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Page last reviewed: 03/18/2009
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Restaurant Safety for Young Workers
The United States has more of its youth in the workforce than any other developed country in the world. By the year 2010, 17.8 million youths aged 16–19 will work, up from 16 million in 2000, according to government forecasts. Young workers suffer a disproportionate share of injuries and fatalities, especially in the first year on the job. In 2006, 30 youths under 18 died from work-related injuries. More than 4 million teens leave their classrooms each summer to find work, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimated that 54,800 work-related injuries and illnesses among youth less than 18 years of age were treated in hospital emergency departments. Because only one-third of work-related injuries are seen in emergency departments, it is likely the actual number of such injuries among working youth is much higher, approximately 160,000 injuries and illnesses each year. The vast majority of these injuries occur in eating and drinking establishments. The restaurant industry and other retail businesses rank high among US industries for risk of adolescent worker injuries.
Restaurant safety for young workers is addressed in specific standards for the general industry.
Standards
This section highlights OSHA standards, standard interpretations (official letters of interpretation of the standards), and other federal standards related to restaurant safety for young workers.
OSHA
Note: Twenty-five states, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have OSHA-approved State Plans and have adopted their own standards and enforcement policies. For the most part, these States adopt standards that are identical to Federal OSHA. However, some States have adopted different standards applicable to this topic or may have different enforcement policies.
Frequently Cited Standards
The following standards, in order, were the most frequently cited by Federal OSHA from October 2011 through September 2012, in Eating Places Industry Group (SIC Code 5812).
- 1910.1200, Hazard communication [related topic page]
- 1910.132, General requirements (Personal protective equipment) [related topic page]
- 1910.303, General requirements (Electrical) [related topic page]
- 1910.305, Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general use
- 1910.151, Medical services and first aid [related topic page]
- 1910.22, General requirements (Walking-working surfaces) [related topic page]
- 1910.37, Maintenance, safeguards, and operational features for exit routes
- 1910.157, Portable fire extinguishers [related topic page]
- 1910.133, Eye and face protection [related topic page]
- 1910.212, General requirements for all machines [related topic page]
Standard Interpretations
Other Federal
Note: These are NOT OSHA regulations. However, they do provide guidance from their originating organizations related to worker protection.
US Department of Labor (DOL)
Adolescent workers are protected by two laws enforced by DOL: The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), and the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act. Each state also has child labor laws.
- Employers must comply with both federal and state laws. When federal and state standards are different, the rules that provide the most protection to youth workers will apply. For additional information, see child labor laws listed by state.
Federal laws provide guidance for employment of youth workers in both agricultural and non-agricultural jobs.
- Federal child labor rules are established by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The FLSA child labor provisions are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs and under conditions detrimental to their health or safety. Once a teen reaches age 18, federal child labor rules no longer apply.
- For information on non-agricultural youth workers see: hours permitted and jobs permitted, some exemptions exist. For example, if you are 14 to 15 years of age, you may not perform jobs in the food service industry such as:
- Cooking, except at soda fountains, lunch counters, snack bars, and cafeteria serving counters;
- Baking;
- Operating, setting up, adjusting, cleaning, oiling, or repairing power-driven food slicers, grinders, choppers, cutters, and bakery mixers;
- Operating Neico broilers, pressurized fryers, rotisseries, lawn mowers and "weed whackers";
- Working in freezers or meat coolers;
- Outside window washing, or work standing on a window sill, ladder, scaffold, or similar equipment;
- Loading or unloading goods on or off trucks, railcars, or conveyors.
Hazardous Jobs (for non-agricultural occupations): Teens younger than age 18 years of age, may not work in or with occupations defined as Hazardous Occupations (HO). Hazardous occupations that may be represented in the restaurant industry and are not allowed for employees younger than 18 include:
- 29 CFR 570.52, Occupations of motor-vehicle driver and outside helper (Order 2)
- 29 CFR 570.58, Occupations involved in the operation of power-driven hoisting apparatus (Order 7)
- 29 CFR 570.61, Occupations in the operation of power-driven meat-processing machines and occupations involving slaughtering, meat packing or processing, or rendering (Order 10)
- 29 CFR 570.62, Occupations involved in the operation of bakery machines (Order 11)
For additional information information about Hazardous Occupations and the FLSA see the following US Department of Labor (DOL) sites:
- Child Labor Provisions for Nonagricultural Occupations Under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Child Labor Bulletin 101 WH-1330, (Revised July 2010). Also available as a 244 KB PDF, 28 pages.
- 29 CFR 570, Child labor regulations, orders and statements of interpretation
- Important Change in the Child Labor Laws Affecting Hazardous Occupations Order No. 12 and the Loading of Scrap Balers and Paper Box Compactors
- Restaurants and Fast Food Establishments Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) [43 KB PDF, 2 pages]. Fact Sheet #2, (Revised July 2009).
- Youth Minimum Wage - Fair Labor Standards Act [37 KB PDF, 3 pages]. Fact Sheet #32, (Revised July 2008).
- Hazardous Occupations Order No. 2. Youth Employment Provision and Driving Automobiles and Trucks under the Fair Labor Standards (FLSA) [87 KB PDF, 2 pages]. Fact Sheet #34, (Revised July 2008).
- Fast Food, Full Service Restaurant, and Supermarket Industries Youth Employment Compliance Survey [44 KB PDF, 3 pages]. Fact Sheet #41, (Revised July 2008).
- Youth Employment Provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) For Nonagricultural Occupations [63 KB PDF, 9 pages]. Fact Sheet #43, (2010, July).
- YouthRules! Fact Sheets
Hazard Recognition
There are hazards in every workplace and young and inexperienced workers are especially at risk. The following references aid in recognizing the hazards that are present for young workers in restaurants.
- Youth Worker Safety in Restaurants. OSHA. Describes common hazards and potential safety solutions for young workers and employers in the restaurant industry. Offers an online safety quiz and downloadable safety posters.
- Hospital. OSHA eTool. Identifies hazards and controls in the hospital industry and healthcare Industry.
- Dietary. Includes examples of hazards in kitchen areas.
- Occupational Hazards in Eating and Drinking Places [162 KB PDF, 7 pages]. US Department of Labor (DOL), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), (2001, Summer).
- Young Worker Safety and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Workplace Safety and Health Topic.
- Most Teen Worker Injuries in Restaurants Occur in Fast Food, NIOSH Study Finds. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Update, (1999, December 22). Discusses study data from a national sample of hospitals over a two-year period.
- NIOSH Highlights Young Worker Injury Prevention as Summer Employments Season Nears. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Update, (1997, June). Outlines youth/employer accident awareness and specific jobs prohibited for teen workers.
- NIOSH Warns: Employment Can Be Dangerous and Deadly for Adolescents. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-117, (1994, May 19).
- Child Labor Research Needs: Recommendations from the NIOSH Child Labor Working Team. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-143, (1997, August).
- Are You A Working Teen? US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-132, (1997, June). A Spanish version is also available. Contains information on what working teens should know about safety and health on the job.
- OSH's Website for Youth. Occupational Safety and Health Service (OSH), Department of Labour (New Zealand).
- New and young workers in the hospitality industry [106 KB PDF, 2 pages]. Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government, Department of Justice and Attorney-General.
Possible Solutions
Young workers should know about and follow safe work practices, recognizing the potential for injury at work. They can seek information about these practices from employers, parents, state labor departments, and OSHA. In addition, young workers should participate in training programs offered by their employers, or request training if none is offered. The following references provide information about possible solutions for the workplace hazards faced by young workers in restaurants.
- YouthRules! US Department of Labor (DOL). Includes information on federal and state rules concerning young workers.
- Questions and Answers for Small Business. OSHA Publication 3163, (Revised 2002). Also available as a 635 KB PDF, 6 pages. Includes answers to questions on how to minimize accidents, develop safety programs, perform worksite analysis, and more.
- Promoting Safe Work for Young Workers. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 99-141, (1999, November). Documents three community-based Young Worker Projects.
- Preventing Deaths and Injuries of Adolescent Workers. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 95-125, (1995, May). A Spanish version is also available. Describes the risk of work-related injuries among adolescents and some preventative measures.
- Preventing Electrocutions Due to Damaged Receptacles and Connectors. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-100, (1986, October). Discusses two incidents involving the electrocution of workers due to the use of damaged electrical receptacles and connectors.
- Preventing Electrocution of Workers in Fast Food Restaurants. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-104, (1984, December). Discusses a report of a fatal restaurant accident and recommendations for electrical safety in commercial kitchens.
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Gas Fired Cooking Units in Food Preparation Locations [99 KB PDF, 2 pages]. Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, (2000, Fall). Summarizes the lessons learned during three Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act (WISHA) investigations that uncovered a carbon monoxide (CO) hazard that may exist in a number of fast food and other food preparation establishments.
- Teen's Working in Food Service [256 KB PDF, 2 pages]. Texas Department of Insurance, Division of Workers' Compensation, Workers' Health and Safety Division, and the Safety Education & Training Programs Publication No. HS04-046B(8-04), (2006, September). Discusses safe work practices for teen workers.
Additional Information
Related Safety and Health Topics Pages
Other Resources
- Teen Workers. Washington State Department of Labor and Industries. Covers hiring minors, hours of work, prohibited duties, and more for all industries other than agriculture.
- Restaurant Outreach Program: Keeping teen workers safe in restaurants. Washington State Department of Labor and Industries and the Washington Restaurant Association (WRA). Includes a workshop schedule, outreach materials, and answers to commonly asked questions about the program.
- Health and Safety Awareness for Working Teens. The University of Washington. Includes information for teens, teachers, parents, and employers.
- For Teens: The Basics about young worker health and safety. California Resource Network for Young Worker Health and Safety. Serves as an information source for teens, parents, educators, and employers in California. Includes resources and links to other state's labor laws.
- Pesticides Initiatives: Links. National Environmental Education and Training Foundation (NEETF).
- NSF Regulatory. The National Sanitation Federation (NSF). NSF is an independent, not-for-profit organization known around the world for development of voluntary consensus standards, product testing procedures, and certification services in the areas of public health, safety, and the environment. NSF is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop American National Standards. ANSI's accreditation verifies that NSF develops standards in a manner to ensure openness and due process allowing for equity and fair play.
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