By Cheryl Pellerin
DoD News, Defense Media Activity
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has worked with the Air Force to develop an advanced telescope that is revolutionizing space situational awareness and helping detect and prevent potential collisions with satellites or planet Earth.
At an event this week in New Mexico, DARPA formally transitioned its Space Surveillance Telescope, or SST, from an agency-led design and construction program to ownership and operation by U.S. Air Force Space Command, which has announced plans to operate the telescope jointly with the Australian government at a site in Western Australia.
An internal view of the Space Surveillance Telescope’s structure, including the wide-field camera, center. DoD photo
“Space is congested with tens of thousands of manmade objects as well as micro-meteors, asteroids and other natural satellites,” SST Program Manager Dr. Lindsay Millard wrote in a post on the DARPA website. “[And] space is contested by a range of manmade threats that may have adverse effects on satellites.”
First Light
Today, deep space telescopes don’t give a comprehensive picture of all objects in orbit around the Earth, Millard wrote.
Existing search telescopes have relatively narrow fields of view and can’t reliably detect and track faint objects, including small objects in geosynchronous orbits — about 22,000 miles above the earth. Millard says that hundreds of thousands more pieces of debris and asteroids may be too faint to track with current sensors.
The telescope achieved first light in February 2011. Two years later, then-Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and Australian Defense Minister David Johnston signed a memorandum of understanding agreeing to relocate the SST from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico to Harold E. Holt Naval Communication Station in Western Australia.
Australia, DARPA officials say, offers a uniquely beneficial vantage point for testing the telescope, and a place to demonstrate SST’s enhanced camera and algorithms.
Wide Field of View
NASA is already leveraging SST’s ability to see very faint objects in a wide field of view and to help warn against asteroids and other near-Earth objects, DARPA officials said in a recent press release.
With 2.2 million asteroid observations in 2014, 7.2 million in 2015 and hopes for 10 million in 2016, SST has become the most prolific tool for asteroid observation in the world. SST also has discovered 3,600 new asteroids and 69 near-Earth objects, including four that carry a risk of hitting Earth, DARPA says.
Published Oct 18, 2016
Today’s deep space telescopes don’t provide a comprehensive picture of all objects in orbit around the earth. Existing search telescopes have relatively narrow fields of view and can’t reliably detect and track faint objects, including small objects in geosynchronous orbits, which are about 22,000 miles high. There may be as many as hundreds of thousands more pieces of debris and asteroids that are too faint to track with current sensors. The Space Surveillance Telescope program aims to enable ground-based, broad-area search, detection and tracking of faint objects in deep space for space mission assurance and asteroid detection. SST offers improvements in determining the orbits of newly discovered objects and provides rapid observations of events that may only occur over a relatively short period of time, like a supernova. DARPA video
“With its amazing capabilities,” said Brad Tousley, director of DARPA’s Tactical Technology Office, “SST joins a prestigious list stretching back decades of game-changing space situational awareness programs on which DARPA and [Air Force Space Command] have collaborated.” Tousley’s office oversees SST.
On Oct. 18, at an event on a mountaintop at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, DARPA transferred ownership of the telescope to the Air Force. The SST will make the complex move to Australia by 2018 to be operated and maintained by the Australian government. The SST will be a dedicated sensor in the U.S. Space Surveillance Network, operated by the Air Force Space Command.
Graphic of the U.S. Space Surveillance Network, operated by the Air Force Space Command. SFSC graphic
At White Sands
The White Sands event included remarks by DARPA Deputy Director Steven Walker and senior leaders of Air Force Space Command and the Royal Australian Air Force.
Other speakers were Air Force Maj. Gen. Nina Armagno, director of strategic plans, programs, requirements and analysis at Air Force Space Command headquarters; Air Commodore Sally Pearson, director of general surveillance and control for the Royal Australian Air Force; and Eric Evans, director of MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the federally funded research and development center leading the team that built SST.
“We’re proud to celebrate SST’s groundbreaking technological accomplishments and, more importantly, the collaboration between DARPA and the Air Force that has made them possible,” Millard said at the event, noting that the SST will enable much faster discovery and tracking of previously unseen or hard-to-find small space objects.
SST has increased space situational awareness from a few large objects at a time to a view with 10,000 objects at a time, each as small as a softball, DARPA says. The telescope also can search an area larger than the continental United States in seconds and survey the entire geosynchronous belt in its field of view — a quarter of the sky — multiple times in one night.
A view of the M20 Trifid Nebula, or NGC6514, taken by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s advanced Space Surveillance Telescope, soon to be transitioned to the Air Force and moved to Australia, where it will provide key space situational awareness from the southern hemisphere — a still largely unexplored area of the geosynchronous belt. DoD photo
Redefining What Telescopes Can Do
Technological firsts in SST’s development are helping redefine what telescopes can do, DARPA says.
SST uses the most steeply curved primary telescope mirror ever made, for example, and the mirror lets the telescope collect more light to see images across a wider field of view than any other space surveillance telescope.
To hold the mirror, DARPA says that SST uses an innovative Mersenne-Schmidt design, which allows for a much more compact construction than traditional telescopes. SST is the largest telescope ever to use the design, making it the world’s quickest and most nimble large telescope.
Even SST’s camera includes advances, DARPA says. The SST team developed the first-ever curved charge-coupled device, or CCD, to provide clear imagery across the telescope’s wide field of view because current digital cameras with flat CCDs can’t record images from such highly curved mirrors without distortion.
The camera also has the world’s fastest telescope camera shutter and takes thousands of pictures a night. And DARPA recently upgraded the camera, faint-object detection algorithms and search speed to make it even more effective.
The GEO Polar images are generated from a vantage point above the North Pole, showing the concentrations of objects in low earth orbit and in the geosynchronous region.
Eye on the Sky
SST’s eye on the sky sees objects around Earth and in the solar system and universe beyond.
“DARPA looks forward to seeing what the Air Force will do with SST,” Walker said, “and we will continue to work with them as DARPA pushes the technological envelope on space situational awareness with our Hallmark and OrbitOutlook programs.”
From Australia, DARPA says SST will provide space situational awareness information from the southern hemisphere — an area of the geosynchronous belt that now is sparsely observed — to the U.S. Space Surveillance Network.
The telescope also will continue to give NASA and the scientific community surveillance data on events like supernovas and potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids.
“DARPA has worked closely with the Air Force since the agency’s creation,” Walker said, “to boldly invest in high-impact technologies so the United States can be the first to develop and adopt the novel capabilities made possible by such work.”
(Follow Cheryl Pellerin on Twitter @PellerinDoDNews)
Related sites:
DARPA Space Surveillance Telescope
http://www.darpa.mil/program/space-surveillance-telescope
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