Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems
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Connection Details for PBES
Table of Contents
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PDF Version (8.5 mb)
- Foreword
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 — General Topics
- 1.1 Benefits of Prefabrication
- 1.2 Accelerated Construction Overview
- 1.3 Applicability to Typical Bridges
- 1.4 Typical Accelerated Construction Connection Types
- 1.5 Seismic Considerations
- 1.6 Materials
- 1.7 Tolerances
- 1.8 Fabrication and Construction Issues
- Chapter 2 – Superstructure Connections
- 2.1 Deck Systems
- 2.1.1 Full Depth Precast Concrete Deck Slabs
- 2.1.1.1 Connections Between Slab Elements
- Strength Direction
- Distribution Direction
- Connection Design Considerations
- 2.1.1.2 Connections to Steel Beam Framing
- 2.1.1.3 Connections to Concrete Beam Framing
- 2.1.1.4 Connections of Parapets, Curbs, and Railings
- Concrete Parapets and Curbs
- Steel and Aluminum Railings
- 2.1.1.1 Connections Between Slab Elements
- 2.1.2 Open Grid Decks
- 2.1.2.1 Connections Between Grids
- 2.1.2.2 Connections to Steel Framing
- 2.1.2.3 Connections of Parapets, Curbs, and Railings
- 2.1.3 Concrete/Steel Hybrid Decks
-
- Partially Filled Grid Decks
- Exodermic Decks
- 2.1.3.1 Connections Between Panels
- 2.1.3.2 Connections to Steel Framing
- 2.1.3.3 Connections of Parapets, Curbs, and Railings
-
- 2.1.4 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Decks
- 2.1.4.1 Connections Between Panels
- 2.1.4.2 Connections to Steel Framing
- 2.1.4.3 Connections of Parapets, Curbs, and Railings
- 2.1.5 Partial Depth Precast Concrete Deck Panels
- 2.1.5.1 Connection to Steel Beam Framing
- 2.1.5.2 Connections to Concrete Beam Framing
- 2.1.5.3 Joints Between Panels
- 2.1.6 Timber Deck Panels
- 2.1.6.1 Connection Between Panels
- 2.1.6.2 Connections to Framing
- 2.1.6.3 Connections of Parapets, Curbs, and Railings
- 2.1.7 Grouting Techniques for Deck Systems
- 2.1.7.1 Joint Grouting
- 2.1.7.2 Shear Connector Pocket Grouting
- 2.1.7.3 Post-Tensioning Duct Grouting
- 2.1.7.4 Bedding under deck panels
- 2.1.8 Grade Control and Tolerances
- 2.1.9 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Prefabricated Deck Systems
- 2.1.9.1 Reflective Cracking and Leakage
- Poor Joint Configurations
- Lack of Post-Tensioning
- Reflective Cracking in Concrete Topping over Partial Depth Deck Panels
- 2.1.9.2 Riding Surface Issues
- 2.1.9.1 Reflective Cracking and Leakage
- 2.1.10 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 2.1.11 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- Elimination of Post-Tensioning
- 2.1.12 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Deck Systems
- 2.1.1 Full Depth Precast Concrete Deck Slabs
- 2.2 Adjacent Butted Beam Systems
- 2.2.1 Precast Prestressed Concrete Deck Bulb Tee Systems
- 2.2.1.1 Connections Between Beams
- 2.2.1.2 Welding and Grouting Issues
- 2.2.1.3 Camber Issues
- 2.2.2 Precast Prestressed Concrete Tee Systems
- 2.2.2.1 Connections Between Beams
- 2.2.2.2 Span to Span Connections
- 2.2.2.3 Welding and Grouting Issues
- 2.2.2.4 Camber Issues
- 2.2.3 Precast Prestressed Adjacent Slab and Adjacent Box Beam Systems
- 2.2.3.1 Connections Between Slabs and Between Adjacent Box Beams
- Traditional Post-Tensioning and Bolted Systems
- Reinforced Closure Pours
- Welded Connections
- 2.2.3.2 Concrete Over Pours and Composite Toppings
- 2.2.3.1 Connections Between Slabs and Between Adjacent Box Beams
- 2.2.4 Glue Laminated Timber Adjacent Deck Slabs
- 2.2.4.1 Connections Between Slabs
- 2.2.5 Grade Control and Tolerances
- 2.2.6 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Adjacent Beam Systems
- 2.2.7 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 2.2.8 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 2.2.9 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Adjacent Butted Beam Systems
- 2.2.1 Precast Prestressed Concrete Deck Bulb Tee Systems
- 2.3 Decked Stringer Systems
- 2.3.1 Transverse Connections
- 2.3.1.1 Connections Between Steel Beams
- 2.3.1.2 Connections Between Prestressed Precast Beams
- 2.3.2 Longitudinal Connections
- 2.3.2.1 Steel Beams
- 2.3.2.2 Prestressed Precast Concrete Beams
- 2.3.3 Simple Span Beams Made Continuous For Live Load
- 2.3.3.1 Prestressed Precast Concrete Beams
- 2.3.3.2 Steel Beams
- 2.3.4 Tolerances
- 2.3.5 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Stringer Beam Systems
- 2.3.6 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 2.3.7 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 2.3.8 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Decked Stringer Systems
- 2.3.1 Transverse Connections
- 2.4 Modular Prefabricated Superstructure Systems
- 2.4.1 Precast Deck/Stringer Systems (inverset)
- 2.4.1.1 Transverse Connection Between Units
- 2.4.2 Large Precast Deck/Stringer Superstructure Systems for Bridges with Floorbeams
- 2.4.2.1 Connection to Steel Floorbeams
- 2.4.3 Precast Concrete Arch Systems
- 2.4.3.1 Connection Between Arch Elements
- 2.4.3.2 Connection Between Arch Segments
- 2.4.3.3 Connection of Spandrel Walls
- 2.4.4 Precast Concrete Box Culverts
- 2.4.5 Grade Control and Tolerances
- 2.4.6 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Modular Prefabricated Superstructure Systems
- 2.4.7 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 2.4.8 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 2.4.9 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Modular Prefabricated Superstructure Systems
- 2.4.1 Precast Deck/Stringer Systems (inverset)
- 2.5 Connections between Superstructures and Substructures
- 2.5.1 Integral Pier Caps
- 2.5.2 Integral Abutments
- 2.5.3 Semi-Integral Abutments
- 2.5.4 Structural Bearings
- 2.5.5 Grade Control and Tolerances
- 2.5.6 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Superstructure to Substructure Connections
- 2.5.7 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 2.5.8 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 2.5.9 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Superstructure to Substructure Connections
- 2.6 Miscellaneous Superstructure Connections
- 2.6.1 Utilities and Drainage Assemblies and other Appurtenances
- 2.6.2 Barriers, Curbs and Railings
- 2.6.3 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Superstructure Connections
- 2.6.4 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 2.6.5 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 2.6.6 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Miscellaneous Superstructure Connections
- 2.1 Deck Systems
- Chapter 3 — Substructure Connections
- 3.1 Pier Elements
- 3.1.1 Precast Concrete Cap Beam Connections
- 3.1.1.1 Connection to Cast-in-Place Concrete Columns and Piles
- 3.1.1.2 Connection to Precast Columns
- 3.1.1.3 Connection to Steel Piles (pile bents)
- 3.1.1.4 Connection to Precast Concrete Piles (pile bents)
- 3.1.1.5 Connection of Precast Concrete Cap to Precast Concrete Cap
- 3.1.2 Precast Concrete Column Connections
- 3.1.2.1 Connection of Column to Column
- 3.1.3 Wall Pier Connections
- 3.1.3.1 Connection of Precast Wall to Precast Footing
- 3.1.4 Precast Concrete Column to Footing Connections
- 3.1.4.1 Connection to Cast-in-Place Concrete Footing
- 3.1.4.2 Connection to Precast Concrete Footing
- 3.1.5 Grade Control and Tolerances
- 3.1.6 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Prefabricated Pier Systems
- 3.1.7 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 3.1.8 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 3.1.9 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Pier Systems
- 3.1.1 Precast Concrete Cap Beam Connections
- 3.2 Abutment Systems
-
- Backfilling Options
- 3.2.1 Cantilever Wall Abutments
- 3.2.1.1 Precast Abutment Stem to Precast Footing Connection
- 3.2.1.2 Precast Backwall to Abutment Stem Connection
- 3.2.1.3 Precast Breastwall (cheekwall) to Abutment Stem Connections
- 3.2.2 Spill-through Abutments
- 3.2.3 Precast Concrete Integral Abutments
- 3.2.3.1 Connection Between Abutment Stem or Cap and Steel Piles
- 3.2.3.2 Connection Between Abutment Stem or Cap and Concrete Piles
- 3.2.3.3 Connection Between Adjacent Abutment Stems or Caps
- 3.2.4 Miscellaneous Abutment Connections
- 3.2.4.1 Flying Wingwalls
- 3.2.4.2 Approach Slabs
- 3.2.5 Grade Control and Tolerances
- 3.2.6 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Prefabricated Abutment Systems
- 3.2.7 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 3.2.8 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 3.2.9 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Abutment Systems
-
- 3.3 Wingwall and Retaining Wall Systems
- 3.3.1 Cantilever Walls
- 3.3.1.1 Precast Wall Stem to Precast Footing Connection
- 3.3.1.2 Precast Wall Stem to Precast Wall Stem Connection
- 3.3.2 Modular Precast Wall Systems
- 3.3.2.1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Systems
- 3.3.2.2 Modular Block Systems
- 3.3.3 Tolerances
- 3.3.4 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Prefabricated Wall Systems
- 3.3.5 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 3.3.6 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 3.3.7 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Wingwall and Retaining Wall Systems
- 3.3.1 Cantilever Walls
- 3.1 Pier Elements
- Chapter 4 — Foundation Connections
- 4.1 Footing and Pile Systems
- 4.1.1 Precast Footing to Subgrade Connections
- 4.1.2 Precast Footing to Precast Footing Connections
- 4.1.3 Precast Footing to Steel Pile Connections
- 4.1.4 Precast Footing to Precast Concrete Pile Connections
- 4.1.5 Precast Footing to Cast-in-place Pile or Drilled Shaft Connections
- 4.1.6 Precast Pile to Precast Pile Connection
- 4.1.7 Precast Pier Box Cofferdams
- 4.1.8 Grade Control and Tolerances
- 4.1.9 Evaluation of Performance and Long Term Durability of Prefabricated Footing and Pile Systems
- 4.1.10 Estimated Construction Time for Connections
- 4.1.11 Recommendations for Improvements to Current Practices
- 4.1.12 Connection Detail Data Sheets for Footing and Pile Systems
- 4.1 Footing and Pile Systems
Appendices
- Appendix A: Connection Design Examples
- Appendix B: Proprietary Products
- Prefabricated Superstructure Systems
- Inverset
- Effideck™
- CON/SPAN® Bridge Systems
- BEBO® Concrete Arch System
- HY-SPAN® Bridge System
- Grouted Reinforcing Splice Couplers
- NMB Splice Sleeve
- Dayton Superior DB Grot Sleeve
- Erico Lenton Interlok Rebar Splicing System
- Proprietary Retaining Wall Systems
- Reinforced Earth» and Retained Earth™ Retaining Walls
- Doublewal Retaining Wall
- T-WALL® Retaining Wall System
- Post-tensioning Systems
- Dydiwag Systems
- VSL Post-tensioning Systems
- Williams Threadbar Systems
- Prefabricated Superstructure Systems
- Appendix C: Sample Construction Specifications
- New Hampshire DOT — Prefabricated Substructures
- New Hampshire DOT — Full Depth Precast Concrete Deck Slabs
- Maine DOT — Prefabricated Integral abutments, piers and approach slabs
- Texas DOT Precast Column Connections:
- Column to Cap Connection using mild reinforcement embedded in grouted post-tensioning duct
- Appendix D: Case Studies
- New Hampshire DOT
- Mill Street over the Lamprey River, Epping, New Hampshire
- Texas DOT
- State Highway 36 over Lake Belton, Belton, Texas
- Texas DOT
- Short Span Local Bridges in Texas
- Hypothetical Bridge Replacement Project using All Prefabricated Components.
Details taken from this document
- New Hampshire DOT
- Appendix E: Glossary
- Appendix F: References
Foreword
This document has been developed for the purposes of promoting the use of prefabricated elements and systems in bridges as part of accelerated construction projects. Accelerated construction and long term durability are integral parts of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Bridge Program. Part of this program focuses on a need to create awareness, inform, educate, train, assist and entice State DOT's and their staff in the use of rapid construction techniques.
This document represents the "State of the Practice" at this time with respect to accelerated bridge construction. Most of the details were obtained after an extensive search process that included the following sources:
- State Departments of Transportation
- Industry organizations
- Private consultants
- International organizations
In several cases, details were developed by the authors where details did not surface during the search process. These details have been labeled as "conceptual". The authors developed these details based on experience with similar details and materials. Owners should evaluate the effectiveness of these details for use in specific bridges.
This information contained herein should be used to develop designs that have the purpose of accelerating the construction of bridge projects. This will assist designers in determining which details would be appropriate for accelerated construction techniques. Some of the considerations for accelerated construction are:
- Improved work zone safety.
- Minimizing traffic disruption during bridge construction.
- Maintaining and/or improving construction quality.
- Reducing the life cycle costs and environmental impacts.
Prefabricated components produced off-site can be quickly assembled, and can reduce design time and cost, minimize forming, minimize lane closure time and/or possibly eliminate the need for a temporary bridge.
This document is organized so that designers can pick and choose the details that will eventually make up the final bridge. In most cases, several options are presented for a particular connection. The details are presented on concise one page (2 sided) data sheets that can be pulled and copied. This will allow the designer to quickly build a "detail library" that will be specific to the intended project.
This document only focuses on "details" for connections of prefabricated bridge elements and systems. Some guidance is given for general accelerated construction techniques. The Federal Highway Administration will publish a more encompassing accelerated bridge construction manual in the future, that will likely include or reference this work.
Byron Lord
Program Coordinator
Office of Highways for LIFE
Myint Lwin
Director
Office of Bridge Technology
Notices
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.
The details and information included in this document are examples from previous projects. The agency that developed and used the detail is listed on most of the data sheets. Users of this manual are encouraged to contact the original agencies to ensure that the detail is appropriate for use on the intended project. Information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. The Federal Highway Administration and its contracted authors are not responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of this information. The Federal Highway Administration has published this work with the understanding that they are supplying information only. As with any design, sound engineering judgment should always be used. |
Quality Assurance Statement
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve government,
industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are
used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA
periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous
quality improvement.
Technical Report Documentation Page | ||||||
1. Report No. FHWA-IF-09-010 |
2. Government Accession No. | 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. | ||||
4. Title and Subtitle
Connection Details for Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems |
5. Report Date
March 30, 2009 |
|||||
6. Performing Organization Code | ||||||
7. Author(s) Michael P. Culmo, P.E. |
8. Performing Organization Report No. | |||||
9. Performing Organization Name and Address CME Associates, Inc. 333 East River Drive, Suite 400 East Hartford, CT 06108 |
10. Work Unit No. | |||||
11. Contract or Grant No. DTFH61-06-C-00036 |
||||||
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Office of Bridge Technology, HIBT-10 Federal Highway Administration 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 |
13. Type of Report and Period Covered | |||||
14. Sponsoring Agency Code | ||||||
15. Supplementary Notes Technical Review done by Vasant Mistry, Raj Ailaney and Gary Jakovich of Federal Highway Administration. |
||||||
16. Abstract: |
||||||
17. Key Words Bridges, connections, details, elements, prefabricated, concrete, streel, timber, FRP, precast |
18. Distribution Statement No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. |
|||||
19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified |
20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified |
21. No. of Pages 44 |
22. Price |
APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS | |||||||
Symbol | When You Know | Multiply By | To Find | Symbol | |||
LENGTH | |||||||
in | inches | 25.4 | millimeters | mm | |||
ft | feet | 0.305 | meters | m | |||
yd | yards | 0.914 | meters | m | |||
mi | miles | 1.61 | kilometers | km | |||
AREA | |||||||
in2 | square inches | 645.2 | square millimeters | mm2 | |||
ft2 | square feet | 0.093 | square meters | m2 | |||
yd2 | square yard | 0.836 | square meters | m2 | |||
ac | acres | 0.405 | hectares | ha | |||
mi2 | square miles | 2.59 | square kilometers | km2 | |||
VOLUME | |||||||
fl oz | fluid ounces | 29.57 | milliliters | mL | |||
gal | gallons | 3.785 | liters | L | |||
ft3 | cubic feet | 0.028 | cubic meters | m3 | |||
yd3 | cubic yards | 0.765 | cubic meters | m3 | |||
NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 | |||||||
MASS | |||||||
oz | ounces | 28.35 | grams | g | |||
lb | pounds | 0.454 | kilograms | kg | |||
T | short tons (2000 lb) | 0.907 | megagrams (or "metric ton") | Mg (or "t") | |||
TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) | |||||||
°F | Fahrenheit | 5 (F-32)/9 | Celsius | °C | |||
or (F-32)/1.8 | |||||||
ILLUMINATION | |||||||
fc | foot-candles | 10.76 | lux | lx | |||
fl | foot-Lamberts | 3.426 | candela/m2 | cd/m2 | |||
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS | |||||||
lbf | poundforce | 4.45 | newtons | N | |||
lbf/in2 | poundforce per square inch | 6.89 | kilopascals | kPa | |||
APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS | |||||||
Symbol | When You Know | Multiply By | To Find | Symbol | |||
LENGTH | |||||||
mm | millimeters | 0.039 | inches | in | |||
m | meters | 3.28 | feet | ft | |||
m | meters | 1.09 | yards | yd | |||
km | kilometers | 0.621 | miles | mi | |||
AREA | |||||||
mm2 | square millimeters | 0.0016 | square inches | in2 | |||
m2 | square meters | 10.764 | square feet | ft2 | |||
m2 | square meters | 1.195 | square yards | yd2 | |||
ha | hectares | 2.47 | acres | ac | |||
km2 | square kilometers | 0.386 | square miles | mi2 | |||
VOLUME | |||||||
mL | milliliters | 0.034 | fluid ounces | fl oz | |||
L | liters | 0.264 | gallons | gal | |||
m3 | cubic meters | 35.314 | cubic feet | ft3 | |||
m3 | cubic meters | 1.307 | cubic yards | yd3 | |||
MASS | |||||||
g | grams | 0.035 | ounces | oz | |||
kg | kilograms | 2.202 | pounds | lb | |||
Mg (or "t") | megagrams (or "metric ton") | 1.103 | short tons (2000 lb) | T | |||
TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) | |||||||
°C | Celsius | 1.8C+32 | Fahrenheit | °F | |||
ILLUMINATION | |||||||
lx | lux | 0.0929 | foot-candles | fc | |||
cd/m2 | candela/m2 | 0.2919 | foot-Lamberts | fl | |||
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS | |||||||
N | newtons | 0.225 | poundforce | lbf | |||
kPa | kilopascals | 0.145 | poundforce per square inch | lbf/in2 |
*SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380.
(Revised March 2003)
Listing of Acronyms
The following is a listing of typical acronyms that may be found in this document.
Acronym | Definition |
---|---|
ADT | Average daily traffic |
AMVA | American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators |
AASHTO | American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials |
ACI | American Concrete Institute |
AISC | American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. |
AISI | American Iron and Steel Institute |
AMTRAK | National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak is not a governmental agency; it is a private company called the National Railroad Passenger Corporation) |
ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
ASBI | American Segmental Bridge Institute |
ASCE | American Society of Civil Engineers |
ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials |
C SHRP | Canadian Strategic Highway Research Program |
CD | Compact Disc |
CERF | Civil Engineering Research Foundation |
CFLHD | Central Federal Lands Highway Division |
CFR | Code of Federal Regulations |
CRP | Cooperative Research Program (TRB) |
CSD | Context sensitive design |
DOT | Department of Transportation |
ECMT | European Conference of Ministers of Transportation |
EFLHD | Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division |
EIT | Electronic information and technology |
EU | European Union |
EUREKA | European Research Coordination Agency |
F SHRP | Future Strategic Highway Research Program (now known as SHRP 2) |
FAA | Federal Aviation Administration |
FAQs | Frequently Asked Questions |
FHWA | Federal Highway Administration |
FRP | Fiber-reinforced polymer |
FY | Fiscal year |
GIF | Graphic Interchange Format |
GSA | U.S. General Services Administration |
HBP | Highway Bridge Program |
HBRRP | Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program |
HITEC | Highway Innovative Technology Evaluation Center |
HRTS | Office of Research and Technology Services |
HSIP | Highway Safety Improvement Program |
HTML | HyperText Markup Language |
IBTTA | International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association |
ISTEA | Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 |
ITE | Institute of Transportation Engineers |
JPEG | Joint Photographic Experts Group |
LRFD | Load and resistance factor design |
NAS | National Academy of Sciences |
NBI | National Bridge Inventory |
NBIS | National Bridge Inspection Standards |
NCHRP | National Cooperative Highway Research Program |
NCSRO | National Conference of State Railway Officials |
NDE | Nondestructive evaluation |
NEXTEA | National Economic Crossroads Transportation Efficiency Act of 1997 |
NHI | National Highway Institute |
NHS | National Highway System |
NHTSA | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |
NIST | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
NRC | National Research Council |
NSF | National Science Foundation |
NTSB | National Transportation Safety Board |
OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
PCA | Portland Cement Association |
PCC | Portland cement concrete |
PCI | Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute |
Portable Document Format | |
PI | Principal Investigator |
QC/QA | Quality control/quality assurance |
R&D | Research and development |
SAFETEA | Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act of 2003 |
SCOBS | Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures (AASHTO) |
SCOH | Standing Committee on Highways (AASHTO) |
SCOR | Standing Committee on Research (AASHTO) |
SFLHD | Southern Federal Lands Highway Division |
SHA | State highway administration |
SHRP | Strategic Highway Research Program |
TIFF | Tagged Image File Format |
TRB | Transportation Research Board |
TRIS | Transportation Research Information Services (TRB) |
TRL | Transportation Research Laboratory |
USACE | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |
USDOT | U.S. Department of Transportation |
WFLHD | Western Federal Lands Highway Division |
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