Summit, Greenland [SUM]
![](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20170121100157im_/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/site/maps/SUM.png)
Location
- Country: Greenland
- Latitude: 72.5962° North
- Longitude: 38.422° West
- Elevation: 3209.54 masl
- Time Zone: Local Time + 2.0 hour(s) = UTC
Data
Cooperating Agencies
The Greenland Environmental Observatory (GEOSummit) on the summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet (72°N, 38°W, 3200 m.a.s.l.) was established by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland to provide year-round, long-term measurements for monitoring and investigations of the Arctic environment. The multidisciplinary facility is home to several year-round investigations as well as numerous seasonal campaigns which take advantage of the unique location of the observatory. GEOSummit provides investigators ease of access to the highest site north of the Arctic circle. Since 1989, when the GISP II ice-coring activities began, the site has hosted numerous atmospheric and glaciological investigations. Following two trial winter over periods (1997-1998, and 2000-2002), the NSF Long Term Observatory (LTO) program committed funding to maintain year-round measurements of key baseline variables of climate change at the site. In addition, several programs funded through European agencies have a year-round presence at the site.
The Summit website is at http://www.geosummit.org/
GMD Projects at Summit
Parameter | Formula | First Sample Date | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Carbon Dioxide | CO2 | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Methane | CH4 | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Carbon Monoxide | CO | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Molecular Hydrogen | H2 | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Nitrous Oxide | N2O | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Sulfur Hexafluoride | SF6 | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Carbon-13/Carbon-12 in Carbon Dioxide | d13C (CO2) | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Oxygen-18/Oxygen-16 in Carbon Dioxide | d18O (CO2) | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Carbon-13/Carbon-12 in Methane | d13C (CH4) | 2010-04-27 | Ongoing |
Methyl Chloride | CH3Cl | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
Benzene | C6H6 | 2006-07-17 | Ongoing |
toluene | C7H8 | 2006-07-17 | Ongoing |
ethane | C2H6 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
ethene | C2H4 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
propane | C3H8 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
propene | C3H6 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
i-butane | i-C4H10 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
n-butane | n-C4H10 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
i-pentane | i-C5H12 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
n-pentane | n-C5H12 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
n-hexane | n-C6H14 | 2004-10-18 | Ongoing |
Wind Speed | ws | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Wind Direction | wd | 1997-06-23 | Ongoing |
Temperature | temp | 2004-05-10 | Terminated - 2004-08-09 |
isoprene | C5H8 | 2006-07-17 | Ongoing |
Acetylene | C2H2 | 2010-08-18 | Ongoing |
HATS Flask Sampling
Parameter | Formula | First Sample Date | Status |
---|---|---|---|
HFC-134a | CH2FCF3 | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
HCFC-22 | CHF2Cl | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
Methyl Chloride | CH3Cl | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
HCFC-142b | CH3CF2Cl | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
Halon-1211 | CBrClF2 | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
methyl bromide | CH3Br | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
CFC-113 | CCl2FCClF2 | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
dichloromethane | CH2Cl2 | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
tetrachloroethylene | C2Cl4 | 2009-03-10 | Ongoing |
carbonyl sulfide | COS | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
HFC-152a | CH3CHF2 | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
Halon 2402 | CBrF2CBrF2 | 2009-03-10 | Ongoing |
HFC-227ea | CF3CHFCF3 | 2011-05-08 | Ongoing |
HFC-365mfc | CH3CF2CH2CF3 | 2009-06-08 | Ongoing |
Methyl Chloroform | CH3CCl3 | 2004-06-20 | Ongoing |
HATS In Situ Observatory
Parameter | Formula | First Sample Date | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Nitrous Oxide | N2O | 2007-07-16 | Ongoing |
Sulfur Hexafluoride | SF6 | 2007-07-16 | Ongoing |
CFC-12 | CCl2F2 | 2007-07-20 | Ongoing |
Halon-1211 | CBrClF2 | 2007-11-22 | Ongoing |
CFC-113 | CCl2FCClF2 | 2007-07-20 | Ongoing |
carbon tetrachloride | CCl4 | 2007-07-20 | Ongoing |
Methyl Chloroform | CH3CCl3 | 2007-07-20 | Ongoing |
CFC-11 | CCl3F | 2007-07-20 | Ongoing |
Aerosol Surface In-Situ
Parameter | Formula | First Sample Date | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Light Scattering Coefficient | σsp | 2011-01-10 | Ongoing |
Light Absorption Coefficient | σap | 2011-01-10 | Ongoing |
Particle Number Concentration | Nt | 2011-01-10 | Ongoing |
Radiation In-Situ Observatory
Parameter | Formula | First Sample Date | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Direct Beam | 2006-05-28 | Ongoing | |
Shortwave Global | 2006-05-28 | Ongoing | |
Diffuse | 2006-05-28 | Ongoing | |
Reflected Shortwave | 2006-05-28 | Ongoing | |
Downward Longwave | 2006-05-28 | Ongoing | |
Upward Longwave | 2006-05-28 | Ongoing |
Surface Ozone
Parameter | Formula | First Sample Date | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Ozone | O3 | 2000-06-01 | Ongoing |
Ozonesonde
Trajectories
Meteorology
Parameter | Formula | First Sample Date | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Wind Speed | ws | 2008-06-25 | Ongoing |
Wind Direction | wd | 2008-06-25 | Ongoing |
Temperature | temp | 2008-06-26 | Ongoing |
Ambient Pressure | press | 2008-06-25 | Ongoing |
Relative Humidity | rh | 2008-08-15 | Ongoing |
Black Carbon