• You are here: EPA Home
• Research
• Extramural Research
• Environment, Health and Society
• EHS e-Library

EHS e-Library

Disclaimer: This page provides links to non-EPA web sites that provide additional information about this topic. You will leave the EPA.gov domain, and EPA cannot attest to the accuracy of information on that non-EPA page. Providing links to a non-EPA Web site is not an endorsement of the other site or the information it contains by EPA or any of its employees. Also, be aware that the privacy protection provided on the EPA.gov domain (see Privacy and Security Notice) may not be available at the external link.

Suggested Reading

• Assessing Disproportionate Environmental Impacts
• Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)
• Children’s Health
• Cumulative Impacts
• Definitions of Health Disparities, Inequities, and Inequalities
• Developmental Origins of Disease
• Differential Exposures
• Health Impact Assessments (HIA)
• Housing & Indoor Pollution
• Misc.
• Physical Infrastructure & Built Environment
• Place and Inequality & Vulnerability
• Proximity
• Race and Health
• SES and Health
• Social Capital
• Social Determinants of Health
• Social-biological Interaction
• Stress

Publications from EPA STAR Research

• Environmental Justice
• Tribal Environmental Health Research
• Environmental Health Disparities

Assessing Disproportionate Environmental Impacts

Harper S, Lynch J, Meersman SC, Breen N, Davis WW, Reichman ME. An Overview of Methods for Monitoring Social Disparities in Cancer with an Example Using Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence by Area-Socioeconomic Position and Race-Ethnicity, 1992–2004. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;167(8):889-99.

Levy JI, Greco SL, Melly SJ, Mukhi N. Evaluating efficiency-equality tradeoffs for mobile source control strategies in an urban area. Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 2009;29(1):34-47.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Final Report of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Disproportionate Adverse Environmental Impact Analysis Work Group. 2005;

Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)

Brown P, Brody JG, Morello-Frosch R, Tovar J, Zota AR, Rudel RA. Measuring the success of community science: the northern California Household Exposure Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012;120(3):326-31.

Peterson JC, Gubrium A. Old wine in new bottles? The positioning of participation in 17 NIH-funded CBPR projects. Health Communication. 2011;26(8):724-34.

Children’s Health

Brown MJ, Shenassa E, Tips N. Small area analysis of risk for childhood lead poisoning. Washington, DC: Alliance to End Childhood Lead Poisoning. 2001.

Egbuonu L, Starfield B. Child Health and Social Status. Pediatrics. 1982;69(5):550-7.

Landrigan PJ, Schechter CB, Lipton JM, Fahs MC, Schwartz J. Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002;110(7):721-8.

Rubin IL, Nodvin JT, Geller RJ, Teague WG, Holtzclaw BL, Felner EI. Environmental health disparities: environmental and social impact of industrial pollution in a community - the model of Anniston, AL. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2007;54(2):375-98, ix--98, ix.

Staes C, Matte T, Copley CG, Flanders D, Binder S. Retrospective study of the impact of lead-based paint hazard remediation on children's blood lead levels in St. Louis, Missouri. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1994;139(10):1016-26.

Whyatt RM, Barr DB, Camann DE, Kinney PL, Barr JR, Andrews HF, et al. Contemporary-use pesticides in personal air samples during pregnancy and blood samples at delivery among urban minority mothers and newborns. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;111(5):749-56.

Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Schoendorf KC. Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Air Pollution and Selected Causes of Postneonatal Infant Mortality in California. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006;114(5):786-90.

Woodruff TJ, Darrow LA, Parker JD. Air Pollution and Postneonatal Infant Mortality in the United States, 1999–2002. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2008;116(1):110-5.

Cumulative Impacts

Krieg EJ, Faber DR. Not so Black and White: environmental justice and cumulative impact assessments. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2004;24(7–8):667-94.

Linder SH, Marko D, Sexton K. Cumulative Cancer Risk from Air Pollution in Houston: Disparities in Risk Burden and Social Disadvantage. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(12):4312-22.

Sadd JL, Pastor M, Morello-Frosch R, Scoggins J, Jesdale B. Playing it safe: assessing cumulative impact and social vulnerability through an environmental justice screening method in the South Coast Air Basin, California. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011;8(5):1441-59.

Definitions of Health Disparities, Inequities, and Inequalities

Braveman P. Health disparities and health equity: concepts and measurement. Annual Review of Public Health. 2006;27:167-94.

Braveman P, Gruskin S. Defining equity in health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003;57(4):254-8.

Downey L. Assessing Environmental Inequality: how the conclusions we draw vary according to the definitions we employ.   Sociological spectrum : the official journal of the Mid-South Sociological Association. 2005;25(3):349-69.

Developmental Origins of Disease

Bredy TW, Humpartzoomian RA, Cain DP, Meaney MJ. Partial reversal of the effect of maternal care on cognitive function through environmental enrichment. Neuroscience. 2003;118(2):571-6.

Dziennis S, Yang D, Cheng J, Anderson KA, Alkayed NJ, Hurn PD, et al. Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Influences Stroke Outcome in Adult Rats. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2008;116(4):474-80.

Fuentes S, Colomina MT, Vicens P, Franco-Pons N, Domingo JL. Concurrent exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate and restraint stress during pregnancy in mice: effects on postnatal development and behavior of the offspring. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2007;98(2):589-98.

Granger DA, Hood KE, Dreschel NA, Sergeant E, Likos A. Developmental effects of early immune stress on aggressive, socially reactive, and inhibited behaviors. Development and Psychopathology. 2001;13(3):599-610.

Differential Exposures

Allen DW. Social class, race, and toxic releases in American counties, 1995. The Social Science Journal. 2001;38(1):13-25.

Apelberg BJ, Buckley TJ, White RH. Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities in Cancer Risk from Air Toxics in Maryland. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005;113(6):693-9.

Burger J. American Indians, hunting and fishing rates, risk, and the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Environmental Research. 1999;80(4):317-29.

Bullard RD, Mohai P, Saha R, Wright B. Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty: 1987 - 2007. Cleveland, OH: The United Church of Christ. 2007.

Faber DR, Krieg EJ. Unequal Exposure to Ecological Hazards 2005: Environmental Injustices in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 2005.

Gwynn RC, Thurston GD. The burden of air pollution: impacts among racial minorities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001;109(Suppl 4):501-6.

Kriesel W, Centner TJ, Keeler AG. Neighborhood Exposure to Toxic Releases: Are There Racial Inequities? Growth and Change. 1996;27(4):479-99.

Marshall JD. Environmental inequality: Air pollution exposures in California's South Coast Air Basin. Atmospheric Environment. 2008;42(21):5499-503.

Nelson JW, Scammell MK, Hatch EE, Webster TF.Social disparities in exposures to bisphenol A and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals: a cross-sectional study within NHANES 2003-2006. Environmental Health. 2012;11(1):10.

Olden K, Ramos RM, Freudenberg N. To Reduce Urban Disparities in Health, Strengthen and Enforce Equitably Environmental and Consumer Laws. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2009;86(6):819-24.

Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Kyle AD, Schoendorf KC. Disparities in exposure to air pollution during pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;111(7):942-6.

Health Impact Assessments (HIA)

Abrahams D. European policy Health Impact Assessment - A guide. (EPHIA). HIA Gateway, West Midlands Public Health Observatory,  2004.

Barnes R, Scott-Samuel A. Health impact assessment and inequalities. Pan-America Journal of Public Health. 2002;11(5-6):449-53.

Bhatia R, Corburn J. Lessons From San Francisco: Health Impact Assessments Have Advanced Political Conditions For Improving Population Health. Health Affairs. 2011;30(12):2410-8.

Dannenberg AL, Bhatia R, Cole BL, Heaton SK, Feldman JD, Rutt CD. Use of health impact assessment in the U.S.: 27 case studies, 1999-2007. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2008;34(3):241-56.

Fleeman N, Scott-Samuel A. A prospective health impact assessment of the Merseyside Integrated Transport Strategy (MerITS). Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2000;22(3):268-74.

Hansell A, Aylin P. Use of health data in health impact assessment. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 2003;23(1):57-64.

Künzli N, Kaiser R, Medina S, Studnicka M, Chanel O, Filliger P, et al. Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. Lancet. 2000;356(9232):795-801.

Lock K. Health impact assessment. BMJ. 2000;320(7246):1395-8.

North American HIA Practice Standard Working Group. Minimum Elements and Practice Standards for Health Impact Assessment. 2010.

O'Keefe E, Scott-Samuel A. Human rights and wrongs: could health impact assessment help? The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002;30(4):734-8.

Scott-Samuel A, O’Keefe E. Health impact assessment, human rights and global public policy: a critical appraisal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007;85(3):212-7.

Sommer H, Seethaler R, Chanel O, Herry M, Masson S, Vergnaud J-C. Health costs due to road traffic-related air pollution. An impact assessment project of Austria, France and Switzerland. Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications Bureau for Transport Studies, 1999. Available at http://www.who.int/hia/examples/trspt_comms/whohia065/en/index.html.

Wernham A. Health Impact Assessments Are Needed In Decision Making About Environmental And Land-Use Policy. Health Affairs. 2011;30(5):947-56.

Housing & Indoor Pollution

Arbes SJ, Jr., Cohn RD, Yin M, Muilenberg ML, Burge HA, Friedman W, et al. House dust mite allergen in US beds: results from the First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003;111(2):408-14.

Berkowitz GS, Obel J, Deych E, Lapinski R, Godbold J, Liu Z, et al. Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic, urban cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;111(1):79-84.

Bonnefoy X. Inadequate housing and health: an overview. International Journal of Environment and Pollution. 2007;30(3):411-29.

Diette GB, Hansel NN, Buckley TJ, Curtin-Brosnan J, Eggleston PA, Matsui EC, et al. Home indoor pollutant exposures among inner-city children with and without asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115(11):1665-9.

Gruchalla RS, Pongracic J, Plaut M, Evans R, 3rd, Visness CM, Walter M, et al. Inner City Asthma Study: relationships among sensitivity, allergen exposure, and asthma morbidity. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2005;115(3):478-85.

Hood E. Dwelling Disparities: How Poor Housing Leads to Poor Health. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005;113(5):A310-A7-A-A7.

Hynes HP, Brugge D, Osgood N-D, Snell J, Vallarino J, Spengler J. Investigations into the indoor environment and respiratory health in Boston public housing. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2004;19(3-4):271-89.

Jacobs DE, Clickner RP, Zhou JY, Viet SM, Marker DA, Rogers JW, et al. The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002;110(10):A599-A606-A599-A606.

Jacobs DE, Wilson J, Dixon SL, Smith J, Evens A. The Relationship of Housing and Population Health: A 30-Year Retrospective Analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009;117(4):597-604.

Klitzman S, Caravanos J, Deitcher D, Rothenberg L, Belanoff C, Kramer R, et al. Prevalence and predictors of residential health hazards: a pilot study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2005;2(6):293-301.

Krieger J, Higgins DL. Housing and health: time again for public health action. American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92(5):758-68.

Lawrence RJ. Housing and Health: Beyond Disciplinary Confinement. Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2006;83(3):540-9.

Matte TD, Jacobs DE. Housing and health--current issues and implications for research and programs. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2000;77(1):7-25.

Newman SJ. Low-End Rental Housing: The Forgotten Story in Baltimore's Housing Boom. 2005. Urban Institute.

Oswald F, Wahl H-W. Housing and health in later life. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2004;19(3-4):223-52.

Perry T, Matsui E, Merriman B, Duong T, Eggleston P. The prevalence of rat allergen in inner-city homes and its relationship to sensitization and asthma morbidity. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003;112(2):346-52.

Phipatanakul W, Eggleston PA, Wright EC, Wood RA. Mouse allergen. I. The prevalence of mouse allergen in inner-city homes. The National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000;106(6):1070-4.

Salo PM, Yin M, Arbes SJ, Jr., Cohn RD, Sever M, Muilenberg M, et al. Dustborne Alternaria alternata antigens in US homes: results from the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2005;116(3):623-9.

Salo PM, Arbes SJ, Crockett PW, Thorne PS, Cohn RD, Zeldin DC. Exposure to multiple indoor allergens in US homes and relationship to asthma. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2008;121(3):678-84.e2--84.e2.

Simcox NJ, Fenske RA, Wolz SA, Lee IC, Kalman DA. Pesticides in household dust and soil: exposure pathways for children of agricultural families. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995;103(12):1126-34.

Stevenson LA, Gergen PJ, Hoover DR, Rosenstreich D, Mannino DM, Matte TD. Sociodemographic correlates of indoor allergen sensitivity among United States children. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001;108(5):747-52.

World Health Organization. Report on the WHO technical meeting on quantifying disease from inadequate housing. Bonn, Germany: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. Proceedings of the 2nd WHO International Housing and Health Symposium. Vilnius, Lithuania: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. WHO Technical meeting on “Housing-Health Indicators”: Results of review and data availability screening in Member States. Bonn, Germany: World Health Organization, 2004.

Misc.

Boone CG. Environmental Justice as Process and New Avenues for Research. Environmental Justice. 2008;1(3):149-54.

Boyce J. Is Inequality Bad for the Environment? PERI Working Papers. 2007. Political Economy Research Institute.

Campbell-Lendrum D, Woodruff R. Comparative risk assessment of the burden of disease from climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006;114(12):1935-41.

Clougherty JE, Wright RJ, Baxter LK, Levy JI. Land use regression modeling of intra-urban residential variability in multiple traffic-related air pollutants. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. 2008;7-17.

O’Neil SG. Superfund: Evaluating the Impact of Executive Order 12898. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115(7):1087-93.

Wilson SM. An Ecologic Framework to Study and Address Environmental Justice and Community Health Issues. Environmental Justice. 2009;2(1):15-24.

Physical Infrastructure & Built Environment

Choguill CL. Community Infrastructure for Low-Income Cities: The Potential for Progressive Improvement. Habitat International. 1999;23(2):289-301.

Frumkin H. Guest Editorial: Health, Equity, and the Built Environment. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005;113(5):A290-A1-A-A1.

Hales S, Baker M, Howden-Chapman P, Menne B, Woodruff R, Woodward A. Implications of global climate change for housing, human settlements and public health. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2007;22(4):295-302.

Jackson RJ. The impact of the built environment on health: an emerging field. American Journal of Public Health. 2003;93(9):1382-4.

Place and Inequality & Vulnerability

Acevedo-Garcia D, Osypuk TL, McArdle N, Williams DR. Toward A Policy-Relevant Analysis Of Geographic And Racial/Ethnic Disparities In Child Health. Health Affairs. 2008;27(2):321-33.

Buka SL, Brennan RT, Rich-Edwards JW, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Neighborhood Support and the Birth Weight of Urban Infants. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;157(1):1-8.

Cubbin C, Marchi K, Lin M, Bell T, Marshall H, Miller C, et al. Is neighborhood deprivation independently associated with maternal and infant health? Evidence from Florida and Washington. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2008;12(1):61-74.

Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL. Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards. Social Science Quarterly. 2003;84(2):242-61.

Diez Roux AV, Merkin SS, Arnett D, Chambless L, Massing M, Nieto FJ, et al. Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345(2):99-106.

Farley TA, Mason K, Rice J, Habel JD, Scribner R, Cohen DA. The relationship between the neighbourhood environment and adverse birth outcomes. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2006;20(3):188-200.

Jackson CH, Richardson S, Best NG. Studying place effects on health by synthesising individual and area-level outcomes. Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2008;67(12):1995-2006.

Krieger N, Chen J, Waterman P, Soobader M, Subramanian S, Carson R. Choosing area based socioeconomic measures to monitor social inequalities in low birth weight and childhood lead poisoning: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project (US). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003;57(3):186-99.

Messer LC, Kaufman JS, Dole N, Herring A, Laraia BA. Violent crime exposure classification and adverse birth outcomes: a geographically-defined cohort study. International Journal of Health Geographics. 2006;5:22.

Morenoff JD. Neighborhood mechanisms and the spatial dynamics of birth weight. AJS; American Journal of Sociology. 2003;108(5):976-1017.

O'Campo P. Invited commentary: Advancing theory and methods for multilevel models of residential neighborhoods and health. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;157(1):9-13.

Pulido L. Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 2000;90(1):12-40.

Schempf A, Strobino D, O'Campo P. Neighborhood effects on birthweight: an exploration of psychosocial and behavioral pathways in Baltimore, 1995--1996. Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2009;68(1):100-10.

Sundquist K, Malmstrom M, Johansson S. Neighbourhood deprivation and incidence of coronary heart disease: a multilevel study of 2.6 million women and men in Sweden. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004;58(1):71-7.

United Way of Greater Toronto, Canadian Council on Social Development. Poverty by Postal Code: The Geography of Neighbourhood Poverty: City of Toronto, 1981 – 2001. Toronto, Canada: United Way of Greater Toronto, 2004.

van Kamp I, van Loon J, Droomers M, de Hollander A. Residential environment and health: a review of methodological and conceptual issues. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2004;19(3-4):381-401.

Wilson K, Elliott S, Law M, Eyles J, Jerrett M, Keller-Olaman S. Linking perceptions of neighbourhood to health in Hamilton, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004;58(3):192-8.

Wright RJ, Subramanian SV. Advancing a multilevel framework for epidemiologic research on asthma disparities. Chest. 2007;132(5 Suppl):757S-69S-S-69S.

Proximity

Abel TD. Skewed riskscapes and environmental injustice: a case study of metropolitan St. Louis. Environmental Management. 2008;42(2):232-48.

Ash M, Fetter TR. Who Lives on the Wrong Side of the Environmental Tracks? Evidence from the EPA's Risk‐Screening Environmental Indicators Model*. Social Science Quarterly. 2004;85(2):441-62.

Baden BM, Coursey DL. The locality of waste sites within the city of Chicago: a demographic, social, and economic analysis. Resource and Energy Economics. 2002;24(1–2):53-93.

Basu R, Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Saulnier L, Schoendorf KC. Comparing exposure metrics in the relationship between PM2.5 and birth weight in California. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2004;14(5):391-6.

Brender JD, Zhan FB, Suarez L, Langlois PH, Moody K. Maternal residential proximity to waste sites and industrial facilities and oral clefts in offspring. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2006;48(6):565-72.

Brender JD, Zhan FB, Langlois PH, Suarez L, Scheuerle A. Residential proximity to waste sites and industrial facilities and chromosomal anomalies in offspring. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2008;211(1–2):50-8.

Buzzelli M, Jerrett M. Comparing proximity measures of exposure to geostatistical estimates in environmental justice research. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards. 2003;5(1–2):13-21.

Chakraborty J, Zandbergen PA. Children at risk: measuring racial/ethnic disparities in potential exposure to air pollution at school and home. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2007;61(12):1074-9.

Elliott MR, Wang Y, Kleindorfer PR, Lowe RA. Environmental Justice Revisited: Community Pressure and Frequency and Severity of US Chemical Industry Accidents. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004;58(1):24-30.

Fricker RD, Hengartner NW. Environmental equity and the distribution of toxic release inventory and other environmentally undesirable sites in metropolitan New York City. Environmental and Ecological Statistics. 2001;8(1):33-52.

Kuehn CM, Mueller BA, Checkoway H, Williams M. Risk of malformations associated with residential proximity to hazardous waste sites in Washington State. Environmental Research. 2007;103(3):405-12.

Miranda ML, Keating MH, Edwards SE. Environmental Justice Implications of Reduced Reporting Requirements of the Toxics Release Inventory Burden Reduction Rule. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(15):5407-14.

Mohai P, Saha R. Reassessing racial and socioeconomic disparities in environmental justice research. Demography. 2006;43(2):383-99.

Mohai P, Saha R. Racial Inequality in the Distribution of Hazardous Waste: A National-Level Reassessment. Social Problems. 2007;54(3):343-70.

Mueller BA, Kuehn CM, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Tomashek KM. Fetal Deaths and Proximity to Hazardous Waste Sites in Washington State. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115(5):776-80.

Norton JM, Wing S, Lipscomb HJ, Kaufman JS, Marshall SW, Cravey AJ. Race, wealth, and solid waste facilities in North Carolina. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115(9):1344-50.

Orr M, Bove F, Kaye W, Stone M. Elevated birth defects in racial or ethnic minority children of women living near hazardous waste sites. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2002;205(1-2):19-27.

Ward MH, Wartenberg D. Invited commentary: on the road to improved exposure assessment using geographic information systems. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2006;164(3):208-11.

Wilhelm M, Ritz B. Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994-1996. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;111(2):207-16.

Zmirou D, Gauvin S, Pin I, Momas I, Sahraoui F, Just J, et al. Traffic related air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma: results of the Vesta case-control study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004;58(1):18-23.

Race and Health

Gravlee CC. How race becomes biology: embodiment of social inequality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2009;139(1):47-57.

Gravlee CC, Non AL, Mulligan CJ. Genetic Ancestry, Social Classification, and Racial Inequalities in Blood Pressure in Southeastern Puerto Rico. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(9):e6821-e.

Murray CJL, Kulkarni SC, Michaud C, Tomijima N, Bulzacchelli MT, Iandiorio TJ, et al. Eight Americas: Investigating Mortality Disparities across Races, Counties, and Race-Counties in the United States. PLoS Med. 2006;3(9):e260-e.

SES and Health

Anderson NB, Armstead CA. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1995;57(3):213-25.

Backlund E, Rowe G, Lynch J, Wolfson MC, Kaplan GA, Sorlie PD. Income inequality and mortality: a multilevel prospective study of 521 248 individuals in 50 US states. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;36(3):590-6.

Lahelma E, Martikainen P, Laaksonen M, Aittomaki A. Pathways between socioeconomic determinants of health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004;58(4):327-32.

Lopez R. Income inequality and self-rated health in US metropolitan areas: a multi-level analysis. Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2004;59(12):2409-19.

Morello-Frosch RA. Discrimination and the political economy of environmental inequality. Environment and Planning C: Government & Policy. 2002;20(4):477-96.

Osler M, Andersen A, Batty G, Holstein B. Relation between early life socioeconomic position and all cause mortality in two generations. A longitudinal study of Danish men born in 1953 and their parents. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2005;59(1):38-41.

Ramsay SE, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Lennon LT, Wannamethee SG. Are Childhood Socio-Economic Circumstances Related to Coronary Heart Disease Risk? Findings from a Population-Based Study of Older Men. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;36(3):560-6.

Ross NA, Wolfson MC, Dunn JR, Berthelot J-M, Kaplan GA, Lynch JW. Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: cross sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 2000;320(7239):898-902.

Séguin L, Xu Q, Gauvin L, Zunzunegui MV, Potvin L, Frohlich KL. Understanding the dimensions of socioeconomic status that influence toddlers’ health: unique impact of lack of money for basic needs in Quebec’s birth cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2005;59(1):42-8.

Spencer NJ. Disentangling the effects of different components of socioeconomic status on health in early childhood. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2005;59(1):2.

Turrell G, Lynch JW, Leite C, Raghunathan T, Kaplan GA. Socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and across the life course and all-cause mortality and physical function in adulthood: evidence from the Alameda County Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007;61(8):723-30.

Social Capital

Carlson ED, Chamberlain RM. Social Capital, Health, and Health Disparities. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2003;35(4):325-31.

Fujiwara T, Kawachi I. A prospective study of individual-level social capital and major depression in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008;62(7):627-33.

Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Glass R. Social capital and self-rated health: a contextual analysis. American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89(8):1187-93.

Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Lochner K, Prothrow-Stith D. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87(9):1491-8.

Kawachi I, Kennedy BP. Socioeconomic determinants of health: Health and social cohesion: why care about income inequality? BMJ. 1997;314(7086):1037.

Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Kim D. Social Capital and Health. In: Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Kim D, editors. Social Capital and Health: Springer New York; 2008. p. 1-26.

Paxton P. Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment. American Journal of Sociology. 1999;105(1):88-127.

Social Determinants of Health

Link BG, Phelan J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1995;Spec No:80-94.

Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TAJ, Taylor S. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. The Lancet.372(9650):1661-9.

Social-biological Interaction

Bell ML, Dominici F. Effect Modification by Community Characteristics on the Short-Term Effects of Ozone Exposure and Mortality in 98 US Communities. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;167(8):986-97.

Bellinger DC. Effect modification in epidemiologic studies of low-level neurotoxicant exposures and health outcomes. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2000;22(1):133-40.

Charafeddine R, Boden LI. Does income inequality modify the association between air pollution and health? Environmental Research. 2008;106(1):81-8.

Diez Roux AV. Integrating social and biologic factors in health research: a systems view. Annals of Epidemiology. 2007;17(7):569-74.

Jerrett M, Burnett R, Brook J, Kanaroglou P, Giovis C, Finkelstein N, et al. Do socioeconomic characteristics modify the short term association between air pollution and mortality? Evidence from a zonal time series in Hamilton, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004;58(1):31-40.

Krieger N. Theories for Social Epidemiology in the 21st Century: An Ecosocial Perspective. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;30(4):668-77.

Lipfert F. Air pollution and poverty: Does the sword cut both ways? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004;58(1):2-3.

Stress

Arafah BM. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function during critical illness: limitations of current assessment methods. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91(10):3725-45.

Augustin T, Glass TA, James BD, Schwartz BS. Neighborhood psychosocial hazards and cardiovascular disease: the Baltimore Memory Study. American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98(9):1664-70.

Bockelbrink A, Willich SN, Dirzus I, Reich A, Lau S, Wahn U, et al. Environmental noise and asthma in children: sex-specific differences. The Journal of Asthma: Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2008;45(9):770-3.

Buske-Kirschbaum A, von Auer K, Krieger S, Weis S, Rauh W, Hellhammer D. Blunted cortisol responses to psychosocial stress in asthmatic children: a general feature of atopic disease? Psychosomatic Medicine. 2003;65(5):806-10.

Chida Y, Hamer M. Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: a quantitative review of 30 years of investigations. Psychological Bulletin. 2008;134(6):829-85.

Clougherty JE, Kubzansky LD. A Framework for Examining Social Stress and Susceptibility in Air Pollution and Respiratory Health. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009.

Cory-Slechta DA, Virgolini MB, Thiruchelvam M, Weston DD, Bauter MR. Maternal stress modulates the effects of developmental lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2004;112(6):717-30.

Czéh B, Perez-Cruz C, Fuchs E, Flügge G. Chronic stress-induced cellular changes in the medial prefrontal cortex and their potential clinical implications: does hemisphere location matter? Behavioural Brain Research. 2008;190(1):1-13.

Dimsdale JE. Psychological Stress and Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(13):1237-46.

Diorio D, Viau V, Meaney MJ. The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (cingulate Gyrus) in the Regulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1993;13(9):3839-47.

Dole N, Savitz DA, Hertz-Picciotto I, Siega-Riz AM, McMahon MJ, Buekens P. Maternal stress and preterm birth. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;157(1):14-24.

Entringer S, Kumsta R, Hellhammer DH, Wadhwa PD, Wüst S. Prenatal exposure to maternal psychosocial stress and HPA axis regulation in young adults. Hormones and Behavior. 2009;55(2):292-8.

Essex MJ, Klein MH, Cho E, Kalin NH. Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: effects on cortisol and behavior. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;52(8):776-84.

Evans GW, Kim P. Childhood Poverty and Health Cumulative Risk Exposure and Stress Dysregulation. Psychological Science. 2007;18(11):953-7.

Gee GC, Payne-Sturges DC. Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2004;112(17):1645-53.

Glass TA, Bandeen-Roche K, McAtee M, Bolla K, Todd AC, Schwartz BS. Neighborhood psychosocial hazards and the association of cumulative lead dose with cognitive function in older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;169(6):683-92.

Heffelfinger AK, Newcomer JW. Glucocorticoid effects on memory function over the human life span. Development and Psychopathology. 2001;13(3):491-513.

Kapoor A, Leen J, Matthews SG. Molecular regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adult male guinea pigs after prenatal stress at different stages of gestation. The Journal of Physiology. 2008;586(Pt 17):4317-26.

Kaufman J, Charney D. Effects of early stress on brain structure and function: implications for understanding the relationship between child maltreatment and depression. Development and Psychopathology. 2001;13(3):451-71.

Lupien SJ, King S, Meaney MJ, McEwen BS. Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state. Biological Psychiatry. 2000;48(10):976-80.

Lupien SJ, King S, Meaney MJ, McEwen BS. Can Poverty Get Under Your Skin? Basal Cortisol Levels and Cognitive Function in Children from Low and High Socioeconomic Status. Development and Psychopathology. 2001;13(03):653-76.

Messer LC, Kaufman JS, Dole N, Savitz DA, Laraia BA. Neighborhood crime, deprivation, and preterm birth. Annals of Epidemiology. 2006;16(6):455-62.

Moghaddam B. Stress activation of glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex: implications for dopamine-associated psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;51(10):775-87.

Moghaddam B, Jackson M. Effect of stress on prefrontal cortex function. Neurotoxicity Research. 2004;6(1):73-8.

Möller J, Theorell T, de Faire U, Ahlbom A, Hallqvist J. Work related stressful life events and the risk of myocardial infarction. Case-control and case-crossover analyses within the Stockholm heart epidemiology programme (SHEEP). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2005;59(1):23-30.

Munck A, Guyre PM, Holbrook NJ. Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrine Reviews. 1984;5(1):25-44.

Ouellet-Morin I, Dionne G, Pérusse D, Lupien SJ, Arseneault L, Barr RG, et al. Daytime cortisol secretion in 6-month-old twins: genetic and environmental contributions as a function of early familial adversity. Biological Psychiatry. 2009;65(5):409-16.

Steptoe A, Feldman PJ. Neighborhood problems as sources of chronic stress: development of a measure of neighborhood problems, and associations with socioeconomic status and health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2001;23(3):177-85.

Swaab DF, Bao A-M, Lucassen PJ. The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Research Reviews. 2005;4(2):141-94.

Uhart M, Chong RY, Oswald L, Lin P-I, Wand GS. Gender differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(5):642-52.

Vangelova KK, Deyanov CE. Blood pressure and serum lipids in industrial workers under intense noise and a hot environment. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2007;22(4):303-11.

Virgolini MB, Rossi-George A, Lisek R, Weston DD, Thiruchelvam M, Cory-Slechta DA. CNS effects of developmental Pb exposure are enhanced by combined maternal and offspring stress. Neurotoxicology. 2008;29(5):812-27.

Weinstock M. Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring. Progress in Neurobiology. 2001;65(5):427-51.

Wüst S, Entringer S, Federenko IS, Schlotz W, Hellhammer DH. Birth weight is associated with salivary cortisol responses to psychosocial stress in adult life. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30(6):591-8.

Environmental Justice:

Tribal Environmental Health Research:

Environmental Health Disparities:

Area Navigation

• Extramural Research Home

  ---

• EHS Home
• About EHS
• EHS Research Themes
• Research to Support Environmental Justice
• Health Disparities and the Environment
• Environmental Decision Making
• Social Dimensions of the Environment
• Funding Opportunities
• Newsroom
• eLibrary