factors as ease of
implementation, operation and maintenance, and costs.
Following implementation of any remedy, additional follow-up
testing should be conducted to ensure that the remedy
employed is actually successful at reducing lead exposure.
Contact your State drinking water program for advice in this
area (see Appendix A for contact information), or consider
hiring a licensed plumber or water supply professional. If you
rent your facility, ask the building owner to take follow-up
samples and institute corrective measures.
(2) Use only cold water to prepare food and drinks.
Hot water dissolves lead more quickly than cold
water and is therefore more likely to contain greater
amounts of lead. If hot water is needed, water
should be drawn from the cold water tap and heated.
Use only thoroughly flushed water from the cold
water tap for drinking and when making formula,
juices, or foods.
(3) Clean all screens of debris on a regular basis.
Small screens on the end of a faucet can trap
sediments containing lead. These sediments can
cause high lead levels in drinking water.
-------
Correcting Lead Contamination Problems
Possible Remedies for Addressing Both Widespread and Localized Lead Contamination Problems:
If you have a private well, treat the water for corrosion before it enters the building with calcite filters soda
ash, or a phosphate solution tank and feeder units. These devices are commercially available.
Flush all outlets prior to use (see instructions above for flushing under "Routine Control Measures").
Remove sources of lead in the plumbing system. These remedies are probably more appropriate for localized
contamination problems and are best handled by a licensed plumber:
Replace solder joints with lead-free joints.
Replace the outlet or fixture/faucet with lead-
free materials.
Replace piping with lead-free materials.
Note: New brass faucets, fittings, and valves may contribute lead to drinking water even though they meet the
lead-free requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act (i.e., they contain less than 8 percent lead) Before
purchasing any such materials, request the results of lead testing information from the manufacturer or distributor.
By-pass the sources of lead contamination. This
remedy is also probably most appropriate for
addressing a localized contamination problem and
could best be implemented by a licensed plumber.
Provide an alternative and lead-free source of
drinking water, such as bottled water. Make sure
that you require a written statement from the bottled
water distributor guaranteeing that the water quality
meets Federal and State bottled water standards.
Install point-of-use treatment devices (often referred to as home treatment devices). These devices are installed
on a faucet or other outlet and are intended to remove specific contaminants. If you are interested in a home
treatment device, investigate carefully. Some treatment devices that claim to remove many contaminants often do
not remove lead. Unfortunately, some devices, if not maintained properly, may actually increase lead levels
Before investing in any such device, you may want to contact NSF International, an independent organization that
evaluates the effectiveness of home treatment units (see Appendix Afar contact information)
Exhibit 2. Possible Remedies
10
-------
Outreach—Notify Parents and Staff
The LCCA of 1988 requires you to notify parents,
staff, and other employee organizations that test results are
available. You might use fliers, letters mailed to the home,
or a parent meeting to disseminate this information. It is a
good idea to include information on the details of your
sampling program, what you are doing and why, so that
those concerned will know how you have identified and
corrected any lead problems.
It is recommended that you communicate with parents and
employees right from the beginning of the testing process.
You can, of course, notify them of your efforts at any time.
Some helpful hints for effective communication include:
• Take the initiative.
• Anticipate questions.
• Be a good source of information.
• Keep people up to date on your progress.
PUBLIC NOTICE
11
-------
Appendix A-Listing of EPA Regional, State
Drinking Water, and Other Contacts
Regional Contacts
Region I
Ms. Ellie Kwong
Groundwater Management and Water Supply Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region I
JFK Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3620
Region II
Mr. Taj Khan
Drinking Water/Ground Water Protection Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region II
26 Federal Plaza, Room 853
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264-1358
Region III
Mr. George Rizzo
Drinking Water/Ground Water Protection Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region in
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-0609
Region IV
Mr. Tom DeGaetano
Municipal Facilities Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IV
345 Courtland Street, NE
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-.2913
Region V
Mr. John Delessandro
Technical Support Unit
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V
77 West Jackson
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-4914
Region VI
Mr. Len Pardee
Water Supply Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VI
First Interstate Bank Tower at Fountain Place
1445 Ross Avenue, 12th Floor, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-8086
Region VII
Ms. Elizabeth Murtagh-Yaw
Drinking Water Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VII
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913) 551-7440
Region VIII
Ms. Marty Swickard,
PWSP Section - 8WM-DW
Drinking Water Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VIE
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202
(303) 293-1629
Region IX
Ms. Cheryl Gustafson
Public Water Supply Section
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IX
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 744-1828
Region X
Ms. Wendy Marshall
Lead Contact WD-132
Ground Water and Drinking Water Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region X
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-1890
A-l
-------
Appendix A-Listing of EPA Regional State Drinking Water, and Other Contacts
State LCCA Contacts
EPA REGION I
Connecticut
Mr. Bob Rivard, Supervising Sanitary Engineer
Water Supply Section
Connecticut Department of Health Services
150 Washington Street
Hartford, CT06106
(203) 566-1253
Maine
Mr. Peter Moulton, Drinking Water Manager
Drinking Water Program
Maine Division of Health
State Station 10
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 287-2070
Massachusetts
Mr. Chuck Larson, Environmental Engineer
Division of Water Supply
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5857
New Hampshire
Mr. Richard Thayer, Sanitary Engineer
New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services
P.O. Box 95
6 Haven Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-3139
Rhode Island
Ms. Donna Pytell, Sanitary Engineer
Division of Drinking Water Quality
Rhode Island Department of Health
3 Capitol Hill
Providence, RI 02908
(401) 277-6867
Vermont
Ms. Jean Nicolai/Benson Sargent
Drinking Water Program
Water Supply Division
Vermont Department of Health
Old Pantry Building
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671-0403
(802) 241-3400
EPA REGION II
New Jersey
Mr. Sonny Saroya
Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
Division of Water Resources
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
P.O. Box CN-029
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 292-5550
New York
Mr. David Mead
New York Department of Health
2 University Plaza/Western Avenue
Room 406
Albany, NY 12203-3399
(518) 458-6706
Puerto Rico
Mrs. Olga I. Rivera, Acting Director
Puerto Rico Department of Health
Edificio A. Centra Medico
Call Box 70184
San Juan, PR 00936
(809) 763-4307
Virgin Islands (St. Thomas)
Mr. Ira Hobson, Supervisor, PWSS Program
Government of the Virgin IslandsDepartment of Planning and
Natural Resources
Nisky Center, Suite 231, Nisky 45A
St. Thomas, VI 00802
(809) 774-3320
A-2
-------
Appendix A-Listing of EPA Regional. State Drinking Water, and Other Contacts
EPA REGION III
Delaware
Mr. Ed Hallock
Environmental Health Specialist IE
Public Water System Supervision Program
Division of Public Health
Delaware Department of Health and Social Services
P.O. Box 637
Dover, DE 19901
(302) 739-5410
[Both Lead and Drinking Water Contact]
District of Columbia
Preventive Health Services
Commission of Public Health
Government of the District of Columbia
1660 L. Street, NW, Suite 815
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 673-6741
[Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Contact]
Maryland
Ms. Susan Guyaux
Center for Special Toxics
Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
Maryland Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(410) 631-3859
[Lead Contact]
Pennsylvania
Mr. Frederick A. Marrocco, Chief
Division of Water Supplies
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2357
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-9037
[Both Lead and Drinking Water Contact]
Virginia
Mr. Robert B. Stroube, M.D., M.P.H.
State Health Commissioner
Virginia Department of Health
109 Governor Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-3561
[Lead Contact]
West Virginia
Mr. Donald A. Kuntz, P.E. Director
Environmental Engineering Division
Office of Environmental Health Services
West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources
815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418
Charleston, WV 25301
(304) 558-2981
[Both Lead and Drinking Water Contact]
EPA REGION IV
Alabama
Mr. Joe Alan Power, Director
Public Water Supply Branch
Alabama Department of Environmental Management
1751 Congressman W.L. Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, AL 36109-2698
(205) 271-7773
Florida
Mr. Van Hoofnagle, Administrator
Drinking Water Section
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
(904) 487-1762
Georgia
Mr. Fred D. Lehman, Manager
Drinking Water Program
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Floyd Towers East, Suite 1362
205 Butler Street, SE
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 651-2750
A-3
-------
Appendix A-Listing of EPA Regional, State Drinking Water, and Other Contacts
Kentucky
Mr. John T. Smither, Manager
Drinking Water Branch
Kentucky Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection Cabinet
14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3410
Mississippi
Mr. David Mitchell, Director
Division of Water Supply
Mississippi State Department of Health
P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, MS 39205
(601) 960-7518
North Carolina
Mr. Wallace Venrick, Chief
Public Water Supply Section
North Carolina Department of Environmental Health
and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Health
P.O. Box 29536
Raleigh, NC 27626-0536
(919) 733-2321
South Carolina
Mr. Robert E. Malpass, Chief
Bureau of Drinking Water Protection
South Carolina Department of Health
and Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 733-5310
Tennessee
Mr. David Draughon,. Director
Division of Water Supply
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
401 Church Street
Sixth Floor, L & C Tower
Nashville, TN 37219-5404
(615) 532-0191
EPA REGION V
Illinois
Mr. Dean Thady
State Plumbing Consultant
Office of Health Protection
Illinois Department of Public Health
525 West Jefferson Street
Springfield, IL 62761
(217) 524-0799
[For questions on plumbing]
Mr. G. Michael Brant
Office of Health Protection
Division of Environmental Health
Illinois Department of Public Health
525 West Jefferson Street
Springfield, IL 62761
(217) 524-5830
[For questions on fountains in schools]
Indiana
Mr. Wayne Brattain
Drinking Water Branch
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
(317) 233-4179
Michigan
Division of Water Supply
Michigan Department of Public Health
3423 North Logan/Martin L. King Jr. Boulevard
P.O. Box 30195
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-9215
Minnesota
Ms. Lih-In Rezania
Drinking Water Protection Section
Division of Environmental Health
Minnesota Department of Health
925 Delaware Street, SE
P.O. Box 59040
Minneapolis, MN 55459-0040
(612) 627-5488
A-4
-------
Appendix A-Listing of EPA Regional, State Drinking Water, and Other Contacts
Ohio
Mr. Dan Chatfield
Ohio Department of Health
246 North High Street
P.O. Box 118
Columbus, OH 43266-0118
(614) 466-1450
Wisconsin
Ms. Cindy Diedrich
Public Water Supply Section
Bureau of Water Supply
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
101 South Webster Street
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
(608) 267-2451
EPA REGION VI
Arkansas
Engineering Division
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 West Markham
Little Rock, AR 72203-3867
(501) 661-2623
Louisiana
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
Office of Public Health
P.O. Box 60630, Room 403
New Orleans, LA 70160
(504) 568-5100
New Mexico
New Mexico Environmental Department
1190 St. Francis Drive
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87502
(505) 827-7536
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Service-0207
1000 NE 10th Street
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
(405)271-5205 x!48
Texas
Texas National Resource Conservation Commission
P.O. Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
(512) 908-6020
EPA REGION VII
Iowa
Ms. Rita Gergely
Bureau of Health Engineering and Consumer Safety
Division of Disease Prevention
Iowa Department of Public Health
Lucas State Office Building
321 East 12th Street'
Des Moines, IA 50319-0075
(512) 242-6340
Kansas
Contact school system for information
Missouri
Mr. Mike Carter
Bureau of Environmental Epidemiology
Missouri Department of Health
P.O. Box 570
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-6102 or 1-800-392-7245
Nebraska
Mr. Jack Daniel, Director
Division of Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation
Nebraska Department of Health
301 Centennial Mall South
P.O. Box 95007
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402) 471-2541
A-5
-------
Appendix A-Listing of EPA Regional, State Drinking Water, and Other Contacts
EPA REGION VIII
Colorado
Ms. Michelle Bolyard
Drinking Water Section
Water Quality Control Division
Colorado Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Dr. South
Denver, CO 80222
(303) 692-3539
Montana
Mr. Terry Campbell
Drinking Water Section, Water Quality Bureau
Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-5256
North Dakota
Mr. Sherwin Wanner
North Dakota State Department of Health
and Consolidated Laboratories
Municipal Facilities Division
1200 Missouri Avenue, Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
(701) 221-5210
South Dakota
Mr. Michael Getty
South Dakota Department of Environmental
and Natural Resources
Office of Drinking Water
Joe Foss Building
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
(605) 773-3754
Utah
Ms. Patti Fauver
Utah Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Drinking Water
P.O. Box 144830
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4830
(801) 538-6159
Wyoming
Ms. Maureen Doughtie
United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 8
PWSIE Section
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202 '
(303) 293-1629
EPA REGION IX
Arizona
Mr. Michael Kleminski
Compliance Officer
Drinking Water Compliance Unit
Arizona Office of Water Quality
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
(602) 207-4641
California
Technical Programs Branch
California Department of Health Services
Division of Drinking Water
2151 Berkeley Way, Room 113
Berkeley, CA 94704
(510) 540-2154
Hawaii
Hawaii Department of Health
Five Waterfront Plaza, Suite 250
500 Ala Moana Boulevard
Honolulu, ffl 96813
(808) 586-4258
Nevada
Nevada Department of Human Resources
Bureau of Health Protection Services
505 East King Street
Carson City, NV 89710
(702) 687-4750
A-6
-------
Appendix A-Listing of EPA Regional. State Drinking Water, and Other Contacts
EPA REGION X ^A. ^
Other Contacts
Alaska
A1 , _ rr, . Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Washington, DC 20207
Drinking Water Program Manager (800) 638-8772
410 Willoughby, Suite 105
(^46^300 801 EPA/S Nati°nal Safe Drinkln9 Water Hotline
(yU/; ^ 530° (800) 426-4791
Idaho Hotline operates Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to
5:30 p.m. (EST), except Federal holidays
Mr. Eldon Nelson, Support Services Supervisor
Idaho Department of Education NSF international
650 West State 3475 Plymouth Road
Boise, ID 83720 P-O- Box 1468
(208) 334-2203 Ann Arbor, MI 48106
Oregon
Mr. Dave Leland, Supervisor
Drinking Water Section
Oregon Health Division
P.O. Box 14450
Portland, OR 97214-0450
(503) 731-4010
Washington
Washington Department of Health
Division of Drinking Water
P.O. Box 47822
Olympia, WA 98504-7822
(206) 753-9674
A-7
-------
Appendix B—Water Cooler Summary
The Lead Contamination Control Act (LCCA), which
amended the Safe Drinking Water Act, was signed into law on
October 31, 1988 (P.L. 100-572). The potential of water
coolers to supply lead to drinking water in schools and day care
centers was a principle focus of this legislation. Specifically, the
LCCA mandated that the Consumer Product Safety Commission
(CPSC) order the repair, replacement, or recall and refund of
drinking water coolers with lead-lined water tanks. In addition,
the LCCA called for a ban on the manufacture or sale in
interstate commerce of drinking water coolers that are not lead-
free. Civil and criminal penalties were established under the
law for violations of this ban. With respect to a water cooler
that may come in contact with drinking water, the LCCA
defined the term "lead-free" to mean:
"not more than 8 percent lead, except that no drinking
water cooler which contains any solder, flux, or
storage tank interior surface which may come in
contact with drinking water shall be considered lead
free if the solder, flux, or storage tank interior surface
contains more than 0.2 percent lead."
Another component of the LCCA was the requirement that
EPA publish and make available to the states a list of
drinking water coolers, by brand and model, that are not
lead-free. In addition, EPA was to publish and make
available to the states a separate list of the brand and model
of water coolers with a lead-lined tank. EPA is required to
revise and republish these lists as new information or
analyses become available.
Based on responses to a Congressional survey in the winter
of 1988, three major manufacturers, the Halsey Taylor
Company, EBCO Manufacturing Corporation, and Sunroc
Corporation, indicated that lead solder had been used in at
least some models of their drinking water coolers. On April
10, 1988, EPA proposed in the Federal Register (at 54 FR
14320) lists of drinking water coolers with lead-lined tanks
and coolers that are not lead-free. Public comments were
received on the notice, and the list was revised and published
on January 18, 1990 (Part IE, 55 FR 1772). See Table B-l
for a list of water coolers with lead components.
'Based on an analysis of 22 water coolers at a U.S. Navy facility and
subsequent data obtained by EPA, EPA believes the most serious cooler
contamination problems are associated with water coolers that have lead-
lined tanks.
Prior to publication of the January 1990 list, EPA determined
that Halsey Taylor was the only manufacturer of water
coolers with lead-lined tanks.1 Table B-2 presents a listing of
model numbers of the Halsey Taylor drinking water coolers
with lead-lined tanks that had been identified by EPA as of
January 18, 1990.
Since the LCCA required the CPSC to order manufacturers
of coolers with lead-lined tanks to repair, replace or recall
and provide a refund of such coolers, the CPSC negotiated
such an agreement with Halsey Taylor through a consent
order published on June 1, 1990 (at 55 FR 22387). The
consent agreement calls on Halsey Taylor to provide a
replacement or refund program that addresses all the water
coolers listed in Table B-2 as well as "all tank-type models of
drinking water coolers manufactured by Halsey Taylor,
whether or not those models are included on the present or
on a future EPA list." Under the consent order, Halsey
Taylor agreed to notify the public of the replacement and
refund program for all tank type models.
If you have one of the Halsey Taylor water coolers noted in
Table B-2, contact Halsey Taylor (address and phone noted
below) to learn more about the requirements surrounding
their replacement and refund program.
Halsey Taylor
2222 Camden Court
Oak Brook, IL 60520
(708) 574-3500
SPECIAL NOTE:
Experience indicates that newly installed brass
plumbing components containing 8 percent or less lead,
as allowed by the LCCA and the Lead Ban, can
contribute high lead levels to drinking water for a
considerable period after installation. U.S. water
cooler manufacturers have notified EPA that since
September 1993, the components of water coolers that
come in contact with drinking water have been made
with non-lead alloy materials. These materials include
stainless steel for fittings and water control devices,
brass made of 60 percent copper and 40 percent zinc,
terillium copper, and food grade plastic.
B-l
-------
Appendix B-Water Cooler Summary
Table B-1
Water Coolers With Other Lead Components
EBCO Manufacturing
• AH pressure bubbler water coolers with
lead. The units contain a single, 50-50 tin-
category are not available.
CP3
DP16M
WTC10
DP20-50
CP3-50
CP10
DP15W DPM8
DP5S C10E
DP13M-60 DP14M
DP7SM DP10X
DP13M DP3RH
DP20 DP12N
7P
PX-10
CP10-50
DP13A
DP5F
DP7WM
19?8
13P. DPM8H
DP7S DP13SM
CP5 CP5M
DP13A-50 EP10F
CP3M EP5F
DP14A-50/60
1981
«e 50-50 tin-lead
DP15M DP3R
DP7M DP7MH
DP15MW DP3R
DP5M DP10F
13PL DP8AH
DP8A
DP7WD
DP14S
CP3H
DP13S
Halsey Taylor
WMA-1
S3/5/10D
solder was used in these models of water coolers manufactured between 1978 and the last week of 1987:
DC/DHC-1
SCWT/SCWT-A
BFC-4F/7F/4FS/7FS
SWA-1
S300/500/100D
HC2F HC14WT
HC14WL HCBF7D
HWC7
Table B-2
Halsey Taylor Water Coolers With Lead-Lined'Tanks''
The following six model numbers have one or more units in the mode! series with lead-lined tanks;
WM8A WT8A GC10ACR GC10A GC5A RWM13A
The following models and serial numbers contain lead-lined tanks:
WM14A Serial No. 843034
WT21A Serial No. 64309550
WM14A Serial No. 843006
WT21A Serial No. 64309542
WT11A Serial No. 222650
LL14A Serial No. 64346908
------- |