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State Medical Marijuana Laws

State Medical Marijuana Laws

11/9/2016

In 1996, California voters passed Proposition 215, making the Golden State the first in the union to allow for the medical use of marijuana. Since then, 27 more states, the District of Columbia, Guam and Puerto Rico have enacted similar laws.

A total of 28 states, the District of Columbia, Guam and Puerto Rico now allow for comprehensive public medical marijuana and cannabis programs.  (See Table 1 below for more info.) Recently approved efforts in 17 states allow use of "low THC, high cannabidiol (CBD)" products for medical reasons in limited situations or as a legal defense. Those programs are not counted as comprehensive medical marijuana programs but are listed in Table 2. NCSL uses criteria similar to other organizations to determine if a program is "comprehensive":

  1. Protection from criminal penalties for using marijuana for a medical purpose;
  2. Access to marijuana through home cultivation, dispensaries or some other system that is likely to be implemented;
  3. It allows a variety of strains, including those more than "low THC;" and
  4. It allows either smoking or vaporization of some kind of marijuana products, plant material or extract. 

 

Medical Uses of Marijuana

A doctor holds a container of medical marijuana.In response to California's Prop 215, the Institute of Medicine issued a report that examined potential therapeutic uses for marijuana. The report found that: "Scientific data indicate the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoid drugs, primarily THC, for pain relief, control of nausea and vomiting, and appetite stimulation; smoked marijuana, however, is a crude THC delivery system that also delivers harmful substances. The psychological effects of cannabinoids, such as anxiety reduction, sedation, and euphoria can influence their potential therapeutic value. Those effects are potentially undesirable for certain patients and situations and beneficial for others. In addition, psychological effects can complicate the interpretation of other aspects of the drug's effect." 

Further studies have found that marijuana is effective in relieving some of the symptoms of HIV/AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis.1

State vs Federal Perspective

At the federal level, marijuana remains classified as a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act, where Schedule I substances are considered to have a high potential for dependency and no accepted medical use, making distribution of marijuana a federal offense. In October of 2009, the Obama Administration sent a memo to federal prosecutors encouraging them not to prosecute people who distribute marijuana for medical purposes in accordance with state law.

In late August 2013, the U.S. Department of Justice announced an update to their marijuana enforcement policy. The statement reads that while marijuana remains illegal federally, the USDOJ expects states like Colorado and Washington to create "strong, state-based enforcement efforts.... and will defer the right to challenge their legalization laws at this time." The department also reserves the right to challenge the states at any time they feel it's necessary.

Arizona and the District of Columbia voters passed initiatives to allow for medical use, only to have them overturned. In 1998, voters in the District of Columbia passed Initiative 59. However, Congress blocked the initiative from becoming law. In 2009, Congress reversed its previous decision, allowing the initiative to become law. The D.C. Council then put Initiative 59 on hold temporarily and unanimously approved modifications to the law.

Before passing Proposition 203 in 2010, Arizona voters originally passed a ballot initiative in 1996. However, the initiative stated that doctors would be allowed to write a "prescription" for marijuana. Since marijuana is still a Schedule I substance, federal law prohibits its prescription, making the initiative invalid. Medical marijuana "prescriptions" are more often called "recommendations" or "referrals" because of the federal prescription prohibition.

States with medical marijuana laws generally have some form of patient registry, which may provide some protection against arrest for possession up to a certain amount of marijuana for personal medicinal use. 

Some of the most common policy questions regarding medical marijuana include how to regulate its recommendation, dispensing, and registration of approved patients.  Some states and localities without dispensary regulation are experiencing a boom in new businesses, in hopes of being approved before presumably stricter regulations are made.  Medical marijuana growers or dispensaries are often called "caregivers" and may be limited to a certain number of plants or products per patient.  This issue may also be regulated on a local level, in addition to any state regulation. 

Table 1. State Medical Marijuana/Cannabis Program Laws
State
Statutory Language (year)
Patient Registry or ID cards
Allows Dispensaries
Specifies Conditions
Recognizes Patients from other states
State Allows for Retail Sales/Adult Use
Yes
No
Yes
Yes, for AZ-approved conditions, but not for dispensary purchases.
Not yet fully operational/regulated production or sales.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
 
Arkansas
Issue 6 (2016) Details pending
Pending
Pending
Pending
Pending
 
Proposition 215 (1996)  SB 420 (2003)
Yes
Yes (cooperatives and collectives)
No
No Proposition 64 (2016)
Colorado
 
 
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
 
HB 5387 (2012)
Yes

 

Yes
Yes
 
 
SB 17 (2011)
Yes
Yes
Yes
 Yes, for DE-approved conditions.
 
Initiative 59 (1998)  L18-0210 (2010)
Yes
Yes
Yes
 
 
Florida
Amendment 2 (2016) Details pending
Pending
Pending
Pending
Pending
 
Approved in Nov. 2014, not yet operational.
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Draft rules released in July 2015
SB 862 (2000)
Yes
No
Yes
No
 
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
 
Question 2 (1999)  LD 611 (2002)  
Question 5 (2009)   LD 1811 (2010)
LD 1296 (2011)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes, but not for dispensary purchases.
Question 1 (2016)
HB 702 (2003) SB 308 (2011) HB 180/SB 580 (2013)  HB 1101- Chapter 403 (2013)
SB 923 (signed 4/14/14)
HB 881- similar to SB 923
Yes
Yes 
Yes
No
 
Question 3 (2012)
Regulations (2013)
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Question 4 (2016)
Yes
Not in state law, but localities may create ordinances to allow them and regulate them.
Yes
Yes, for legal protection of posession, but not for dispensary purchases.
 
SF 2471, Chapter 311 (2014) 
Yes
Yes, limited, liquid extract products only
Yes
No
 
Initiative 148 (2004) SB 423 (2011)
Initiative 182 (2016)
Yes

New details pending
No**
 
New details pending
Yes
 
New details pending
No
 
New details pending
 
Yes
No
Yes 
Yes, if the other state's program are "substantially similar." Patients must fill out Nevada paperwork.
Question 2 (2016)
HB 573 (2013)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes, with a note from their home state, but they cannot purchase through dispensaries.
 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No
 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No
 

 

 

A6357 (2014) Signed by governor 7/5/14
Yes
Ingested doses may not contain more than 10 mg of THC, product may not be combusted (smoked).
Yes
No
 
North Dakota
Measure 5 (2016) Details pending
Pending
Pending
Pending
Pending
 
Ohio
HB 523 (2016) Approved by legislature, signed by governor 6/8/16, not yet operational 
   
Yes
   
SB 161 (2007) 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
No
Measure 91 (2014) 
SB 3 (2016) Signed by governor 4/17/16 Not yet operational 
Yes
Yes
Yes
   
Puerto Rico
Public Health Department Regulation 155 (2016) Not yet operational
 
Cannot be smoked
     
SB 791 (2007)  SB 185 (2009)
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes
 
SB 76 (2004) SB 7 (2007) SB 17 (2011)
Yes 
Yes
Yes 
No
 
SB 5073 (2011)
No 
Yes, approved as of Nov. 2012, stores opened in July, 2014.
Yes 
No
FAQ about WA cannabis laws by the Seattle Times.

*The links and resources are provided for information purposes only. NCSL does not endorse the views expressed in any of the articles linked from this page.

** While Montana's revised medical marijuana law limits caregivers to three patients, caregivers may serve an unlimited number of patients due to an injunction issued on January 16, 2013.

Table 2. Limited Access Marijuana Product Laws (low THC/high CBD- cannabidiol)
State Program Name and Statutory Language (year) Patient Registry or ID cards Dispensaries or Source of Product(s) Specifies Conditions Recognizes Patients from other states Defintion of Products Allowed
Allows for Legal Defense
Allowed for Minors
Alabama 
SB 174 "Carly's Law" (Act 2014-277) Allows University of Alabama Birmingham to conduct effectiveness research using low-THC products for treating seizure disorders for up to 5 years. Not operational as of April, 2015.
 
Only the Univ. Alabama Birmingham is allowed to dispense FDA-approved trial products with the proper permissions.
Yes, debilitating epileptic conditions or life-threatening seizures.

 

No
Extracts that are low THC= below 3% THC
Yes
Yes
Florida
Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act of 2014 CS for SB 1030 (2014)
Yes
Yes, 5 registered nurseries across the state by region, which have been in business at least 30 years in Florida.
Yes, cancer, medical condition or seizure disorders that chronically produces symptoms that can be alleviated by low-THC products
No
Cannabis with low THC= below .8% THC and above 10% CBD by weight
 
Yes, with approval from 2 doctors
Georgia
HB 1 (2015) (signed by governor 4/16/15)
 
Yes
Law allows University System of Georgia to develop a lot THC oil clinical research program that meets FDA trial compliance. 
Yes, end stage cancer, ALS, MS, seizure disorders, Crohn's, mitochondrial disease, Parkinson's, Sickle Cell disease
No
Cannabis oils with low THC= below 5% THC and at least an equal amount of CDB. 
Yes
Yes
Iowa

 

Yes
Doesn't define or provide in-state methods of access or production.
Yes, intractable epilepsy
No
"Cannabidiol- a non-psychoactive cannabinoid" that contains below 3% THC, no more than 32 oz, and essentially free from plant material. 
Yes
Yes

 Idaho- VETOED BY GOVERNOR

SB 1146 (VETOED by governor 4/16/15)
No
Doesn't define.
The possessor has, or is a parent or guardian of a person that has, cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, seizure disorders, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, mitochondrial disease, fibroymyalgia, Parkinson's disease or sickle cell disease;
No
Is composed of no more than three-tenths percent (0.3%)  tetrahydrocannabidiol by weight;  is composed of at least fifteen (15) times more cannabidiol than tetrahydrocannabidiol by weight; and contains no other psychoactive substance.
Yes
Yes
Kentucky
SB 124 (2014) Clara Madeline Gilliam Act
Exempt cannabidiol from the definition of marijuana and allows it to be administerd by a public university or school of medicine in Kentucky for clinical trial or expanded access program approved by the FDA.
No
Universities in Kentucky with medical schools that are able to get a research trial. Doesn't allow for in-state production of CBD product. 
Intractable seizure disorders
No
No, only "cannabidiol".
 
 
Louisiana
 
SB 143 The "Alison Neustrom Act"
Please see bolded comment to the right.
 
Louisiana State Univ. and the Southern Univ. Agricultural Center have the right of first refusal to be the licensed production facility. If they pass, it opens up to a competitive bid process. 
Yes
No
NCSL counts this act as a low-THC program based on this statement in the enacted legislation. "THC shall be reduced to the lowest acceptable therapeutic levels available through scientifically acceptable methods."
NCSL also does NOT count this program as "comprehensive" because it does not allow for the combustion or vaporizing of flowered product. 
Other organizations or groups may count this as a comprehensive program, but please refer to NCSL's definitions above. NCSL will reconsider its categorization based on final rules, regulations and practice when they are finalized.
Yes
Yes
Mississippi
HB 1231 "Harper Grace's Law" 2014
 
All provided through National Center for Natural Products Research at the Univ. of Mississippi and dispensed by the Dept. of Pharmacy Services at the Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center
Yes, debilitating epileptic condition or related illness
No
"CBD oil" - processed cannabis plant extract, oil or resin that contains more than 15% cannabidiol, or a dilution of the resin that contains at least 50 milligrams of cannabidiol (CBD) per milliliter, but not more than one-half of one percent (0.5%) of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Yes, if an an authorized patient or guardian
Yes
Missouri
HB 2238 (2014)
Yes
Yes, creates cannabidiol oil care centers and cultivation and production facilities/laboratories.
Yes, intractable epilepsy that has not responded to three or more other treatment options.
No
"Hemp extracts" equal or less than .3% THC and at least 5% CBD by weight.
Yes
Yes
North Carolina
HB 1220 (2014) Epilepsy Alternative Treatment Act- Pilot Study
Yes
University research studies with a hemp extract registration card from the state DHHS or obtained from another jurisdiction that allows removal of the products from the state.
Yes, intractable epilepsy
No
"Hemp extracts" with less than three-tenths of one percent (0.3%) tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by weight.
Is composed of at least ten percent (10%) cannabidiol by weight.
Contains no other psychoactive substance. 
Yes
Yes
Oklahoma
 HB 2154 (2015)
Yes
No in-state production allowed, so products would have to be brought in. Any formal distribution system would require federal approval.
People under 18 (minors) Minors with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, Dravet Syndrome, or other severe epilepsy that is not adequately treated by traditional medical therapies
No
A preparation of cannabis with no more than .3% THC in liquid form.
Yes
Yes, only allowed for minors 
South Carolina
 SB 1035 (2014) Medical Cannabis Therapeutic Treatment Act- Julian's Law
Yes
Must use CBD product from an approved source; and
(2)    approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to be used for treatment of a condition specified in an investigational new drug application.
-The principal investigator and any subinvestigator may receive cannabidiol directly from an approved source or authorized distributor for an approved source for use in the expanded access clinical trials.
Some have interpreted the law to allow patients and caregivers to produce their own products.
 
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, Dravet Syndrome, also known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, or any other form of refractory epilepsy that is not adequately treated by traditional medical therapies.
No
Cannabidiol or derivative of marijuana that contains 0.9% THC and over 15% CBD, or least 98 percent cannabidiol (CBD) and not more than 0.90% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by volume that has been extracted from marijuana or synthesized in a laboratory
Yes
Yes
Tennessee
SB 2531 (2014)
Creates a four-year study of high CBD/low THC marijuana at TN Tech Univ.
______
 
HB 197 (2015)
Researchers need to track patient information and outcomes
______
 
No
Only products produced by Tennessee Tech University.
Patients may possess low THC oils only if they are purchased "legally in the United States and outside of Tennessee," from an assumed medical cannabis state, however most states do not allow products to leave the state.
_____
Allows for legal defense for having the product as long as it was obtained legally in the US or other medical marijuana state.
Yes, intractable seizure conditions.
______
 
Yes, intractable seizure conditions.
No
______
 
No
"Cannabis oil" with less than .9% THC as part of a clinical research study
______
 
Same as above.
Yes
Yes
Texas

SB 339 (2015)
Texas Compassionate Use Act

Yes
Yes, licensed by the Department of Public Safety.
Yes, intractable epilepsy.

 

No
"Low-THC Cannabis" with not more than 0.5 percent by weight of tetrahydrocannabinols; and not less than 10 percent by weight of cannabidiol
Yes
Yes
Utah
HB 105 (2014) Hemp Extract Registration Act
Yes
Not completely clear, however it may allows higher education institution to grow or cultivate industrial hemp
Yes, intractable epilepsy that hasn't responded to three or more treatment options suggested by neurologist
No
"Hemp extracts" with less than .3% THC by weight and at least 15% CBD by weight and contains no other psychoactive substances
Yes
Yes
Virginia
No
No in-state means of acquiring cannabis products.
Intractable epilepsy
No
Cannabis oils with at least 15% CBD or THC-A and no more than 5% THC.
Yes

 

Yes
Wisconsin
No
Physicians and pharmacies with an investigational drug permit by the FDA could dispense cannabidiol. Qualified patients would also be allowed to access CBD from an out-of-state medical marijuana dispensary that allows for out-of-state patients to use their dispensaries as well as remove the products from the state.
No in-state production/manufacturing mechanism provided.
Seizure disorders
 
Exception to the definition of prohibited THC by state law, allows for possession of "cannabidiol in a form without a psychoactive effect."  THC or CBD levels are not defined.
No
Yes
Wyoming
 
HB 32 (2015)
Supervised medical use of hemp extracts. Effective 7/1/2015
Yes
No in-state production or purchase method defined.
Intractable epilepsy or seizure disorders
No
"Hemp extracts" with less than 0.3% THC and at least 5% CBD by weight.
Yes
Yes

*The links and resources are provided for information purposes only. NCSL does not endorse the views expressed in any of the articles linked from this page.

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