Playboy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Playboy

The first issue of Playboy
Editor-in-chief	Hugh Hefner
Categories	Men's magazines
Frequency	Monthly
Publisher	Playboy Enterprises, Inc.
Total circulation (2005)	3,005,753
Year founded	1953
First issue	December 1953
Country	United States
Language	English, many others
Website	Playboy Playboy UK
ISSN	0032-1478

This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (November 2008)

Playboy is an American men's magazine, founded in Chicago, Illinois in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates. The magazine has grown into Playboy Enterprises, Inc., with a presence in nearly every medium. Playboy is one of the world's best known brands.^{[citation needed]} In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide.

The magazine has a long history of publishing short stories by such novelists as Arthur C. Clarke, Ian Fleming, Vladimir Nabokov, and Margaret Atwood. Playboy features monthly interviews of notable public figures, such as artists, architects, economists, composers, conductors, film directors, journalists, novelists, playwrights, religious figures, politicians, athletes and race car drivers. The magazine throughout its history has expressed a libertarian outlook on political and social issues.

History

This section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (November 2008)

Playboy's original title was to be Stag Party, but an unrelated outdoor magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner and informed him that they would protect their trademark if he were to launch his magazine with that name. Hefner and co-founder and executive vice-president Eldon Sellers met to seek a new name. Sellers, whose mother had worked for the Chicago sales office of the short-lived Playboy Automobile Company, suggested "Playboy."

The first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen. The first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. The first issue sold out in weeks. Known circulation was 53,991.^[1] The cover price was 50¢. Copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002. The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was also serialized in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of Playboy magazine.

The logo, the stylized profile of a rabbit wearing a tuxedo bow tie, was designed by art designer Art Paul for the second issue and has appeared ever since. A running joke in the magazine involves hiding the logo somewhere in the cover art or photograph. Hefner said he chose the rabbit for its "humorous sexual connotation," and because the image was "frisky and playful."

An urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979 (except for a six month gap in 1976), the "P" in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the number of times that Hefner had slept with her, or how good she was in bed. The stars, between zero and twelve, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing.^{[citation needed]}

Since reaching its peak in the 1970s, Playboy has seen a decline in circulation and cultural relevance because of competition in the field it founded — first from Penthouse, Oui (which was published as a spin-off of Playboy) and Gallery in the 1970s; later from pornographic videos; and more recently from lad mags such as Maxim, FHM, and Stuff. In response, Playboy has attempted to re-assert its hold on the 18–35 male demographic through slight changes to content and focusing on issues and personalities more appropriate to its audience — such as hip-hop artists being featured in the "Playboy Interview".

The magazine celebrated its 50th anniversary with the January 2004 issue. Celebrations were held at Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, and Moscow during the year to commemorate this event.

The magazine underwent a revamp with its February 2009 issue. The visual format of the Contents pages were altered, the Playmate News was expanded to two pages, the Playboy Forum feature was moved to the end of the magazine, the Grapevine feature and three introductory photos of the Playboy Interview were changed from black and white to color, and the page count was reduced to 122,^[2] down from the previous issue's count of 172.^[3]

The Playboy Interview

Besides its centerfold, a major part of Playboy for much of its existence has been the Playboy Interview, an extensive (usually several thousand-word) Q&A-style discussion between a notable individual and an interviewer (historian Alex Haley, for example, served as a Playboy interviewer on a few occasions; one of his interviews was with Martin Luther King Jr.; he also interviewed Malcolm X, then coauthored his autobiography). One of the magazine's most notable interviews was a discussion with then-presidential candidate Jimmy Carter in the November 1976 issue in which he stated "I've committed adultery in my heart many times."^[4][5] David Sheff's interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono appeared in the January 1981 issue, which was on newsstands at the time of Lennon's murder; the interview was later published in book format.

Circulation

Image of Lena Soderberg used in many image processing experiments.

The best-selling Playboy edition was the November 1972 edition, which sold 7,161,561 copies. One-quarter of all American college men were buying the magazine every month.^[6] On the cover was model Pam Rawlings, photographed by Rowland Scherman.

Perhaps coincidentally, a cropped image of the issue's centerfold (which featured Lena Soderberg) became a de facto standard image for testing image processing algorithms. It is known simply as the "Lenna" (also "Lena") image in that field.^[7]

Playboy is still the largest selling "men's magazine", selling about three million a month in the U.S.^[6]

Bans on the sale of Playboy

This section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (November 2008)

In many parts of Asia, including India, mainland China, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Brunei, sale and distribution of Playboy is banned. In addition, sale and distribution is banned in almost all Muslim countries (except Turkey) in Asia and Africa, such as Iran, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. However, it is sold in Hong Kong. In Japan, where genitals of models cannot be shown, a separate edition is published under license by Shueisha.

An Indonesian edition launched in April 2006, but controversy started before the first issue. Even the publisher said the content of the Indonesian edition will be different from the original edition but the government was trying to ban it by using anti-pornography rules, since the Indonesian government cannot ban any medium. A Muslim organization, the Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), opposed to Playboy on the grounds of pornography. On April 12 about 150 IDF members clashed with police and stoned the editorial offices. Despite this, the edition quickly sold out. On April 6, 2007 the chief judge of the case dismissed the charges because they had been incorrectly filed.^[8]

In 1986, the American convenience store chain 7-Eleven removed the magazine. The store returned Playboy to its shelves in late 2003. 7-Eleven had also been selling Penthouse and other similar magazines before the ban.

In bookstores throughout the world, it is common for Playboy, as well as other adult publications, to be put on a higher shelf than other magazines, keeping them out of the reach of children. They are also often wrapped in opaque plastic bags so as to not reveal the cover. Prior to the late 1980s, Playboy was usually covered with a paper wrapping, similar to paper bags commonly found in grocery stores, with the famous bunny head logo imprinted in black on both sides.

Playboy was not sold in the state of Queensland, Australia during 2004 and 2005 but has returned as of 2006. Furthermore, due to declining sales, the last edition of the Australian edition of Playboy was January 2000 .

Litigation

On the January 14, 2004, the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that Playboy Enterprises Inc.'s (PEI) trademark terms "Playboy" and "Playmate" should be protected in the situation where a user typing "Playboy" or "Playmate" in a browser search was instead shown advertisements of companies that competed with PEI. (The decision reversed an earlier district court ruling.) The suit started on April 15, 1999, when Playboy sued Excite Inc. and Netscape for trademark infringement.^[9]

Photographers

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)

Many notable photographers have contributed to Playboy, including Richard Fegley, William Figge, Arny Freytag, Ron Harris, David Mecey, Russ Meyer, Pompeo Posar, Suze Randall, Herb Ritts.^[10], Stephen Wayda, Sam Wu, R Scott Hooper, Mario Casilli^[11], Annie Liebowitz^[10], Helmut Newton^[10], and Bunny Yeager.

Modeling pay

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)

During the 1960s and 1970s all PMOYs received pink automobiles. The hue of pink used was known as "Playmate Pink", confusingly the same shade as that of the cars awarded to Mary Kay's independent sales force.

Photo editing

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

There is some controversy over airbrushing (or, in recent times, image editing) that is done on the photos featured in the magazine. Some readers say that this kind of photo-editing takes away from authenticity and makes photographs look unnatural.

One example was the case of Pamela Anderson and the "disappearing labia". In Anderson's February 1990 Playboy centerfold appearance, there was a rear-view photo with her legs slightly apart and her labia minora visible. In reprints in later "Newsstand Specials" as well as a poster-sized print, she had been "defeminized," this area having been painted over in the color of the object in front of which she was standing.

Similarly, in Rena Mero's ("Sable") first Playboy shoot, one photo of Mero lying on her back was edited to add pubic hair over her genitalia. However, in the 50th Anniversary issue, this picture was printed in its original, unedited state.

Rival adult magazine Hustler and owner Larry Flynt has often been critical of Playboy and airbrushing. This has led Hustler to promote the fact that their nude pictorials are never airbrushed and are completely natural.

Firsts

This section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (November 2008)

• First issue with two-page centerfold: February 1954 (Margaret Scott)
• First issue with Leroy Neiman's Femlin: August 1955
• First issue with a Playmate showing pubic hair: February 1956 (Marguerite Empey)
• First issue with a three-page centerfold: March 1956 (Marian Stafford)
• First issue with a Vargas girl: March 1957
• First issue with two Playmates for Playmate of the Month: October 1958 (Pat Sheehan and Mara Corday)
• First issue with Ian Fleming story: March 1960
• First issue with a Playmate featured officially as Playmate of the Year: June 1960 (Ellen Stratton)
• First issue with Playboy Advisor column: September 1960
• First issue with Playboy Interview: September 1962 (with Miles Davis)
• First issue with an African-American centerfold: March 1965 (Jennifer Jackson)
• First issue with Playboy 20Q: Cheryl Tiegs in October 1978^[12]
• First issue with a man on the cover: April 1964 (Peter Sellers)
• First issue to show a celebrity or non-Playmate's pubic hair: August 1969 (dancer Paula Kelly)^[13]
• First issue with centerfold showing pubic hair: December 1969 (Gloria Root)
• First issue with identical twins in centerfold: October 1970 - (Mary and Madeleine Collinson)
• First full frontal nude centerfold: January 1971 (Liv Lindeland).
• First issue with a double sided centerfold (the reverse side was a rear view). January 1974 (Nancy Cameron)
• First issue with signed centerfold: October 1975 (Jill De Vries)
• First issue with Playmate data sheet: July 1977 (Sondra Theodore)
• First issue without staple in the centerfold: October 1985
• First issue with identical triplets in the centerfold, The Dahm Triplets: December 1998
• First issue with www.playboy.com explicit on cover: February 1999
• First issue with female video game characters (most notably Bloodrayne): October 2004 ^[14]
• First issue ever of Playboy Philippines debuted on April 2, 2008 as a "mature lifestyle magazine" without any nudity.

Celebrities

For a full listing, please see List of people in Playboy 1953-1959, 1960-1969, 1970-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-present.

Many celebrities (singers, actresses, models, etc.) have posed for Playboy over the years. This list is only a small portion of those who have posed. Some of them are:

International editions

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007)

This map shows the countries where Playboy is published. The dark pink indicates the countries where regional editions of the magazine are produced today and the lighter pink indicates the countries where regional editions of Playboy were once published.

(starting at the accompanying date, or during the accompanying date range)

• Argentina (1985–1995, 2006–)
• Australia (1979–2000) — see specific article
• Brazil (1975–) — see specific article
• Bulgaria (2002–)
• Colombia (2008–)
• Croatia (1997–)
• Czech Republic (1991–)
• Estonia (2007–)^[16]
• France (1973–)
• Georgia (2007–)^[17]
• Germany (1972–)^[18]
• Greece (1985–)
• Hong Kong (1986–1993)
• Hungary (1989–1993, 1999–)
• Indonesia (2006–2007)^[18]
• Italy (1972–2003, 2008-) ^[19]
• Japan (1975–) — see specific article
• Lithuania (2008-)
• Mexico (1976–1998, 2002–)
• The Netherlands (1983–)
• Norway (1998–1999)
• Philippines (2008-)^[20]
• Poland (1992–)^[21]
• Portugal (2009-)^[22]
• Romania (1999–)
• Russia (1995–)
• Serbia (2004–)^[18]
• Slovakia (1997–2002, 2005–)
• Slovenia (2001–)
• South Africa (1993–1996)^[21]
• Spain (1978–)
• Sweden (1998–1999)
• Taiwan (1990–2003)
• Turkey (1986–1995)
• Ukraine (2005–)
• United States (1953–)
• Venezuela (2006–)

Other editions

The success of Playboy magazine has led PEI to market other versions of the magazine, the Special Editions (formerly called News Stand Specials), such as Playboy's College Girls^[23] and Playboy's Book of Lingerie, as well as the Playboy video collection.

The growth of the Internet prompted the magazine to develop an official web presence called Playboy Online or Playboy.com, which is the official website for Playboy Enterprises, and an online companion to Playboy magazine. The site has been available online since 1994.^[24] As part of the online presence, Playboy developed a pay web site called the Playboy Cyber Club in 1995 which features online chats, additional pictorials, videos of Playmates and Playboy Cyber Girls that are not featured in the magazine. Archives of past Playboy articles and interviews are also included. Playboy Cyber Club has opened up a new door for girls interested in posing. It is much easier to access, because it is online. It attracts just about as many as the magazine, and brought a whole new line of girls. Some Playmates start in Cyber Club and work their way to the magazine. In September 2005, Playboy launched the online edition of the magazine Playboy Digital.

The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS) has published a Braille edition of Playboy since 1970.^[25] The Braille version includes all the written words in the non-Braille magazine, but no pictorial representations. Congress cut off funding for the Braille magazine translation in 1985, but U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Hogan reversed the decision on First Amendment grounds.^[26]

See also

• Hugh Hefner
• Playboy TV
• Playboy UK
• List of men's magazines
• Chronological list of Playboy Playmates
• List of people in Playboy 1953-1959
• List of people in Playboy 1960-1969
• List of people in Playboy 1970-1979
• List of people in Playboy 1980-1989
• List of people in Playboy 1990-1999
• List of people in Playboy 1990-1999 by birthplace
• List of people in Playboy 2000–present
• List of people in Playboy by birthplace
• The Playboy Mansion
• Playboy Club
• Playboy on Campus
• Playboy Studio West
• Playmate
• Playboy Dolls
• List of Playboy videos
• Playboy Enterprises
• Playboy's Book of Forbidden Words
• Playboy: The Mansion
• Pubic Wars

Books

General compilations

• Nick Stone, editor. The Bedside Playboy. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1963.

Anniversary collections

• Jacob Dodd, editor. The Playboy Book: Forty Years. Santa Monica, California: General Publishing Group, 1994, ISBN 1-881649-03-2
• Playboy: 50 Years, The Photographs. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2003, ISBN 0-8118-3978-8
• Nick Stone, editor; Michelle Urry, cartoon editor. Playboy: 50 Years, The Cartoons. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8118-3976-1
• Gretchen Edgren, editor. The Playboy Book: Fifty Years. Taschen, 1995. ISBN 3-8228-3976-0

Interview compilations

• G. Barry Golson, editor. The Playboy Interview. New York: Playboy Press, 1981. ISBN 0-87223-668-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-87223-644-7 (softcover)
• G. Barry Golson, editor. The Playboy Interview Volume II. New York: Wideview/Perigee, 1983. ISBN 0-399-50768-X (hardcover), ISBN 0-399-50769-8 (softcover)
• David Sheff, interviewer; G. Barry Golson, editor. The Playboy Interviews with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: Playboy Press, 1981, ISBN 0-87223-705-2; 2000 edition, ISBN 0-312-25464-4
• Stephen Randall, editor. "The Playboy Interview Book: They Played the Game". New York: M Press, 2006, ISBN 1-59582-046-9

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Playboy magazine

Official

• Playboy.com
• Playboy Enterprises Inc. (Corporate website)
• Playboy UK

Others

• Playboy Covers of the World — Thousands of Playboy covers from all past and present editions worldwide.
• Crossett, Andrew, "Index: The Women of Playboy – 1967 – 2007", 2007.
• Playmate database at the University of Chicago
• A full listing of the Playboy Interview subjects and their interviewers