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Rathdrum Prairie Project
State: Idaho
Region: Pacific Northwest
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Rathdrum Prairie Project History (51 KB)
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Coeur D`Alene River near Harrison, Idaho (USGS)
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Spokane River near Post Falls, Idaho (USGS)
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General
The Rathdrum Prairie Project area extends about 12 miles north and 13 miles west of Coeur d`Alene in the panhandle of Idaho. The initial project consisted of the Post Falls, Hayden Lake, and East Greenacres Units, totaling about 10,200 acres of irrigable land. However, in 1991, the landowners within the Post Falls Unit petitioned for dissolution of the operating entity, the Post Falls Irrigation District. By 1995, with approval of the Bureau of Reclamation, dissolution activities were completed. Currently there are about 7,000 irrigable acres in the Rathdrum Prairie Project. Major facilities of the Post Falls Unit consisted of a pumping plant, 3,000 feet of discharge pipe, 9 miles of canal, and 20 miles of laterals. Hayden Lake facilities consisted of a pumping plant, 2 miles of 27-inch-diameter discharge pipe, a 10,026-cubic foot storage tank, and a pipe distribution system. However, the Hayden Lake Irrigation District has since converted to a groundwater supply. Primary facilities of the East Greenacres Unit include 14 wells in 3 well complexes, a 43,446 cubic-foot regulating reservoir, and a pipe distribution system.
History
First efforts to irrigate the Rathdrum Prairie date back to 1889, when three filings for water were made as part of a plan to irrigate about 6,000 acres of the prairie from Hayden, Twin, and Hauser Lakes. The Spokane Valley Irrigation Company and the Valley Improvement Company were formed and surveys were made, but little in the way of construction was accomplished. One of the first projects built was that of the Interstate Irrigation District, predecessor of the Hayden Lake Irrigation District, which undertook development of 2,000 acres in 1906. The Post Falls Irrigation District was organized about 1910, and four other small systems Avondale, Dalton Gardens, East Green acres, and East Farms were built about the same time. The East Farms area, straddling the Idaho and Washington boundary, is a private irrigation development related to the Spokane Valley Farms Canal Company. The other systems are operated by irrigation districts.
Construction
Instead of pumping water from Hayden Lake for the Post Falls Unit, a plant was installed to pump from the Spokane River at a point much closer to the project lands. This reconstruction, performed in 1945, made the Post Falls system the first unit of the Rathdrum Prairie Project. The 3,000-foot wooden discharge line was replaced with a steel pipeline. Construction work began in the fall of 1973 and was completed in the spring of 1974. Emergency repairs were made to the main supply line of the Hayden Lake Unit by the Bureau of Reclamation from May 1948 to April 1949. Major rehabilitation of the project, authorized in 1956, was completed in 1958. Emergency pipe rehabilitation work began in 1962 and was completed in 1963. Construction on the East Greenacres Unit began in 1972 and was completed in 1976. Although fruit production was the major enterprise during the early years of the Post Falls and Hayden Lake Units, major crops in all three units are grain, hay, pasture, and seed (grass and potatoes). Many of the farm units are operated on a part-time basis and are used to produce food for the family or as rural homesites. Domestic water service on the East Greenacres Unit is available through the multipurpose pipeline system to the area within the boundaries of the irrigation district. The water supply is sufficient to provide additional domestic seervice. Modification of the outlet works at Twin Lakes stabilized the water level, enhanced the recreation areas around the lake, and improved fish and wildlife habitat. The Rathdrum Prairie Project, consisting of the Post Falls, Hayden Lake, and East Greenacres Units, provides irrigation water to 10,274 acres of irrigable land, as well as providing the region a guaranteed domestic and municipal water supply to its water users.(1) Project lands are located approximately twelve miles north and thirteen miles west of the town of Coeur d`Alene, in Idaho`s panhandle. The project`s three units, Post Falls, Hayden Lake, and East Greenacres, make up most of Kootenai County, Idaho. The region experiences warm, dry, summers, and cool winters. Average annual precipitation is about twenty inches, with July and August being the driest months. Average temperatures range from 26 degrees Fahrenheit to 84 degrees Fahrenheit. The region`s growing season totals approximately 200 days. Drainage within the region is very good, eliminating problems of salinity or alkalinity.(2) Early inhabitants of Idaho`s panhandle consisted of the Kootenai and Coeur d`Alene Indians, who were hunters and gatherers until the encroachment of trappers and explorers brought about changes to their lifestyles, turning them toward more settled agriculture.(3) Trappers, traders, explorers, and settlers on their way westward, traveled through this region of Idaho, but few had designs on settling the area until the later half of the 1800s.(4) However, David Thompson established Kullyspell House as a trading post on Lake Pend Oreille in 1809; and Father Pierre-Jean DeSmet, a Jesuit priest, established a mission at Cataldo, Idaho in 1842 for the purpose of bringing Christianity to the Coeur d`Alene Indians. The first recorded settler in the Rathdrum Prairie region was a trapper named Conners who established the town of Rathdrum in 1861. The completion of Mullan Road increased the number of settlers to Rathdrum Prairie and vicinity. The trail linked the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia Rivers. Traffic along the trail brought goods, soldiers, settlers and miners from Fort Benton, Montana, around the north end of Coeur d`Alene Lake to Fort Walla Walla, Washington, beginning in 1861. As a result, within ten years Fredrick Post had built a much needed grist mill at nearby Post Falls, Idaho; and by 1880 had added a sawmill to help meet demands of the region`s growing population.(5) Early agricultural development on Rathdrum Prairie was a direct result of the establishment of Fort Sherman. The military post provided a market for feed for the Army`s approximately 100 mules and horses stationed there. Thus, several settlers began farming Rathdrum Prairie to grow barley, hay, and oats to meet the Army`s needs. The number of dry farms grew following 1880 as lumbering and mining in the region brought in more draft animals which needed to be fed. Additional agricultural markets appeared with the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad`s mainline which passed through Rathdrum Prairie beginning in 1883. As the markets increased along with the population, agricultural crops expanded and diversified. Farmers began growing potatoes, wheat, and various fruits and vegetables where moisture conditions permitted.(6) The first irrigation efforts on Rathdrum Prairie began in 1889 when three filings for water were made with the idea of irrigating approximately 6000 acres of land using water from Hayden, Hauser, and Twin Lakes. As part of this plan the Spokane Valley Irrigation Company and the Valley Improvement Company formed and conducted surveys; however, they accomplished very little construction.(7) Within the next fifteen years, however, five small irrigation districts formed to supply water to large portions of Rathdrum Prairie. These irrigation districts consisted of the Interstate Irrigation District, which later became the Hayden Lake Irrigation District; Avondale Irrigation District; Dalton Gardens Irrigation District; Post Falls Irrigation District; and East Greenacres Irrigation District. Hayden Lake, Avondale, Dalton Gardens, and Post Falls Irrigation Districts all built systems which utilized Hayden Lake`s water supply; while East Greenacres Irrigation District diverted water from Twin Lakes via Rathdrum Creek.(8) The Post Falls Irrigation District, formed in 1910, built a 3,300 foot long canal which carried water by gravity from Hayden Lake to a pumping plant where it was lifted sufficiently for the flow to reach the district`s farms through a distribution system. In the early 1920s, however, the lake`s water level fell below the elevation of the inlet to the canal, so that the district needed to pump water from the lake into the canal in order to get the water to the main pumping plant. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s the district experienced financial and water-supply difficulties, resulting in their irrigated area being reduced to less than 1,000 acres. Repairs required by the system during the 1920s caused the irrigation district to go into debt. In 1940, the district`s bonded debt and delinquent interest were settled with the bondholders through an agreement by which the bondholders accepted a token payment. However, the district continued to experience water shortages and problems with the irrigation system. Within a few years the system deteriorated to the point that the district was forced to abandon irrigation. It was at this point that local interests requested that Reclamation conduct an investigation and consider rehabilitating the district`s irrigation system.(9) The Interstate Irrigation District, formed in 1906, reorganized in 1922, and became the Hayden Lake Irrigation District. The district`s original system included an offshore pumping plant on Hayden Lake, that used a 8,600 foot wood-stave pipeline and a distribution system. Shortly after its reorganization, the district obtained $150,000 by selling bonds, and rebuilt the system. The rebuilt system and the water supply, however, proved inadequate for the district`s 2,000 acres. As a result, in 1933 the district refinanced to make repairs, and reduced their area to approximately 1,000 acres. Nonetheless, the irrigation system continued to cause problems. By 1946, the 8,600 foot wood discharge line had deteriorated to a point that it threatened further operation of the irrigation system. Reclamation was asked to look into the district`s problem, and after investigation recommended that the main supply line, serving 1,050 acres, be rehabilitated.(10) In the early 1950s, Reclamation investigated the irrigation works within the Avondale and Dalton Gardens Irrigation Districts as well. Their investigations concluded that these irrigation systems also needed rehabilitation; their intention was to authorize rehabilitation under the Rathdrum Prairie Project. However, in 1953 each district submitted separate reconstruction plans to Congress. As a result, Congress` appropriation act for fiscal year 1954 designated the rehabilitation of the systems in the Dalton Gardens and Avondale Irrigation Districts as separate projects.(11) The East Greenacres Irrigation District originally planned to build an irrigation system to irrigate 3,000 acres; however, they later reduced that amount to 1,500 acres. The irrigation system they did build consisted of pumping water from Twin Lakes, via Rathdrum Creek, into an open canal and lateral system. This system was extremely expensive for the district to maintain, and suffered from extremely high water losses. Reclamation began investigations into the possibility of rehabilitating or redesigning and rebuilding the district`s irrigation system in 1958. However, in 1960 the Lakeshore Owners Association, a party interested in using the lake for recreation, initiated litigation involving the East Greenacres Irrigation District over the lake`s operating levels, which brought a halt to Reclamation`s investigations. In 1963 the case was settled, and Reclamation resumed its studies. Reclamation devised a plan to redesign the district`s water system so that it would pump water from an underground aquifer rather than Twin Lakes. In February of 1964, water users voted in favor of the project plan. A feasibility report dated May 1966, was issued, and recommended that a closed pipe pressure system be built to provide the East Greenacres Irrigation District both an irrigation and domestic water supply from the underground aquifer.(12) Initial project authorization for the Post Falls Unit occurred under the terms of the Water Conservation and Utilization Act of August 11, 1939, as amended. A finding of feasibility for the Post Falls Unit was made by the Secretary of the Interior on December 24, 1943, and approved by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on January 29, 1944. Authorization for replacement of the wooden discharge line within the Post Falls Unit was approved through the 1974 Public Works Appropriation Act dated August 16, 1973, Public Law 93-97 (87 Stat. 318).(13) Authorization for the Hayden Lake Unit occurred under a finding of feasibility made by the Secretary of the Interior on June 9, 1947, under the Reclamation Project Act of 1939. On May 10, 1948, emergency rehabilitation of the Hayden Lake Unit was authorized under the Interior Department Appropriation Act (62 Stat. 221). Additional rehabilitation of the unit was approved July 2, 1956, through Public Law 641 (70 Stat. 474), and authorized under the Public Works Appropriation Act of 1957. Further emergency pipe rehabilitation for the Hayden Lake Unit was authorized by the act of September 22, 1961 (75 Stat. 588).(14) Authorization for the East Greenacres Unit occurred through the act of June 23, 1970, Public Law 91-286 (84 Stat. 319).(15) The Post Falls Unit of the Rathdrum Prairie Project consists of a pumping plant with two pumps, each of which possesses a capacity of 30 cubic feet per second. Water is pumped from the Spokane River into 3,000 feet of pipe, nine miles of canal, and twenty miles of laterals.(16) Unlike the original irrigation system, Reclamation`s plan for rehabilitation of the Post Falls Unit did not include pumping water from Hayden Lake, but rather installing a pumping plant at a point much closer to project lands, and pumping water from the Spokane River.(17) Rehabilitation of the Post Falls Unit took place under two contracts. The first contract was issued to Charles A. Power on February 28, 1945. This contract included excavation and construction of the pumping plant, which provided for two, 14,000 gallon per minute centrifugal pumps working at a head of 150 feet; installation of 4,800 pounds of electrical equipment; and excavation for, and placement of 2,700 linear feet of 42 inch wood stave pipe. The contractor began excavation of the pumping plant prior to receipt of notice to proceed, which he acknowledged on March 28, 1945, setting the completion date on June 26, 1945. The contractor conducted work on the pumping plant`s concrete substructure and excavation and erection of the discharge pipe, simultaneously. However, labor shortages and the delayed arrival of materials caused all construction work to proceed on a restricted basis; resulting in a delay of completion of the contract by twenty-five days.(18) The second contract provided for construction of earthwork, concrete lining, pipelines, structures, and the canal and lateral system. This consisted of six and one half miles of main canal; three and one half miles of laterals; 4,500 linear feet of wood stave pipe siphon; 14,500 foot long concrete pipeline ranging from eighteen to 27 inches in diameter; and 2,400 linear feet of concrete lined canal. Reclamation awarded this contract to Northwestern Engineering Company on April 24, 1945. Work began on May 16, 1945, eight days prior to receipt of notice to proceed. Initial work included clearing of the right-of-way for the main canal, and continued with excavation of the canal. Because of the porous material through which the main canal was dug, it was necessary for the contractor to line three miles of the canal with six inch compacted clay overlaid with a six inch protective gravel coating. Work under this contract progressed smoothly, and the contractor completed all construction on April 18, 1946.(19) The portion of Rathdrum Prairie Project lands served by the Hayden Lake Irrigation District are located west of Hayden lake, and approximately five miles north of Coeur d`Alene, Idaho. Initial work by Reclamation on the Hayden Lake Unit came in the form of an emergency rehabilitation of the district`s main supply line. This supply line, beginning at the pumping plant located offshore on Hayden Lake, consisted of 8,600 feet of 26 inch wood-stave pipe, and 1,400 feet of 27 inch concrete pipe. In response to appeals by the district`s board of directors, Reclamation conducted investigations of the project in 1944 and 1945. These investigations resulted in Reclamation agreeing with the board of directors that continued operation of the district`s distribution system required replacement of all the wood-stave pipe and minor repairs to the pumping plant. Bids for rehabilitation of the pipeline opened October 29, 1948, with the contract being awarded to W.L. Raidge on December 29, 1948. The contractor subcontracted with The American Pipe and Construction Company for manufacture of the replacement pipe. Construction began with the delivery of the first 150 feet of pipe, which the contractor installed by March 21, 1949. The contractor finished work on the main discharge line in time for water to be available during the 1949 irrigation season. All other work was completed and accepted by July 16, 1949.(20) Non-emergency rehabilitation of the Hayden Lake Unit was authorized in 1956. This rehabilitation consisted of construction of an onshore pumping plant on Hayden Lake to replace the offshore facility; replacement of the balance of the two mile long main discharge line; as well as construction of a 75,000 gallon steel reservoir.(21) As rehabilitated, the Hayden Lake Pumping Plant pumps water from Hayden Lake into the 75,000 gallon storage tank, which was built 160 feet above the ground in order to provide sprinkler pressure. Water is then carried from the tank into the steel pipe distribution system, and to the water users.(22) Bids for construction of the Hayden Lake Pumping Plant and the elevated steel tank, and the distribution system opened on April 9, 1957, under the same specifications, but different schedules. Schedules 1 and 3 called for construction of the pumping plant and distribution system. Intermountain Company was awarded this contract and received notice to proceed on May 13, 1957. The contractor began construction on May 29, 1957. Work consisted of construction of the pumping plant building with a concrete foundation and a prefabricated steel superstructure; furnishing and installing two pumping units capable of pumping 5,000 gallons per minute at a head of twenty-five feet. Additionally, furnishing motor controls and station electrical equipment; furnishing and installing one vacuum pumping unit; and furnishing and installing the steel pipe, fittings, and accessories of the water distribution system. Work progressed with no problems or delays, and the contractor completed construction on April 5, 1958.(23) Schedule 2 provided the contract for furnishing and erecting the elevated steel tank. On May 7, 1957, Reclamation awarded the contract to Chicago Bridge and Iron Company. The contractor acknowledged notice to proceed that same day. Work began shortly thereafter, with good progress made. By the end of 1957 only the installation of electrical equipment and painting of structures remained. The contractor completed all work by May 2, 1958.(24) The redesign and reconstruction of the East Greenacres Unit of the Rathdrum Prairie Project was authorized in 1970, however construction work did not begin until 1972. The plan which Reclamation authorized consisted of construction of a new irrigation system including three deep well pumping plant complexes which had a combined total of fourteen pumps able to produce 87 cubic feet per second of water from an underground aquifer. The plan also provided for construction of a concrete regulating reservoir with float controls and a capacity of 325,000 gallons; a buried pressure pipe ranging from six to 30 inch diameters and heads from 300 to 425 feet; construction of 357 irrigation turnouts varying in size from one to six inches wide, each metered and constructed with a vacuum breaker or a backflow preventer to stop water from reentering the system; placement of 248 one inch wide domestic turnouts each equipped with pressure-reducing valves and meters; construction of power facilities to provide power to the pumping plants; and an office building and crew quarters building provided with the necessary equipment to operate and maintain the project.(25) Work on the unit began with construction of the project headquarters and crewquarters. Bids for this contract opened June 31, 1972. The Government awarded the contract to S.G. Morin and Sons, Incorporated on July 14, 1972. The contractor began construction more than a month later, on August 19, 1972. No problems occurred during construction and the contract was completed on January 13, 1973.(26) Bids opened October 1, 1972, for drilling of eleven water supply wells in the East Greenacres District. Although the first and second lowest bidders were E.A. Holman Drilling Company, and Briggs Drilling, these two low bidders were non-responsive to a material requirement of the invitations; therefore, the contract went to Holman Drilling Corporation. The contractor received the contract on December 8, 1972, however, actual drilling was not initiated until April 9, 1973. No significant delays were encountered by the contractor during construction, and all work under the contract was completed during January of 1974.(27) September 27, 1973 marked the opening for bids for construction of the district`s pipeline distribution system. Perini Corporation was granted the contract on November 6, 1973. The contractor received notice to proceed two days later, setting completion for September of 1975.(28) Perini Corporation opened a local office in Post Falls, Idaho, in January of 1974. The contractor had intended to begin construction shortly after opening the construction office; however, late delivery of steel fittings by the contractor`s supplyer delayed the start of construction until the early part of March. When construction did begin, the contractor began work on the pipeline crossings under the existing irrigation system`s canal.(29) Perini Corporation`s contract was divided into two parts. Part I of the contract called for completion of the pipelines and reservoir; which the contractor substantially completed by August 26, 1975. However, Part II of the contract was fraught with problems and delays and was not finished by the September completion date.(30) The contractor completed work by the end of spring in 1976. Work during the first part of that year consisted of repairing breaks in the pipeline system which occurred after the system was filled for its spring water delivery. The contractor also finished final cleanup work during this time.(31) The next project features to be constructed were the pumping stations. Bids for this contract opened December 13, 1973. Urban, Incorporated, received the contract on January 30, 1974, and received notice to proceed shortly thereafter. The contractor began work promptly, however, construction efforts were stymied throughout the year. By the end of 1974 approximately 60 percent of the contract time had expired, with the contractor only completing 23 percent of the work. The contractor also faced several construction delays during 1975. During the first few months of 1976 Urban, Incorporated, was able to install the pump motors, connect the electrical systems of the pumping stations, and chlorinate the pipelines. Once the project was essentially completed, the contractor tested the pumping stations. During these tests a variety of problems with the pump motors appeared. Emergency repairs were conducted; and although some units were still in need of major repairs at the beginning of the 1976 irrigation season, enough units were functioning to provide essential irrigation water during the irrigation season. Work under the contract was accepted by the Government on May 17, 1976.(32) Continual operation of the East Greenacres Unit facilities began in 1976. Pumping operations began for domestic and irrigation purposes on May 17, 1976, and continued under normal operations thereafter.(33) However, construction of all project features was not completed until the end of the year. A contract for completion of well sites 1, 2, and 3, was granted to Northwestern construction of Washington, Incorporated, on May 28, 1976. This contract provided for construction of sunshades and graveling at all three well sites, and construction of houses around two pumps for use during winter operations. The contractor completed construction on December 18, 1976, ending construction of the East Greenacres Unit.(34)
Plan
In July 1973, inspection of the Post Falls facilities revealed that the original 3,000-foot wooden discharge line was in imminent danger of failure. Under emergency fund procedures, the line was replaced with steel pipe. The major facilities and the appurtenant lands of the Post Falls Irrigation District were disposed of as part of the dissolution process. The Hayden Lake Pumping Plant has two 350-horsepower pumps, each with a capacity of 10 cubic feet per second at 225-foot dynamic head. Water pumped from Hayden Lake at the shoreline plant is conveyed through a 27-inch mortar-linned steel pipe about 2 miles long to a 10,026-cubic-foot (74,000 gallon) regulating tank, elevated 160 feet above ground. Lateral pipe ranging from 4 to 24 inches in diameter distributes water throughout the some 1,600 irrigable acres within the unit. Smaller piping is asbestos cement and larger diameter pipe is steel with mortar lining. In the early 1980's, the irrigation district initiated efforts to develop groundwater resources. In 1983, a deep well (Lacey Well Site) was developed equipped with a 300-horsepower motor and vertical turbine pump capable of providing 1,800 gallons per minute. This well is interconnected with the main distribution system. Two additional wells (Dakota Well Site) were completed by the irrigation district in 1990. One well is 415 feet deep with a 300-horsepower motor and vertical turbine pump having the capability to produce 1,800 gallons per minute. The second well is 450 feet deep with a 600-horsepower motor and vertical turbine pump capable of providing 4,200 gallons per minute. The pumping plant on Hayden Lake has been placed in a standby status with the development of these groundwater resources. Irrigation and domestic water for the East Green Acres Unit is furnished by ground water from seven 20-inch diameter and seven 16-inch-diameter wells ranging from 230 to 330 feet deep. Pump capacities for 14 pumps at the three well sites range from 0.47 to 8.2 cubic feet per second, and horsepower ratings from 30 to 500 for each unit. Water is pumped to a 43,000-cubic-foot underground concrete regulating reservoir and carried from the reservoir through a buried pressure pipe ranging from 6 to 36 inches in diameter. The 6- to 24-inch-diameter pipe is asbestos-cement; all pipe over 24 inches is pretensioned concrete cylinder. This multipurpose pipeline system was constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation for year-round use. It was built to serve approximately 5,300 acres of irrigable land with 248 metered domestic turnouts 1-inch in diameter and 357 irrigation turnouts from 1 to 6 inches in diameter. There are now close to 1,000 domestic turnouts and the Bureau of Reclamation has approved the future installation of up to 6,500 domestic turnouts; an increase of 5,500 from the contract maximum. The system replaced a gravity system that originated at Twin Lakes and served 1,420 acres. Existing outlet works at Twin Lakes were modified by installation of two new gates, concrete headwalls, and electric gate actuators with semiautomatic flood controls. The Post Falls Irrigation District assumed the obligation of operation and maintenance of the Post Falls Unit at the beginning of the 1949 irrigation season. The contractual obligation to the United States has been fully repaid. In 1991, faced with a substantial increase in operating costs and the need for rehabilitation or reconstruction of the distribution system, the majority of the landowners signed a petition on September 3, 1991, to dissolve the irrigation district, which was approved by the directors and the court. Land interests involving about 285 parcels were conveyed to the adjacent and underlying fee title owners, and the major facilities were disposed of through the General Services Administration. On August 11, 1995, the Bureau of Reclamation assented to the dissolution. The Hayden Lake Irrigation District retained the operation and maintenance of the Hayden Lake Unit during construction and continues to operate the system. Operation and maintenance of the East Green Acres Unit was assumed by the East Green Acres Irrigation District on December 31, 1976. Operation and maintenance of Twin Lakes was assumed by Kootenai County in January 1977. The Post Falls Pumping Plant had two pumps, each with a capacity of 30 cubic feet per second. Water was pumped from the Spokane River through a 3,000-foot-long, 42- inch-diameter steel discharge line into the 9-mile-long Main Canal. The distribution system consisted of both open and piped laterals serving 3,200 irrigable acres.
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