Staff information

Biography

Mr. Easter's research area is modeling the transport, transformation, and removal of tropospheric aerosols and trace gases, with emphasis on cloud and precipitation processes. He has developed mesoscale cloud chemistry and precipitation scavenging models and applied them for diagnostic analysis of acid deposition field studies. He has had a central role in the development and application of PNNL's global aerosol, chemistry, and climate model, and development of the PNNL version of the Weather Research and Forecasting - Chemistry (WRF-chem) model. His recent research activities focus on improving treatments of cloud-aerosol interactions in large scale models.

Research Interests

• Modeling the transport, transformation, and removal of tropospheric aerosols and trace gases, with emphasis on cloud and precipitation processes

PNNL Publications

2016

• Ching PP, RA Zaveri, RC Easter, Jr, N Riemer, and JD Fast. 2016. "A three-dimensional sectional representation of aerosol mixing state for simulating optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 121(10):5912-5929.  doi:10.1002/2015JD024323
• Gao W, J Fan, RC Easter, Jr, Q Yang, C Zhao, and SJ Ghan. 2016. "Coupling Spectral-bin Cloud Microphysics with the MOSAIC Aerosol Model in WRF-Chem: Methodology and Results for Marine Stratocumulus Clouds." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 8(3):1289-1309.  doi:10.1002/2016MS000676
• Koffi B, M Schulz, FM Breon, F Dentener, BM Steensen , J Griesfeller, D Winker , Y Balkanski, SE Bauer, N Bellouin, T Berntsen, H Bian, M Chin, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, DA Hauglustaine , T Iversen, A Kirkevag, X Liu, U Lohmann, G Myhre, PJ Rasch, O Seland, RB Skeie, SD Steenrod, P Stier, J Tackett, T Takemura, K Tsigaridis, MR Vuolo, JH Yoon, and K Zhang. 2016. "Evaluation of the aerosol vertical distribution in global aerosol models through comparison against CALIOP measurements: AeroCom phase II results." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 121(12):7254-7283.  doi:10.1002/2015JD024639
• Kristiansen NI, A Stohl, DJ Olivie , B Croft, OA Sovde, H Klein , T Christoudias, D Kunkel , SJ Leadbetter, YH Lee, K Zhang, K Tsigaridis, T Bergman, N Evangeliou, H Wang, PL Ma, RC Easter, Jr, PJ Rasch, X Liu, G Pitari, G Di Genova, SY Zhao, Y Balkanski, S Bauer, G Faluvegi, H Kokkola, RV Martin, JR Pierce, M Schulz, D Shindell , H Tost, and H Zhang . 2016. "Evaluation of observed and modelled aerosol lifetimes using radioactive tracers of opportunity and an ensemble of 19 global models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(5):3525-3561.  doi:10.5194/acp-16-3525-2016
• Liu X, PL Ma, H Wang, S Tilmes, B Singh, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, and PJ Rasch. 2016. "Description and Evaluation of a New Four-Mode Version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) within Version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model." Geoscientific Model Development 9(2):505-522.  doi:10.5194/gmd-9-505-2016
• Mills MJ, A Schmidt, RC Easter, Jr, S Solomon, DE Kinnison, SJ Ghan, R Neely, DR Marsh, A Conley, C Bardeen, and A Gettelman. 2016. "Global volcanic aerosol properties derived from emissions, 1990-2014, using WACCM5." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 121(5):2332-2348.  doi:10.1002/2015JD024290
• Shrivastava MKB, C Zhao, RC Easter, Jr, Y Qian, A Zelenyuk, JD Fast, Y Liu, Q Zhang, and AB Guenther. 2016. "Sensitivity Analysis of simulated SOA loadings using a Variance-Based Statistical Approach." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 8(2):499-519.  doi:10.1002/2015MS000554
• Zhang K, C Zhao, H Wan, Y Qian, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, K Sakaguchi, and X Liu. 2016. "Quantifying the impact of sub-grid surface wind variability on sea salt and dust emissions in CAM5." Geoscientific Model Development 9(2):607-632.  doi:10.5194/gmd-9-607-2016

2015

• Lupascu A, RC Easter, Jr, RA Zaveri, MKB Shrivastava, MS Pekour, JM Tomlinson, Q Yang, H Matsui, A Hodzic, Q Zhang, and JD Fast. 2015. "Modeling particle nucleation and growth over northern California during the 2010 CARES campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(21):12283-12313.  doi:10.5194/acp-15-12283-2015
• Berg LK, MKB Shrivastava, RC Easter, Jr, JD Fast, EG Chapman, and Y Liu. 2015. "A New WRF-Chem Treatment for Studying Regional Scale Impacts of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions in Parameterized Cumuli." Geoscientific Model Development 8(2):409-429.  doi:10.5194/gmd-8-409-2015
• Ma PL, PJ Rasch, M Wang, H Wang, SJ Ghan, RC Easter, Jr, WI Gustafson, Jr, X Liu, Y Zhang, and HY Ma. 2015. "How Does Increasing Horizontal Resolution in a Global Climate Model Improve the Simulation of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions?" Geophysical Research Letters 42(12):5058-5065.  doi:10.1002/2015GL064183
• Shrivastava MKB, RC Easter, Jr, X Liu, A Zelenyuk, B Singh, K Zhang, PL Ma, D Chand, SJ Ghan, JL Jiminez, Q Zhang, JD Fast, PJ Rasch, and P Tiitta. 2015. "Global transformation and fate of SOA: Implications of Low Volatility SOA and Gas-Phase Fragmentation Reactions ." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 120(9):4169-4195.  doi:10.1002/2014JD022563
• Yang Q, RC Easter, Jr, P Campuzano-Jost, JL Jimenez, JD Fast, SJ Ghan, H Wang, LK Berg, M Barth, Y Liu, MKB Shrivastava, B Singh, H Morrison, J Fan, CL Ziegler, M Bela, E Apel, GS Diskin, T Mikoviny, and A Wisthaler. 2015. "Aerosol transport and wet scavenging in deep convective clouds: a case study and model evaluation using a multiple passive tracer analysis approach." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 120(16):8448-8468.  doi:10.1002/2015JD023647
• Zhang R, H Wang, Y Qian, PJ Rasch, RC Easter, Jr, PL Ma, B Singh, J Huang, and Q Fu. 2015. "Quantifying sources, transport, deposition, and radiative forcing of black carbon over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(11):6205-6223.  doi:10.5194/acp-15-6205-2015

2014

• Long M, WC Keene, RC Easter, Jr, R Sander, X Liu, A Kerkweg, and D Erickson. 2014. "Sensitivity of Tropospheric Chemical Composition to Halogen-Radical Chemistry Using a Fully Coupled Size-Resolved Multiphase Chemistry-Global Climate System: Halogen Distributions, Aerosol Composition, and Sensitivity of Climate-Relevant Gases." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(7):3397-3425.  doi:10.5194/acp-14-3397-2014
• Ma PL, PJ Rasch, JD Fast, RC Easter, Jr, WI Gustafson, Jr, X Liu, SJ Ghan, and B Singh. 2014. "Assessing the CAM5 Physics Suite in the WRF-Chem Model: Implementation, Resolution Sensitivity, and a First Evaluation for a Regional Case Study." Geoscientific Model Development 7(3):755-778.  doi:10.5194/gmd-7-755-2014
• Mann GW, KS Carslaw, CL Reddington, KJ Pringle, M Schulz, A Asmi, DV Spracklen, DA Ridley, MT Woodhouse, LA Lee, K Zhang, SJ Ghan, RC Easter, Jr, X Liu, P Stier, YH Lee, PJ Adams, H Tost, J Lelieveld, S Bauer, K Tsigaridis, T van Noije, A Strunk, E Vignati, N Bellouin, M Dalvi, CE Johnson, T Bergman, H Kokkola, K Von Salzen, F Yu, G Luo, A Petzold, J Heintzenberg, AD Clarke, JA Ogren, J Gras, U Baltensperger, U Kaminski, SG Jennings, CD O'Dowd, RM Harrison, DC Beddows, M Kulmala, Y Viisanen, V Ulevicius, N Mihalopoulos, V Zdimal, M Fiebig, HC Hansson, E Swietlicki, and JS Henzing. 2014. "Intercomparison and Evaluation of Global Aerosol Microphysical Properties among AeroCom Models of a Range of Complexity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(9):4679-4713.  doi:10.5194/acp-14-4679-2014
• Samset BH, G Myhre, A Herber, Y Kondo, SM Li, N Moteki, M Koike, N Oshima, JP Schwarz, Y Balkanski, S Bauer, N Bellouin, T Berntsen, H Bian, M Chin, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, T Iversen, A Kirkevag, JF Lamarque, G Lin, X Liu, JE Penner, M Schulz, O Seland, RB Skeie, P Stier, T Takemura, K Tsigaridis, and K Zhang. 2014. "Modelled Black Carbon Radiative Forcing and Atmospheric Lifetime in AeroCom Phase II Constrained by Aircraft Observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(22):12465-12477.  doi:10.5194/acp-14-12465-2014
• Tsigaridis K, N Daskalakis, M Kanakidou, PJ Adams, P Artaxo, R Bahadur, Y Balkanski, S Bauer, N Bellouin, A Benedetti, T Bergman, T Berntsen, JP Beukes, H Bian, KS Carslaw, M Chin, G Curci, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, S Gong, A Hodzic, CR Hoyle, T Iversen, S Jathar, JL Jimenez, JW Kaiser, A Kirkevag, D Koch, H Kokkola, YH Lee, G Lin, X Liu, G Luo, X Ma, GW Mann, N Mihalopoulos, JJ Morcrette, JF Muller, G Myhre, S Myriokefalitakis, NL Ng, D O'Donell, JE Penner, L Pozzoli, KJ Pringle, L Russell, M Schulz, J Sciare, O Seland, D Shindell, S Sillman, RB Skeie, DV Spracklen, T Stavrakou, SD Steenrod, T Takemura, P Tiitta, S Tilmes, H Tost, T van Noije, PG van Zyl, K von Salzen, F Yu, Z Wang, Z Wang, RA Zaveri, H Zhang, K Zhang, Q Zhang, and X Zhang. 2014. "The AeroCom Evaluation and Intercomparison of Organic Aerosol in Global Models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(19):10845-10895.  doi:10.5194/acp-14-10845-2014
• Wang H, PJ Rasch, RC Easter, Jr, B Singh, R Zhang, PL Ma, Y Qian, SJ Ghan, and N Beagley. 2014. "Using an Explicit Emission Tagging Method in Global Modeling of Source-Receptor Relationships for Black Carbon in the Arctic: Variations, Sources and Transport Pathways." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 119(12):12,888-12,909.  doi:10.1002/2014JD022297
• Zaveri RA, RC Easter, Jr, JE Shilling, and JH Seinfeld. 2014. "Modeling kinetic partitioning of secondary organic aerosol and size distribution dynamics: representing effects of volatility, phase state, and particle-phase reaction." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(10):5153-5181.  doi:10.5194/acp-14-5153-2014

2013

• Ovchinnikov M, RC Easter, Jr, and WI Gustafson, Jr. 2013. "Untangling Dynamical and Microphysical Controls for the Structure of Stratocumulus." Geophysical Research Letters 40(16):4432-4436.  doi:10.1002/grl.50810
• Zhao C, LYR Leung, RC Easter, Jr, J Hand, and J Avise. 2013. "Characterization of Speciated Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing Over California." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 118(5):2372-2388.  doi:10.1029/2012JD018364
• Brioude J, D Arnold, A Stohl, M Cassiani, D Morton, P Seibert, WM Angevine, S Evan, A Dingwell, JD Fast, RC Easter, Jr, I Pisso, J Bukhart, and G Wotawa. 2013. "The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART-WRF VERSION 3.1." Geoscientific Model Development 6(6):1889-1904.  doi:10.5194/gmd-6-1889-2013
• Kajino M, RC Easter, Jr, and SJ Ghan. 2013. "Modal Bin Hybrid Model: A Surface Area Consistent, Triple Moment Sectional Method for Use in Process-oriented Modeling of Atmospheric Aerosols." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 118(17):10,011-10,040.  doi:10.1002/jgrd.50685
• Long MS, WC Keene, RC Easter, Jr, R Sander, A Kergweg, D Erickson, X Liu, and SJ Ghan. 2013. "Implementation of the chemistry module MECCA (v2.5) in the modal aerosol version of the Community Atmosphere Model component (v3.6.33) of the Community Earth System Model." Geoscientific Model Development 6(1):255-262.  doi:10.5194/gmd-6-255-2013
• Ma PL, PJ Rasch, H Wang, K Zhang, RC Easter, Jr, S Tilmes, JD Fast, X Liu, JH Yoon, and JF Lamarque. 2013. "The Role of Circulation Features on Black Carbon Transport into the Arctic in the Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 (CAM5)." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 118(10):4657-4669.  doi:10.1002/jgrd.50411
• Myhre G, BH Samset, M Schulz, Y Balkanski, S Bauer, T Berntsen, H Bian, N Bellouin, M Chin, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, J Feichter, SJ Ghan, D Hauglustaine, T Iversen, S Kinne, A Kirkevag, JF Lamarque, G Lin, X Liu, MT Lund, G Luo, X Ma, T van Noije, JE Penner, PJ Rasch, A Ruiz, O Seland, RB Skeie, P Stier, T Takemura, K Tsigaridis, P Wang, Z Wang, L Xu, H Yu, F Yu, JH Yoon, K Zhang, H Zhang, and C Zhou. 2013. "Radiative Forcing of the Direct Aerosol Effect from AeroCom Phase II Simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(4):1853-1877.  doi:10.5194/acp-13-1853-2013
• Samset BH, G Myhre, M Schulz, Y Balkanski, SE Bauer, T Berntsen, H Bian, N Bellouin, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, T Iversen, S Kinne, A Kirkevag, JF Lamarque, G Lin, X Liu, JE Penner, O Seland, RB Skeie, P Stier, T Takemura, K Tsigaridis, and K Zhang. 2013. "Black Carbon Vertical Profiles Strongly Affect its Radiative Forcing Uncertainty." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(5):2423-2434.  doi:10.5194/acp-13-2423-2013
• Shindell D, JF Lamarque, M Schulz, MG Flanner, C Jiao, M Chin, PJ Young, YH Lee, L Rotstayn, NM Mahowald, G Milly, G Faluvegi, Y Balkanski, WJ Collins, A Conley, S Dalsoren, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, L Horowitz, X Liu, G Myhre, T Nagashima, V Naik, S Rumbold, RB Skeie, K Sudo, S Szopa, T Takemura, A Voulgarakis, JH Yoon, and F Lo. 2013. "Radiative forcing in the ACCMIP historical and future climate simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(6):2939-2974.  doi:10.5194/acp-13-2939-2013
• Shrivastava MKB, A Zelenyuk, D Imre, RC Easter, Jr, J Beranek, RA Zaveri, and JD Fast. 2013. "Implications of Low Volatility SOA and Gas-Phase Fragmentation Reactions on SOA Loadings and their Spatial and Temporal Evolution in the Atmosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 118(8):3328-3342.  doi:10.1002/jgrd.50160
• Shrivastava MKB, LK Berg, JD Fast, RC Easter, Jr, A Laskin, EG Chapman, WI Gustafson, Jr, Y Liu, and CM Berkowitz. 2013. "Modeling aerosols and their interactions with shallow cumuli during the 2007 CHAPS field study." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 118(3):1343-1360. 
• Wang H, RC Easter, Jr, PJ Rasch, M Wang, X Liu, SJ Ghan, Y Qian, JH Yoon, PL Ma, and V Vinoj. 2013. "Sensitivity of Remote Aerosol Distributions to Representation of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions in a Global Climate Model." Geoscientific Model Development 6(3):765-782.  doi:10.5194/gmd-6-765-2013

2012

• Liu X, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, RA Zaveri, PJ Rasch, X Shi, JF Lamarque, A Gettelman, H Morrison, F Vitt, A Conley, S Park, R Neale, C Hannay, AM Ekman, P Hess, N Mahowald, WD Collins, MJ Iacono, CS Bretherton, MG Flanner, and D Mitchell. 2012. "Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models: Description and Evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5." Geoscientific Model Development 5(3):709-739.  doi:10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012
• Gantt B, J Xu, N Meskhidze, Y Zhang, A Nenes, SJ Ghan, X Liu, RC Easter, Jr, and RA Zaveri. 2012. "Global Distribution and Climate Forcing of Marine Organic Aerosol - Part 2: Effects on Cloud Properties and Radiative Forcing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(14):6555-6563.  doi:10.5194/acp-12-6555-2012
• Ghan SJ, X Liu, RC Easter, Jr, RA Zaveri, PJ Rasch, JH Yoon, and B Eaton. 2012. "Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models: Comparative Decomposition of Aerosol Direct, Semidirect, and Indirect Radiative Forcing." Journal of Climate 25(19):6461-6476.  doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00650.1
• Koffi B, M Schultz, FM Breon, J Griesfeller, D Winker, Y Balkanski, SE Bauer, T Berntsen, M Chin, WD Collins, F Dentener, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, P Ginoux, S Gong, L Horowitz, T Iversen, A Kirkevag, D Koch, M Krol, G Myhre, P Stier, and T Takemura. 2012. "Application of the CALIOP Layer Product to Evaluate the Vertical Distribution of Aerosols Estimated by Global Models: AeroCom Phase I Results." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 117:Article No. D10201.  doi:10.1029/2011JD016858
• Wang M, SJ Ghan, X Liu, TL Ecuyer, K Zhang, H Morrison, M Ovchinnikov, RC Easter, Jr, R Marchand, D Chand, Y Qian, and JE Penner. 2012. "Constraining cloud lifetime effects of aerosols using A-Train satellite observations ." Geophysical Research Letters 39:L15709.  doi:10.1029/2012GL052204
• Yang Q, WI Gustafson, Jr, JD Fast, H Wang, RC Easter, Jr, M Wang, SJ Ghan, LK Berg, LYR Leung, and H Morrison. 2012. "Impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on stratocumulus and precipitation in the Southeast Pacific: A regional modeling study using WRF-Chem." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(18):8777-8796.  doi:10.5194/acp-12-8777-2012
• Yu F, G Luo, X Liu, RC Easter, Jr, X Ma, and SJ Ghan. 2012. "Indirect radiative forcing by ion-mediated nucleation of aerosol." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(23):11451-11463.  doi:10.5194/acp-12-11451-2012
• Zaveri RA, WJ Shaw, DJ Cziczo, B Schmid, R Ferrare, ML Alexander, M Alexandrov, RJ Alvarez, WP Arnott, D Atkinson, S Baidar, RM Banta, JC Barnard, J Beranek, LK Berg, FJ Brechtel, WA Brewer, JF Cahill, B Cairns, CD Cappa, D Chand, S China, JM Comstock, MK Dubey, RC Easter, Jr, MH Erickson, JD Fast, C Floerchinger, BA Flowers, E Fortner, JS Gaffney, MK Gilles, K Gorkowski, WI Gustafson, Jr, MS Gyawali, J Hair, M Hardesty, JW Harworth, SC Herndon, N Hiranuma, CA Hostetler, JM Hubbe, JT Jayne, H Jeong, BT Jobson, EI Kassianov, LI Kleinman, CD Kluzek, B Knighton, KR Kolesar, C Kuang, A Kubatova, AO Langford, A Laskin, NS Laulainen, RD Marchbanks, C Mazzoleni, F Mei, RC Moffet, DA Nelson, M Obland, H Oetjen, TB Onasch, I Ortega, M Ottaviani, MS Pekour, KA Prather, JG Radney, R Rogers, SP Sandberg, A Sedlacek, C Senff, G Senum, A Setyan, JE Shilling, MKB Shrivastava, C Song, SR Springston, R Subramanian, K Suski, JM Tomlinson, RM Volkamer, HA Wallace, J Wang, AM Weickmann, DR Worsnop, XY Yu, A Zelenyuk, and Q Zhang. 2012. "Overview of the 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(16):7647-7687.  doi:10.5194/acp-12-7647-2012

2011

• Fast JD, WI Gustafson, Jr, EG Chapman, RC Easter, Jr, JP Rishel, RA Zaveri, G Grell, and M Barth. 2011. "The Aerosol Modeling Testbed: A community tool to objectively evaluate aerosol process modules." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92(3):343-360.  doi:10.1175/2010BAMS2868.1
• Huneeus N, M Schulz, Y Balkanski, J Griesfeller, J Prospero, S Kinne, S Bauer, O Boucher, M Chin, F Dentener, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, D Fillmore, SJ Ghan, P Ginoux, A Grini, L Horowitz, D Koch, M Krol, W Landing, X Liu, N Mahowald, R Miller, JJ Morcrette, G Myhre, J Penner, J Perlwitz, P Stier, T Takemura, and CS Zender. 2011. "Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(15):7781-7816.  doi:10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011
• Koch D, Y Balkanski, S Bauer, RC Easter, Jr, S Ferrachat, SJ Ghan, C Hoose, T Iversen, A Kirkevag, JE Kristjansson, X Liu, U Lohmann, S Menon, J Quaas, M Schulz, O Seland, T Takemura, and N Yan. 2011. "Soot microphysical effects on liquid clouds, a multi-model investigation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3):1051-1064.  doi:10.5194/acp-11-1051-2011
• Meskhidze N, J Xu, B Gantt, Y Zhang, A Nenes, SJ Ghan, X Liu, RC Easter, Jr, and RA Zaveri. 2011. "Global distribution and climate forcing of marine organic aerosol: 1. Model improvements and evaluation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(22):11689-11705.  doi:10.5194/acp-11-11689-2011
• Shrivastava MKB, JD Fast, RC Easter, Jr, WI Gustafson, Jr, RA Zaveri, JL Jimenez, P Saide, and A Hodzic. 2011. "Modeling Organic Aerosols in a Megacity: Comparison of Simple and Complex Representations of the Volatility Basis Set Approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13):6639-6662.  doi:10.5194/acp-11-6639-2011
• Wang M, SJ Ghan, M Ovchinnikov, X Liu, RC Easter, Jr, EI Kassianov, Y Qian, and H Morrison. 2011. "Aerosol Indirect effects in a multi-scale aerosol-climate model PNNL-MMF." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(11):5431-5455.  doi:10.5194/acp-11-5431-2011
• Wang M, SJ Ghan, RC Easter, Jr, M Ovchinnikov, X Liu, EI Kassianov, Y Qian, WI Gustafson, Jr, VE Larson, D Schanen, M Khairoutdinov, and H Morrison. 2011. "The multi-scale aerosol-climate model PNNL-MMF: model description and evaluation." Geoscientific Model Development 4(1):137-168.  doi:10.5194/gmd-4-137-2011
• Yang Q, WI Gustafson, Jr, JD Fast, H Wang, RC Easter, Jr, H Morrison, YN Lee, EG Chapman, SN Spak, and MA Mena-Carrasco. 2011. "Assessing regional scale predictions of aerosols, marine stratocumulus, and their interactions during VOCALS-REx using WRF-Chem." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23):11951-11975.  doi:10.5194/acp-11-11951-2011

2010

• Ovchinnikov M, and RC Easter, Jr. 2010. "Modeling aerosol growth by aqueous chemistry in nonprecipitating stratiform cloud." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 115(D14210):, doi:10.1029/2009JD012816
• Zelenyuk A, D Imre, M Earle, RC Easter, Jr, A Korolev, WR Leaitch, P Liu, AM Macdonald, M Ovchinnikov, and W Strapp. 2010. "In-Situ Characterization of Cloud Condensation Nuclei, Interstitial, and background Particles using Single Particle Mass Spectrometer, SPLAT II." Analytical Chemistry 82(19):7943-7951.  doi:10.1021/ac1013892
• Riemer N, M West, RA Zaveri, and RC Easter, Jr. 2010. "Estimating Black Carbon Aging Time-Scales with a Particle-Resolved Aerosol Model." Journal of Aerosol Science (41):143-158. 
• Zaveri RA, JC Barnard, RC Easter, Jr, N Riemer, and M West. 2010. "Particle-resolved simulation of aerosol size, composition, mixing state, and the associated optical and cloud condensation nuclei activation properties in an evolving urban plume." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 115:Article No. D17210.  doi:10.1029/2009JD013616
• Zhao C, X Liu, LYR Leung, B Johnson, SA McFarlane, WI Gustafson, Jr, JD Fast, and RC Easter, Jr. 2010. "The spatial distribution of mineral dust and its shortwave radiative forcing over North Africa: Modeling sensitivities to dust emissions and aerosol size treatments ." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(18):8821-8838.  doi:10.5194/acp-10-8821-2010

2009

• Ovtchinnikov M, and RC Easter, Jr. 2009. "Nonlinear Advection Algorithms Applied to Inter-related Tracers: Errors and Implications for Modeling Aerosol-Cloud Interactions ." Monthly Weather Review 137(2):632-644.  doi:10.1175/2008MWR2626.1
• Chapman EG, WI Gustafson, Jr, RC Easter, Jr, JC Barnard, SJ Ghan, MS Pekour, and JD Fast. 2009. "Coupling Aerosol-Cloud-Radiative Processes in the WRF-Chem Model: Investigating the Radiative Impact of Elevated Point Sources." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9(3):945-964. 
• Koch D, M Schulz, S Kinne, CS McNaughton, JR Spackman, Y Balkanski, S Bauer, T Berntsen, TC Bond, O Boucher, M Chin, AD Clarke, N De Luca, F Dentener, T Diehl, O Dubovik, RC Easter, Jr, DW Fahey, J Feichter, D Fillmore, S Freitag, SJ Ghan, P Ginoux, S Gong, L Horowitz, T Iversen, A Kirkevag, Z Klimont, Y Kondo, M Krol, X Liu, R Miller, V Montanaro, N Moteki, G Myhre, J Penner, J Perlwitz, G Pitari, S Reddy, L Sahu, H Sakamoto, G Schuster, JP Schwarz, O Seland, P Stier, N Takegawa, T Takemura, C Textor, J van Aardenne, and Y Zhao. 2009. "Evaluation of Black Carbon Estimations in Global Aerosol Models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9:9001-9026. 
• Quaas J, Y Ming, S Menon, T Takemura, M Wang, JE Penner, A Gettelman, U Lohmann, N Bellouin, O Boucher, AM Sayer, GE Thomas, A McComiskey, G Feingold, C Hoose, JE Kristjansson, X Liu, Y Balkanski, LJ Donner, P Ginoux, P Stier, B Grandey, J Feichter, I Sednev, SE Bauer, D Koch, RG Grainger, A Kirkevag, T Iversen, O Seland, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, PJ Rasch, H Morrison, JF Lamarque, MJ Iacono, S Kinne, and M Schulz. 2009. "Aerosol indirect effects - general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9(22):8697-8717 . 
• Riemer N, M West, RA Zaveri, and RC Easter, Jr. 2009. "Simulating the Evolution of Soot Mixing State with a Particle-Resolved Aerosol Model." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 114:D09202.  doi:10.1029/2008JD011073

2008

• Gustafson WI, Jr, LK Berg, RC Easter, Jr, and SJ Ghan. 2008. "The Explicit-Cloud Parameterized-Pollutant Hybrid Approach for Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Multiscale Modelling Framework Models: Tracer Transport Results." Environmental Research Letters 3(2):Art. No. 025005.  doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025005
• Zaveri RA, RC Easter, Jr, JD Fast, and LK Peters. 2008. "Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC)." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 113(D13):Art. No. D13204.  doi:10.1029/2007JD008782

2007

• Ghan SJ, and RC Easter, Jr. 2007. "Corrigendum to "Impact of cloud-borne aerosol representation on aerosol direct and indirect effects" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4163-4174, 2006 ." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7:293-294. 
• Gustafson WI, Jr, EG Chapman, SJ Ghan, RC Easter, Jr, and JD Fast. 2007. "Impact on Modeled Cloud Characteristics Due to Simplified Treatment of Uniform Cloud Condensation Nuclei During NEAQS 2004." Geophysical Research Letters 34(19):L19809.  doi:10.1029/2007GL030021

2006

• Ghan SJ, and RC Easter, Jr. 2006. "Impact of Cloud-Borne Aerosol Representation on Aerosol Direct and Indirect Effects." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6:4163-4174. 
• Fast JD, WI Gustafson, Jr, RC Easter, Jr, RA Zaveri, JC Barnard, EG Chapman, G Grell, and SE Peckham. 2006. "Evolution of Ozone, Particulates, and Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing in the Vicinity of Houston Using a Fully Coupled Meteorology-Chemistry-Aerosol Model." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 111(D21):D21305.  doi:10.1029/2005JD006721
• Kinne S, M Schulz, C Textor, S Guibert, Y Balkanski, S Bauer, T Berntsen, T Berglen, O Boucher, M Chin, W Collins, F Dentener, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, H Feichter, D Fillmore, SJ Ghan, P Ginoux, S Gong, A Grini, J Hendricks, M Herzog, L Horrowitz, I Isaksen, T Iversen, A Kirkevag, S Kloster, D Koch, JE Kristjansson, M Krol, A Lauer, JF Lamarque, G Lesins, X Liu, U Lohmann, V Montanaro, G Myhre, JE Penner, G Pitari, S Reddy, O Seland, P Stier, T Takemura, and X Tie. 2006. "An AeroCom Initial Assessment - Optical Properties in Aerosol Component Modules of Global Models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6(7):1815-1834. 
• Textor C, M Schulz, S Guibert, S Kinne, Y Balkanski, S Bauer, T Berntsen, T Berglen, O Boucher, M Chin, F Dentener, T Diehl, RC Easter, Jr, H Feichter, D Fillmore, SJ Ghan, P Ginoux, S Gong, A Grini, J Hendricks, L Horrowitz, P Huang, I Isaksen, T Iversen, S Kloster, D Koch, A Kirkevag, JE Kristjansson, M Krol, A Lauer, JF Lamarque, X Liu, V Montanaro, G Myhre, JE Penner, G Pitari, S Reddy, O Seland, P Stier, T Takemura, and X Tie. 2006. "Analysis and Quantification of the Diversities of Aerosol Life Cycles within AeroCom." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6(7):1777-1813. 

2005

• Gustafson WI, Jr, JD Fast, RC Easter, Jr, and SJ Ghan. 2005. "Triumphs and Tribulations of WRF-Chem Development and Use." In 2005 Joint WRF/MM5 User's Workshop, June 27-30, 2005, Boulder, Colorado, p. Paper No. 8.4.  National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. 
• Zaveri RA, RC Easter, Jr, and AS Wexler. 2005. "A New Method for Multicomponent Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes in Aqueous Atmospheric Aerosols." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 110(D2):D02201.  doi:10.1029/2004JD004681
• Zaveri RA, RC Easter, Jr, and LK Peters. 2005. "A Computationally Efficient Multicomponent Equilibrium Solver for Aerosols (MESA)." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 110(D24):D24203.  doi:10.1029/2004JD005618
• Zhang Y, CH Bischof, RC Easter, Jr, and PT Wu. 2005. "Sensitivity Analysis of Photochemical Indicators for O3 Chemistry Using Automatic Differentiation." Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 51(1):1-41. 

2004

• Zaveri RA, RC Easter, Jr, and AS Wexler. 2004. "A Computationally Efficient Model for Multicomponent Activity Coefficients in Aqueous Solutions." In American Association for Aerosol Research 23rd Annual Conference, October 4-8, 2004, Atlanta, Georgia.  American Association for Aerosol Research, Mt. Laurel, NJ. 
• Zaveri RA, RC Easter, Jr, LK Peters, and AS Wexler. 2004. "A Computationally Efficient Algorithm for Aerosol Phase Equilibrium." In American Association for Aerosol Research 23rd Annual Conference, October 4-8, 2004, Atlanta, Georgia.  American Association for Aerosol Research, Mt. Laurel, NJ. 
• Benkovitz C, SE Schwartz, MP Jensen, MA Miller, RC Easter, Jr, and TS Bates. 2004. "Modeling Atmospheric Sulfur Over the Northern Hemisphere during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2 Experimental Period." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 109(D22):D22207.  doi:10.1029/2004JD004939
• Easter RC, Jr, SJ Ghan, Y Zhang, RD Saylor, EG Chapman, NS Laulainen, H Abdul-Razzak, LR Leung, X Bian, and RA Zaveri. 2004. "MIRAGE: Model Description and Evaluation of Aerosols and Trace Gases." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 109(D20):D20210.  doi:10.1029/2004JD004571
• Ghan SJ, X Bian, EG Chapman, RC Easter, Jr, GI Fann, SC Kothari, RA Zaveri, and Y Zhang. 2004. Simulation of Climate Forcing by Aerosols. PNNL-14634, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. 

2003

• Kinne S, U Lohmann, J Feichter, M Schulz, C Timmreck, SJ Ghan, RC Easter, Jr, M Chin, P Ginoux, T Takemura, I Tegen, D Koch, M Herzog, J Penner, G Pitari, BN Holben, T Eck, A Smirnov, O Dubovik, I Slutsker, D Tanre, O Torres, M Mishchenko, I Geogdzhayev, DA Chu, and YJ Kaufman. 2003. "Monthly Averages of Aerosol Properties: A Global Comparison Among Models, Satellite Data, and AERONET Ground Data." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 108(D20):4634.  doi:10.1029/2001JD001253

2002

• Chapman EG, WJ Shaw, RC Easter, Jr, X Bian, and SJ Ghan. 2002. "The Influence of Wind Speed Averaging on Estimates of Dimethylsulfide Emission Fluxes." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 107(D23: art. no.4672):, doi:10.1029/2001JD001564
• Fast JD, RA Zaveri, RX Bian, EG Chapman, and RC Easter, Jr. 2002. "Effect of Regional-Scale Transport on Oxidants in the Vicinity of Philadelphia During the 1999 NE-OPS Field Campaign." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 107(D16):, doi:10.1029/2001JD000980
• Zhang Y, RC Easter, Jr, SJ Ghan, and H Abdul-Razzak. 2002. "Impact of Aerosol Size Representation on Modeling Aerosol-Cloud Interactions." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 107(D21 art.no.4558):, doi:10.1029/2001JD001549

2001

• Ghan SJ, RC Easter, Jr, JD Hudson, and F Breon. 2001. "Evaluation of Aerosol Indirect Radiative Forcing in MIRAGE." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 106(D6):5317-5334. 
• Barrie LA, Y Yi, WR Leaitch, U Lohmann, P Kasibhatla, GJ Roelofs, J Wilson, F Mcgovern, C Benkovitz, MA Melieres, K Law, J Prospero, M Kritz, D Bergmann, C Bridgeman, M Chin, J Christiansen, RC Easter, Jr, J Feichter, C Land, A Jeuken, E Kjellstrom, D Koch, and P Rasch. 2001. "A Comparison of Large-Scale Atmospheric Sulphate Aerosol Models (COSAM): Overview and Highlights." Tellus Series B, Chemical and Physical Meteorology 53(5):615-645. 
• Ghan SJ, NS Laulainen, RC Easter, Jr, R Wagener, S Nemesure, EG Chapman, Y Zhang, and LR Leung. 2001. "Evaluation of Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing in MIRAGE." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 106(D6):5295-5316. 
• Ghan SJ, RC Easter, Jr, EG Chapman, H Abdul-Razzak, Y Zhang, LR Leung, NS Laulainen, RD Saylor, and RA Zaveri. 2001. "A Physically-Based Estimate of Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosol." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 106(D6):5279-5293. 
• Lohmann U, WR Leaitch, LA Barrie, K Law, Y Yi, D Bergmann, C Bridgeman, M Chin, J Christensen, RC Easter, Jr, J Feichter, A Jeuken, E Kjellstrom, D Koch, C Land, P Rasch, and GJ Roelofs. 2001. "Vertical Distributions of Sulfur Species Simulated by Large Scale Atmospheric Models in COSAM: Comparison with Observations." Tellus Series B, Chemical and Physical Meteorology 53(5):646-672. 
• Roelofs GJ, P Kasibhatla, LA Barrie, D Bergmann, C Bridgeman, M Chin, J Christensen, RC Easter, Jr, J Feichter, A Jeuken, E Kjellstrom, D Koch, C Land, U Lohmann, and P Rasch. 2001. "Analysis of Regional Budgets of Sulfur Species Modeled for the COSAM Exercise." Tellus Series B, Chemical and Physical Meteorology 53B(5):673-694. 

2000

• Berkowitz CM, JD Fast, and RC Easter, Jr. 2000. "Boundary Layer Vertical Exchange Processes and the Mass Budget of Ozone: Observations and Model Results." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 105(D11):14,789-14,805. 

1999

• Lee PS, RA Zaveri, RC Easter, Jr, and LK Peters. 1999. "Technical Note: On the Parallelization of a Global Climate-Chemistry Modeling System." Atmospheric Environment 33(4):675-681.