Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change
Research Highlights
August 2016
How Does the Wind Blow?
Researchers used a popular weather model to gauge the wind for better predictions of its clean energy
Acres of wind turbines capture the wind over the uneven landscape of the Mid-Columbia along the Washington-Oregon border. The unpredictable landscape and even more unpredictable wind make for challenging conditions to understand the amount of wind power to be expected. Researchers are working to quantify and narrow that uncertainty with their modeling techniques. Photo taken by the author L.K. Berg and available at ARM Climate Research Facility, Columbia Basin Wind Energy project 2010.
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If wind were a steady, constant stream, wind energy production would be a snap. Trapping its capricious nature requires complex calculations and expert engineering. Predicting wind power requires additional twists and turns.
Results: Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and their partners focused on understanding the variability in forecast wind speed and wind power by plugging wind turbulence into a popular weather forecasting model. The study used a range of values for model parameters instead of those that were generally assumed to be constants.
The team found that, depending on the exact values chosen, the wind power could range from 20 to 100 percent of the rated power during select time periods. Better understanding of wind's variability will have a huge impact on operation of the electric grid.
Why It Matters: A big challenge in clean energy is measuring its quantity, and predicting when and how it will be available. Fortunately, meteorologists and atmospheric scientists have decades of experience measuring the wind and predicting its turbulence around structures, both natural and human-made. They put that experience to good use in this study.
The research in this paper will lead to better integration of wind power onto the electric grid, ultimately leading to increased use of renewable energy and reduced carbon emissions. The results of this work will help guide model development for continued improvement in tracking wind energy, and the design of field studies, such as the Department of Energy's (DOE) Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2).
Methods: This research used formal uncertainty quantification (UQ) techniques in conjunction with a popular process and prediction meteorology model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), to better understand forecasts of hub-height wind speed, where the measurement counts in wind energy. In this work, researchers investigated the WRF model response to changes in the values of specific constants used in the boundary-layer parameterization-calculations that help explain meteorological information in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. The research documented the model parameters having the largest influence on the simulated wind speed and potential wind power. The study used data collected in the spring as part of the Department of Energy (DOE) supported Columbia Basin Wind Energy Study (CBWES) to evaluate the simulation results.
What's Next? The next step is to extend the analysis to the summer, fall, and winter seasons and to apply the techniques to alternate boundary-layer parameterizations commonly used in the WRF.
Acknowledgments
Sponsors: The research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Wind Program. The Columbia Basin Wind Energy Study (CBWES) was supported by EERE and the DOE's ARM Climate Research Facility (through the loan of a Radar Wind Profiler).
User Facility: ARM Climate Research Facility; PNNL Institutional Computing; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center.
Research Team: Yun Qian, Larry K. Berg, Po-Lun Ma, Huiping Yan, Zhangshuan Hou, William J. Shaw, PNNL; Sonia Wharton, Vera Bulaevskaya, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; and Ben Yang, Nanjing University
Research Area: Climate and Earth Systems Science
Reference: Yang B, Y Qian, LK Berg, P-L Ma, S Wharton, V Bulaevskaya, H Yan, Z Hou, and WJ Shaw. 2016. "Sensitivity of Turbine-Height Wind Speeds to Parameters in Planetary Boundary-Layer and Surface-Layer Schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model." Boundary-Layer Meteorology. DOI: 10.1007/s10546-016-0185-2
