GLERL Publications Abstracts: FY 1978
Publications List Key |
Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. |
* = Not available from GLERL. |
** = Available in GLERL Library only. |
AUBERT, E.J. Cross-panel considerations. IFYGL Bulletin 22:96-103
(1978).
No abstract.
AUBERT, E.J. Relevance of IFYGL. Verhandlugen-Internationale Vereinigung
Fur Theoretishce und Angewandte Limnologie 20:317-323 (1978).
No abstract.
BENNETT, J.R. A model of Lake Ontario's circulation. IFYGL Bulletin
21:38-43 (1977).
No abstract.
BENNETT, J.R. A three-dimensional model of Lake Ontario's summer circulation.
II. A diagnostic study. Journal of Physical Oceanography 8:1095-1103
(1978). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1978/19780001.pdf
Observations of Lake Ontario during the International Field Year for
the Great Lakes are used to develop a three-dimensional numerical model
for calculating temperature and current. The model has a variable grid
resolution and a horizontal smoothing which filters out small-scale
vertical motion caused by truncation error but has little effect on
the strong currents of the coastal boundary layer. Resolution of the
shore zones and reduced horizontal smoothing improve simulation of both
long-term mean flow and current reversals due to low-frequency waves.
BOLSENGA, S.J. A technique for estimating monthly global radiation. Water
Resources Bulletin 14:679-688 (1978).
A technique is presented for estimating monthly sums of global radiation
from a combination of calculations of monthly cloudless global radiation,
surface meteorological observations, and empirical equations relating
sunshine to global radiation. The percent deviation of calculated from
observed values is not negligible but is much less than errors obtained
using extraterrestrial solar radiation sums. If monthly global radiation
is estimated for areas other than the one area described here, the possible
errors should be redetermined. Techniques to adapt the equations for
other areas are discussed.
BOLSENGA, S.J. Lake-land precipitation relationships using northern Lake
Michigan data. Journal of Applied Meteorology 16(11):1158-1164
(1977). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1977/19770003.pdf
Data from a network of recording precipitation gages, operated over
a 5-year period on islands in Lake Michigan, provides the basis for
the first monthly analysis of the relationship of lake to land precipitation
conducted on the Great Lakes. Wide monthly fluctuations in lake to land
relationships, previously masked by seasonal analysis using storage
gages, are shown. An examination of the significance of the findings
indicates that all but the largest differences are not statistically
significant and that even the largest lake-land differences could possibly
be attributed to gage errors.
BOLSENGA, S.J. Note. Spectral distribution of radiation in the northern
Great Lakes during winter. Journal of Great Lakes Research 4(2):226-229
(1978). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1978/19780005.pdf
Measurements of global radiation in the spectral bands 285-2800, 535-2800,
630-2800 and 700-2800 nm were collected at the eastern end of Lake Superior
during the period January through May. Significant differences are reported
between the various spectral bands on a monthly as well as on a daily
and hourly basis, due to varying degrees and types of cloudiness. Values
of net and downward radiation for the same period are also provided.
BOLSENGA, S.J. On the use of multispectral radar to define certain characteristics
of Great Lakes ice. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-17, Great Lakes
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB-287-873/4GA) 11 pp.
(1978). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/publications/tech_reports/glerl-017/
Synoptic observations of Great Lakes ice cover are often severely hampered
by weather conditions. It is possible to overcome these difficulties
by using microwave radar. New areas of research using multispectral
microwave radar are suggested. It seems probable that detailed structural
characteristics of the Great Lakes ice cover can be described with an
appropriately sophisticated radar system.
BOLSENGA, S.J. Photosynthetically active radiation transmission through
ice. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-18, Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB-288-463/3GA) 48 pp. (1978). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/publications/tech_reports/glerl-018/
No abstract.
BOLSENGA, S.J. Short note. Preliminary observations on the daily variation
of ice albedo. Journal of Glaciology 18(80):517-521 (1977).
A preliminary assessment of the daily variation of ice albedo in the
285-2800 nm range was made using field data collected over snow ice
and refrozen slush. Significant diurnal variations could be attributed
to changing low solar altitude under clear skies or to decay of the
ice surface. Changes in albedo due to changes in cloud cover were observed
for the most part to be slight. The measurements provide a base for
a program of wider scope which would consider other types of ice under
a variety of natural conditions.
BOYD, J.D., and B.J. EADIE. Evaluation of U.S. IFYGL chemical data at
the master stations. IFYGL Bulletin 21:49-61 (1977).
No abstract.
BOYD, J.D., and B.J. EADIE. Temperature and dissolved oxygen data for
Lake Ontario, 1972 (IFYGL). NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-21, Great
Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB-291-864/7GA)
213 pp. (1978). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/publications/tech_reports/glerl-021/
No abstract.
DANEK, L.J., and J.H. SAYLOR. Measurements of the summer currents in
Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 3 (1-2):65-71
(1977). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1977/19770005.pdf
A combination of Lagrangian measurements and fixed current meter moorings
were used during the summer of 1974 to determine the circulation patterns
of Saginaw Bay. Because the bay is shallow, the water responds rapidly
to wind changes. District circulation patterns were determined for a
southwest wind and a northeast wind. Speeds measured in the inner bay
were of the order of 7 cm s-1, whereas in the outer bay the speeds averaged
closer to 11 cm s-1. A typical water exchange rate between the inner
and outer bay for winds parallel to the axis of the bay is 3700 m3 s-1,
but winds perpendicular to the axis of the bay cause little water to
be exchanged. A comparison with the results of a numerical model for
the bay indicates there is good agreement between the data and the simulation
of the circulation in the inner bay. However, the agreement is poor
in the outer bay, where specification of proper boundary conditions
at the open mouth of the bay is important for meaningful model simulations.
DERECKI, J.A. Description of the method used by the Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory to determine flows in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers
for the River Flow Subcommittee. GLERL Open File Report, Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 16 pp. (1978). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1978/19780008.pdf
No abstract.
EADIE, B.J., R.L. CHAMBERS, J.M. MALCZYK, and A.L. LANGSTON. The effect
of the Grand River spring runoff on Lake Michigan. International Joint
Commission Technical Report :82 (1977).
No abstract.
EADIE, B.J., L.M. Jeffrey, and W.M. Sackett. Some observations on the
stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved and particulate organic
carbon in the marine environment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
42:1265-1269 (1978).
d13CPCB compositions for 39 samples of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
from the Gulf of Mexico-Caribbean Sea-Atlantic Ocean system, the South
Pacific and Ross Sea are reported. Deep water values are similar with
a mean of -21.8% attesting to the homogeneity of the oceanic DOC pool.
In Antarctic waters, a 5% difference between DOC and particulate organic
carbon (POC), with POC having values similar to modern plankton (d13CPDB
approx -27%) supports the idea of the transient nature of POC as compared
to DOC. Total, lipid, acid hydrolyzed, amino acid and residue fractions
of POC are about 5,3,7,5 and 3% respectively, more negative a 2000 m
water as compared to surface water samples from the Gulf of Mexico.
Gannon, J.E., and A. ROBERTSON. Development of checklists on Great Lakes
biota. Journal of Great Lakes Research 4(1):104-105 (1978). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1978/19780004.pdf
No abstract.
Gannon, J.E., and R.S. Stemberger. Zooplankton (especially crustaceans
and rotifers) as indicators of water quality. Transactions of the American
Microscopic Society 97(1):16-35 (1978).
Zooplankters have potential value as assessors of tropic conditions.
They respond quickly to environmental change and may be effective indicators
of subtle alterations in water quality. Since most species are widely
distributed in diverse environments, those with greatest value are ones
limited to extremes of trophic lake types (i.e., oligotrophy, eutrophy,
and dystrophy). In the wide range of ill-defined intermediate lake types,
quantitative data on zooplankton community composition offers more potential
than qualitative information on the presence or absence of certain species.
The ratio of calanoid copepods to other major groups of zooplankton
appears to be of value in identifying relative differences in trophic
conditions. Multivariate analyses based on distribution and abundance
of rotifer and crustacean species have proved useful in delineating
major water masses of different trophic conditions in large lake systems.
But caution must be exercised in establishing one-to-one causal relationships
betweeen zooplaknton composition and trophic conditions since other
factors, especially toxic pollutants and size-selective predation, may
exert considerable influence on changes in the community composition.
GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Annual Report for the
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, FY 1978. Great Lakes
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 33 pp. (1978).
No abstract.
GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Detailed technical plan
for the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 217 pp. (1978).
No abstract.
GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Technical plan for the
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 58 pp. (1978).
No abstract.
HUANG, J.C.K. Numerical simulation studies of oceanic anomalies in the
north Pacific Basin. I: The ocean model and the long-term mean state.
Journal of Physical Oceanography 8:755-778 (1978). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1978/19780002.pdf
A three-dimensional, prognostic numerical model of the North Pacific
Ocean, possessing an actual coastal configuration and ten layers (but
constant depth), has been developed in order to show the physical nature
of large-scale normal and abnormal characteristics of this ocean in
response to various normal and anomalous seasonal meteorological conditions.
Based on the simulated energetics, emphasis is given to the identification
of the major physical processes and essential dynamic mechanisms responsible
for the generation, evolution and dissipation of large-scale anomalies
in the North Pacific Ocean. The model is based on time integrations
of the finite-difference forms of the primitive equations. The oceanic
circulation is driven by atmospheric forcing, namely, the surface wind
stresses and the differential heating over the ocean. The flux form
of numerical scheme for energy conservation and the rigid-lid approximation
for filtering out the external inertia-gravity wave are used in the
formulation. The model was spun-up for more than 60 years with the annual
mean atmospheric data as the forcing boundary conditions. The long-term
mean state in the model reveals the large-scale features of the circulation
patterns and density distributions in the North Pacific Ocean. Three
gyres, one large anticyclonic in the subtropical region and two smaller
ones in the subarctic and, in the tropic regions, are well developed.
The total transport near the western boundary reached 56 x 106 m3 s-1,
which agrees reasonably well with the observed mean transport in the
Kuroshio Current south of Japan. The equatorial currents, the Oyashio
Current, the North Pacific Current, the Alaska Current and the California
Current are simulated roughly in the model. There is upwelling along
both the equator and the western boundary. Temperature and salinity
distributions, except in high latitudes, compare well with observational
data.
HUANG, J.C.K. Simulation study of the north Pacific Ocean. In Symposium
on Modeling of Transport Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes, Marine Sciences
Directorate, Dept. of Fisheries and the Environment, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
21-34 (1977).
Numerical studies of large-scale motions in the North Pacific Ocean
have been carried out using a three-dimensional, nonlinear dynamic model.
The model is based on the thermohydrodynamic equations for an incompressible
fluid contained in a basin with realistic boundary configurations. Observed
atmospheric data such as the air temperature, the relative humidity
and the wind, etc., are coupled with the predicted surface temperature
and salinity to compute the heat, water and momentum fluxes across the
air-sea interface from empirical formulas. The computed values are used
as the constraining upper boundary conditions for the ocean model. Results
show realistic circulation patterns and density structure as compared
with observational data. Three gyre circulations, two cyclonic gyres,
one in the subarctic region .and another in the tropic region, and one
subtropic anticyclonic gyre, are well developed, similar to those observed
synoptic patterns in the North Pacific Ocean and to those analytic diffusive
solutions such as Munk's. The western intensification is clearly demonstrated.
The maximum transport in the Kuroshio region reaches 58 Sverdrups which
agrees quantitatively well with observations. The transports of the
two cyclonic gyres reach 21 Sverdrups in the Oyashio region and 30 Sverdrups
in the Phillipine Sea. All distinguishable currents, such as the Kuroshio,
the west drift current, the California Current, and the Equatorial Current
system, are prominently and easily identified. Dynamic analyses show
that the Ekman type of balance is maintained in the surface layers and
that there is a dominantly geostropic flow in the lower layers of the
ocean.
JENKINS, C.F. The joint Canadian-U.S. Great Lakes research project, IFYGL.
Ambio 7:98-105 (1978).
No abstract.
Kohberger, R.C., D. SCAVIA, and J.W. Wilkinson. A method for parameter
sensitivity analysis in differential equation models. Water Resources
Research 14:25-29 (1978).
A numerical method for analyzing global parameter sensitivity about
a fixed point in parameter space for differential equation models is
presented. The method is suitable for large-scale, multiresponse systems
which may not be in steady state. By using a quadratic model, the relationship
between several global response characteristics and parameter perturbations
is examined. Sensitivity relationships are defined with both backward
elimination regression model selection procedures and eigenvalue-eigenvector
analyses. An example of the method is given using an ecosystem model
consisting of 14 coupled differential equations.
LIU, P.C. A summary of IFYGL surface wave studies. IFYGL Bulletin
21:44-48 (1977).
No abstract.
LIU, P.C. Higher order wave spectra and stationarity of wind waves. Fifth
Conference on Probability and Statistics, Las Vegas, NV, November 15-18,
1977. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 254-259 (1977).
Various recent studies (e.g., Hasselmann et al., 1973; Longuet-Higgins,
1975; Fox, 1976) have consistently indicated that the growth process
of wind waves is primarily associated with the nonlinear energy flux
due to wave-wave interactions. The actual behavior of these interactions,
however, is far from known at present. One of the first steps toward
empirically assessing the wave-wave interactions, using wave data recorded
from a single station, is to perform bispectral and trispectral analyses
of the data (Hasselmann et al., 1962). We intend in this note to show
that the higher order spectra are related to the nonlinear aspects of
the mean energy of wind waves, assuming the data are stationary; to
present examples of calcualted bispectra and trispectra; and to discuss
the significance of nonstationarity in the actual data.
NALEPA, T.F. Freshwater macroinvertebrates. Journal of Water Pollution
Control Federation 50:1301-1313 (1978).
No abstract.
PICKETT, R.L., and S. BERMICK. Observed resultant circulation of Lake
Ontario. Limnology and Oceanography 22:1071-1076 (1977). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1977/19770006.pdf
Vector-averaged current data from June-October 1972 suggest that Lake
Ontario's resultant circulation during the stratified period consists
of a dominant counterclockwise gyre together with a small clockwise
gyre in the northwest portion of the lake. Current speeds are lowest
in spring and have maximum vertical shear in early autumn. Spectra comparing
summer and winter winds and currents show more high frequency energy
in summer winds and currents and more low frequency energy in winter
winds and currents.
PINSAK, A.P., and G.K. Rodgers. Energy balance panel. IFYGL Bulletin
22:40-58 (1978).
No abstract.
POTOK, A.J. Analysis of the effect on Lake Ontario water levels of maintaining
year-round safe navigation depths in the St. Lawrence River. GLERL Open
File Report, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor,
MI (1978).
No abstract.
QUINN, F.H. Analysis of Lake Superior regulation plan "1955 modified
rule of 1949" for the period 1860-1900. GLERL Open File Report, Great
Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (1978).
This study was conducted to evaluate what the performance of the authorized
Lake Superior regulation plan, the 1955 modification of the 1949 rule,
would have been for the time period 1860-1900 if it had been in effect.
To data, the analyses of Lake Superir regulatioan plans has been conducted
for the time period subsequent to 1900. But the period 1860 to 1900
is also important as it contains both the Lake Superior record low and
high water levels, which occurred in 1865 and 1876, respectively. The
performance of regulatiaon plans for these critical periods is indicative
of future performance under similar conditions.
QUINN, F.H. Hydrologic response model of the North American Great Lakes.
Journal of Hydrology 37:295-307 (1978).
A hydrologic response model of the unregulated portion of the North
American Great Lakes is presented for use in water resource and research
studies. The hydrologic response model is a water quantity model encompassing
Lakes Michigan, Huron, St. Clair and Erie and their connecting channels.
The input parameters include overwater precipitation, tributary runoff,
evaporation and diversion rates for each lake in the system and ice
retardation rates and discharge equations for the connecting channels.
The model outputs are end-of-month and monthly mean water levels for
each lake in the system and the monthly flow rates in the connecting
channels. The equation set for the model is composed of the continuity
equations for each lake in the system. Rung-Kutta and Newton-Raphson
algorithms were investigated for use in the model solution as well as
second-order finite-difference technique designed by the author. The
Newton-Raphson algorithm required approximately 40% less computer time
than the other algorithms and was selected for inclusion in the solution.
The model was calibrated by parameter optimization using an optimum
gradient algorithm. The accuracy of the model as well as the sensitivity
of the input parameters are analyzed and discussed.
QUINN, F.H., and G. den Hartog. Evaporation synthesis panel. IFYGL
Bulletin 22:59-68 (1978).
No abstract.
RAO, D.B. A numerical procedure for computing resonant periods of natural
water bodies. Proceedings, Symposium on Tsunamis, Baja California, Mexico,
March 23-26, 1977. Marine Environmental Data Service, Manuscript Report
Series No. 48, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 159-165 (1978).
Every natural water body is a mechanical, viscously damped oscillator
possessing a spectrum of free modes of oscillation. The character of
this spectrum is governed by the dimensions and morphometry of the basin,
earth's rotation, and stratification. The response of the water body
to an external force, whether it be due to atmospheric causes, a vibration
of the bottom from an earthquake, or the propagation of tsunami waves
into an inlet or bay, depends not only on the magnitude of the force
but also on the proximity of the "forcing" frequencies to the "free"
frequencies. If a forcing frequency is very close to or coincides with
that of a free mode, one obtains a resonant response whose magnitude
is controlled by the closeness of the two frequencies and the magnitude
of frictional damping. In nature, the magnitude of frictional damping
is almost always below the critical value so that the response of the
water body is oscillatory. A brief description of a numerical procedure
to compute the natural or resonant periods of an arbitrary water body
is presented here for a completely closed system - that is, a lake.
A few results from the application of this method to the Lake Huron
system are given. In these computations, effects of frictional damping
on the periods of oscillation are ignored since this effect is, in general,
of higher order.
RAO, D.B. Free internal oscillations in a narrow, rotating rectangular
basin. Symposium on Modeling of Transport Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes,
Marine Sciences Directorate, Manuscript Report Series No. 43, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada. 391-398 (1977).
Frequencies of free internal oscillations in a narrow rectangular basin
containing two homogeneous fluids are calculated for various rotation
rates. At a rotation rate appropriate to the Great Lakes, the frequency
spectrum consists of two sets of modes, one with frequencies less than
the intetial, and another with frequencies greater than inertial. The
structures of the former set can be approximated by Kelvin waves, and
those of the latter set by Poincare waves propagating in opposite directions.
Richards, T.L., and E.J. AUBERT. Introduction. IFYGL Bulletin
22:1-3 (1978).
No abstract.
ROBBINS, J.A. Chapter 9. Geochemical and geophysical applications of
radioactive lead. In The Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment,
J. O. Nriagu (ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 285-393 (1978).
No abstract.
ROBERTSON, A., and C.F. JENKINS. The joint Canadian-American study of
Lake Ontario. Ambio 7:107-112 (1978).
No abstract.
ROBERTSON, A., and D. SCAVIA. Ecosystem and water quality modeling during
IFYGL. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:311-316 (1978).
During the IFYGL program measurements were made of the fluctuations
of a large number of biological and chemical properties in Lake Ontario
over a period of about one year. This very large data set provides a
unique opportunity to develop and verify mathematical models of the
Ontario ecosystem. Several groups of investigators seized this opportunity.
This paper presents an overview of the present status of these efforts
and attempts to illustrate the value of ecological modeling both as
an aid to increased understanding of such a large ecosystem and as a
tool to assist in management of this very valuable resource. Although
a number of investigators were involved to some extent in ecological
modeling during IFYGL, this overview will be restricted largely to the
major features of the work of the two groups with the largest involvement.
One of these, supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
is at Manhattan College in Bronx, New York; the other, with which the
authors are associated, is at the Great Lakes Environmental Research
Laboratory (GLERL) of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
SAYLOR, J.H., and F.M. Boyce. Water movements panel. IFYGL Bulletin
22:69-84 (1978).
No abstract.
SCAVIA, D. Modeling in Water Management. Book review of Systems Approach
to Water Management. Bioscience 27(10):688 (1977).
No abstract.
SLEATOR, F.E. Ice thickness and stratigraphy at nearshore locations on
the Great Lakes (English units). NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-1-1, Great
Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB-295-671/2GA)
434 pp. (1978).
Ice-thickness and stratigraphic data have been collected under a program
instituted by the U.S. Lake Survey during winter 1965-66. The program
is continuing under the Great Lakes Enivronmental Research Laboratory.
The data collection network is documented and the data collection and
editing procedures are described. Edited data are presented in Standard
(English) units. A version of the report using metric units is available.
SLEATOR, F.E. Ice thickness and stratigraphy at nearshore locations on
the Great Lakes (metric units). NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-1-2, Great
Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB-297-121-6GA)
434 pp. (1978).
Ice-thickness and stratigraphic data have been collected under a program
instituted by the U.S. Lake Survey during winter 1965-66. The program
is continuing under the Great Lake Environmental Research Laboratory.
The data collection network is documented and the data collection and
editing procedures are described. Edited data are presented in metric
units. A version of this report using standard (English) units is available.
Strong, A.E., and B.J. EADIE. Satellite observations of calcium carbonate
precipitations in the Great Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 23:877-887
(1978). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1978/19780007.pdf
Reflectance patterns apparently from calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
precipitation have been mapped in the Great Lakes using satellite multispectral
imagery. The milky water phenomenon ("whiting") occurred regularly in
summer and fall during the period studied, 1972-1975, in Lakes Ontario,
Erie, and Michigan but not in Superior and Huron. In situ data provide
nearly irrefutable evidence that these whitings are calcareous. They
are attributed to supersaturation of CaCO3 during periods
of thermal stratification and are most intense in the warmer areas of
the lakes. The whitings are maximal several meters below the surface
and are undoubtedly significant with respect to light transmission,
affecting the euphotic zone and thereby photosynthetic production. They
may serve as lakewide markers in synoptic analysis of large-scale epilimnial
horizontal motions.
Thomas, N.A., T.F. NALEPA, and A. ROBERTSON. Biology-chemistry program
during IFYGL. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:304-310 (1978).
During the IFYGL program an extensive effort was made to characterize
some of the more important biological and chemical parameters of Lake
Ontario. Sampling involved both lake-wide surveys and more intensive
nearshore measurements. The purposes of the biology-chemistry program
were: (1) to ascertain the present trophic status of the lake and delineate
any problem areas, (2) to provide insight into some of the more important
ecological processes of a large lake ecosystem, and (3) to provide a
data set that could be used to develop and/or verify mathematical models.
This summary includes only highlights of the results of this program
and is not meant to be an exhaustive account of all the significant
information gathered.
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