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Pilot Test of Fatigue Management Technologies - Final Report
Tables 18 - 33
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Table 18: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Means or Standard Deviations

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value

Outcome variables

                
PERCLOS during night hours mean
9
7.58
6.52
-1.06
1.95
-4.45
1.51
0.140
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean
9
70.10
75.33
5.23
6.65
-8.52
14.36
0.046
Lateral distance standard deviation
9
49.07
43.47
-5.60
12.00
-24.14
15.43
0.199
Steering wheel movements SD
7
0.70
0.85
0.15
0.07
0.01
0.25
0.002
Front Wheel movements SD
7
0.64
0.72
0.08
0.06
-0.04
0.15
0.014
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Technical variables

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vehicle speed mean
9
60.10
60.06
-0.05
0.56
-0.72
0.98
0.812
Engine rotation mean
8
1503.1
1501.9
-1.2
14.5
-14.8
23.9
0.815
X acceleration mean
6
0.012
0.022
0.010
0.026
-0.005
0.063
0.400
Y acceleration mean
6
0.041
0.039
-0.002
0.010
-0.018
0.012
0.689
Ambient light mean
9
14.25
11.15
-3.10
13.49
-25.44
16.67
0.510

Table 19: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Means or SD's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value

Outcome variables

              
PERCLOS during night hours mean
9
6.65
5.98
-0.66
0.38
-1.72
0.123
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean
9
69.84
75.89
6.06
2.30
2.63
0.030
Lateral distance standard deviation
9
47.49
42.53
-4.96
4.15
-1.19
0.266
Steering wheel movements SD
7
0.67
0.83
0.16
0.03
6.29
0.001
Front Wheel movements SD
7
0.62
0.71
0.09
0.02
3.89
0.008
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Technical variables
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vehicle speed mean
9
60.45
60.60
0.15
0.16
0.90
0.393
Engine rotation mean
8
1504.9
1508.4
3.5
4.9
0.7
0.501
X acceleration mean
6
0.012
0.022
0.010
0.010
1.030
0.350
Y acceleration mean
6
0.041
0.040
-0.001
0.003
-0.370
0.728
Ambient light mean
9
12.78
9.82
-2.97
3.85
-0.77
0.463
Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Table 20: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Medians or Interquartile Ranges

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value

Outcome variables

                
PERCLOS during night hours median
9
4.11
3.00
-1.11
1.27
-3.00
0.00
0.030
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median
9
71.22
76.22
5.00
6.86
-9.00
14.00
0.060
Lateral distance IQR
9
48.67
38.44
-10.22
17.62
-56.00
2.00
0.120
Steering wheel movements IQR
7
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.58
-1.00
1.00
1.000
Front Wheel movements IQR
7
0.86
0.71
-0.14
0.38
-1.00
0.00
0.356
 
                

Technical variables

                
Vehicle speed median
9
61.78
61.89
0.11
0.33
0.00
1.00
0.347
Engine rotation median
8
1520.0
1517.5
-2.5
12.8
-20.0
20.0
0.598
X acceleration median
6
0.012
0.020
0.008
0.031
-0.010
0.070
0.534
Y acceleration median
6
0.038
0.033
-0.005
0.008
-0.020
0.000
0.203
Ambient light median
9
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.

Table 21: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Medians or IQR's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value

Outcome variables

              
PERCLOS during night hours median
9
3.47
2.64
-0.83
0.31
-2.70
0.027
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median
9
71.07
76.85
5.78
2.22
2.60
0.032
Lateral distance IQR
9
47.99
38.40
-9.59
6.25
-1.53
0.164
Steering wheel movements IQR
7
0.70
0.76
0.05
0.08
0.63
0.553
Front Wheel movements IQR
7
0.83
0.70
-0.13
0.13
-1.01
0.352
               

Technical variables

              
Vehicle speed median
9
61.97
62.14
0.18
0.23
0.75
0.473
Engine rotation median
8
1520.2
1522.8
2.7
2.5
1.1
0.325
X acceleration median
6
0.011
0.022
0.010
0.011
0.910
0.404
Y acceleration median
6
0.036
0.034
-0.002
0.002
-1.220
0.276
Ambient light median
9
.
.
.
.
.
.
Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Table 22: Total Durations Used as Weighting Factors in Mixed Model ANOVA

Outcomes PERCLOS Camera Lateral distance Driver's Alertness Steering wheel
movements		 Front Wheel
movements		 Vehicle speed Engine rotation X acceleration Y acceleration
Feedback No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
SID
                                    
31
81.5
83.6
73.5
75.4
81.5
83.6
81.5
83.6
81.5
83.6
81.5
83.6
81.5
83.6
.
.
.
.
32
65.4
29.5
72.9
39.5
79.6
41.7
79.6
41.7
79.6
41.7
79.6
41.7
79.6
41.7
.
.
.
.
35
57.8
5.9
75.2
8.0
81.6
8.4
81.6
8.4
81.6
.
81.6
8.4
81.6
8.4
81.6
8.4
81.6
8.4
36
19.1
8.6
17.9
6.6
19.1
8.6
.
.
19.1
8.6
19.1
8.6
19.1
8.6
19.1
8.6
19.1
8.6
37
43.2
45.2
35.4
37.0
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
38
82.5
73.8
77.0
68.9
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
40
28.9
73.9
25.9
68.4
28.9
74.8
28.9
74.8
28.9
74.8
28.9
74.8
28.9
74.8
28.9
74.8
28.9
74.8
41
44.7
50.7
37.0
39.2
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
42
56.7
25.9
65.2
24.3
68.8
26.1
.
.
68.8
.
68.8
26.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
                                     
Mean
53.3
44.1
53.3
40.8
58.9
45.9
63.1
54.0
58.9
54.1
58.9
45.9
57.6
48.4
50.0
43.6
50.0
43.6

Table 23: PVT Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Predicted Mean Values by Condition and Time of Day

    Test for Time*FB Interaction ^ Day Evening Night Main Effects #
  ICC & No FB FB p-value No FB FB p-value No FB FB p-value FB TOD
Total trials among 12 drivers
     37 32   12 3   178 174      

Primary Variables

                          
Raw lapses (RT>500 ms)
0.303
0.331
3.43
6.02
0.134
-0.66
5.82
0.233
3.12
4.59
0.016
0.005
0.088
Median response time
0.246
0.555
257.1
277.6
0.125
227.2
258.3
0.367
243.7
258.0
0.000
0.000
0.002
Post test sleepiness
0.429
0.112
4.51
5.97
0.172
1.83
8.44
0.051
3.29
5.33
0.000
<.0001
0.082

Secondary Variables

                          
Transformed lapses
0.334
0.359
3.65
4.32
0.222
1.45
4.17
0.240
2.89
3.63
0.004
0.002
0.011
Mean fastest 10% RT's
0.603
0.752
201.3
203.9
0.550
185.9
190.0
0.496
190.1
195.2
0.002
0.002
<.0001
Mean slowest 10% 1/RT's
0.347
0.421
2.21
1.83
0.062
3.05
2.27
0.294
2.55
2.28
0.001
0.000
0.000
Total response errors
0.606
0.609
3.20
5.10
0.215
4.41
3.80
0.645
4.18
5.06
0.038
0.038
0.734
Reciprocol RT slope
0.156
0.102
-0.035
-0.066
0.087
-0.034
-0.033
0.907
-0.040
-0.031
0.160
0.664
0.339
Grand mean RT
0.304
0.566
280.1
298.2
0.197
212.3
297.0
0.285
282.7
307.8
0.021
0.011
0.071
RT standard deviation
0.273
0.402
117.5
120.5
0.659
1.2
196.6
0.258
136.9
170.0
0.162
0.113
0.132
RT distribution asymmetry
0.215
0.273
0.225
0.259
0.164
0.197
0.284
0.302
0.222
0.237
0.061
0.014
0.464
Pre test sleepiness
0.367
0.110
4.57
5.13
0.722
1.82
7.22
0.064
3.16
5.09
0.000
<.0001
0.139
Notes:
& ICC Intraclass correlation controlling for time of day and feedback condition.
^ Mixed model ANOVA test for interaction, if significant then feedback effects were assessed at each time of day interval.
# If interaction was not significant, it was removed and feedback and time of day effects were assessed as main effects.

Table 24: Actigraphy Variables
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
Prior Sleep
10
337.43
353.30
15.87
17.175
0.920
0.380
Sleep Episodes
10
1.875
2.114
0.239
0.102
2.330
0.045
AMS (Actigraphy Movement Score)
10
1920.50
2068.17
147.67
104.86
1.410
0.193
Sleep Efficiency
10
69.658
64.634
-5.024
4.739
-1.060
0.317
Sleep Performance Model (Max)
10
86.262
86.236
-0.027
1.977
-0.010
0.990
Sleep Performance Model (Min)
10
62.969
63.713
0.744
1.953
0.380
0.712
Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Table 25: Actigraphy Variables
Mixed Model ANOVA Random Effects and Intraclass Correlations

Outcome variables Sigma 2 (driver) Sigma 2 (residual) Sigma 2 (total) ICC p-value
Prior Sleep
 2527.6 1474.94 4002.58 0.632 0.055
Sleep Episodes
 0.048 0.052 0.101 0.481 0.097
AMS (Actigraphy Movement Score)
 3553863.8 54974.8 3608838.6 0.985 0.018
Sleep Efficiency
 301.9 112.3 414.2 0.729 0.039
Sleep Performance Model (Max)
 30.0 19.5 49.5 0.606 0.060
Sleep Performance Model (Min)
 17.0 19.1 36.0 0.471 0.101
Note: ICC is the proportion of total variance across drivers and days explained by systematic driver variance after removing variance explained by the no feedback and feedback conditons.

Table 26: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Means or Standard Deviations

  N No Feedback Mean Fedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value

Outcome variables

                
PERCLOS during night hours mean
9
7.58
6.52
-1.06
1.95
-4.45
1.51
0.140
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean
9
70.67
75.62
4.95
6.52
-8.70
14.36
0.052
Lateral distance standard deviation
9
48.53
43.55
-4.98
11.05
-18.46
15.43
0.213
Steering wheel movements SD
7
0.66
0.84
0.18
0.10
0.01
0.35
0.004
Front Wheel movements SD
7
0.63
0.72
0.08
0.06
-0.04
0.15
0.013
                 

Technical variables

                
Vehicle speed mean
9
60.16
60.13
-0.04
0.60
-0.85
0.98
0.861
Engine rotation mean
8
1504.1
1503.0
-1.0
14.8
-19.9
23.9
0.853
X acceleration mean
6
0.012
0.022
0.010
0.026
-0.005
0.063
0.401
Y acceleration mean
6
0.041
0.039
-0.002
0.009
-0.017
0.012
0.701
Ambient light mean
9
3.306
0.521
-2.785
8.098
-24.364
0.249
0.332

Table 27: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Means or SD's

  N No Feedback Mean Fedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value

Outcome variables

              
PERCLOS during night hours mean
9
6.65
5.98
-0.66
0.38
-1.72
0.123
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean
9
70.48
76.47
5.99
2.29
2.61
0.031
Lateral distance standard deviation
9
46.70
42.76
-3.94
3.96
-0.99
0.349
Steering wheel movements SD
7
0.64
0.81
0.17
0.03
5.73
0.001
Front Wheel movements SD
7
0.62
0.71
0.09
0.02
3.86
0.008
               

Technical variables

              
Vehicle speed mean
9
60.51
60.66
0.15
0.18
0.84
0.424
Engine rotation mean
8
1505.6
1509.3
3.7
5.2
0.7
0.493
X acceleration mean
6
0.012
0.023
0.010
0.010
1.040
0.346
Y acceleration mean
6
0.041
0.040
-0.001
0.002
-0.270
0.798
Ambient light mean
9
2.456
0.610
-1.847
2.011
-0.920
0.385
Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Table 28: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Medians or Interquartile Ranges

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value

Outcome variables

                
PERCLOS during night hours median
9
4.11
3.00
-1.11
1.27
-3.00
0.00
0.030
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median
9
71.44
76.56
5.11
6.88
-9.00
14.00
0.056
Lateral distance IQR
9
45.78
38.22
-7.56
9.37
-30.00
2.00
0.042
Steering wheel movements IQR
7
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.58
-1.00
1.00
1.000
Front Wheel movements IQR
7
0.86
0.71
-0.14
0.38
-1.00
0.00
0.356
                 

Technical variables

                
Vehicle speed median
9
61.89
61.89
0.00
0.50
-1.00
1.00
1.000
Engine rotation median
8
1520.0
1520.0
0.0
10.7
-20.0
20.0
1.000
X acceleration median
6
0.012
0.020
0.008
0.031
-0.010
0.070
0.534
Y acceleration median
6
0.037
0.033
-0.003
0.005
-0.010
0.000
0.175
Ambient light median
9
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.

Table 29: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Medians or IQR's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value

Outcome variables

              
PERCLOS during night hours median
9
3.47
2.64
-0.83
0.31
-2.70
0.027
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median
9
71.36
77.27
5.91
2.21
2.67
0.028
Lateral distance IQR
9
44.38
37.41
-6.97
3.52
-1.98
0.083
Steering wheel movements IQR
7
0.71
0.75
0.04
0.07
0.54
0.611
Front Wheel movements IQR
7
0.83
0.69
-0.14
0.13
-1.04
0.339
 
              

Technical variables

              
Vehicle speed median
9
62.07
62.29
0.22
0.23
0.96
0.363
Engine rotation median
8
1522.8
1521.5
-1.3
5.7
-0.2
0.828
X acceleration median
6
0.011
0.022
0.010
0.011
0.920
0.398
Y acceleration median
6
0.036
0.034
-0.002
0.002
-1.170
0.295
Ambient light median
9
.
.
.
.
.
.
Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Table 30: Total Durations Used as Weighting Factors in Mixed Model ANOVA for Night Outcomes

Outcomes PERCLOS Camera Lateral distance Driver's Alertness Steering wheel
movements		 Front Wheel
movements		 Vehicle speed Engine rotation X acceleration Y acceleration
Feedback
 No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
SID
                                    
31
81.5
83.6
73.5
75.4
81.5
83.6
81.5
83.6
81.5
83.6
81.5
83.6
81.5
83.6
.
.
.
.
32
65.4
29.5
59.1
27.7
65.4
29.5
65.4
29.5
65.4
29.5
65.4
29.5
65.4
29.5
.
.
.
.
35
57.8
5.9
54.1
5.6
57.8
5.9
57.8
5.9
57.8
.
57.8
5.9
57.8
5.9
57.8
5.9
57.8
5.9
36
19.1
8.6
17.9
6.6
19.1
8.6
.
.
19.1
8.6
19.1
8.6
19.1
8.6
19.1
8.6
19.1
8.6
37
43.2
45.2
35.4
37.0
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
43.2
45.2
38
82.5
73.8
77.0
68.9
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
82.5
73.8
40
28.9
73.9
25.8
67.4
28.9
73.9
28.9
73.9
28.9
73.9
28.9
73.9
28.9
73.9
28.9
73.9
28.9
73.9
41
44.7
50.7
37.0
39.2
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
44.7
50.7
42
56.7
25.9
53.7
24.0
56.7
25.9
.
.
56.7
.
56.7
25.9
.
.
.
.
.
.
 
                                    
Mean
53.3
44.1
48.2
39.1
53.3
44.1
57.7
51.8
53.3
52.2
53.3
44.1
52.9
46.4
46.0
43.0
46.0
43.0

Table 31: Diary Data - Mean Cumulative Daily Duration Variables
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Means and Medians

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value

Means

                
Rest/Eating: Duration
10
0.057
0.036
-0.020
0.100
-0.283
0.077
0.538
Rest/Sleep: Duration
10
0.111
0.092
-0.018
0.073
-0.190
0.079
0.451
Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Duration
10
1.583
1.754
0.171
0.515
-0.340
1.278
0.321
Sleep/Nap in vehicle: Duration
10
0.116
0.061
-0.056
0.257
-0.745
0.180
0.511
                 

Medians

                
Rest/Eating: Duration
10
0.000
0.034
0.034
0.072
0.000
0.170
0.168
Rest/Sleep: Duration
10
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
.
Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Duration
10
1.750
1.925
0.175
0.334
0.000
1.000
0.132
Sleep/Nap in vehicle: Duration
10
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
.

Table 31: Diary Data - Mean Frequency per Day Variables
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Means and Medians

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value

Means

                
Rest/Eating: Frequency
10
0.172
0.180
0.009
0.237
-0.467
0.367
0.912
Rest/Sleep: Frequency
10
0.167
0.169
0.002
0.085
-0.111
0.167
0.939
Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Frequency
10
0.262
0.271
0.009
0.062
-0.059
0.167
0.660
Sleep/Nap in vehicle:Frequency
10
0.076
0.094
0.018
0.113
-0.118
0.219
0.625
                 

Medians

                
Rest/Eating: Frequency
10
0.000
0.200
0.200
0.422
0.000
1.000
0.168
Rest/Sleep: Frequency
10
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
.
Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Frequency
10
0.300
0.300
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
.
Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Frequency
10
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
.

Table 33: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Means or Standard Deviations

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value

USA

                
PERCLOS during night hours mean
9
7.58
6.52
-1.06
1.95
-4.45
1.51
0.140
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean
9
70.10
75.33
5.23
6.65
-8.52
14.36
0.046
Lateral distance standard deviation
9
49.07
43.47
-5.60
12.00
-24.14
15.43
0.199
Steering wheel movements SD
7
0.70
0.85
0.15
0.07
0.01
0.25
0.002
Front wheel movements SD
7
0.64
0.72
0.08
0.06
-0.04
0.15
0.014
                 

Canada

                
PERCLOS during night hours mean
16
6.65
5.03
-1.63
3.85
-10.52
2.80
0.112
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean
18
82.58
81.80
-0.78
1.94
-4.93
2.32
0.107
Lateral distance standard deviation
18
32.41
31.88
-0.53
2.74
-4.66
5.03
0.424
Steering wheel movements SD
19
3.21
2.31
-0.90
4.09
-14.24
3.95
0.349
Front wheel movements SD
14
3.27
3.05
-0.22
1.13
-3.58
1.09
0.485
                 

USA vs. Canada p-values

                
PERCLOS during night hours mean
25
0.612
0.280
0.687
        
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean
27
0.001
0.121
0.001
        
Lateral distance standard deviation
27
<.0001
0.000
0.095
        
Steering wheel movements SD
26
0.097
0.052
0.508
        
Front wheel movements SD
21
<.0001
<.0001
0.499
        

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