GLOBAL FORECAST SYSTEM
Collection of references for past and current documentation:
Alpert, J.C., S-Y Hong and Y-J Kim, 199x: Sensitivity of cyclogenesis to lower troposphere enhancement of gravity wave drag using the Environmental Modeling Center medium range model.
Alpert, J.C., M. Kanamitsu, P.M. Caplan, J.G. Sela, G.H. White, and E. Kalnay, 1988: Mountain induced gravity wave drag parameterization in the NMC medium-range model. Preprints of the Eighth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Baltimore, MD, American Meteorological Society, 726-733.
Arakawa, A. and W. H. Shubert, 1974: Interaction of a Cumulus Ensemble with the Large-Scale Environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-704.
Asselin, R., 1972: Frequency filter for time integrations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 487-490.
Betts, A.K., S.-Y. Hong and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Comparison of NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis with 1987 FIFE data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1480-1498
Briegleb, B. P., P. Minnus, V. Ramanathan, and E. Harrison, 1986: Comparison of regional clear-sky albedo inferred from satellite observations and model computations. J. Clim. and Appl. Meteo., 25, 214-226.
Campana, K. A., Y-T Hou, K. E. Mitchell, S-K Yang, and R. Cullather, 1994: Improved diagnostic cloud parameterization in NMC's global model. Preprints of the Tenth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, American Meteorological Society, 324-325.
Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.
Chen, F., K. Mitchell, J. Schaake, Y. Xue, H.-L. Pan, V. Koren, Q. Y. Duan, M. Ek, and A. Betts, 1996: Modeling of land surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations. J. Geophys. Res., 101, D3, 7251-7268.
Chou, M-D, 1990: Parameterizations for the absorption of solar radiation by O2 and CO2 with application to climate studies. J. Climate, 3, 209-217.
Chou, M-D, 1992: A solar radiation model for use in climate studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 762-772.
Chou, M-D and K-T Lee, 1996: Parameterizations for the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor and ozone. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1204-1208.
Chou, M.D., M. J. Suarez, C. H. Ho, M. M. H. Yan, and K. T. Lee, 1998: Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models. J. Climate, 11, 202-214.
Clough, S.A., M.J. Iacono, and J.-L. Moncet, 1992: Line-by-line calculations of atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates: Application to water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15761-15785.
Coakley, J. A., R. D. Cess, and F. B. Yurevich, 1983: The effect of tropospheric aerosols on the earth's radiation budget: a parameterization for climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1408-1429.
Dorman, J.L., and P.J. Sellers, 1989: A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the Simple Biosphere model (SiB). J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 833-855.
Ebert, E.E., and J.A. Curry, 1992: A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831-3836.
Environmental Modeling Center, 2003: The GFS Atmospheric Model. NCEP Office Note 442, Global Climate and Weather Modeling Branch, EMC, Camp Springs, Maryland.
Fanglin Yang, Kenneth Mitchell, Yu-Tai Hou, Yongjiu Dai, Xubin Zeng, Zhou Wang, and Xin-Zhong Liang, 2008: Dependence of land surface albedo on solar zenith angle: observations and model parameterizations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. No.11, Vol 47, 2963-2982.
Fanglin Yang, Hua-Lu Pan, Steve Krueger, Shrinivas Moorthi, Stephen Lord, 2006: Evaluation of the NCEP Global Forecast System at the ARM SGP Site. Monthly Weather Review. 134, No. 12, 3668-3690.
Frohlich, C. and G. E. Shaw, 1980: New determination of Rayleigh scattering in the terrestrial atmosphere. Appl. Opt., 14, 1773-1775.
Fu, Q., 1996: An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models. J. Climate, 9, 2058-2082.
Hess, M., P. Koepke, and I. Schult, 1998: Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 79, 831-844.
Grell, G. A., 1993: Prognostic Evaluation of Assumprions Used by Cumulus Parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 764-787.
Grumbine, R. W., 1994: A sea-ice albedo experiment with the NMC medium range forecast model. Weather and Forecasting, 9, 453-456.
Han, J., and H.-L. Pan, 2006: Sensitivity of hurricane intensity forecast to convective momentum transport parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 664-674.
Han, J., and H.-L. Pan, 2011: Revision of Convection and Vertical Diffusion Schemes in the NCEP Global Forecast System. Weather and Forecasting, 26, 520-533.
Hong, S.-Y. and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2322-2339.
Hong, S.-Y., 1999: New global orography data sets. NCEP Office Note #424.
Hou, Y-T, K. A. Campana and S-K Yang, 1996: Shortwave radiation calculations in the NCEP's global model. International Radiation Symposium, IRS-96, August 19-24, Fairbanks, AL.
Hou, Y.-T., S. Moorthi, and K.A. Campana, 2002: Parameterization of solar radiation transfer in the NCEP models. NCEP Office Note 441.
Hu, Y.X., and K. Stamnes, 1993: An accurate parameterization of the radiative properties of water clouds suitable for use in climate models. J. Climate, 6, 728-742.
Joseph, D., 1980: Navy 10' global elevation values. National Center for Atmospheric Research notes on the FNWC terrain data set, 3 pp.
Kalnay, E. and M. Kanamitsu, 1988: Time Scheme for Stronglyt Nonlinear Damping Equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1945-1958.
Kalnay, M. Kanamitsu, and W.E. Baker, 1990: Global numerical weather prediction at the National Meteorological Center. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 1410-1428.
Kanamitsu, M., 1989: Description of the NMC global data assimilation and forecast system. Wea. and Forecasting, 4, 335-342.
Kanamitsu, M., J.C. Alpert, K.A. Campana, P.M. Caplan, D.G. Deaven, M. Iredell, B. Katz, H.-L. Pan, J. Sela, and G.H. White, 1991: Recent changes implemented into the global forecast system at NMC. Wea. and Forecasting, 6, 425-435.
Kiehl, J.T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, 1998: The national center for atmospheric research community climate model CCM3. J. Climate, 11,1131-1149.
Kim, Y-J and A. Arakawa, 1995: Improvement of orographic gravity wave parameterization using a mesoscale gravity wave model. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 11, 1875-1902.
Kleist, D.T., D.F. Parrish, J.C. Derber, R. Treadon, R.M. Errico, and R. Yang, 2008: Improving incremental balance in the GSI 3DVAR analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1046-1060.
Kleist, D.T., D.F. Parrish, J.C. Derber, R. Treadon, W.-S. Wu, and S. Lord, 2008: Implementation of a new 3DVAR analysis as part of the NCEP global data assimilation system. Wea. Forecasting., 24, 1691-1705.
Koepke, P., M. Hess, I. Schult, and E.P. Shettle, 1997: Global aerosol data set. MPI Meteorologie Hamburg Report No. 243, 44 pp.
Lacis, A.A., and J. E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133.
Leith, C.E., 1971: Atmospheric predictability and two-dimensional turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 145-161.
Lindzen, R.S., 1981: Turbulence and stress due to gravity wave and tidal breakdown. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9707-9714.
Matthews, E., 1985: "Atlas of Archived Vegetation, Land Use, and Seasonal Albedo Data Sets.", NASA Technical Memorandum 86199, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Mitchell, K. E. and D. C. Hahn, 1989: Development of a cloud forecast scheme for the GL baseline global spectral model. GL-TR-89-0343, Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA.
Mlawer, E.J., S.J. Taubman, P.D. Brown, M.J. Iacono, and S.A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663-16682.
Miyakoda, K., and J. Sirutis, 1986: Manual of the E-physics. [Available from Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University, P.O. Box 308, Princeton, NJ 08542.]
NMC Development Division, 1988: Documentation of the research version of the NMC Medium-Range Forecasting Model. NMC Development Division, Camp Springs, MD, 504 pp.
Pan, H-L. and L. Mahrt, 1987: Interaction between soil hydrology and boundary layer developments. Boundary Layer Meteor., 38, 185-202.
Pan, H.-L. and W.-S. Wu, 1995: Implementing a Mass Flux Convection Parameterization Package for the NMC Medium-Range Forecast Model. NMC Office Note, No. 409, 40pp. [ Available from NCEP, 5200 Auth Road, Washington, DC 20233 ]
Pierrehumbert, R.T., 1987: An essay on the parameterization of orographic wave drag. Observation, Theory, and Modelling of Orographic Effects, Vol. 1, Dec. 1986, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 251-282.
Ramsay, B.H., 1998: The interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system. Hydrol. Process. 12, 1537-1546.
Reynolds, R. W. and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface temperature analyses. J. Climate, 7, 929-948.
Roberts, R.E., J.A. Selby, and L.M. Biberman, 1976: Infrared continuum absorption by atmospheric water vapor in the 8-12 micron window. Appl. Optics., 15, 2085-2090.
Rodgers, C.D., 1968: Some extension and applications of the new random model for molecular band transmission. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 99-102.
Schwarzkopf, M.D., and S.B. Fels, 1985: Improvements to the algorithm for computing CO2 transmissivities and cooling rates. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 10541-10550.
Schwarzkopf, M.D., and S.B. Fels, 1991: The simplified exchange method revisited: An accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9075-9096.
Sela, J., 1980: Spectral modeling at the National Meteorological Center, Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1279-1292.
Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties pf water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci.,46, 1419-1427.
Slingo, J.M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction model for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.
Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties pf water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci.,46, 1419-1427.
Stephens, G. L., 1984: The parameterization of radiation for numerical weather prediction and climate models. Mon. Wea. Rew., 112, 826-867.
Staylor, W. F. and A. C. Wilbur, 1990: Global surface albedoes estimated from ERBE data. Preprints of the Seventh Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, San Francisco CA, American Meteorological Society, 231-236.
Sundqvist, H., E. Berge, and J. E. Kristjansson, 1989: Condensation and cloud studies with mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1641- 1757.
Tiedtke, M., 1983: The sensitivity of the time-mean large-scale flow to cumulus convection in the ECMWF model. ECMWF Workshop on Convection in Large-Scale Models, 28 November-1 December 1983, Reading, England, pp. 297-316.
Troen, I. and L. Mahrt, 1986: A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; Sensitivity to surface evaporation. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 37, 129-148
Xu, K. M., and D. A. Randall, 1996: A semiempirical cloudiness parameterization for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3084-3102.
Zeng, X., M. Zhao, and R.E. Dickinson, 1998: Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamical algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data. J. Climate, 11, 2628-2644.
Zhao, Q. Y., and F. H. Carr, 1997: A prognostic cloud scheme for operational NWP models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125,1931-1953.
Alpert, J.C., M. Kanamitsu, P.M. Caplan, J.G. Sela, G.H. White, and E. Kalnay, 1988: Mountain induced gravity wave drag parameterization in the NMC medium-range model. Preprints of the Eighth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Baltimore, MD, American Meteorological Society, 726-733.
Arakawa, A. and W. H. Shubert, 1974: Interaction of a Cumulus Ensemble with the Large-Scale Environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-704.
Asselin, R., 1972: Frequency filter for time integrations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 487-490.
Betts, A.K., S.-Y. Hong and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Comparison of NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis with 1987 FIFE data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1480-1498
Briegleb, B. P., P. Minnus, V. Ramanathan, and E. Harrison, 1986: Comparison of regional clear-sky albedo inferred from satellite observations and model computations. J. Clim. and Appl. Meteo., 25, 214-226.
Campana, K. A., Y-T Hou, K. E. Mitchell, S-K Yang, and R. Cullather, 1994: Improved diagnostic cloud parameterization in NMC's global model. Preprints of the Tenth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Portland, OR, American Meteorological Society, 324-325.
Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.
Chen, F., K. Mitchell, J. Schaake, Y. Xue, H.-L. Pan, V. Koren, Q. Y. Duan, M. Ek, and A. Betts, 1996: Modeling of land surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations. J. Geophys. Res., 101, D3, 7251-7268.
Chou, M-D, 1990: Parameterizations for the absorption of solar radiation by O2 and CO2 with application to climate studies. J. Climate, 3, 209-217.
Chou, M-D, 1992: A solar radiation model for use in climate studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 762-772.
Chou, M-D and K-T Lee, 1996: Parameterizations for the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor and ozone. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1204-1208.
Chou, M.D., M. J. Suarez, C. H. Ho, M. M. H. Yan, and K. T. Lee, 1998: Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models. J. Climate, 11, 202-214.
Clough, S.A., M.J. Iacono, and J.-L. Moncet, 1992: Line-by-line calculations of atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates: Application to water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15761-15785.
Coakley, J. A., R. D. Cess, and F. B. Yurevich, 1983: The effect of tropospheric aerosols on the earth's radiation budget: a parameterization for climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1408-1429.
Dorman, J.L., and P.J. Sellers, 1989: A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the Simple Biosphere model (SiB). J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 833-855.
Ebert, E.E., and J.A. Curry, 1992: A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831-3836.
Environmental Modeling Center, 2003: The GFS Atmospheric Model. NCEP Office Note 442, Global Climate and Weather Modeling Branch, EMC, Camp Springs, Maryland.
Fanglin Yang, Kenneth Mitchell, Yu-Tai Hou, Yongjiu Dai, Xubin Zeng, Zhou Wang, and Xin-Zhong Liang, 2008: Dependence of land surface albedo on solar zenith angle: observations and model parameterizations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. No.11, Vol 47, 2963-2982.
Fanglin Yang, Hua-Lu Pan, Steve Krueger, Shrinivas Moorthi, Stephen Lord, 2006: Evaluation of the NCEP Global Forecast System at the ARM SGP Site. Monthly Weather Review. 134, No. 12, 3668-3690.
Frohlich, C. and G. E. Shaw, 1980: New determination of Rayleigh scattering in the terrestrial atmosphere. Appl. Opt., 14, 1773-1775.
Fu, Q., 1996: An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models. J. Climate, 9, 2058-2082.
Hess, M., P. Koepke, and I. Schult, 1998: Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 79, 831-844.
Grell, G. A., 1993: Prognostic Evaluation of Assumprions Used by Cumulus Parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 764-787.
Grumbine, R. W., 1994: A sea-ice albedo experiment with the NMC medium range forecast model. Weather and Forecasting, 9, 453-456.
Han, J., and H.-L. Pan, 2006: Sensitivity of hurricane intensity forecast to convective momentum transport parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 664-674.
Han, J., and H.-L. Pan, 2011: Revision of Convection and Vertical Diffusion Schemes in the NCEP Global Forecast System. Weather and Forecasting, 26, 520-533.
Hong, S.-Y. and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2322-2339.
Hong, S.-Y., 1999: New global orography data sets. NCEP Office Note #424.
Hou, Y-T, K. A. Campana and S-K Yang, 1996: Shortwave radiation calculations in the NCEP's global model. International Radiation Symposium, IRS-96, August 19-24, Fairbanks, AL.
Hou, Y.-T., S. Moorthi, and K.A. Campana, 2002: Parameterization of solar radiation transfer in the NCEP models. NCEP Office Note 441.
Hu, Y.X., and K. Stamnes, 1993: An accurate parameterization of the radiative properties of water clouds suitable for use in climate models. J. Climate, 6, 728-742.
Joseph, D., 1980: Navy 10' global elevation values. National Center for Atmospheric Research notes on the FNWC terrain data set, 3 pp.
Kalnay, E. and M. Kanamitsu, 1988: Time Scheme for Stronglyt Nonlinear Damping Equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1945-1958.
Kalnay, M. Kanamitsu, and W.E. Baker, 1990: Global numerical weather prediction at the National Meteorological Center. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 1410-1428.
Kanamitsu, M., 1989: Description of the NMC global data assimilation and forecast system. Wea. and Forecasting, 4, 335-342.
Kanamitsu, M., J.C. Alpert, K.A. Campana, P.M. Caplan, D.G. Deaven, M. Iredell, B. Katz, H.-L. Pan, J. Sela, and G.H. White, 1991: Recent changes implemented into the global forecast system at NMC. Wea. and Forecasting, 6, 425-435.
Kiehl, J.T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, 1998: The national center for atmospheric research community climate model CCM3. J. Climate, 11,1131-1149.
Kim, Y-J and A. Arakawa, 1995: Improvement of orographic gravity wave parameterization using a mesoscale gravity wave model. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 11, 1875-1902.
Kleist, D.T., D.F. Parrish, J.C. Derber, R. Treadon, R.M. Errico, and R. Yang, 2008: Improving incremental balance in the GSI 3DVAR analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1046-1060.
Kleist, D.T., D.F. Parrish, J.C. Derber, R. Treadon, W.-S. Wu, and S. Lord, 2008: Implementation of a new 3DVAR analysis as part of the NCEP global data assimilation system. Wea. Forecasting., 24, 1691-1705.
Koepke, P., M. Hess, I. Schult, and E.P. Shettle, 1997: Global aerosol data set. MPI Meteorologie Hamburg Report No. 243, 44 pp.
Lacis, A.A., and J. E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133.
Leith, C.E., 1971: Atmospheric predictability and two-dimensional turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 145-161.
Lindzen, R.S., 1981: Turbulence and stress due to gravity wave and tidal breakdown. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9707-9714.
Matthews, E., 1985: "Atlas of Archived Vegetation, Land Use, and Seasonal Albedo Data Sets.", NASA Technical Memorandum 86199, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Mitchell, K. E. and D. C. Hahn, 1989: Development of a cloud forecast scheme for the GL baseline global spectral model. GL-TR-89-0343, Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA.
Mlawer, E.J., S.J. Taubman, P.D. Brown, M.J. Iacono, and S.A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663-16682.
Miyakoda, K., and J. Sirutis, 1986: Manual of the E-physics. [Available from Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University, P.O. Box 308, Princeton, NJ 08542.]
NMC Development Division, 1988: Documentation of the research version of the NMC Medium-Range Forecasting Model. NMC Development Division, Camp Springs, MD, 504 pp.
Pan, H-L. and L. Mahrt, 1987: Interaction between soil hydrology and boundary layer developments. Boundary Layer Meteor., 38, 185-202.
Pan, H.-L. and W.-S. Wu, 1995: Implementing a Mass Flux Convection Parameterization Package for the NMC Medium-Range Forecast Model. NMC Office Note, No. 409, 40pp. [ Available from NCEP, 5200 Auth Road, Washington, DC 20233 ]
Pierrehumbert, R.T., 1987: An essay on the parameterization of orographic wave drag. Observation, Theory, and Modelling of Orographic Effects, Vol. 1, Dec. 1986, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 251-282.
Ramsay, B.H., 1998: The interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system. Hydrol. Process. 12, 1537-1546.
Reynolds, R. W. and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface temperature analyses. J. Climate, 7, 929-948.
Roberts, R.E., J.A. Selby, and L.M. Biberman, 1976: Infrared continuum absorption by atmospheric water vapor in the 8-12 micron window. Appl. Optics., 15, 2085-2090.
Rodgers, C.D., 1968: Some extension and applications of the new random model for molecular band transmission. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 99-102.
Schwarzkopf, M.D., and S.B. Fels, 1985: Improvements to the algorithm for computing CO2 transmissivities and cooling rates. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 10541-10550.
Schwarzkopf, M.D., and S.B. Fels, 1991: The simplified exchange method revisited: An accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9075-9096.
Sela, J., 1980: Spectral modeling at the National Meteorological Center, Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1279-1292.
Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties pf water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci.,46, 1419-1427.
Slingo, J.M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction model for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.
Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties pf water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci.,46, 1419-1427.
Stephens, G. L., 1984: The parameterization of radiation for numerical weather prediction and climate models. Mon. Wea. Rew., 112, 826-867.
Staylor, W. F. and A. C. Wilbur, 1990: Global surface albedoes estimated from ERBE data. Preprints of the Seventh Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, San Francisco CA, American Meteorological Society, 231-236.
Sundqvist, H., E. Berge, and J. E. Kristjansson, 1989: Condensation and cloud studies with mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1641- 1757.
Tiedtke, M., 1983: The sensitivity of the time-mean large-scale flow to cumulus convection in the ECMWF model. ECMWF Workshop on Convection in Large-Scale Models, 28 November-1 December 1983, Reading, England, pp. 297-316.
Troen, I. and L. Mahrt, 1986: A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; Sensitivity to surface evaporation. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 37, 129-148
Xu, K. M., and D. A. Randall, 1996: A semiempirical cloudiness parameterization for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3084-3102.
Zeng, X., M. Zhao, and R.E. Dickinson, 1998: Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamical algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data. J. Climate, 11, 2628-2644.
Zhao, Q. Y., and F. H. Carr, 1997: A prognostic cloud scheme for operational NWP models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125,1931-1953.