Haiti is the oldest black republic in the world, having declared its independence from France in 1804. It is the only country to have gained its independence as a result of a successful slave revolt. Haiti is also the most impoverished country in the Western hemisphere and has faced chronic problems of poverty, social divisions, and violent conflict for much of its history. Only two of Haiti’s presidents have completed their term of office and exited voluntarily.
Under the rule of President Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier from the late 1950s, and then under the rule of his son Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier from 1971, the people of Haiti experienced repression for decades. Following popular unrest, the latter fled to France in 1986, and President Aristide was elected in 1990 only to be overthrown shortly thereafter in a violent coup. Between 1991 and 1994, Haiti was essentially governed by the military; many Haitians were killed, and many more fled during this time.
A U.S.-led multinational force intervened under a United Nations mandate, and the constitutional government was restored when President Aristide returned from exile in 1994. A new democratically elected president, Preval, assumed leadership in 1996, but strong political opposition led to serious challenges. Following a controversial election in 2001, Aristide returned as President.
Political stalemate between opposition groups continued and became violent. International efforts to resolve the political crisis bore little fruit, and after an armed rebellion in 2004, Aristide fled the country with U.S. assistance. A United Nations peacekeeping mission was deployed to Haiti, and an interim government of technocrats was formed. Elections were held in 2006, and President Preval was returned to office.In 2008, increases in food and fuel prices led to popular unrest, and severe tropical storms in September caused further hardship for Haiti’s people. Yet important gains in political stability were achieved, and international support for an economic development strategy held the promise of further progress.
In January 2010, a massive earthquake struck Haiti, destroying the capital city of Port-au-Prince. An estimated 300,000 Haitians were killed, and 1.3 million people were left homeless. A large international relief operation led by the U.S. provided emergency assistance. Subsequent recovery efforts were thwarted by a political crisis, and rubble from the earthquake remains in place, with tens of thousands of people still living in tent encampments.
Less than a year after the January earthquake, a cholera outbreak occurred in Haiti for the first time in over a century. The ensuing epidemic, which has killed 8,000 Haitians, has yet to be resolved.
An election in 2011 resulted in singer Michel Martelly being named Haiti’s new President. But the country’s politics remain fragile. Prime Minister Garry Conille resigned in February 2012 after only four months in office. Laurent Lamothe was appointed to the position in May 2012. The country enjoyed a brief period of political stability, with construction beginning on several government offices, such as new justice, interior and foreign ministries, and parliament.
However, political instability has quickly returned. Legislative and municipal elections are three years behind schedule, postponed due to a persistent stalemate between the government and opposition senators over an electoral law. Mass protests against Martelly, the delay in elections, and Haiti’s high fuel prices have been ongoing since October 2014. In January 2015, parliament dissolved and Prime Minister Lamothe resigned.
In March, Haiti’s electoral council finally announced election dates, with the vote for Haiti’s legislature scheduled for August 9, followed by presidential elections on October 25. However, with parliament disbanded, a weak judiciary, and corruption, some analysts say Haiti is heading towards tyranny.
Against this political backdrop, the country continues to face significant development challenges in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake. Despite aid and assistance from the international community, extensive temporary tent camps in the capital, large numbers of displaced people, widespread hunger, and lack of successful housing construction projects are signs of the work that still needs to be done. Loss of arable land and livestock to natural disaster has contributed to the difficulty of ongoing recovery efforts. Numerous instances of sexual violence and of violent conflict among local groups over scarce resources have underscored the ongoing insecurity. Longstanding economic and social tensions persist in this deeply impoverished country, and international support remains critical to establishing stability for the future.
