Search for Studies
Search for Studies
CLEAR's database includes all research identified across all topic areas.
CLEAR Icon Key
Below is a key for icons used to indicate a study's type and/or rating.
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High Causal Evidence
Strong evidence the effects are caused by the examined intervention.
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Moderate Causal Evidence
Evidence that the effects are caused to some degree by the examined intervention.
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Low Causal Evidence
Little evidence that the effects are caused by the examined intervention.
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Causal Impact Analysis
Uses quantitative methods to assess the effectiveness of a program, policy, or intervention.
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Descriptive Analysis
Describes a program, policy, or intervention using qualitative or quantitative methods.
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Implementation Analysis
Examines the implementation of a program, policy, or intervention.
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Favorable
The study found at least one favorable impact in the outcome domain, and no unfavorable impacts.
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Mixed
The study found some favorable and some unfavorable impacts in the outcome domain.
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None
The study found no statistically significant impacts in the outcome domain.
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Unfavorable
The study found at least one unfavorable impact in the outcome domain, and no favorable impacts.
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Not applicable
Not applicable because no outcomes were examined in the outcome domain.
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Favorable - low evidence
The study found at least one favorable impact in the outcome domain, and no unfavorable impacts. The study received a low causal evidence ratings so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Mixed - low evidence
The study found some favorable and some unfavorable impacts in the outcome domain. The study received a low causal evidence ratings so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
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None - low evidence
The study found no statistically significant impacts in the outcome domain. The study received a low causal evidence ratings so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Unfavorable - low evidence
The study found at least one unfavorable impact in the outcome domain, and no favorable impacts. The study received a low causal evidence ratings so these findings should be interpreted with caution.