Overview

A dashboard is a data interface designed for easy reading. It allows multiple metrics to be monitored and displayed at a summary level, while offering the supporting data at a lower or more granular level. The dashboards found on the Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) website are specialized to track both facility -- or in the case of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), public water systems (PWSs) -- and agency performance as they relate to compliance with and enforcement of environmental standards. The Drinking Water Dashboard also allows performance to be tracked for individual reservations. The dashboards in ECHO include charts, tables and links to additional information. The data on the dashboards are presented as a national view (aggregating relevant data from all of the nation's PWSs) or by state, tribal area, or territory. Users have access to additional filtration criteria, which can be displayed by selecting "Advanced" from the View Search Criteria dropdown. The dashboards support EPA's transparency efforts.

Data for the current fiscal year and the four previous fiscal years are presented, so that we are always showing the most recent five-year trend. The fiscal year refers to the federal fiscal year, October 1 to September 30. Data for the current fiscal year in progress are shown as “year-to-date,” while data from the four previous fiscal years are complete. Please note that the current year's data are updated quarterly with a three-month lag, and so are subject to change until the delayed data are added to the database in January of the following year.

We envision that the dashboard will evolve as users engage and identify their needs, and our compliance and enforcement programs change in response to new sources of data, monitoring technologies, and compliance tracking methods.

• Activity Dashboard - The Activity Dashboard reflects counts of activities. Each report shows multiple years of data to provide context either at the national level or within a state, tribal area, or territory. The data are graphed and shown as an aggregate count, with the list of facilities that compose the aggregate available when a user clicks on the graph.
   
• Performance Dashboard - The Performance Dashboard reflects activities as percentage rates either based on the number of public water systems or the total number of the activity conducted. Each report provides a national average to provide context.
   
• Data Source - The EPA system SDWIS-Fed is the source of all the data. It is the national database of record for compliance and enforcement activities conducted under the Safe Drinking Water Act. It is used by state, implementing tribe, and territory environmental agencies and by EPA.

Activity Dashboard

The dashboards are organized in a structure logical to compliance and enforcement programs. Select the "view more" pulldown at the top of each dashboard section to see a list of additional charts. Access chart drilldowns by clicking on the bars of each chart (drilldowns are currently available for most charts).

Note: To print the entire activity dashboard, you can press the Alt and Print Screen (PrtScn) Exit keys on your keyboard while on the dashboard page. This will copy an image of the selected window to your computer's clipboard, which you can then paste into word processor or image software to print. Print individual components of the dashboard by clicking the "Print" link below each chart.

Public Water Systems (PWSs)

Technical Information

The dashboard delineates the number of public water systems into three categories.

• Community water system (CWS) - A PWS that serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents (e.g., homes, apartments and condominiums that are occupied year-round as primary residences).
• Transient non-community water system (TNCWS) - A non-community PWS that does not regularly serve at least 25 of the same persons over six months per year. A typical example is a campground or a highway rest stop that has its own water source, such as a drinking water well.
• Non-transient non-community water system (NTNCWS) - A non-community PWS that regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons over six months per year. A typical example of a non-transient non-community water system is a school or an office building that has its own water source, such as a drinking water well.

Each number count only includes systems that were active during some part of the fiscal year shown. Active refers to an operating status of operating, temporarily closed, or seasonal. The number count for the current year is based on production data, which means the data could change if additional PWSs become active throughout the year.

Technical Information

Inventory of Public Water Systems by Size - System Size by Population Served

Small and very small PWSs comprise the approximately 95% of all PWSs, but they serve just 12 percent of all consumers. Small PWSs include both community and non-community water systems. Some examples of non-community systems include office buildings, schools, campgrounds, or highway rest stops with their own water source, such as a drinking water well.

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Site Visits

This section displays information about on-site compliance monitoring and assistance activities at public water systems. On-site visits are conducted to evaluate particular aspects of a system's operation and maintenance activities.  Along with reviews of any information EPA, states, implementing tribes, or territories require to be submitted, these activities help EPA and its co-regulators ensure that facilities comply with environmental laws and regulations.

Technical Information

PWSs with Site Visits (5 years)

Includes occurrences of all reported site visits, including required sanitary surveys, technical assistance, sample collections, and site inspections.

• Date - The calendar date (MM/DD/YYYY) of the listed site visit.
• Type - A description of the type of site visit conducted.
• Agency - The lead agency that conducted the site visit.

PWSs with Sanitary Surveys

Primacy agencies (states, implementing tribes, territories, and implementing EPA regions) are required to ensure that on-site reviews called sanitary surveys are conducted and reported for each non-community water system every five years, and each community water system every three years, with a few exceptions.  Accordingly, in any fiscal year, we would expect to see sanitary surveys performed at roughly 33% of community water systems and roughly 20% of non-community water systems. A sanitary survey evaluates eight areas for compliance: water sources; treatment; distribution systems; finished water storage; pumps, pump systems and controls; monitoring, reporting and data verification; water system management and operations; and operator compliance with relevant requirements.  A full survey of all 8 elements may require multiple visits to a water system.  The dashboard counts sanitary surveys based on the date of the completion of the final element.

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Violations

This section displays information about public water systems with at least one violation of National Primary Drinking Water Standards, as reported by primacy agencies.

Technical Information

SDWA violations are displayed in the following general categories:

• Health-based violations - Violations of maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) or maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs), which specify the highest concentrations of contaminants or disinfectants, respectively, allowed in drinking water; or of treatment technique (TT) rules, which specify required processes intended to reduce the amounts of contaminants in drinking water. MCLs, MRDLs, and treatment technique rules are all health-based drinking water standards.
• Acute health-based violations - Health-based violations that have the potential to produce immediate illness.
• Monitoring & reporting violations - Failure to conduct regular monitoring of drinking water quality, as required by SDWA, or to submit monitoring results in a timely fashion to the primacy agency or EPA.
• Public notification & other violations - Failure to provide notification to the public as required by the Violations of Public Notification Rule and the Consumer Confidence Report Rule, and violations of other requirements such as those violations related to variances and exemptions.

Public water systems often have more than one uncorrected violation at the same time, and so may be counted in more than one category of violation during the same review period.  The bar for health-based violations represents the number of systems with at least one uncorrected health-based violation during the review period, regardless of whether it also has violations of other types at the same time.  Similarly, the bar for monitoring and reporting violations represents systems with at least one violation of that type, even if they also have other types of violations.

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Serious Violators

This section displays information about public water systems with unresolved serious, multiple, and/or continuing violations, as defined in EPA's Drinking Water Enforcement Response Policy.

Technical Information

A public water system with unresolved serious, multiple, and/or continuing violations, as defined by EPA's Drinking Water Enforcement Response Policy, that must either return to compliance or be addressed by a formal enforcement action within six months of being designated a serious violator.

EPA designates serious violators so that the drinking water system and the primacy agency will act quickly to resolve the most significant drinking water violations. Many public water systems with violations, however, are not serious violators. Operators and the primacy agencies are expected to address the violations at non-serious violators as well, but without imposition of the deadlines applicable to serious violators. If the violations at a non-serious violator are left uncorrected, that system may become a serious violator. When a serious violator has returned to compliance or has been addressed by a formal enforcement action, it is no longer designated a serious violator. EPA updates its serious violator list on a quarterly basis.

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Enforcement

This section displays information about EPA, tribal, territorial, and state enforcement activity at public water systems.

Technical Information

Enforcement actions taken by EPA, tribes, territories, or states in response to violations of SDWA may be classified into the following categories:

• Formal enforcement action - An enforcement action taken to bring a non-compliant system back into compliance by a certain time, with an enforceable consequence if the schedule is not met. A formal enforcement action is based on a specific violation, requires specific actions necessary for the violator to return to compliance, and is independently enforceable without having to prove the original violation. Formal enforcement actions include issuing administrative orders, which specify actions the system must take to return to compliance; and assessing fines.
• Informal enforcement action - An enforcement action that is intended to bring a system back into compliance, but falls short of a formal action. Informal enforcement actions include notices of violation, site visits, compliance meetings, injunctions, and public notifications.

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Return to Compliance

This section displays information about public water systems that returned to compliance.

Technical Information

PWSs Returned to Compliance

The number of public water systems that corrected all ongoing violations during the fiscal year.

Serious Violators Returned to Compliance

The number of violating public water systems designated as a serious violator not more than 3 years earlier that completed correction of all their ongoing violations during the specified fiscal year.

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Performance Dashboard

The dashboards are organized in a structure logical to compliance and enforcement programs. Select the "view more" pulldown at the top of each dashboard section to see a list of additional charts. Access chart drilldowns by clicking on the bars of each chart (drilldowns are currently available for most charts).

Note: To print the entire performance dashboard, you can press the Alt and Print Screen (PrtScn) Exit keys on your keyboard while on the dashboard page. This will copy an image of the selected window to your computer's clipboard, which you can then paste into word processor or image software to print. Print individual components of the dashboard by clicking the "Print" link below each chart.

Public Water Systems

Technical Information

The dashboard delineates the number of active public water systems into three categories.

• Community water system (CWS) - A PWS that serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents (e.g., homes, apartments and condominiums that are occupied year-round as primary residences).
• Transient non-community water system (TNCWS) - A non-community PWS that does not regularly serve at least 25 of the same persons over six months per year. A typical example is a campground or a highway rest stop that has its own water source, such as a drinking water well.
• Non-transient non-community water system (NTNCWS) - A non-community PWS that regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons over six months per year. A typical example of a non-transient non-community water system is a school or an office building that has its own water source, such as a drinking water well.

Within each category PWSs with no reported violations during the selected interval are represented in green. PWSs with at least one violations but that were not serious violators, are represented in yellow. PWSs that were serious violators are represented in red. Each number count only includes systems that were active when the data were frozen. Active systems include those whose operating status is operating, temporarily closed, or seasonal. The number count for the current year is based on production data, which means the data could change throughout the year.

Technical Information

Inventory of Public Water Systems by Size - System Size by Population Served

The following table categorizes active water systems by the size of its reported retail population served. These categories are:

• Very Small        500 or less
• Small               501 - 3,300
• Medium            3,301 - 10,000
• Large               10,001 - 100,000
• Very Large      >100,000

Small and very small PWSs comprise approximately 95% of all PWSs, but they serve just 12 percent of all consumers. Small PWSs include both community and non-community water systems. Some examples of non-community systems include office buildings, schools, campgrounds, or highway rest stops with their own water source, such as a drinking water well.

Within each category PWSs with no reported violations during the selected interval are represented in green. PWSs with at least one violations but that were not serious violators, are represented in yellow. PWSs that were serious violators are represented in red.

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Site Visits

This section displays information about on-site compliance monitoring and assistance activities at public water systems. On-site visits are conducted to evaluate particular aspects of a system's operation and maintenance activities. Along with reviews of any information EPA, tribes, territories, or states require to be submitted, these activities help EPA and its co-regulators ensure that facilities comply with environmental laws and regulations.

Technical Information

PWSs with Sanitary Surveys

Primacy agencies (states, implementing tribes, territories, and implementing EPA regions) are required to ensure that on-site reviews called sanitary surveys are conducted and reported for each non-community water system every five years, and each community water system every three years, with a few exceptions. Accordingly, in any fiscal year, we would expect to see sanitary surveys performed at roughly 33% of community water systems and roughly 20% of non-community water systems. A sanitary survey evaluates eight areas for compliance: water sources; treatment; distribution systems; finished water storage; pumps, pump systems and controls; monitoring, reporting and data verification; water system management and operations; and operator compliance with relevant requirements.  A full survey of all 8 elements may require multiple visits to a water system.  The dashboard counts sanitary surveys based on the date of the completion of the final element.

PWSs with Site Visits (5 years)

Includes occurrences of all reported site visits, including required sanitary surveys, technical assistance, sample collections, and site inspections.

• Date - The calendar date (MM/DD/YYYY) of the listed site visit.
• Type - A description of the type of site visit conducted.
• Agency - The lead agency that conducted the site visit.

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Violations

This section displays information about percentage of all public water systems with violations of environmental regulations noted. In each chart, the bars show data for the selected state, tribal area, or territory, and the line shows the national percentages for context.

Technical Information

Violations document a breach of a requirement. Violations are detected by assessment of sample results or reviews (including site visits). Violations may lead to legal actions or compliance orders. Violations are publicized, when required, by public notification. Violations may be remedied by compliance/enforcement remedies, such as improved filtration techniques or changes in procedures. Examples include: Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) violations, failure to replace lead service lines, monitoring and reporting violations, treatment technique violations, and procedural violations.

SDWA violations are displayed in the following general categories:

• Health-based violations - Violations of maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) or maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs), which specify the highest concentrations of contaminants or disinfectants, respectively, allowed in drinking water; or of treatment technique (TT) rules, which specify required processes intended to reduce the amounts of contaminants in drinking water. MCLs, MRDLs, and treatment technique rules are all health-based drinking water standards.
• Acute health-based violations - Health-based violations that have the potential to produce immediate illness.
• Monitoring & reporting violations - Failure to conduct regular monitoring of drinking water quality, as required by SDWA, or to submit monitoring results in a timely fashion to the primacy agency or EPA.
• Public Notifications & other violations - Failure to provide notification to the public as required by the Public Notification Rule and the Consumer Confidence Report Rule, and violations of other requirements such as those related to variances and exemptions.

Public water systems often have more than one uncorrected violation at the same time, and so may be counted in more than one category of violation during the same review period.  The bar for health-based violations represents the number of systems with at least one uncorrected health-based violation during the review period, regardless of whether it also has violations of other types at the same time.  Similarly, the bar for monitoring and reporting violations represents systems with at least one violation of that type, even if they also have other types of violations.

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Serious Violators

This section displays information about public water systems designated as serious violators for at least one quarter during the period of review. EPA's 2009 SDWA Enforcement Response Policy defines serious violators and asserts that they should be addressed with formal enforcement or otherwise returned to compliance within six months of becoming a serious violator.

Technical Information

A public water system with unresolved serious, multiple, and/or continuing violations, as defined by EPA's Drinking Water Enforcement Response Policy, that must either return to compliance or be addressed by a formal enforcement action within six months of being designated a serious violator.

EPA designates serious violators so that the drinking water system and the primacy agency will act quickly to resolve the most significant drinking water violations. Many public water systems with violations, however, are not serious violators. Operators and the primacy agencies are expected to address the violations at non-serious violators as well, but without imposition of the deadlines applicable to serious violators. If the violations at a non-serious violator are left uncorrected, that system may become a serious violator. When a serious violator has returned to compliance or has been addressed by a formal enforcement action, it is no longer designated a serious violator. EPA updates its serious violator list on a quarterly basis.

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Enforcement

This section displays information about EPA, tribal, territorial, and state enforcement activity at public water systems.

Technical Information

Enforcement actions taken by EPA, tribe, territory, or states in response to violations of SDWA may be classified into the following categories:

• Formal enforcement action - An enforcement action taken to bring a non-compliant system back into compliance by a certain time, with an enforceable consequence if the schedule is not met. A formal enforcement action is based on a specific violation, requires specific actions necessary for the violator to return to compliance, and is independently enforceable without having to prove the original violation. Formal enforcement actions include issuing administrative orders, which specify actions the system must take to return to compliance; and assessing fines.
• Informal enforcement action - An enforcement action that is intended to bring a system back into compliance, but falls short of a formal action. Informal enforcement actions include notices of violation, site visits, compliance meetings, injunctions, and public notifications.

Percentages in this graph are based on the number of PWSs with enforcement actions divided by the number of PWSs with any violation.

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Return to Compliance

This section displays information about penalties at regulated facilities that had alleged violations.

Technical Information

PWSs Returned to Compliance

The percentage of violating public water systems that corrected all ongoing violations during at least one quarter during the fiscal year. Percentages in this graph are based on the number of PWS returned to compliance divided by the number of PWS with any violation.

Serious Violators Returned to Compliance

The percentage of public water systems designated as a serious violator not more than 3 years earlier that completed correction of all their ongoing violations during the specified fiscal year.