Comorbidity and Aging With HIV (agehIV)

• The prevalence of comorbidities, organ system dysfunction and their risk factors at time of enrolment [ Time Frame: at enrolment and after 2 years follow up ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  To assess the prevalence and incidence of comorbidities, organ system dysfunction and their risk factors over two years of follow-up in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals (mostly on antiretroviral therapy) and in a cohort of comparable but uninfected controls
  
  
• The incidence of comorbidities, organ system dysfunction and their risk factors after two years of follow up [ Time Frame: After 2 years of follow up ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  To assess the incidence of comorbidities, organ system dysfunction and their risk factors after tow years of follow up in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals (mostly on antiretroviral therapy) in comparison to that of a cohort of comparable but uninfected controls
  
  

• Quality of life [ Time Frame: At baseline and after 2 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  To compare quality of life both at baseline and over time, between patients who are HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected, and with and without co-morbidity.
  
  
• Management strategies [ Time Frame: After 4 years ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  To suggest appropriate management strategies for identified co-morbidities in the HIV-infected cohort and their risk factors, if advice is requested by the patient's HIV physician. To assess over time if the prevalence and incidence of co-morbidity burden have changed.
  
  

The standard use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has resulted in major and sustained declines in HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, the life expectancy of patients with HIV on cART still remains 10 or more years shorter than that of uninfected persons of the same age, especially in patients starting cART at the time infection is already advanced. A greater risk of a broad range of co-morbidities, experienced by as many as 60% of patients, even after adjustment for age, may contribute to this discrepancy. Several studies have demonstrated an increased incidence of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, liver disease, osteoporosis, malignancies (other than Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma traditionally associated with HIV), cognitive disorders and possibly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in HIV-infected individuals when compared to age matched HIV-uninfected controls. Of note, the incidence of each of the mentioned co-morbidities is also higher after adjustment for age and other traditional risk factors. Most studies were conducted in the United States where prevalence of and risk factors for the various co-morbidities may be different than in Europe, in particular the Netherlands.

HIV-related factors and adverse effects of cART each may independently contribute to the observed increased risk of several of the earlier mentioned co-morbidities. Interestingly, HIV-infected men in the absence of cART have increased frailty (a clinical syndrome associated with aging that identifies a subset of older adults at high risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes) when compared to uninfected men of similar age. Middle aged HIV-infected men despite cART use also show reduction in exercise capacity, functional performance, physical activity, and grip strength.

The multidisciplinary expertise regarding co-morbidities which is present within the AMC in close collaboration with the existing data collection structures of the HIV Monitoring Foundation (HMF) and the Cluster of Infectious Diseases of the Public Health Service Amsterdam (PHSA), offers a unique opportunity to systematically identify the burden of co-morbidity, their (known) risk factors and their effect on quality of life among HIV-infected individuals and in a comparable group of uninfected individuals.