U.S. Pacific Command celebrates 70 years of service on January 1, 2017.
By Tatum Vayavananda
Defense Media Activity Forward Center – Pacific
U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM), America’s largest and oldest unified combatant command, turned 70 on Jan. 1, 2017.
Since 1947, U.S. PACOM sailors, soldiers, Marines, airmen and Coast Guardsmen have stood watch across half the planet – from Hollywood to Bollywood to the Arctic and Antarctic. The combatant command, or COCOM, is responsible for military operations in an area more than 100-million square-miles, or roughly 52 percent of the Earth’s surface.
Today, U.S. PACOM protects and defends the territory of the United States, its people and its interests through security cooperation with allies and partners, responding to contingencies, deterring aggression, and, if necessary, fighting to win.
U.S. Pacific Command headquarters, Camp. H.M. Smith, present day.
U.S. PACOM has been showcasing its milestones during its 70 Years of Service, but how did it come to be?
Even the “Grand Old COCOM” of the U.S. Armed Services has a complex and storied history that can trace its roots back to World War II, when separate commands were created to command and control U.S. military forces in the Pacific theater. Its evolution from a string of separate command structures to a unified combatant command begins in 1942.
Origins
In 1942, what were to be the roots of U.S. PACOM were actually two separate commands that divided the military forces in the Pacific between the Southwest Pacific Area, under command of General Douglas MacArthur, and the Pacific Ocean Areas, under Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.
During WWII, the nature and mission of the Army and Navy were too different to establish a unified command structure for all troops in the Pacific theater. The two commands continued after the war ended in 1945, with Fleet Admiral Nimitz as the Commander in Chief of Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Area and General of the Army MacArthur as Commander in Chief of U.S. Army Forces Pacific.
Unified Command Plan
Before the Unified Command Plan, President Harry S. Truman signed and approved the Outline Command Plan that established seven unified combatant commands, the first ones being sprouted in the Pacific.
The Far East Command (FECOM), Pacific Command, and Alaskan Command were established by a Joint Chiefs of Staff directive in December 1946 with varying degree of responsibilities, areas of operations and missions. (To learn more about the missions of other combatant commands, see the History of the Unified Command Plan 1946-2012.)
U.S. PACOM shared its original headquarters with the Pacific Fleet at Makalapa, Pearl Harbor, in the Territory of Hawaii.
The 1950s
After a revision of the Unified Command Plan in February, 1950, PACOM assumed responsibility for South Korea then the Western approaches to the Panama Canal. By 1951, U.S. PACOM’s geographic area of responsibility would stretch from the West Coast of America to Burma and the Indian Ocean.
The Korean War was the young U.S. PACOM’s first test of its unified command structure for U.S. military forces in the Pacific. FECOM focused on combat operations during the Korean War. It was then that PACOM was transferred FECOM’s responsibilities in the Mariana, Bonin, and Volcano Islands. A year later, PACOM was assigned responsibility for the Philippines, the Pescadores and Formosa (Taiwan).
Significant changes in how the Pacific theater would be managed came with the new Unified Command Plan (UCP) in June of 1956. Major changes from 1956-1957 meant that PACOM would inherit more responsibility within the region: the disestablishment of FECOM; the duty for protection of sea communications in Alaskan waters; the establishment of two subordinate unified commands, U.S. Forces Japan and U.S. Forces Korea.
The new UCP also added service components for the Air Force and the Army; U.S. Army Pacific and U.S. Air Forces Pacific were subsequently assigned to PACOM.
In October 1957, the then Commander in Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC) headquarters moved from Makalapa to Camp H.M. Smith, which is also the headquarters of Commander, Marine Forces Pacific. CINCPAC also served concurrently as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet until January 1958, when the U.S. Pacific Fleet became a separate component with its own commander.
In 1957, U.S. PACOM moved its headquarters from Makalapa to Camp H.M. Smith, where it still exists today.
1960-1980
In 1971, during the Vietnam War, a new UCP was approved and U.S. PACOM assumed responsibility for the Indian Asian and countries of Southern Asia. The Aleutian Islands and parts of the Arctic Ocean were taken off Alaska Command’s plate (until it was disestablished in 1975). The COCOM’s reach extended westward to the eastern border of Iran until 1976, when its boundaries changed again.
When PACOM took responsibility over the entire Indian Ocean and east coast of Africa, its area of responsibility spread across more than 100-million square miles. That’s more than 50% of the Earth’s surface.
1980s
With U.S. national focus shifting towards the Middle East, the newly formed U.S. Central Command relieved responsibilities for Afghanistan and Pakistan from U.S. PACOM in 1983.
The relief was brief, since the same Unified Command Plan of 1983 included new responsibility over China, North Korea, Madagascar, Mongolia, and Alaska.
The island of Oahu is home to the headquarters of U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. Pacific Fleet, U.S. Marine Forces Pacific, U.S. Air Forces Pacific, and U.S. Army Pacific. The F-16 fighter saw its first service in the Indo-Asia-Pacific in 1983, when the 474th Tactical Fighter Wing sent 10 F-16s to MCBH Kaneohe Bay Hawaii.
In 1989, a different version of Alaska Command was established to be a subordinate command to PACOM.
Turn of the Century
The new millennium brought more responsibilities to the newly established U.S. PACOM. In 2002, Antarctica was added to its list, as well as support to U.S. European Command in the Russian Far East. More areas were reassigned to U.S. CENTCOM and U.S. Northern Command, including the Seychelles archipelago, Alaska, the U.S. West Coast, and the Aleutian Islands.
The newly established U.S. Africa Command in 2008 transferred all areas of the Indian Ocean previously assigned to U.S. PACOM west of 68 degrees east to the youngest COCOM.
Alaska Command was transferred to U.S. NORTHCOM in 2014 in order to streamline the command and control of forces in Alaska.
By the way, what’s in a name? Much more than previously thought when, in 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld declared that the title “Commander in Chief” should only refer to the President of the United States. Effective on October 24, 2002, all combatant commanders removed “in Chief” from their titles; “USCINCPAC” was redesignated “Commander, U.S. Pacific Command.”
Camp H.M. Smith, the present-day headquarters of U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Marine Forces Pacific.
Today, U.S. PACOM is an engaged and trusted ally and partner, committed to preserving the security, stability, and freedom necessary for enduring regional prosperity. Its history has proven that the Pacific remains one of the most dynamic, ever-shifting security environments in the world.
U.S. Pacific Command stands watch, ready to defend America, work with allies and partners, and fight tonight.
Sources:
Record of Joint Commands
Record of U.S. Occupation Headquarters, World War II
The Command Structure: AFPAC, FEC and SCAP
History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946-2012
U.S. Pacific Command History
U.S. Pacific Command Guidance
U.S. Pacific Command Area of Responsibility
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