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Digest of United States Practice in International Law 2011
Digest of United States Practice in International Law 2011
Population
China, ...
This volume provides a historical record of developments occurring during calendar year 2011, when the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser marked its 80th birthday since its creation as a statutory entity.1 For the first time, the State Department is publishing the official version of the Digest exclusively on-line. By publishing the Digest on-line, we seek to make U.S. views on international law more quickly and readily accessible to our counterparts in other governments and international organizations, scholars, students, and other users, both within the United States and around the world. The Arab Awakening presented a variety of challenges for the practice of international law in 2011. In addressing events in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Bahrain, and elsewhere, the United States government carefully applied what Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton has called "smart power," utilizing a wide array of foreign policy tools to fit the needs of the particular circumstance. In Libya, the U.S. took a multilateral approach, acting quickly at the UN Security Council to pass historic resolutions that established an arms embargo and sanctions regime and made the first ever unanimous referral to the International Criminal Court. Based on Security Council Resolution 1973's authorization for "all necessary measures" to enforce a no-fly zone, and consistent with the War Powers Resolution, the United States was part of a limited, NATO-led military mission in Libya. Various additional legal issues arose during the U.S. response to the situation in Libya, including those related to securing a protecting power, addressing the situation at the United Nations Human Rights Council, recognizing the new Libyan government, and arranging for funds to be made available to the new government using assets of the former regime that had been frozen pursuant to Security Council resolutions. These issues form a significant part of the discussion in several chapters of the 2011 volume of the Digest. In our approach to counterterrorism, applying smart power has meant a continued commitment to the rule of law. In May 2011, the United States completed a lawful operation that resulted in the death of Usama bin Laden, a legitimate target in our conflict with al-Qaida. The United States continued to pursue other leaders of al-Qaida, while ensuring, consistent with President Obama's direction, that all our actions-even when conducted out of public view-comply with our laws and values. The U.S. government's counterterrorism efforts outside of Afghanistan and Iraq have focused on those individuals who present a significant threat to the United States and whose removal would cause a significant disruption of the plans and capabilities of al-Qa'ida and its associated forces. We have worked to uphold our values and the rule of law in our detention and interrogation policies with regard to terrorism suspects, including pursuing prosecution of detainees through Article III courts and reformed military commissions. In 2011, the United States government repeatedly brought international law to bear in the domestic law context. For example, the Office of the Legal Adviser continued in 2011 to pursue compliance with the International Court of Justice judgment in Avena, by promoting legislation-the Consular Notification Compliance Act-and supporting the request for a Supreme Court stay in a death penalty case involving an Avena defendant. We encouraged domestic courts to weigh international law and foreign policy considerations with suggestions or statements on behalf of the State Department in cases involving the immunity of foreign officials; cases considering the constitutionality of legislation implementing international treaty obligations; cases challenging U.S. state laws concerning immigration; and cases seeking relief outside of the compensation arrangements the United States agreed to with Germany and Austria for claims arising out of World War II. In our initial amicus brief in the U.S. Supreme Court in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum, we argued that a corporation can be held liable under the Alien Tort Statute for violations of the law of nations. In the Zivotovsky case, we asked the Supreme Court to respect our long-standing policy to recognize no state as having sovereignty over Jerusalem as a crucial part of our efforts to further the Middle East peace process. Negotiating, joining, and implementing treaties and international agreements remained an important part of U.S. efforts to promote international law in 2011. We secured advice and consent to the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with Bermuda and the Bilateral Investment Treaty with Rwanda. In October, we used congressional-executive agreements to adopt free trade agreements with the Republic of Korea, Colombia, and Panama. Also in 2011, the United States signed maritime law enforcement cooperation agreements with Senegal, Nauru, Tuvalu, and Gambia and an agreement with the members of the Arctic Council on aeronautical and maritime search and rescue. The United States actively assisted the 17th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Durban in launching a process to develop an agreement by 2015 that will apply beginning in 2020. The Obama administration also sought Senate advice and consent for several important treaties in 2011, including protocols to two nuclear weapon free zone agreements; an agreement on preventing illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; and Additional Protocol II to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which contains detailed humane treatment standards and fair trial guarantees that apply in the context of non-international armed conflicts. We continued our active engagement with international bodies that promote greater understanding of customary international law. We commented on and commended the work of the International Law Commission, including its approval of draft articles on the effects of armed conflict on treaties. In 2011, Professor Sean Murphy of the George Washington Law School was elected a Member of the International Law Commission, restoring U.S. membership after several years' absence. We remained a strong supporter of the UN Commission on International Trade Law, which adopted a revised model law on public procurement and a judicial deskbook on cross-border insolvency in 2011. In the area of human rights, the United States continued its active participation in UN processes to review states' records on human rights, including the record of the United States. I had the privilege of making the U.S. presentation to conclude our first Universal Periodic Review at the Human Rights Council. The United States also submitted its Fourth Periodic Report to the UN Committee on Human Rights Concerning the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Our own report on trafficking in persons included for the first time an evaluation of U.S. anti-trafficking efforts. We also achieved some milestones in 2011 in promoting Secretary Clinton's human rights agenda, including passage of landmark Human Rights Council resolution 16/18 on combating discrimination based on religion without limiting freedom of expression, following up by hosting the first meeting of the "Istanbul process" for implementing that resolution. The United States also led the way with initiatives and a Human Rights Council resolution to protect the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, which was echoed in Secretary Clinton's landmark speech on that subject before the Council on Human Rights Day 2011. The release of the U.S. National Action Plan on women, peace, and security and passage of a UN General Assembly resolution introduced by the United States on women's political participation further exemplified the U.S. commitment to promoting human rights. The Office of the Legal Adviser worked closely with colleagues in other bureaus and departments on a broad array of resolutions considered and adopted during the year by the Security Council, the General Assembly, and other UN bodies, including the adoption and implementation of a range of critically important resolutions related to peacekeeping missions and sanctions programs in various countries around the world, including Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, and CÃ'´te d'Ivoire. In April, the Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1977, extending the mandate of the 1540 Committee which promotes implementation of member states' obligations under resolution 1540 to enforce effective measures to counter the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. In November, the United States joined in a successful General Assembly resolution condemning an Iran-supported terrorist plot against the Saudi ambassador to the United States.
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U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services
U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services
Foreign Commerce and Aid
Oakland-Pontiac, Harlingen, Meadows, Oklahoma, ...
Monthly report that provides national trade data including imports, exports, and balance of payments for goods and services. Statistics are also reported on a year-to-date basis. Data are continuously compiled and processed. Documents are collected as shipments arrive and depart, and are processed on a flow basis. The BEA uses the data to update U.S. balance of payments, gross domestic product, and national accounts. Other federal agencies use them for economic, financial, and trade policy analysis (such as import/export promotion studies and import/export price indexes). Private businesses and trade associations use them for domestic and overseas market analysis, and industry-, product-, and area-based business planning. Major print and electronic news media use them for general and business news reports.
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WorldWideScience.org Widget
WorldWideScience.org Widget
Science and Technology
multilingual, China, INIS, Italy, Ireland, ...
This widget searches a global science gateway connecting to scientific databases and portals from over seventy-five countries and international organizations . WorldWideScience.org was developed on behalf of the WorldWideScience Alliance and is maintained by the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information. The WorldWideScience Alliance, a multilateral partnership, consists of participating member countries and provides the governance structure for WorldWideScience.org. WorldWideScience Alliance Members: Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (CISTI) - Canada Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC) - China VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) - Finland Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique (INIST) - France International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Health Service Executive (HSE) - Ireland German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB) - Germany Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) - Japan Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) - Korea Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) - Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Venezuela Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - South Africa British Library - United Kingdom Science.gov Alliance - United States African Journals Online (AJOL) - Representing 24 African Countries International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI)
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WorldWideScience.org
WorldWideScience.org
Science and Technology
multilingual, China, INIS, Italy, Ireland, ...
A global science gateway connecting to scientific databases and portals from over seventy-five countries and international organizations . WorldWideScience.org was developed on behalf of the WorldWideScience Alliance and is maintained by the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). The WorldWideScience Alliance, a multilateral partnership, consists of participating member countries and provides the governance structure for WorldWideScience.org. WorldWideScience Alliance Members: Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (CISTI) - Canada Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC) - China VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) - Finland Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique (INIST) - France International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Health Service Executive (HSE) - Ireland German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB) - Germany Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) - Japan Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) - Korea Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) - Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Venezuela Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - South Africa British Library - United Kingdom Science.gov Alliance - United States African Journals Online (AJOL) - Representing 24 African Countries International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI)
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Digest of United States Practice in International Law 1991-1999
Digest of United States Practice in International Law 1991-1999
Population
China, psychotropic, El Salvador, ...
The Office of the Legal Adviser publishes the annual Digest of United States Practice in International Law to provide the public with a historical record of the views and practice of the Government of the United States in public and private international law. In his introduction to the Digest covering 1991-1999, then Legal Adviser John B. Bellinger, III, summarized its contents, stating in part: "During this period, for instance, the United States became party to important human rights treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the UN Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. International terrorist acts such as the bombing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, posed new challenges, to which the United States responded through negotiation of new international terrorism conventions, efforts in both the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice, and changes in U.S. domestic laws . . . . "Legal issues involving the use of force arose with U.S. participation in the Gulf War and the military intervention in the territory of the Former Yugoslavia, and were addressed in several instances before the International Court of Justice. U.S. participation in the peace process and in peacekeeping in areas as diverse as the Middle East, Bosnia, Kosovo, Somalia, and Haiti gave rise to both international and domestic legal issues. Major efforts were pursued in arms control and nuclear non-proliferation, including the establishment of the Korean Energy Development Organization. "The 1990s were an era of new international institutions and political structures. The United States was actively engaged, for instance, in the Security Council's creation of the international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda and the UN Mission in Kosovo, and in the negotiation stage of the establishment of the International Criminal Court. In the area of trade, the United States was deeply involved in the establishment of the World Trade Organization and the conclusion of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The breakup of the Soviet Union was only the biggest example of geo-political changes with a wide range of legal implications for the United States and other countries. In other fields, to list only a few examples, after completion of the 1994 Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI, the President transmitted both the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and the 1994 Agreement to the Senate for advice and consent. Maritime interdiction of aliens and other aspects of immigration and naturalization generated important legal issues. Cases concerning the right of aliens in the United States to consular notification arose in U.S. courts and the International Court of Justice. . . ."
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Digest of United States Practice in International Law 2007
Digest of United States Practice in International Law 2007
Population
China, capital punishment, psychotropic, ...
The Office of the Legal Adviser publishes the annual Digest of United States Practice in International Law to provide the public with a historical record of the views and practice of the Government of the United States in public and private international law. In his introduction to the 2007 Digest, then Legal Adviser John B. Bellinger, III, stated in part: "During 2006 my colleagues and I continued to engage our international partners in intensive discussions about the appropriate legal framework for the detention and treatment of international terrorists. . . . Armed conflicts during the year including those involving Israel, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and Iraq raised other issues related to the law of war. "The United States welcomed the International Committee of the Red Cross' study on the customary international law of the law of war and provided what we believe are constructive initial comments on certain aspects of methodology that raise questions about the study's conclusions. "But these issues were, of course, only one facet of the office's practice during the year. The United States dispatched to Geneva two separate large, senior-level interagency delegations to present and discuss with the UN Committee Against Torture and the Human Rights Committee U.S. implementation of its obligations under the Convention Against Torture and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. . . . "The office continued to play a leading role in the development of U.S. treaty law and practice. . . . "In U.S. courts, the year saw further developments related to the applicability of the Alien Tort Statute, U.S. consular notification obligations under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, and the scope of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, including several Supreme Court decisions on consular notification and immunities. . . ."
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