The wettest period during the CalWater-2014 winter field campaign occurred with a long-lived, intense atmospheric river (AR) that impacted California on 7–10 February. The AR was maintained in conjunction with the development and propagation of three successive mesoscale frontal waves. Based on Lagrangian trajectory analysis, moist air of tropical origin was tapped by the AR and was subsequently transported into California. Widespread heavy precipitation (200–400 mm) fell across the coastal mountain ranges northwest of San Francisco and across the northern Sierra Nevada, although only modest flooding ensued due to anomalously dry antecedent conditions. A NOAA G-IV aircraft flew through two of the frontal waves in the AR environment offshore during a ~24-h period. Parallel dropsonde curtains documented key three-dimensional thermodynamic and kinematic characteristics across the AR and the frontal waves prior to landfall. The AR characteristics varied, depending on the location of the cross section through the frontal waves. A newly implemented tail-mounted Doppler radar on the G-IV simultaneously captured coherent precipitation features. Along the coast, a 449-MHz wind profiler and collocated global positioning system (GPS) receiver documented prolonged AR conditions linked to the propagation of the three frontal waves and highlighted the orographic character of the coastal-mountain rainfall with the waves’ landfall. A vertically pointing S-PROF radar in the coastal mountains provided detailed information on the bulk microphysical characteristics of the rainfall. Farther inland, a pair of 915-MHz wind profilers and GPS receivers quantified the orographic precipitation forcing as the AR ascended the Sierra Nevada, and as the terrain-induced Sierra barrier jet ascended the northern terminus of California’s Central Valley.
An Airborne and Ground-Based Study of a Long-Lived and Intense Atmospheric River with Mesoscale Frontal Waves Impacting California during CalWater-2014
Authors:
Paul J. Neiman*, Benjamin J. Moore+, Allen B. White*, Gary A. Wick*, Joshua Aikins#, Darren L. Jackson#, J. Ryan Spackman@, and F. Martin Ralph&Affiliations* NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory/Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, ColoradoAffiliations
+ Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New YorkAffiliations
# Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, and NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, ColoradoAffiliations
@ Science and Technology Corporation, NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, ColoradoAffiliations
& Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
Received: 16 September 2015
Final Form: 25 November 2015
Published Online: 1 March 2016
March 2016
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