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All-Electric Vehicles

Chevrolet Bolt on Highway

All-electric vehicles (EVs) run on electricity only. They are propelled by one or more electric motors powered by rechargeable battery packs. EVs have several advantages over conventional vehicles:

  • Energy efficient. EVs convert about 59%–62% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels. Conventional gasoline vehicles only convert about 17%–21% of the energy stored in gasoline to power at the wheels.*
  • Environmentally friendly. EVs emit no tailpipe pollutants, although the power plant producing the electricity may emit them. Electricity from nuclear-, hydro-, solar-, or wind-powered plants causes no air pollutants.
  • Performance benefits. Electric motors provide quiet, smooth operation and stronger acceleration and require less maintenance than internal combustion engines (ICEs).
  • Reduced energy dependence. Electricity is a domestic energy source.
Did you know? The environmental benefits of plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles increase if they are powered by electricity from 'green' sources such as solar, wind or small-scale hydroelectricity. Find out more about green power and how you can purchase it in your state.

EVs do, however, face significant battery-related challenges:

  • Driving range. Range is typically limited to 60 to 120 miles on a full charge although a few models can go 200 to 300 miles.
  • Recharge time. Fully recharging the battery pack can take 4 to 8 hours. Even a "fast charge" to 80% capacity can take 30 min.
  • Battery cost: The large battery packs are expensive and may need to be replaced one or more times.
  • Bulk & weight: Battery packs are heavy and take up considerable space.

Researchers are working on improved battery technologies to increase driving range and reduce charging time, weight, and cost. These factors will ultimately determine the future of EVs.

More Information

Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Benefits and Considerations of Electricity as a Vehicle Fuel

Maintenance and Safety of Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Batteries for Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles

EV Everywhere: Get Connected!

View Data Sources…

EV energy use estimated by ORNL as follows:

  • Electric motor efficiency—including inverter and gear reduction losses—assumed to be 76.4%–80.2%, using estimates from Miller et. al. (SAE 2011-01-0887) and adjusting downward by 4% for parasitic losses.
  • Battery and charger efficiency are assumed to total 81% (roughly 90% each) based in part on estimates from published studies (Chae et. al., 2011; Gautam et. al., 2011).
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