National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs).
A workshop on nausea and emesis concluded that studying the brain using brain imaging was an effective method to refine, reduce, and replace animals in this research.
Reproductive Toxicology 34(2):180-5 · May 2012
Article discusses how biomarkers could be used to screen developmental toxicity of chemicals and drugs, comparing molecules of the same chemical class or activity, and using in vitro tests, in order to reduce the use of experimental animals.
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration.
Provides guidance on qualifying biomarkers in drug development.
Eckhard von Keutz, Bayer HealthCare, Germany.
European Refinement Initiative
Refinement of animal studies - In the interest of animal welfare and in the interest of our ambition to develop innovative drugs
Steigenberger Inselhotel Konstanz, Germany, October 26, 2012.
Edited by:Ramesh C. Gupta
ISBN: 978-0-12-404630-6
Published in 2014 by Elsevier Inc