3-1. |
General location of projects included in study
|
3-2. |
Typical distress manifestation observed on SD-090-019-002. |
3-3. |
Typical distress manifestation observed on SD-090-019,
Sections 1 and 2. |
3-4. |
Typical distress manifestation observed on SD-090-019-002. |
3-5. |
Core specimens from SD-090-019. |
3-6. |
Stereo optical micrographs of typical cracking
pattern associated with porous siltstone aggregate SD-090-019. |
3-7. |
Stereo optical micrograph showing gel deposits
in SD-090-019 aggregates. |
3-8. |
Slab 1B stained with sodium cobaltinitrite/rhodamine
B from SD-090-019-001. |
3-9. |
Slab 1B stained with sodium cobaltinitrite/rhodamine
B from SD-090-019-001. |
3-10. |
Slab 2B stained with sodium cobaltinitrite/rhodamine
B from SD-090-019-002. |
3-11. |
Stereo optical micrographs of air voids filled
with sulfate minerals stained with potassium permanganate (note differences
due to polishing). |
3-12. |
Core SD-090-019-001B, thin-section micrographs
of same rhyolite aggregate that was stained with sodium cobaltinitrite. |
3-13. |
Core SD-090-019-001B, thin-section micrographs
of same volcanic aggregate that was stained with sodium cobaltinitrite. |
3-14. |
Ettringite (a) and hydrocalumite (b) infilling
in void and crack, respectively. |
3-15. |
Ternary diagram showing the probable range of
composition for the hydrocalumite deposits analyzed from SD-090-019. |
3-16. |
Flowchart for assessing the likelihood of MRD
causing the observed distress in the pavement as applied to the Spearfish,
South Dakota site. |
3-17. |
Flowchart for assessing general concrete properties
based on visual examination as applied to the Spearfish, South Dakota site. |
3-18. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the
concrete paste as applied to the Spearfish, South Dakota site. |
3-19. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the
concrete aggregates as applied to the Spearfish, South Dakota site. |
3-20. |
Flowchart for identifying infilling materials
in cracks and voids as applied to the Spearfish, South Dakota site. |
3-21. |
Typical distress manifestations observed at MN-065-064. |
3-22. |
Cores evaluated for MN-065-064. |
3-23. |
Stereo optical micrographs showing sulfate minerals
filling air voids. |
3-24. |
Histogram of 16 fluorescence measurements from
calibration thin section composed of quartz sand in a dyed epoxy matrix. |
3-25. |
Histogram of 30 fluorescence measurements from
0.38 w/c standard. |
3-26. |
Histogram of 30 fluorescence measurements from
0.41 w/c standard. |
3-27. |
Histogram of 30 fluorescence measurements from
0.42 w/c standard. |
3-28. |
Histogram of 30 fluorescence measurements from
0.52 w/c standard. |
3-29. |
Histogram of 30 fluorescence measurements from
0.56 w/c standard. |
3-30. |
Histogram of 30 fluorescence measurements from
0.74 w/c standard. |
3-31. |
Histogram of 30 fluorescence measurements from
0.80 w/c standard. |
3-32. |
Average cement paste fluorescence measurements
versus w/c. Error bars represent one standard deviation. |
3-33. |
Histogram of fluorescence measurements from 1950
concrete from mid-panel of the left-turn lane of site MN-065-064-001. |
3-34. |
Histogram of fluorescence measurements from 1990
concrete from mid-panel of the traffic lane of site MN-065-064-001. |
3-35. |
Distribution of the w/c values from the 1950
concrete from mid-panel of the left-turn lane of site MN-065-064-001.
|
3-36. |
Distribution of the w/c values from the
1990 concrete from mid-panel of the traffic lane of site MN-065-064-001. |
3-37. |
The w/c values versus depth from the 1950
concrete from mid-panel of the left-turn lane of site MN-065-064-001. |
3-38. |
The w/c values versus depth from the 1990
concrete from mid-panel of the traffic lane of site MN-065-064-001. |
3-39. |
Typical SEM micrograph and x-ray analysis for
ettringite infilling air void. |
3-40. |
Typical SEM micrograph and x-ray analysis for
hydrocalumite infilling air void. |
3-41. |
Flowchart for assessing the likelihood of MRD
causing the observed distress in the pavement as applied to MN-065-064.
|
3-42. |
Flowchart for assessing general concrete properties
based on visual examination as applied to MN-065-064. |
3-43. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
paste as applied to MN-065-064. |
3-44. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
aggregates as applied to MN-065-064. |
3-45. |
Flowchart for identifying infilling materials
in cracks and voids as applied to MN-065-064. |
3-46. |
Typical cracking pattern at NC-444-015. Note distress
over entire slab length with spalling occuring at joints. |
3-47. |
Cores and specimens evaluated from NC-440-015. |
3-48. |
Stereo optical micrographs of ASR gel and reactive
coarse aggregate from NC-440-015. |
3-49. |
Typical stereo optical micrographs of stained
concrete. Note that the broad banding occurs from the montage process to
create a single image. |
3-50. |
Petrographic micrographs from spall obtained from
NC-440-015 showing ettringite filled entrained air voids. Ettringite growths
are unusually dense. |
3-51. |
Petrogrpahic micrograph of a tan to red coating
observed on some of the fine aggregates that appears to undergo ASR from
spall obtained from NC-440-015. |
3-52. |
Petrographic micrograph of ettringite and "ASR
gel blob" from spall obtained from NC-440-015. |
3-53. |
Petrographic micrograph of ettringite intermixed
with ASR gel. |
3-54. |
Petrographic micrograph of ASR gel in crack within
coarse aggregate. |
3-55. |
SEM micrograph of ettringite filling air voids
and crack. |
3-56. |
SEM micrograph of ettringite and ASR reaction
product. |
3-57. |
Typical spectra for ettringite and ASR reaction
product. |
3-58. |
Flowchart for assessing the likelihood of MRD
causing the observed distress in the pavement as applied to NC-440-015.
|
3-59. |
Flowchart for assessing general concrete properties
based on visual examination as applied to NC-440-015. |
3-60. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
paste as applied to NC-440-015. |
3-61. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
aggregates as applied to NC-440-015. |
3-62. |
Flowchart for identifying infilling materials
in cracks and voids as applied to NC-440-015. |
3-63. |
Typical conditions at CA-058-141. |
3-64. |
Photographs of core specimens analyzed from CA-058-141. |
3-65. |
Stereo optical micrographs showing staining observed
in core CA-058-141-001C. |
3-66. |
Petrographic micrograph of core CA-058-141-001E. |
3-67. |
Petrographic micrograph of core CA-058-141-001E. |
3-68. |
SEM spectra and micrograph from CA-058-141. |
3-69. |
Flowchart for assessing the likelihood of MRD
causing the observed distress in the pavement as applied to CA-058-141. |
3-70. |
Flowchart for assessing general concrete properties
based on visual examination as applied to CA-058-141. |
3-71. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
paste as applied to CA-058-141. |
3-72. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
aggregates as applied to CA-058-141. |
3-73. |
Flowchart for identifying infilling materials
in cracks and voids as applied to CA-058-141. |
3-74. |
Typical conditions at CA-014-011. |
3-75. |
Map cracking pattern on core CA-014-011-001E,
emphasized by wetting down the surface. |
3-76. |
Inverse image of polished cross section of core
CA-014-011-001E. |
3-77. |
Same area of core CA-058-011-001E as shown in
figure 3-78. |
3-78. |
Results of staining test applied to core CA-058-011-001E. |
3-79. |
Phenolphthalein stained polished slab, showing
carbonation along plastic shrinkage crack. |
3-80. |
Flowchart for assessing the likelihood of MRD
causing the observed distress in the pavement as applied to CA-014-011. |
3-81. |
Site conditions at IA-002-002. |
3-82. |
Closeup view of longitudinal hairline cracks.
|
3-83. |
Polished slab from core IA-002-002-001A. |
3-84. |
Stereo micrograph showing air void structure
of IA-002-002-001A. |
3-85. |
Reactive fine aggregate particle with alkali-silica
gel filled air voids as viewed in thin section. |
3-86. |
Flowchart for assessing the likelihood of MRD
causing the observed distress in the pavement as applied to IA-002-002. |
3-87. |
Flowchart for assessing general concrete properties
based on visual examination as applied to IA-002-002. |
3-88. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
paste as applied to IA-0020002. |
3-89. |
Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
aggregates as applied to IA-002-002. |
3-90. |
Flowchart for identifying infilling materials
in cracks and voids as applied to IA-002-002. |
| | Technical Report Documentation Page |
1. Report No.
FHWA-RD-01-165 |
2. Government Accession No. | 3. Recipient's Catalog No. |
4. Title and Subtitle
GUIDELINES FOR DETECTION, ANALYSIS, AND TREATMENT OF MATERIALS-RELATED
DISTRESS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS - Volume 3: Case Studies Using the Guidelines |
5. Report Date
March 2002 |
6. Performing Organization Code VTRC 02-R |
7. Author(s)
L. L. Sutter, K. R. Peterson, T. J. Van Dam, K. D. Smith, M. J.
Wade |
8. Performing Organization Report No. |
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Michigan Technological University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
1400 Townsend Drive
Houghton, MI 49931 |
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) |
11. Contract or Grant No. DTFH61-96-C-00073 |
12. Sponsoring Agency Name
and Address
Federal Highway Administration, Research Technology and Development;
6300 Georgetown Pike
McLean, Virginia 22101-2296 |
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
Final Report 1996-2002 |
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
HCP30-B |
15. Supplementary Notes
FHWA Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR): Dr.
Stephen W. Forster
Special thanks are given to the following highway agencies for their
assistance in the conduct of this study: Minnesota, California, Iowa,
South Dakota, and North Carolina.
|
16. Abstract
The performance of concrete pavements can be adversely affected
by the concrete's inability to resist the environment in which it is placed.
This lack of durability can occur even when the structural design of the
pavement is adequate. The distresses that result from this lack of durability
are referred to herein as materials-related distress (MRD). This report
documents the investigation of MRD in concrete pavements and the development
of a set of systematic guidelines for the evaluation of MRD. The guidelines
developed cover three major areas of MRD: field distress surveys, pavement
sampling, and sample handling; laboratory testing, data analysis, and interpretation;
and treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention.
This report is Volume 3 of a three-volume set, and documents the results
of the use of the guidelines on in-service concrete pavements. The other
two reports are:
FHWA-RD-01-163, Volume 1: Final Report
FHWA-RD-01-164, Volume 2: Guidelines Description and Use
|
17. Key Words
concrete materials; concrete pavements; concrete durability; concrete
distress; concrete evaluation; petrographic examination; concrete mixture
design. |
18. Distribution Statement
No restrictions. This document is available through the National
Technical Information Service; Springfield, Viginia 22161. |
19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified | 20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified
|
21. No. of Pages |
22. Price |