U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
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Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information |
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Publication Number: FHWA-RD-01-164 Date: March 2002 |
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FHWA Contract DTFH61-96-C-00073
FHWA-RD-01-164
Submitted to:
Federal Highway Administration
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
6300 Georgetown Pike
McLean, VA 22101
Submitted By:
Michigan Tech Transportation Institute
Michigan Technological University
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
1400 Townsend Drive
Houghton, Michigan 49931
and
Applied Pavement Technology
3001 Research Road, Suite C
Champaign, IL 61822
Development of Advisory Guidelines
Need for Advisory Guidelines
Purpose and Objectives of Guidelines
Field Distress Survey Procedures
Project Identification and Records Review
Survey Preparation
Shoulder Survey
Project Layout
Pavement Distress Surveys
MRD Characterization
Photo/Video Documentation
Determination of Whether Further Testing is Warranted
Sampling and Handling Procedures for MRD Determination
Sampling Existing PCC Pavement for Diagnosis of MRD
Preparation for Field Sampling and Testing
Obtaining Hardened Concrete from In situ
Pavements for MRD Investigations
Handling and Shipping of PCC Field Samples
Approach to Laboratory Analysis of Concrete
Procedures for the Analysis of Concrete
Group 1: Core Receipt and Cataloging
Group 2: Visual Inspection
Group 3: Stereo Optical Microscope Examination
Group 4: Staining Tests
Group 5: Petrographic Optical Microscope Examination
Group 6: Scanning Electron Microscope Examination
Group 7: Chemical Tests
Group 8: X-ray Diffraction Analysis
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Description of the Data Interpretation Flowcharts
Flowchart for Assessing the Likelihood of
MRD
Flowchart for Visual Inspection
Flowchart for Analysis of the Paste and Air
Flowchart for Analysis of the Aggregate Structure
Flowchart for Analysis of the Secondary Deposits
Use of the Diagnostic Feature Tables
Summary of Data Analysis and Interpretation
Treatment and Rehabilitation of MRD-Affected Pavements
Techniques and Materials for Treatment and Rehabilitation
Overview of Treatment Methods
Overview of Rehabilitation Methods
Feasibility of Available Techniques
Freeze-Thaw Deterioration of Aggregate
Freeze-Thaw Deterioration of Cement Paste
Deicer Scaling/Deterioration
AlkaliSilica Reactivity
AlkaliCarbonate Reactivity
Sulfate Attack
Available Treatment Methods for Sulfate
Attack
Available Rehabilitation Methods for Sulfate
Attack
Selection Guidelines for Sulfate Attack
Corrosion of Embedded Steel
Selection of Preferred Alternative
Overall Pavement Condition
Possible Constraints
Predicted Performance
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Construction and Maintenance Considerations
Chemical Treatments
Joint and Crack Sealing
Crack Filling
Surface Sealing
Partial-Depth Repairs
Full-Depth Repairs
Slab Replacement
Diamond Grinding
Overlays
Pavement Reconstruction
Pavement Recycling
Summary of Treatment and Rehabilitation Methods
Materials and Mix Design for Prevention of MRD in Concrete Pavements
Constituent Materials Selection for Preventing MRD
Aggregate Selection
Cementitious and Pozzolanic Materials
Admixtures
Water
Considerations in Proportioning and Mix Design for Prevention of MRD in Concrete Pavements
Selection of Concrete Mixture Characteristics
Aggregate Grading
Tests for Hardened Concrete Relating to Durability
AASHTO PTP 34-99: Proposed Standard Method
of Test for Restrained Drying Shrinkage
ASTM C 457: Practice for Microscopical Determination
of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
ASTM C 666: Test Method for Resistance of Concrete
to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
ASTM C 672: Test Method for Scaling Resistance
of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals
ASTM C 1202: Electrical Indication of Concretes
Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration
ASTM C 642: Test Method for Specific Gravity,
Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete
Sorptivity Test
Testing Needs
Construction Considerations for Preventing MRD
Ambient and Seasonal Conditions
Batching
Mixing Cycle
Consolidation
Steel Placement
Finishing
Curing
Controlling Specific Types of MRD
Paste Freeze-Thaw Deterioration
Deicer Scaling/Deterioration
Aggregate Freeze-Thaw Deterioration
AlkaliSilica Reaction
AlkaliCarbonate Reactions
External Sulfate Attack
Internal Sulfate Attack
Corrosion of Embedded Steel
Summary of Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Prevention
Appendix A Field Data Collection Forms
Appendix B: Laboratory Methods
B.1 Determination of Water-To-Cement Ratio
B.2 Staining Concrete to Identify Sulfates and ASR
Barium Chloride Potassium Permanganate (BCPP)
Stain for Sulfate Minerals
Sodium Cobaltinitrite/Rhodamine B Staining Method
for ASR Reaction Products
SHRP Uranyl Acetate Test for ASR Reaction Products
Phenolphthalein Staining Method for Determining
Depth and Extent of Carbonation
Sample Preparation Equipment
The Stereo Zoom Optical Microscope
The Petrographic Microscope
Automated Optical Microscopes
Methods for Preparing Specimens
Broken Pieces
Grain Mounts
Polished Slabs
Epoxy Impregnation
Thin Sections
Equipment for the Electron Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Conventional Scanning Electron Microscope (CSEM)
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)
Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscope (LVSEM)
Purchasing a Scanning Electron Microscope
X-ray Microanalysis
Methods for Preparing SEM/EDS Specimens
Broken Pieces
Polished Slabs
Thin Sections
Specimen Coating
Methods for SEM/EDS Examination
Broken Pieces
Polished Slabs
Thin Sections
Equipment for X-ray Diffraction
The Powder X-ray Diffractometer
The Debye-Scherrer Camera
Appendix C: Laboratory Data Collection Forms, Flowcharts, and Diagnostic Tables
C.1 Laboratory Data Collection Forms
C.2 Flowcharts and Diagnostic Tables
I-1 Guidelines for identification, treatment, and
prevention of MRD.
I-2. Flow of field data collection activities.
I-3. General project information form.
I-4. Concrete mixture design information form.
I-5. Concrete fine aggregate information form.
I-6. Concrete coarse aggregate information form.
I-7. Construction information form.
I-8. Modified LTPP distress survey form.
I-9. Modified LTPP distress summary form.
I-10. Survey form for illustrating typical MRD.
I-11. MRD characterization form.
I-12. Distress map symbols for jointed concrete
pavements.
I-13. Distress map symbols for CRCP.
I-14. Flow chart for assessing likelihood of MRD.
I-15. Illustration of minimum number of cores for
JCP required for MRD evaluation.
I-16. Illustration of minimum number of cores for
CRCP required for MRD evaluation.
I-17. Specific core locations for JCP with MRD concentrated
at the joints.
I-18. Specific core locations for JCP with MRD not
concentrated at joints.
I-19. Specific core locations for CRCP with MRD
concentrated at the cracks.
I-20. Specific core locations for CRCP with MRD
not concentrated at cracks.
I-21. Typical hardened concrete sampling log sheet.
I-22. Example core identification label.
II-1. Fundamental process for analyzing a concrete
MRD sample.
II-2. Group 1: Laboratory log of PCC pavement cores.
II-3. Group 1: Core sampled for laboratory analysis.
II-4. Group 2: General condition of the concrete.
II-5. Group 3: Stereo OM - observations of the concrete.
II-6. Group 3: Stereo OM observations - alterations
of the aggregate.
II-7. Group 3: Results of ASTM C 457.
II-8. Group 4: Summary of staining tests.
I-9. Group 5: Petrographic OM - observations of
the concrete.
II-10. Group 5: Petrographic OM observations -
alterations of the aggregate.
II-11. Group 6: SEM - general conditions.
II-12. Group 6: Summary of scanning electron microscope
tests.
II-13. Group 7: Summary of chemical tests.
II-14. Group 8: XRD - analytical conditions and
results of qualitative analysis.
II-15. Flowchart for assessing general concrete
properties based on visual examination.
II-16. Flowchart for assessing the condition of
the concrete paste and air.
II-17. Flowchart for identifying infilling materials
in cracks and voids.
II-18. Flowchart for assessing the condition of
the concrete aggregates.
III-1. Flowchart for selecting preferred treatment
and rehabilitation options.
III-2. Flowchart for the selection of durable aggregates.
III-3. Benefaction techniques for mitigation of
aggregate freeze-thaw deterioration.
C-1. Flowchart for assessing general concrete properties
based on visual examination.
C-2. Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
paste and air.
C-3. Flowchart for identifying infilling materials
in cracks and voids.
C-4. Flowchart for assessing the condition of the concrete
aggregates.
I-1. Summary of key MRDs.
I-2. Summary of distress survey components.
I-3. Field survey equipment checklist.
I-4. Distresses to be evaluated during pavement
distress surveys.
I-5. Standard photographs to be taken for each
project.
II-1. Diagnostic features of corrosion of embedded
steel.
II-2. Diagnostic features of paste freeze-thaw
damage.
II-3. Diagnostic features of aggregate freeze-thaw
deterioration.
II-4. Diagnostic features of sulfate attack.
II-5. Diagnostic features for deicer scaling/deterioration.
II-6. Diagnostic features of ASR.
II-7. Diagnostic features of ACR.
III-1. Selection of feasible alternatives to
address freeze-thaw deterioration of aggregate.
III-2. Selection of feasible alternatives to
address freeze-thaw deterioration cement paste.
III-3. Selection of feasible alternatives to
address deicer scaling/deterioration.
III-4. Selection of feasible alternatives to
address ASR.
III-5. Selection of feasible alternatives to
address ACR.
III-6. Selection of feasible alternatives to
address sulfate attack.
III-7. Selection of feasible alternatives to
address corrosion of embedded steel.
III-8. Aggregate characteristics and test methods.
III-9. Recommended air contents for freeze-thaw
distress-resistant concrete.
III-10. ASTM C 94: Acceptance criteria for questionable
water supplies.
III-11. ASTM C 94: Optional chemical limits for wash water.
III-12. Recommendations for normal weight concrete
subject to sulfate attack.
III-13. Chloride ion penetrability based on
charge passed.
C-1. Diagnostic features of corrosion of embedded
steel.
C-2. Diagnostic features of paste freeze-thaw damage.
C-3. Diagnostic features of aggregate freeze-thaw
deterioration.
C-4. Diagnostic features of sulfate attack.
C-5. Diagnostic features of deicer scaling/deterioration.
C-6. Diagnostic features of ASR.
C-7. Diagnostic features of ACR.