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"subgroups"

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Outline of Material

Presentation: Study Size Planning for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research
Keywords: outline | comparative effectiveness research | key considerations | study size planning
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Summary Checklist (1 of 2)

Presentation: Study Size Planning for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research
Keywords: summary checklist | study size | statistical methods
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Summary Checklist (2 of 2)

Presentation: Study Size Planning for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research
Keywords: summary checklist | study size | statistical methods
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Comparative Effectiveness of Standard Antibiotic Treatment for CDI

Presentation: Clostridium difficile Infections: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Keywords: C. difficile Infection (CDI) | initial cure rate | non-North American Pulsed Field type 1 strain | recurrence rates | antibiotic treatment
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Clinical Questions Addressed by the CER (1 of 2)

Presentation: Analgesics for Osteoarthritis—An Update
Keywords: comparative effectiveness | systematic review | key question
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Factors Affecting Outcomes: Demographic Subgroups

Presentation: Analgesics for Osteoarthritis—An Update
Keywords: CV risk | GI risk | NSAIDs | outcomes | strength of evidence | demographic subgroups
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Gaps in Knowledge

Presentation: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs), or Direct Renin Inhibitors (DRI) for Adults With Hypertension
Keywords: gaps in knowledge | future research | subgroups | clinical trials
Make Judgments About the Applicability of Individual Studies. For efficacy trials, clearly report characteristics that may limit applicability. Describe those characteristics in the text or in evidence tables under the heading “comments” or “limitations.” Describe how important factors would affect applicability and the expected direction and magnitude of bias.
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Make Judgments About the Applicability of Individual Studies

Presentation: Assessing Applicability
Keywords: efficacy trial | applicability | subgroup analyses | meta-regression | population
This slide presents a table of two columns, with one header row and five data rows. The header row contains titles describing the contents of each column. Column one is labeled Domain. Column two is labeled Description of Applicability Evidence for a Key Question. In row one, column one, Domain: Population. Description of Applicability Evidence for a Key Question: The population and disease stage are representative of the United States population with heart failure. In row two, Domain: Intervention. Description of Applicability Evidence for a Key Question: The intervention is plausible. In row three, Domain: Comparators. Description of Applicability Evidence for a Key Question: Watchful waiting is reasonable if the baseline treatment in both groups was standard medical therapy. Standard medical therapy is not being used in most patients. Subgroup analyses suggest that benefits are predominantly in those patients not receiving standard therapy. In row four, Domain: Outcomes. Description of Applicability Evidence for a Key Question: Although hospitalizations and survival are being evaluated, other outcomes, including harms, are not. In row five, Domain: Setting. Description of Applicability Evidence for a Key Question: The settings for the studies are large tertiary medical centers, which may overestimate the benefits of therapy in actual practice and accentuate the harms.
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Step 3. Completed Applicability Summary Table

Presentation: Assessing Applicability
Keywords: population | applicability | subgroup analysis | outcome | setting
This slide presents a table consisting of three columns, with one header row and one data row. Column one is labeled Comparison, Column two is labeled Strength of Evidence and Column three is labeled Conclusions With Description of Applicability. In the single data row the contents of each cell is as follows. Column One: Myocardial debulking versus watchful waiting. Column Two: Low. Column Three: When compared with watchful waiting, the use of myocardial debulking reduced hospitalizations without affecting survival. These results are predominantly limited to patients 65 years of age and older with NYHA class II and III disease. This is similar to the population with heart failure in the United States. In a subgroup analysis, benefits were accentuated in patients not receiving standard medical therapy with ACE inhibitors and ß-blockers, thus limiting applicability. No harms were being evaluated. These trials were conducted in select, large, tertiary medical centers and may not be applicable to other settings.
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Summary Table for Body of Evidence Applicability

Presentation: Assessing Applicability
Keywords: applicability | body of evidence | strength of evidence | subgroup analysis
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Clinical Questions Addressed by the CER (2 of 3)

Presentation: Comparative Effectiveness of Management Strategies for Adults With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: An Update
Keywords: key question | comparative effectiveness | systematic review
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Key Question 1: Clinical Bottom Line — Behavioral Interventions

Presentation: Comparative Effectiveness of Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Keywords: outcomes | strength of evidence | treatment | therapy | interventions | behavioral | benefits
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