Astronomers Discover Furthest Galaxy Ever

Composite image of the newly discovered galaxy - MACS0647-JD. The inset at left shows a close-up of the young dwarf galaxy. (Photo: NASA, ESA, & M. Postman and D. Coe (STScI) and CLASH Team)

Composite image of the galaxy cluster which helped reveal the newly discovered galaxy – MACS0647-JD. The inset at left shows a close up of the young dwarf galaxy. (NASA)

Scientists have discovered what could be the oldest, most distant galaxy in the universe, thanks to a unique combination of man-made and natural telescopes.

The newly discovered galaxy, MACS0647-JD, was found by the Cluster Lensing And Supernova Survey with Hubble (CLASH).

It is about 13.3 billion light years, or 125,825,000,000,000,000,000,000 km, from Earth. Scientists are getting to see it just as it was 420 million years after the Big Bang, or when the universe was only three percent of its current age of about 13.7 billion years.

Astronomers made the discovery by combining the power of the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope and a natural zoom effect called gravitational lensing, which uses enormous galaxy clusters as interstellar telescopes to magnify distant galaxies behind them.

The effect is achieved when the light rays from the distant object are bent by the gravity of the huge galaxy clusters, just like a giant cosmic lens, that lie between the object and  Earth.

“While one occasionally expects to find an extremely distant galaxy using the tremendous power of gravitational lensing, this latest discovery has outstripped even my expectations of what would be possible with the CLASH program,” said Rychard Bouwens of Leiden University in the Netherlands, a co-author of the study that outlined the discovery. “The science output in this regard has been incredible.”

The massive galaxy cluster that’s making the distant galaxy appear brighter than it normally would, providing the natural boost to the Hubble and Spitzer telescopes, , is called MACS J0647.7+7015 and is about five billion light years away.

The Hubble in orbit above the Earth (Photo: NASA)

Hubble in orbit above the Earth (Photo: NASA)

Because of the gravitational lensing provided by the cluster, the CLASH team was able to observe three magnified images of MACS0647-JD with the Hubble.

“This cluster does what no man-made telescope can do,” said Marc Postman of the Space Telescope Science Institute, who leads the CLASH team. “Without the magnification, it would require a Herculean effort to observe this galaxy.”

The astronomers say that the distant galaxy is so small, about 600 light years across according to their observations that it may be going through its first stages formation. Our own Milky Way galaxy is about 150,000 light years across.

“This object may be one of many building blocks of a galaxy,” says Dan Coe from the Space Telescope Institute and lead author of the study.  “Over the next 13 billion years, it may have dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of merging events with other galaxies and galaxy fragments.”

The galaxy could turn out to be too far away for astronomers to confirm its distance with any of the current available technology.  But once the new James Webb Space Telescope launches in 2018, astronomers expect to be able to take a definitive measurement of its distance and to study the properties of the galaxy in more detail.

MACS0647-JD, is very young and only a tiny fraction of the size of our Milky Way. The object is observed 420 million years after the big bang.   (Video: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI))

Science Images of the Week

NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) recently caught this spectacular coronal mass ejection (CME).  The sun spat out a more than 804,672 km long filament of solar material that had been hovering in the sun's corona.  The CME did not travel directly toward Earth,, but did connect with Earth's magnetic environment, or magnetosphere, with a glancing blow leaving beautiful auroras in its wake.  (Photo: NASA)

NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) recently caught this spectacular coronal mass ejection (CME). The sun spat out a more than 804,672-km-long filament of solar material that had been hovering in the sun’s corona. The CME did not travel directly toward Earth, but did connect with Earth’s magnetic environment, or magnetosphere, with a glancing blow that left beautiful auroras in its wake. (Photo: NASA)

A team led by scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) has made the first-ever mechanical device that can measure the mass of individual molecules one at a time. This scanning electron micrograph shows one of devices. The scale bar at the bottom is two microns (millionths of a meter).  (Photo: Caltech / Scott Kelber and Michael Roukes)

The world’s smallest scale, which cannot be seen with the human eye. Developed by a team led by scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), the device measures the mass of individual molecules.  It is so tiny that an electron miscroscope is needed to photograph it.  The scale bar at the bottom is two microns (millionths of a meter).  (Photo: Caltech / Scott Kelber and Michael Roukes)

Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, Expedition 32 commander, participates in a session of extravehicular activity (EVA) to continue outfitting the International Space Station. (Photo: NASA)

Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, Expedition 32 commander, participates in a session of extravehicular activity (EVA) to continue outfitting the International Space Station. (Photo: NASA)

A concentrating solar power (CSP) system in Albuquerque, New Mexico. CSPs concentrate a large area sunlight with mirrors and lenses. This produces heat that is converted to head, driving an electrical power system. (Photo: Randy Montoya/Sandia National Laboratory)

A Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) system in Albuquerque, New Mexico. CSPs concentrate a large area sunlight with mirrors and lenses.  The concentrated sunlight is then converted into heat, which drives a turbine power system to produce electricity. (Photo: Randy Montoya/Sandia National Laboratory)

The famous "boot" shape of Italy is illuminated by the country's night lights.  Photo taken aboard the International Space Station. You can also see Sardinia and Corsica are just above left center of the photo, and Sicily is at lower left. (Photo: NASA)

The famous “boot” shape of Italy is illuminated by the country’s night lights.  In this photo, taken from aboard the International Space Station, you can also see Sardinia and Corsica just above the left center of the photo. Sicily is at lower left.  (Photo: NASA)

Beluga whales at Marine Land in Canada pose for the camera.  Marine mammals, such as these whales, are protected within the United States by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972.  Before they can be brought into the US or put on public display permits, issued by the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries service must first be obtained.  (Photo: Jennifer Skidmore/NOAA)

Beluga whales at Marine Land in Canada pose for the camera. Marine mammals, such as these whales, are protected within the United States by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972. Before they can be brought into the US or put on public display, permits, issued by the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), must be obtained. (Photo: Jennifer Skidmore/NOAA)

A composite image taken by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory shows a superbubble in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), The massive stars produce intense radiation, expel matter at high speeds, and race through their evolution to explode as supernovas. The winds and supernova shock waves carve out huge  cavities called superbubbles in the surrounding gas. (Photo: NASA)

A composite image taken by NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory shows a superbubble in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), The massive stars produce intense radiation, expel matter at high speeds, and race through their evolution to explode as supernovas. The winds and supernova shock waves carve out huge cavities called superbubbles in the surrounding gas. (Photo: NASA)

Droughts have taken a toll on many parts of the United States.  As a result, a number of wildfires, mostly in the western U.S. have broken out. According to the NOAA, as of August 8, 2012 wildfires have consumed over 4,088,349 acres of land. Here firefighters continue burnout operations on the Sawmill Canyon Fire in Wyoming. (Photo: U.S. Forest Service)

Droughts have taken a toll on many parts of the United States. As a result, a number of wildfires, mostly in the western US, have broken out. According to NOAA, by Aug. 8, 2012, wildfires had consumed more than 4 million acres of land. Here, firefighters continue burnout operations on the Sawmill Canyon Fire in Wyoming. (Photo: U.S. Forest Service)

The first of 4 towers is about to be lifted as work continues on a wind turbine that's being installed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) in Colorado. (Photo: Dennis Schroeder/National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

The first of four towers about to be lifted as work continues on a giant wind turbine being installed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) in Colorado.  (Photo: Dennis Schroeder/National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

Of course our series of Science Images of the Week would not be complete without a snapshot from our favorite Mars rover, Curiosity. Here Curiosity takes a picture of tracks it made while out cruising around on the surface of Mars. (Photo: NASA)

Of course, our Science Images of the Week would not be complete without a snapshot from Mars. Here, the Curiosity rover takes a picture of tracks it made while cruising the surface of Mars. (Photo: NASA)

Science Images of the Week

This artist's concept shows the sky crane maneuver during the descent of NASA's Curiosity rover to the Martian surface. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech)

This artist’s concept shows the sky crane maneuver during the descent of NASA’s Curiosity rover to the Martian surface. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech)

A close-up view of a South American scarab dung beetle (Oxysternon conspicillatum). (Photo: J. Mark Rowland/Douglas J. Emlen/Courtesy: National Science Foundation)

A close-up view of a South American scarab dung beetle (Oxysternon conspicillatum) (Photo: J. Mark Rowland/Douglas J. Emlen/Courtesy: National Science Foundation)

 From the Hubble Space Telescope - Star Cluster R136 Bursts Out (Photo: NASA, ESA, & F. Paresce (INAF-IASF), R. O'Connell (U. Virginia), & the HST WFC3 Science Oversight Committee)


From the Hubble Space Telescope – Star Cluster R136 bursts out (Photo: NASA, ESA, & F. Paresce (INAF-IASF), R. O’Connell (U. Virginia), & the HST WFC3 Science Oversight Committee)

Engineers checking out the Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment (IRVE-3) at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Va.  (Photo: NASA Langley/Sean Smith)

Engineers checking out the Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment (IRVE-3) at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia (Photo: NASA Langley/Sean Smith)

A fluorescent micrograph capturing the presence of bacteria (shown in green) on the surface of an emerging lateral root of the Arabidopsis, a small flowering plant related to cabbage and mustard (Photo: Sarah Lebeis/University of North Carolina)

A fluorescent micrograph capturing the presence of bacteria (shown in green) on the surface of an emerging lateral root of the Arabidopsis, a small flowering plant related to cabbage and mustard (Photo: Sarah Lebeis/University of North Carolina)

As seen through a window in the Cupola, the International Space Station’s Canadarm2 grapples the unpiloted Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV-3) (Photo: NASA)

As seen through a window in the Cupola, the International Space Station’s Canadarm2 grapples the unpiloted Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV-3). (Photo: NASA)

From NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory - X-rays From A Young Supernova Remnant (Image: X-ray: NASA/CXC/STScI/K.Long et al., Optical: NASA/STScI)

From NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory – X-rays From a young supernova remnant (Image: X-ray: NASA/CXC/STScI/K.Long et al., Optical: NASA/STScI)

A new amphibian species, the "Mr. Burns Beaked Toad", a new amphibian species  Credit: USFWS

A new amphibian species, the ‘Mr. Burns Beaked Toad’ (Credit: USFWS)

An aurora borealis visible in the northern sky over Merritt Reservoir in Valentine, Neb. (Photo: Howard Edin/Courtesy: National Science Foundation)

An aurora borealis visible in the northern sky over Merritt Reservoir in Valentine, Nebraska (Photo: Howard Edin/Courtesy: National Science Foundation)

 

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