Smart meter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A smart meter is an advanced meter (usually an electrical meter) that identifies consumption in more detail than a conventional meter; and optionally, but generally, communicates that information via some network back to the local utility for monitoring and billing purposes (telemetering).
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[edit] Overview
Smart meter often refers to an electrical meter, but it can increasingly also mean a device measuring natural gas or water consumption.
Similar meters, usually referred to as interval or time-of-use meters, have existed for years, but Smart Meters usually involve a different technology mix, such as real-time or near real-time sensors, power outage notification, and power quality monitoring. These additional features are more than simple automated meter reading (AMR). They are similar in many respects to advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) meters. Smart meters are also believed to be a less costly alternative to traditional interval or time-of-use meters and are intended to be used on a wide scale with all customer classes, including residential customers. Interval and time-of-use meters are more of a legacy technology that historically have been installed to measure commercial and industrial customers, but typically provide no AMR functionality. Smart meters may be part of a smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid.
[edit] Purpose
Since the inception of electricity deregulation and market-driven pricing throughout the world, government regulators have been looking for a means to match consumption with generation. Traditional electrical meters only measure total consumption and as such provide no information of when the energy was consumed. Smart meters provide an economical way of measuring this information, allowing price setting agencies to introduce different prices for consumption based on the time of day and the season.
Electricity pricing usually peaks at certain predictable times of the day and the season. In particular, if generation is constrained, prices can rise significantly during these times as more expensive sources of power are purchased from other jurisdictions or more costly generation is brought online. It is believed that billing customers by how much is consumed and at what time of day will force consumers to adjust their consumption habits to be more responsive to market prices. Regulatory and market design agencies hope these "price signals" will delay the construction of additional generation or at least the purchase of energy from higher priced sources, thereby controlling the steady and rapid increase of electricity prices.[citation needed]
[edit] Implementation examples
[edit] Italy
The world's largest smart meter deployment was undertaken by Enel SpA, the dominant utility in Italy with over 27 million customers. Between 2000 and 2005 Enel deployed smart meters to its entire customer base.
These meters are fully electronic and smart, with integrated bi-directional communications, advanced power measurement and management capabilities, an integrated, software-controllable disconnect switch, and an all solid-state design. They communicate over low voltage power line using standards-based power line technology from Echelon Corporation to Echelon data concentrators at which point they communicate via IP to Enel's enterprise servers.
The system provides a wide range of advanced features, including the ability to remotely turn power on or off to a customer, read usage information from a meter, detect a service outage, detect the unauthorized use of electricity, change the maximum amount of electricity that a customer can demand at any time; and remotely change the meter's billing plan from credit to prepay as well as from flat-rate to multi-tariff.
[edit] Canada
The Ontario Energy Board in Ontario, Canada has worked to define the technology [1] and develop the regulatory framework for its implementation. The government set a target of deploying smart meters to 800,000 homes and small businesses by the end of 2007, which was surpassed, and throughout the province by the end of 2010.[5]
[edit] United States
Jurisdictions such as California are actively pursuing the same technology [2]. On July 20, 2006, California's energy regulators approved a program to roll out conventional meters retrofit with communications co-processor electronics to 9 million gas and electric household customers in the Northern California territory of PG&E. These meters report electricity consumption on an hourly basis. This enables PG&E to set pricing that varies by season and time of the day, rewarding customers who shift energy use to off-peak periods. The peak pricing program will start out on a voluntary basis, and the full rollout is expected to take five years. [3]. The smart grid also allows PG&E to give customers timing and pricing options for upload to the grid (see vehicle-to-grid).
The largest municipal utility in the U.S., the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), has chosen to expand its advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) serving its commercial and industrial (C&I) customers. LADWP has already purchased 9,000. The utilities’ commercial and industrial customers may tailor their daily energy consumption around the data provided by the smart meters, thus creating potential for reducing their monthly electricity bill and, at a broader level, contributing to global energy conservation.
Austin Energy, the nation's ninth largest community-owned electric utility, with nearly 400,000 electricity customers in and around Austin, Texas, began deploying a two-way RF mesh network and approximately 260,000 residential smart meters in 2008. More than 165,000 two-way meters have been installed by spring 2009, and integration with AE's meter data management system is underway. A previous project in 2002 exchanged approximately 140,000 mechanical meters for smart meters at residential apartments, condos, and other high meter density locations.[4]
[edit] Turkey
More than 1.5 million prepayment smart gas/water/electric meters are implemented by Elektromed[5] in Turkey. 1 million of them are gas meters and the rest are prepayment electric and prepayment water meters. Especially number of prepayment water meters will reach to 500.000 pieces at the end of 2008 which means highest record in the world.
[edit] Australia
In 2004, the Essential Services Commission of Victoria, Australia (ESC) released its changes to the Electricity Customer Metering Code and the Victorian Electricity Supply Industry Metrology Procedure to implement its decision to mandate interval meters for Victorian electricity customers.
The ESC's Final Paper entitled "Mandatory Rollout of Interval Meters for Electricity Customers" foreshadowed the changes to be implemented and contained the rollout timetable requiring interval meters to be installed by 2013 for all small businesses and residences with new and replacement installation commencing in 2006. The ESC forecasts that within 7 years of the start of the rollout up to 1 million large customers and other customers will have existing meters upgraded to interval meters.
The Victorian government is not alone with other state governments and the Commonwealth issuing a Joint Communiqué at the Council of Australian Governments meeting in Canberra on 17 February 2006 committing all governments to the progressive rollout of smart metering technology from 2007.[6]
[edit] New Zealand
In November 2005, energy supplier Meridian Energy introduced the usage of smart meters in the Central Hawkes Bay area with over 1000 households participating. By late 2006, over 6,300 smart meters had been installed as part of the initial trial[6]. On June 28, 2007 the first roll-out began for households in Christchurch and there are plans to install over 112,000 smart meters by January 2009[7]. The smart meters are made by Christchurch based company Arc Innovations, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Meridian Energy.
In June 2009, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment released a report, [8] which was critical of the lack of smartness in the 150,000 smart meters installed in New Zealand thus far. Dr Jan Wright called for government leadership for this "infrastructure of national importance." Dr Wright emphasised that the meters were capable of being smart, but that the failure to include the HAN chips at the initial installation meant that currently only the power retailers benefited, not consumers or the environment.
[edit] Netherlands
The company Oxxio introduced the first smart meter for both electricity and gas in the Netherlands in 2005. In 2007, the Dutch government proposed that all seven million households of the country should have a smart meter by 2013, as part of a national energy reduction plan. In August 2008 the roll out of these seven million meters was delayed for several reasons. Main reasons for the delay were that there was limited possibility foreseen to register small scale local energy production (e.g. by solar panels), and that there was uncertainty in the parliament on future developments in smart meters. On April 7th 2009 the Dutch government had to back down after consumer groups raised privacy concerns. Instead of a mandatory role out smart meters will be voluntary.[9]
[edit] Nordic countries
Northern Europe became the hotspot for AMM in Europe in 2003 when Sweden announced the decision to require monthly readings of all electricity meters by 2009. Soon activities spread to the other Nordic countries. Vattenfall, Fortum and E.ON decided to deploy AMM in Finland as well as in Sweden, as the leading industry players in both countries at the time. Developments in Denmark took off in 2004 with several ambitious projects being announced by the country’s largest utilities. Norway has taken a more cautious stance, but in June 2007 the Norwegian energy authority NVE declared that it would recommend new legislation requiring smart meters to take effect in 2013. As of August 2007, almost all of the DSOs in Sweden had signed contracts for AMM solutions. In Finland and Denmark, the share of metering points under contract was 23 percent and 15 percent respectively according to analyst firm Berg Insight[citation needed]. Norway was lagging behind with just 6 percent. Altogether contracts for nearly 8 million smart meters are still open in the Nordic region.
[edit] Imminent implementation
[edit] France
A smart metering pilot project is being conducted by Electricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF) involving 300,000 clients supplied by 7,000 low-voltage transformers. In June 2008 ERDF awarded the AMM pilot project to a consortium managed by Atos Origin, including Actaris, Landis+Gyr, and Iskraemeco. The aim of the trial is to deploy 300k meters and 6k concentrators in two distinct geographic areas, the Indre-et-Loir (37) department and the Lyon urban region (69). This project affecting 1% of LV customers is a pre-cursor to national deployment for 35 million clients in France. The experimentation phase will start in March 2010. A key determining factor will be the interoperability of various suppliers’ equipment. The general deployment phase, involving replacement of 35 million meters, will start in 2012 and continue thru 2017.
[edit] Ireland
Upon getting into the coalition government in 2007, Eamon Ryan, the Green Party Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, pledged to introduce smart meters for every home in the Republic of Ireland within a five year period. In an interview the minister said he envisages a situation where smart meters would use plug-in hybrid cars as storage for micro-generated renewable energy by intelligently diverting the energy into the car. A leading energy expert has expressed concerns that whatever system of smart metering arises in Ireland must give homeowners the possibility of automatically responding to fluctuating electricity prices by, for instance, buying electricity when at its cheapest, and selling micro-generated electricity from wind turbines or solar photovoltaic panels into the grid when the best price is available.
[edit] United Kingdom
In May 2009, the government of the United Kingdom unveiled plans for smart meters to be installed in every home by the end of 2020. The projected cost of fitting approximately 22 million gas and 26 million electricity meters was estimated at £7 billion.[10] While the government consider the domestic requirements for smart metering, corporate and business users are being serviced by companies within the UK who provide advanced innovative metering to businesses to monitor their electricity usage/wastage.[7] [8]
[edit] Technology
Of all smart meter technologies the critical technological problem is communication. Each meter must be able to reliably and securely communicate the information collected to some central location. Considering the varying environments and locations where meters are found, that problem can be daunting. Among the solutions proposed are: the use of cell/pager networks, licensed radio, combination licensed and unlicensed radio, power line communication. Not only the medium used for communication purposes but the type of network used is also critical. As such one would find: fixed wireless, mesh network or a combination of the two. There are several other potential network configurations possible, including the use of Wi-Fi and other internet related networks. To date no one solution seems to be optimal for all applications. Rural utilities have very different communication issues than urban utilities or utilities located in challenging locations such as mountainous regions or areas ill-served by wireless and internet companies.
There is a growing trend towards the use of TCP/IP technology as a common communication platform for Smart Meter applications, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication systems, while using IP technology as a common management platform.[11][12]
Google.org's PowerMeter depends on a smart meter for tracking electricity usage.[13]
[edit] See also
- Automatic meter reading
- Advanced metering infrastructure
- DASH7
- Distributed generation
- Electricity distribution
- Electricity generation
- Electricity meter
- Feed-in Tariff
- HAN
- Net metering
- Nonintrusive load monitoring
- Power Line Communications
- Smart Grid
- Utility submeter
- Vehicle-to-grid
- Virtual power plant
- Zigbee
[edit] References
- ^ EnergyAxis LAN 900MHz Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio
- ^ Elster REX meter ("smart" meter)
- ^ McMaster University Sustainable Developments in Communities Workshop November 26, 2007
- ^ A3 ALPHA Meter/Collector Data Sheet
- ^ "Smart Meters: FAQs". Indepth: Energy (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). November 3, 2005. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/energy/smartmeters.html. Retrieved 2006-07-23.
- ^ Central Hawkes Bay households first in NZ to get smart electricity meters
- ^ Smart meters - Meridian Energy
- ^ Smart electricity meters: How households and the environment can benefit
- ^ http://www.nrc.nl/international/article2207260.ece/Smart_energy_meter_will_not_be_compulsory
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8042716.stm
- ^ Cisco Outlines Strategy for Highly Secure, 'Smart Grid' Infrastructure
- ^ Why the Smart Grid must be based on IP standards
- ^ "Google plans meter to detail home energy use". http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/02/10/BULM15RHFH.DTL&type=tech. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
[edit] External links
- Google Map of Smart Metering Programmes across the World. Maintained by Smart Metering Project Team at the Energy Retail Association in the UK.
- Industry Updates and News from the Smart Meter Industry Maintained by Smart Energy Services
- Energy efficiency: Super savers: Meters to manage the future by Declan Butler, Nature, part of "Climate Change 2007" special
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