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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1982 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
•Page
Summary I
Air A-l
Abatement and Control;
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards.......... A-11
Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines, A-16
State Program Resource Assistance. 4-23
Air Quality Strategies Implementation............... A-27
Mobile Source Preproduction Compliance Verification A-31
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment A-36
Enforcement:
Stationary Source Enforcement. A-41
Mobile Source Enforcement...... ,. ... A-46
Research and Development:
Oxidants A-49
Mobile Source. , A-81
Gases and Particles..... A-89
Hazardous Air Pollutants A-65
Mater Quality.................. WH
Abatement and Control:
Water Quality Planning and Standards. WQ-16
Effluent Standards aid Guidelines WO-?S
Grants Assistance srograms ..**. WQ-36
Water Quality Strategies Implementation WQ-43
Mater Quality Monitoring and Analysis... WQ-W
Municipal Source Control.... WQ-63
Enforcement:
Permi t Is s ua nee 4Q- 75
Water Quality Enforcement..... , WQ-80
Research and Development:
Water Qua! i ty , WQ-85
Industrial Wastewater UQ-118
Municipal Wastewater/Spill Prevention , WQ-103
Drinking Water OW-1
Abatement and Control:
Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines , DW-11
State Program Resource Assistance DW-16
Drinking Water Management ^ OW-19
Enforcement: .
Drinking Water Enforcement OW-24
Research and Development:
Drinking Water OW-27
-------
Page
Solid Waste..„ , SW-1 •
Abatement and Control:
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines, and Policies...... SW-12
Fi nanci al Assi stance SW-22
Waste Management Strategies Implementation.... SW-27
Technical Assistance SW-34
Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites SW-40
Enforcement:
Hazardous Waste Enforcement SW-43
Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites , SW-43
Hazardous Waste Permit Issuance.............. SW-43
Research and Development-
Solid and Hazardous Waste.. SW-52
Pesticides. , P-l
Abatement and Control:
Registrations and Tolerances . "-11
Standards Setting and RPAR .' , P-18
Federal and State Program Support.. "-24
Enforcement:
Desticides Enforcement •• D-27
Research and Development:
Pestic ides P-31
Radiation -, R-l
Abatement and Control :
Radiation Policy Council R-8
Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines , R-10
Environmental Impact Assessment R-l4
Program Implementation. R-l2
Research and Devel opment
Nonionizi ng Radiation R-l8
Noise , N-l
Abatement and Control:
Environmental 'toise Strategies and Standards. N-7
Noise Program Strategies Implementation..... N-13
Enforcement:
Noi se Enforcement .... , N-21
Interdisciplinary. 1-1
Abatement and Control:
Environmental Impact Statements 1-6
Energy Review and Permitting......... , 1-10
Research and Development:
Intermedia Program , 1-13
Toxi c Substances TS-1
Abatement and Control:
Toxic Substances Strategies......... TS-10
Enforcement: ;
Toxic Substances Enforcement TS-23
Research and Development:
Chemical Testing and Assessment.... TS-25
-------
Energy. E-l
Research and Development:
Multi-Media E-10
Oxi dants ,.... E-29
Hazardous Pol 1 utants E-36
Gases and Particles... E-45
Water Quality , ,. E-57
Drinki ng Vater E-65
Industrial Waste Water E-67
Solid Waste (RCRA).... E-70
Toxic Chemical Testing and Assessment E-73
Municipal Spills....... . E-77
Management and Support.... , 1S-1
"Management......... MS-4
Support MS-13
Buildings and Facilities BF-1
Sc i ent i f1c Act i yj 11 es Overseas SAO-1
U.S. Regulatory Council RC-1
Construction Grants CG-1
Comprehensive Envirpnniental Response
Compensation Liability Fund tSuperfund) SF-1
Special Analyses
Table of Contents SA-1
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Summary
SECTION TAB
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EPA
BUDGET SUMMARY
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1982 budget proposal totals
$5,326,271,000 and 11,674 permanent workyears. The proposal includes $1,376,271,000 for
the Agency's operating programs, $3.7 billion for the municipal waste treatment
facilities construction programs, and $250 million and 635 permanent workyears to implement
the newly enacted Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund (Superfund). Excluding Superfund
these totals constitute an increase of $36 million and 209 permanent workyears for the
1982 operating program and approximately $400 million for construction grants. The
budget also requests supplemental authority of $26 million in 1981 and $7 million transfer
authority from the Construction Grants appropriation for the full costs of the 1981 pay
raise.
The most significant change in the 1982 budget is the request for implementation of
Superfund. The Superfund legislation was passed in December 1980 to provide a means
to control and clean up hazardous substance spills, to mitigate and contain the release
of hazardous waste from abandoned and Inactive disposal sites, and to pursue claims and
enforcement activities against liable parties. A 1981 budget supplemental of $78 million
and 142 permanent workyears Is being requested for development of the program and initial
implementation activities. The 1982 budget requests additional resources of $133 million
and 260 permanent workyears to support the program in its first full year of operation.
I. Appropriation Summary
A summary of budget authority for EPA's eight appropriation accounts is as
follows:
EPA's Request by Appropriation Account
Appropriation
1981 1982
Current Estimate Budget Estimate
' "~~
Salaries S Expenses 573,492,400 645,618,000
Abatement, Control & Compliance 545,183,000 492,072,000
Research S Development 253,520,400 229,355,000
Scientific Activities Overseas
Building 5 Facilities 4,114,600 6,546,000
U.S. Regulatory Council 2,560,000 2.580.000
Operating Programs Subtotal 1,378,870,400 1,376,271,000
Construction Grants 3,304,837,000 3,700,000,000
Hazardous Substance Response
Trust Fund 78.000.000 250,000,000
Total 4,761,707,400 5,326,271,000
The following briefly describes the content of each appropriation and the changes
requested within each from the Agency's current 1981 estimates.
Salaries and Expenses
EPA requests an increase of $72,125,600 for its Salaries and Expenses appropriation
which finances salaries and related costs associated with administering the programs
within the Environmental Protection Agency. It incorporates all costs exclusive of
grant programs and program-specific contractual agreements. The largest single increase
is to cover the full cost of the 1981 pay raise ($32.9 million)i In addition, the
increase provides funds for inflationary increases in rent, maintenance and other
administratively - related activities. In 1982, major emphases include continuation of
the development of a toxics integration strategy, increased resources for enforcement
activities across several media, and an increase in resources to replace all of EPA's
data processing resources with a single, technically compatible processing utility over
several years.
I
-------
Abatement. Control and Compliance
The Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation finances contracts, grants, and
cooperative agreement for pollution abatement, control and compliance activites. EPA
requests a decrease of $53,111,000 in 1982 for this appropriation, of which $32,367,100
is from the elimination of Section 208 Areavdde Waste Treatment Planning Grants. Other
decreases are due to reduction in contracting for effluent guidelines, water quality
management and radiation.
Program priorities include increases for drinking water state program assistance, as
well as increases for pesticides RPAR reviews and energy review and permitting.
Research and Development
The 1982 budget decreases the Research and Development appropriation by $24,165,400
to $229,355,000. This decrease primarily occurs because of a shift in emphasis away
from conventional water quality and energy-related research and development activities.
Major program emphasis include Increases in indoor air pollution research, acid rain,
and groundwater protection.
Scientific Activities Overseas
The Scientific Activities Overseas appropriation finances payments in foreign
currencies, which the Treasury Department determines to be excess to the normal
requirements of the United States, for necessary expenses of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Excess foreign currencies, derived through sales of surplus agricultural
commodities and other sources, support cooperative environmental pollution research and
demonstration programs overseas. No new budget authority is being requested for this
activity in 1982, but the program will continue using carryover funds.
Bui1dings and Fae i1 i ti es
EPA requests an increase of $2,531,400 for the Building and Facilities appropriation
which finances the construction, repair, Improvement, extension, alteration, and purchase
of fixed equipment of facilities owed, as well as existing facilities occupied by the
Environmental Protection Agency. The increase in 1982 will correct health and safety
deficiencies in EPA laboratories and modify several labs to permit high hazardous sample
•testing.
U.S. Regulatory Council
The U.S. Regulatory Council appropriation finances the salaries and expenses of the
U.S. Regulatory Council and its staff. The Council, established in October of 1973 at
the direction of the President, is composed of the heads of those agencies within the
Executive Branch that have regulatory responsibilities. Its purpose is to maintain an
overview of regulatory activities within the Executive Branch and to assist The President
in managing then in a coordinated way so as to limft potential adverse impacts on the
economy. The budget requests an increase of $20,000 for the U.S. Regulatory Council in
1982.
Construction Grants
The Construction Grants appropriation is for grants to local public agencies for
construction of municipal wastewater treatment facilities to assist States and localities
in attaining and maintaining water quality standards.
The 1982 budget requests $3,700,000,000 for the municipal wastewater facilities
construction grants program. This request, in addition to more then $2.4 billion available
from prior year appropriations, will provide more than $6.1 billion for obligation in 1982.
Hazardous Substances Response Trust Fund
The 1982 budget requests $250,000,000 to support the first full year of operation
for the newly enacted Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund (Superfund). In 1982,
these funds will be dedicated to responding to priority hazardous substance sites and
spills, assessing natural resource damage and restoration techniques,'and operations
support activities.
II
-------
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Permanent Workyears
By Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
Research and Development
Full-time Equivalency...... ......
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Budget Authority. ...n... .........
Obi igati ons
Outl ays
Salaries and Expenses
Buildings and Facilities
Obi igati ons. .<
Construction Grants
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget Authority. ................
Operations, Research and Facilities
Outl ays
Ful 1 -time Eaui val encv
Actual
1980
/S233.481
236,888
'77,218
506 430
573,518
503,017
39
s > 524,773
522,137
471 ,062
10,572
12,940
. ,/ 2.177
, 1 ,667
1 ,592
3,400,000
4,673,011
4,343,010
28
2,053
917
2,890
Budget
Estimate
1981
$264,984
263,000
255,000
555,338
542,931
406,740
72
562,542
562,542
529,000
11,162
13,659
4,115
3,000
2.500
3,700,000
4,500,000
3 950,000
1 ,000
1 ,200
3,000
800
3,200
Current
Estimate
1981
$253,520
251 ,020
232,585
545,183
541 ,533
507,692
72
573,492
573,492
558,573
10,989
13,486
4,115
4,300
2,500
3,394,837
3,900,000
4,200,000
2,500
2,700
1 669
3,200
Estimate
1982
$229,355
227,229
230,886
492,072
497,084
504,133
162
645,618
645,618
661 ,561
10,965
13,460
6,646
6,367
3,965
3,700,000
4,950,000
4 ?30,QOO
805
1,300
?,ooo
Revolving Fund
Obligations.
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time Equivalency.
580
-92
580
50
650
50
700
100
I.I I
-------
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Permanent Workyears
By Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Regulatory Council
ludget Authority 2,538 3,338 2,550 2,580
Obligations.... 2,449 3,338 2,560 2,580
Outlays. M69 2,800 2,110 3,000
Permanent Workyears. 9 11 11 11
Full-time Equivalency........... 33 26 26 26
Trust Funds
Budget Authority...,. . 16 ... ... ...
Obligations........ 4 25 20 25
Outlays......... 7 20 20 20
Reimbursements '
Obligations. 24,781 ... 30,000 30,000
Permanent Workyears........ 58 64 63 63
Full-time Equivalency........... 66 73 73 71
ConsplIdated Worki ng Fund
Obligations. ... ... ... ...
Outlays... ... 10 17
Hazardous Substances Response
Trust Fund
Budget Authority . ' 250,000 78,000 250,000
Obligations . 250,000 78,000 250,000
Outlays... . 45,000 39,000 154,000
Permanent Workyears..... . ... 142 635
Full-time Equivalency..... . ... 160 730
Total, Environmental Protection
Agency
Budget Authority 4,669,415 5,341,317 4,751,707 5,326,271
Obligations 6,035,980 6,127,416 5,385,744 6,610,408
Outlays... 5,602,626 5,197,320 5,548,447 5,800,965
Permanent Workyears 10,639 11,237 11,205 11,674
Full-time Equivalency 13,078 13,830 13,817 14,449
' IV
-------
Summary of Budget Authority
Obligations, Outlays and Permanent Workyears
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Air
B~udget Authority
Obligations.. ...
Outlays.......
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Water Quality
Budget Authority
Obiigations....
Outlays..
Permanent Uorkyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Prinking Water
Budget Authority
Obligations...
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Solid Waste
Budget Authori ty
Obligations...
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Pesticides
Budget Authority......
Obligations
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Radiation
Budget Authori ty
Obi igations...
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Noijse
Budget Authority
Obi igations
Outlays..,
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Actual
1980
247,766
290,059
266,524
1,908
2,312
333,592
344,918
362,476
3,034
3.625
75,053
82,392
69,333
489
581
95,517
109,775
77,533
484
617
69,990
70,513
67,709
1,017
1,150
16,603
15,329
11,638
192
221
12,719
12,411
11,829
97
152
Budget*
Estimate
1981
(dollars
252,125
248,470
211,500
1,932
2,315
338,798
328,084
285,300
3,055
3,719
88,152
85,830
74,000
551
653
147,798
145,000
125,500
778
994
74,617
73,156
63,000
925
1,050
17,860
17,562
15,100
268
310
12,927
12,767
11,000
99
153
Current
Estimate
1981
in thousands)
248,247
246,459
272,390
1,827
2,197
344,828
343,410
384,971
2,957
3,598
84,009
83,434
68,484
535
641
154,715
152,970
79,612
855
1,080
69,504
69,142
64,823
912
1,026
19,186
19,186
14,776
218
253
12,724
12,724
12,930
94
147
Estimate
1982
255,221
252,772
287,832
1,912
2,286
297,534
298,428
409,337
2,857
3,495
91 ,672
93,198
71 ,666
550
672
143,336
146,762
83,802
713
1,036
72,134
73,125
68,919
874
994
16,970
16,970
17,082
206
242
12,759
12,759
13,356
94
143
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Budget* Current
Actual Estimate Estimate
1980 1981 1981
(dolTars in Thousands)
Estimate
1982
_Interd1 sci o11 nary
""Sii3get Authority.
Obligations
Outlays......
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Toxic Substances
Budget Authority
Obiigations....
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Energy
Budget Authority
Obii gatiohs...........
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Hanagement and Support
Buaget Suthority......
Obligations..........*
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..,
Full-time equivalency.
Facilities
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays...
Derations, Research and
Facilities ™~~
ooTi gat ions
Outlays..*.,
Construction Grants
Budget Authority..
Obligations.......
Outlays...........
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays..
ReyolyingFund
Olsl'i gat Tons'..
Outlays......
26,322
12,196
27,509
116
137
88,146
90,237
59,163
592
741
100,618
103,410"
137,420
152
238
198,358
200,367
160,163
2,491
3,205
2,177
1,667
1,592
1.853
2,890
3,400,000
4,673,011
4,343,010
28
2,053
580
-92
10,697
27,241
23,200
120
146
109,492
104,691
90,200
775
894
110,994
106,268
105,000
152
256
219,403
219,404
186,940
2,559
3,303
4,115
3,000
2,500
800
3,200
3,700,000
4,500,000
3,950,000
1,000
1,200
3,000
580
50
10,884
10,531
30,289
124
151
106,718
106,759
63,195
750
902
106,578
106,578
117,466
141
245
214,802
214,802
189,914
2', 575
3,318
4,115
4,300
2,500
1,669
3,200
2,500
2,700
650
50
16,011
15,085
32,822
144
178
107,641
107,065
68,394
797
913
96,845
96,845
118,439
142
242
256,922
256,922
224,931
2,675
3,421
6,646
6,367
3,965
2,000
3,304,837 3,700,000
3,900,000 4,950,000
4,200,000 4,230,000
805
1,300
700
100
VI
-------
Actual
1980
Budget*
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
(dollars 1n thousands)
Estimate
1982
"rust Funds
Budget Authority....... 16 ....
Obligations.. 4 25 20 25
Outlays ,. 7 20 20 20
Reimbursements-
Obligations. 24,781 ... 30,000 30,000
Permanent Workyeafs............. 58 12 64 63
Full-time equivalency 66 11 73 71
Regulatory Council
Budget Authority 2,538 3,338 2,560 2,580
Obligations.... 2,449 3,338 2,560 2,580
Outlays 1,869 2,800 2,110 3,000
Permanent Workyears. 9 11 11 11
Full-time equivalency 33 26 26 26
Consolidated Working Fund
Outl ays.........'.-............... ... 10 17
Hazardous SubstanceResponse
Trust Fund
Budget Authority . 250,000 78,000 250,000
Obligations . 250,000 78,000 250,000
Outlays . 45,000 39,000 164,000
Permanent Workyears . ... 142 635
Full-time Equivalency . ... 160 730
Total, Environmental Protection
Agency
Bulge? Authority,....., 4,669,415 5,341,317 4,761,707 5,326,271
Obligations 6,035,980 6,127,416 5,385,744 6,610,408
Outlays "5,602,626 5,197,320 5,548,447 5,800,965
Permanent Workyears 10,639 11,237 11,205 11,674
Full-time equivalency.. 13^078 13,830 13,817 14,449
*January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
VII
-------
Summary of Increase or Decrease
Budget Authority and Permanent Workyears
(dollars in thousands)
Research and Development
Budget Authority......
Abatement, Control and Compliance
Budget Authority....................
Permanent Uorkyears.................
Ful 1 -time Equivalency
Sa 1 aries and Expenses
Budget Authority...
Permanent Workyears
Ful 1-time Equi val ency ....
Buildings and Facilities
Budget Authority. ..
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget Authority
Reimbursements
Permanent Uorkyears
Ful 1 -tire Equi valency
U.S. Regulatory Council
Budget Authority......
Permanent Workyears
Ful1-time Equi valsncy.
Subtotal
Budget Authority..
Permanent Workyears
Ful 1-time Equi valency.
Construction Grants
Budget Authority.
Oil andl_ Hazardous Liability Fund
Budget Authority
Permanent Workyears
Ful 1-time Equivalency
Total, Environmental Protection Agency
Budget Authority.. "-,....
Permanent Workyea rs
Ful 1-time Equivalency
Current
Estimate
1981
253,520
545,183
o • •
72
573,492
10,988
13,486
4,115
64
73
2,560
11
26
1,378,870
11,063
13,657
3,304,837
78,000
142
160
4,761,707
11,205
13,817
Estimate
1982
229,355
492,072
.» • •
162
645,618
10,965
13,459
6,646
63
72
2,580
11
26
1,376,271
11,039
13,719
3,700,000
250,000
635
730
5,326,271
11,674
14,449
Increase +
Decrease -
-24,165
-53,111
+90
+72,126
-23
-27
+2,531
-1
-1
+20
-2,599
-24
+62
+395,163
+172,000
+493
+570
+564,554
+469
+632
VIII
-------
Liquidation of Contract Authority
(In thousands of dollars)
1980 198] 1982
Construction Grants $1,500,000 $1,700,000 $1,000,000
IX
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Air
SECTION TAB
-------
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-------
AIR
Appropriation
Research and
Abatement, Control and
Actual
1980
...... $79,036
, 40,495
...... 170.528
, 290,059
1 ,909
, 2,312
, 266,542
, 337.263
Budget
Estimate
1981*
$78,023
45,558
128,545
252,126
1,932
2,315
211,500
270.167
Current
Estimate
1981
(dollars
$79,896
41 ,254
127,097
248,247
1 .827
2,197
272,390
270.167
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
in thousands)
$89,031 +$9,135
39,369 -1,885
126,821 -276
255,221
1,912
2,286
287,832
*
+6,974
+85
+89
+15.442
* Authorization pending.
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Qxidants Non-Energy:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and Development.....
Hazardous Pollutants Non-Energy-
Research and Development.....
Mobile Sources Non-Energy:
Research and Development.....
Gases and Particles Non- Energy:
Total , Research and Oevel opment
Program
Salaries and Expenses........
Total.
6,160
1 1 ,326
4,286
6,604
4,138
4,109
13,301
18 456
27 885
40,495
68.380
6,605
12,687
4,018
7,776
4,464
4,154
13,179
20,941
28,266
45,558
73.824
5,912
10,984
5,297
6,457
4,875
4,441
12,157
19,372
28,241
41 ,254
69.495
5,771
12,705
5,309
5,742
3,826
2,483
14,231
18 438
29 137
39,369
68.506
-141
+1 ,721
+12
-714
-1 ,049
-1 ,958
+2,074
-934
+8°6
-1 ,885
-989
A1r Quality and Sta-
tionary Source Plan-
ning and Standards:
Salaries and
Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance..i
9,263 8,698 9,366 10,297
28,009 20,218 19,333 19,269
Mobile Source Standards
and Gui del ines:
Salaries and
Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance....
7,228 6,821
4,180 4,578
7,005 8,472
4,747 3,448
+931
-64
+1,467
-1,299
Page
A-49
A-66
A-81
A-89
A-ll
A-16
A-l
-------
State Programs Resource
Assistance:
Salaries and
Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compl i ance..
Air Quality Strategies
Implementation:
Salaries and
Expenses.......
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.-.
Mobile Source Certifica-
ti""i and Testing:
Salaries and
Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance..
Trends Monitoring and
Progress Assessment:
Salaries and
Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance....
Total, Abatement
Control and Com-
pliance Program:
Salaries and
Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.
Total,
Stationary Source
Enforcement:
Salaries and
Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance..,
Mobile Source
Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance......
Total, Enforcement
Program:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1992 vs 1981
Total
409
123,370
9,644
198
3,147
287
4,159
311
33,850
156,355
190,205
$13,253
11,356
4,038
2,817
17,301
14,173
31 ,474
(dollars
419
88,334
8,655
221
3,662
922
3,383
610
32,138
114,883
147,021
$13,736
10,696
3,883
2,966
17,619
13,662
31 ,281
in thousands)
301
88,742
9,070
311
3,510
222
4,113
578
33,365
113,933
147,298
$14,300
10,285
3,990
2,879
18,290
13,164
' 31 ,454
382
88,396
10,462
2,243
4,373
631
4,550
510
38,536
114,497
153,033
$17,145
9,841
4,212
2,483
21 ,358
12^324
33,682
+31
-346
+1 ,392
+1,932
+863
+409
+437
-68
+5,171
+564
+5,735
+52,846
-444
+222
-396
+3,068
-840
+2,228
A-23
A-27
A-31
A-36
A-41
A-46
A-2
-------
Increase +
Permanent Positions
Oxidants Non-Energy
Hazardous Pollutants Non-
Energy
Mobile Sources Non-Energy.
Gases and Particles
Non-Energy..............
Total, Research and Development
Program
Air Quality and Stationary
Source Planning
and Standards..............
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines
State Programs Resource
As si stance
Air Quality Management
implementation......
Mobile Source Certification
and Testing:
Trends Monitoring and
Progress Assessment.
Total, Abatement, Control and
Compliance Program..........
Stationary Source
Enforcement.....
Mobile Source
Enforcement.,,..
Total, Enforcement
Program.
Ful l-time Equi val ency
Oxidants Non-Energy-..
Hazardous Pollutants Non-
Energy
Mobile Sources Non-Energy.
Gases and Particles Non-
Energy
Total, Research and Development
Program
Air Quality and Stationary
Source Planning and Standards.
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines.
State Programs Resource
Assistance.....
Air Quality Management
Impl ementati on.
Mobile Source Certification
and Testing........
Trends Monitoring and
Progress Assessment...........
Total, Abatement, Control
and Compliance Program..
Stationary Source
Enforcement
Mobile Source
Enforcement
Total, Enforcement Program.
Actual
1980
88
78
61
213
440
242
160
7
318
69
114
910
444
115
559
121
99
84
252
556
276
215
33
356
99
128
1,112
487
157
644
Estimate
1981*
96
83
59
2,115
453
244
152
6
.288
84
116
890
471
118
589
134
106
83
256
579
266
190
73
' 313
107
128
1,077
507
152
659
Estimate
1981
(dollars in
80
97
37
171
385
242
146
6
285
80
116
875
453
114
567
113
118
61
203
500
264
175
73
309
112
127
1,060
489
148
637
Estimate
1982
thousands)
74
78
35
195
382
251
152
6
311
87
116
923
497
in
608
106
101
53
234
494
273
190
73
338
110
128
1,112
537
143
680
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-6
-19
-2
+24
-3
+9
+.6
« » .•
+26
+7
* » •
+43
+44
-3
+41
-7
-17
-3
+25
-6 '
+9
+15
» » »
+29
-2
+1
+52
+48
-5
+43
A-49
A-6
A-81
A-90
A-n
A-16
A-23
A-27
A-31
A-36
A-41
A-46
A-67
A-81
A-9Q
A-41
*January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring."
A-3
-------
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Clean Air Act authorizes a national program of air pollution research,
regulation, and enforcement activities. Under the Act, primary responsibility
for the prevention and control of air pollution at its source rests with State
and local government, with a strong mandate that the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) take action where States do not fulfill their responsibilities.
EPA's role is to conduct research and development programs, ensure that
adequate standards and regulations are established to meet environmental
goals set by the Act, support State and local control activities, and ensure
that the standards and regulations are effectively enforced.
The environmental goals are generally those prescribed by National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Two types of standards are set:
primary standards to protect human health and secondary standards to protect
the public welfare (prevention of damage to property, animals, vegetation,
crop, visibility, etc.). The health and other effects of pollutants are
delineated in criteria documents which are the basis for the standards.
There presently are National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for total
suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
ozone, and lead.
Specific limitations on pollutant emissions necessary to meet NAAQS
are prescribed in State Implementation Plans (SIP). These controls are supple-
mented by federally prescribed national emission standards for new motor
vehicles and selected new stationary sources.
In addition to the NAAQS, nationally applicable emission levels are pre-
scribed for other pollutants deemed especially hazardous, and apply to both
new and existing pollutant sources. National Emission Standards for Hazardous,
Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) have been established for asbestos, beryllium, mercury
and vinyl chloride from a variety of sources. Benzene, arsenic and radionudides
have been listed as hazardous air pollutants and emission control regulations
are under development. Activities and resources for radionudides are covered
under the radiation portion of the Agency's budget.
Air program activities have been directed primarily at the attainment
and maintenance of NAAQS. Although the combined Federal-State-local effort
at controlling air pollution has achieved a notable degree of success 1n
improving ambient air quality across the Nation, many areas have not attained
all the standards. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, recognizes this
problem and sets forth a comprehensive program for achieving the standards
for such areas. In general, the Act requires that the standards be attained
by the end of calendar year 1982, However, In recognition of the unusual
problems some areas have in attaining the standards for ozone and carbon
monoxide, attainment of these standards is to be as expeditious as possible,
but in no case later than 1987.
The Agency's highest air program priority in 1982 will continue to be
the consolidation through State Implementation °lans of a firm regulatory
base for air pollution control. Extenlons of the ambient air quality
standard attainment dates for ozone or carbon monoxide beyond 1982 were
granted tp 29 States. For all 29 the law requires submittal of a SIP in
1982 which will demonstrate attainment of standards. Fiscal years 1981 and
1982 will see intensified efforts by State/local control agencies with
assistance from EPA to adopt additional measures for control of hydrocarbon
emissions from both stationary and mobile sources and to accelerate their
implementation.
The 1977 amendments to the Clean Air Act required EPA to review and re-
vise, if necessary, amb.ient air quality standards. A revised ozone standard
was promulgated In 1979 and revisions to the CO standard were proposed in 1980.
A revised standard for NOj, may be published in 1981. If promulgated in
1932, this would potentially create new SIP submission requirements for
several States, if the standard is significantly changed. Revised standards
for sulfur dioxide and particulate matter are expected to be proposed in 1982.
- ' A-4
-------
Although activities to complete new source performance standards (NSPS)
have accelerated, several proposals have been delayed by the need in 1981
to reprogram resources to produce control techniques guidance documents for
additional sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to be controlled by
the States' VOC regulations in their 1982 ozone SIP submittals. Consequently,
the program to produce NSPS for all major stationary source categories will
extend through fiscal year 1982.
Considerable effort has been expended in fiscal year 1980 in revising
the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) regulations for Set I {TSP,
SOo) pollutants to bring them into conformity with court interpretations of
the complex PSD provisions of the Clean Air Act. Work on Set II pollutants
(CO, hydrocarbons/ozone, NO? and lead) has been delayed and final rules
are not expected before fiscal year 1982.
In 1981 EPA proposed regulations to protect visibility values in the
nations National Park and Wilderness Systems. Work to refine modeling and
monitoring techniques which can be routinely applied for regulatory purposes
will also continue into fiscal year 19B2.
Increased national and international concern is being expressed about
the problems associated with acid deposition (acid rain). Sensitive lakes
and ecological systems in the northeast U.S.A. and Canada have been adversely
affected. The problem in other areas of the country is just now being assessed.
It is unclear what remedial action needs to be taken. The 1982 proposed program,
based on current authorities, contemplates a significant increase in monitoring
efforts and the evaluation of various regulatory and enforcement alternatives
directed at the limitation of SOX and NOX emissions.
Since air is being increasingly implicated as a pathway in the exposure of
large population groups to toxic or hazardous pollutants, EPA is intensifying
its programs directed at this problem. Increased use of CAA authority under
Sections lll(d) and Section 112 is anticipated. Additionally, States are being
encouraged to address toxic related problems through field assessments and
appropriate State/local regulation development. The characterization of
presently unregulated pollutants from mobile sources is likewise being empha-
sized to assess the toxic potential of new fuel sources and auto industry
technology devslopment.
All of the Nation's programs directed at reducing national dependency
on imported oil envision increased use of coal resources either 1n direct
energy production or as a raw material in producing domestically available
gas or oil. Given a continuing commitment to the environmentally sound
utilization of coal as an oil substitute it is essential that EPA's review of
various coal conversion proposals be conducted in a manner that 1s expeditious
and thorough. The 1982 planned program provides resources toward this end
as well as to assure that State/local implementation of regulatory reform
measures such as the "bubble" and banking are consistent with the basic
environmental protection goals of the Agency,
Further federal regulation of emissions from motor vehicles will concen-
trate on heavy duty vehicles, where the degree of control has not yet
attained that reached with light duty vehicles, and all types of diesel
powered vehicles. The program will continue to implement improvements in
the motor vehicle certification process which are directed at reducing paper-
work and reporting and testing burdens on the affected manufacturers. Also
in furtherance of energy conservation goals and to provide an improved public
service, increased attention will be given to improving the ability of fuel
economy test information to more accurately predict actual in use mileage.
Many of the major activities highlighted 1n the preceding discussion of
the thrust of the 1982 program requires field work on the part of both the
States and EPA Regional Offices. The SIP revision and implementation process,
the beginning of analyses necessary in anticipation of new ambient air quality
standards, the carrying out of mandates related to acid rain, toxics control,
energy, regulatory reform and the continuing delegation of new source review
functions all impose significant workload requirements upon both States and
regions.
A-5
-------
EPA through Federal enforcement will continue to augment State efforts
to attain or maintain NAAQS. Federal action will be taken where States fail
or cannot act or request assistance. Where States have not accepted the
delegation of new source review, Regional Offices will continue to verify
compliance and take required enforcement actions.
The stationary sourca enforcement program will focus on vigorously
tracking consent decrees of major sources which have never achieved initial
compliance, initiating civil/criminal actions against recalcitrant sources,
and further implementation of the noncompliance penalty program established
by Section 120 of the Clean Air Act, which will remove the economic incentive
of continued noncompliance. Emphasis will be given to assisting States in
maintaining strong programs to ensure compliance by major sources, and
encouraging delegation of responsibility for the noncompliance penalty program
to as many States as possible. The program will also focus on maintaining
continuous compliance of sources that have met SIP requirements; expanding
enforcement responsibilities in the new source and national emissions standards
for hazardous air pollutants programs; and negotiating compliance methods and
schedules for coal conversion and other energy related sources.
In 1982, the EPA Mobile Source Enforcement Program will continue to
assure compliance with motor vehicle emission standards and fuels regulations.
The Selective Enforcement Audit (SEA) program is continued to deter the pro-
duction of non-conforming light duty vehicles and the recall program will
continue to assure compliance of in-use vehicles with emission standards.
An aggresive enforcement program will be continued to reduce fuel switching
and tampering in order to reduce in-use emissions from mobile sources In
areas which are targeted for inspection/maintenance. Furthermore, a special
effort to provide support to State/local anti-tampering and anti-fuel switching
enforcement programs will be initiated via air program grants.
Research will continue to stress the development of information useful in
successfully implementing new SIP's or in establishing revised SIP's. Due
attention will be paid to developing effects information for further updates of
criteria documents.
Assessments of sources of and controls for volatile organic compound (VOC)
emissions continue as major priorities of the oxidant research program as are
the development and refinement of air quality models (on both urban and
regional scales) for oxidants and their precursors. These new or improved
tools should aid the attainment of standards in the 1983 - 1987 timeframe.
Hith the objective of providing data for future criteria document updates,
research in the health area will focus on the effects of exposures to ozone
and nitrogen dioxide. In the gases and particles area research emphasis
continues to be placed on development and refinement of a health effects
data base relying most heavily on epidemiological and human clinical studies,
modeling the transport and transformation patterns of fine particulate matter,
and determination of concentrations and sizes of particles in ambient air.
The hazardous air pollutant research program, in large measure will
continue support to implementation of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act and
EPA'5 airborne carcinogen policy. In doing so, it attempts to provide the
best data for determining human health risks Of exposure to certain chemicals
found in ambient air, sources of those chemicals, and feasibility and costs
of reducing human exposure to those "chemicals. The program will also attempt
to develop new and improved techniques for generating this data, especially
in the areas of bioassay methods, monitoring and measurement. This program
will also complement an Agency-wide toxics strategy.
The mobile source research program will change in emphasis away from
animal inhalation of diesel exhaust and towards assessment of actual human
exposures to mobile source pollutants. While animal inhalation studies are
being reduced, other live animal and cellular tests of the carcinogenicity
and mutagenicity of diesel exhaust will continue. Tests of emissions of
heavy and light duty diesel engines will continue as a further effort to
Identify potentially toxic unregulated pollutants.
A-6
-------
Purpose of Research and Development Program
The air research and development program is designed to furnish EPA with
the knowledge to establish prudent environmental controls, standards and
regulations based upon known or potentially adverse health and ecological
effects; to define, develop, and demonstrate systems for controlling stationary
source pollution; and to evaluate strategies for minimizing the emission of
pollutants. To achieve these ends, the program is structured to identify
and, to the extent possible, quantify the adverse human health effects of
exposure to air pollutants; to quantify the effects and fate of air pollutants
on biological systems and processes within the environment; to develop
predictive models for pollutant emission, transport, transformation, and
removal, and verify these models by actual measurements; and to develop new
and improved technology for preventing and controlling air pollution and
demostrate the cost effectiveness of such technologies. The air research and
development program also provides analytical measurement methods for monitoring
air pollutants; procedures and materials to assure the quality of monitoring
data; technical expertise, and specialized facilities and equipment to the
regulatory and enforcement programs.
Purposejaf Abatement.Control and Compli ance Program
Abatement, Control and Compliance encompasses the development and imple-
mentation of air pollution control strategies and programs. Specific activi-
ties include regulations development, technical and policy guidance, financial
support to State and local programs and direct Federal action when States
fail to fulfill their Clean Air Act responsibilities. The intent of the Act
is that States assume responsiblity for most aspects of air pollution control,
and that EPA provide guidance and assistance. This total environmental effort
is conceived as a working partnership with State and local governments to
achieve national environmental goals.
The primary goal of the air program is the implementation of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) attainment and maintenance strategies.
The first priority for States and EPA in 1981 and 1982 is the completion of
strategy development actions leading to the adoption by the States and
revisions to the State Implementation Plans (SIPs) for areas not presently
attaining ambient air quality standards. Included are expeditious follow-up
on conditionally approved SIPs and timely action on schedules for inspection
and maintenance (I/M), and transportation control measures (TCM); adoption of
new regulations covering volatile organic chemicals (VOC); additional review
of non-traditional sources of suspended particuTate matter; and development
of improved data bases to facilitate the submission and review actions of new
SIPs in 1982. In addition, EPA in carrying out the mandates .of the Clean Air
Act, must complete the promulgation of New Source Performance Standards for
all major stationary sources of air pollution; effectively review all existing
ambient air quality standards; regulate mobile sources of air pollution;
develop a workable program of prevention of significant deterioration and
implement the visibility protection goals of the 1977 amendments to the
Clean Air Act.
The enforcement program Is designed to ensure that stationary air
pollution sources are in compliance with emission limitations under SIPs;
that new stationary air sources are constructed in accordance with NSR,
NSPS, and PSD provisions; that stationary air sources subject to NESHAPs meet
hazardous air pollutant standards; and that all applicable provisions of the
Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 are implemented. The program
is also designed to ensure that mobile sources subject to federal emission
regulations meet such regulations as produced and while in use for their
warranty period. Included also is prevention of illegal tampering with
engines or control devices and improper use of leaded fuels.
A-7
-------
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars)
1981 Air Program. $248,247
Salaries and Expenses +9,135
The net increase primarily affects
85 additional permanent workyears to
mainly support the gases and particles;
air quality management implementation,
and stationary source enforcement
program; offset by decreases in other
air activities.
Research and Development.. -1,885
This decrease primarily reflects shifts to
cover increased payroll expenses, equipment
and supplies purchases, and ADP contracts.
Also, this decrease reflects the phasing down
of inhalation studies of the effects of diesel
particles; the technical program's reduced
ability to prepare and disseminate technical
information and the transfer of funds
to emissions testing, analysis and data
support.
Abatement, Control and Compliance...,. -276
This decrease in extramural support primarily
reflects shifts to cover increased payroll
expenses, equipment and supply purchases and
ADP contracts.
1982 Air Program ... 255,221
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE
1. Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $255,220,900 is requested for 1982. This request
by appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $89,030,600
Research and Development..... 39,368,900
Abatement, Control and Compliance...... 126,821,400
2« Changes from Original 1981 BudgetEstimate
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 estimate 252,126
Congressional decreases:
General reduction to Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance. -998
Consultant services -403
SES bonuses -102
ADP services -220
Travel..... , -134
General reduction to Research and Development.... -3,653
Presidential reduction of $7 million -348
Love Canal and Three Mile Island....i -84
Reprogramming for salary and related costs. . -118
Miscellaneous reprogrammings -1,793
Proposed pay raise supplemental.. +3,974
Current 1981 estimate. 248,247
A-8
-------
The Congress reduced Agency travel costs by $850,000, of which $134,000 is applicable
to the air media. ADP services were reduced" by $2 million, resulting in a $220,000 decrease.
General reductions to the Abatement, Control and Compliance ($7.5 million) and the Research
and Development ($12,214,000) appropriations resulted in decreases of $998,000 and
$3,653,000 respectively. A reduction in consultant services ($3,8 million) was made, of
which $403,000 affected this media. Senior Executive Service (SES) bonuses were reduced
by $750,000 resulting in a $102,000 decrease.
Shortly after the budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted budget
revisions (House Oocument 96-294); this revision decreased $7 million from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, of which $348,000 was applied to this media.
A transfer of $84,000 was made to the solid waste and radiation media in order to
support efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island.
Reprogrammings of $118,000 were applied to provide for salary and related costs.
A supplemental appropriation is proposed to fund the costs of the October 1980 pay raise,
of which $3,974,000 is applied to the air media. Miscellaneous reprogrammings to this
media resulted in a net decrease of $1,793,000.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
(in thousands ofaollarsi
Prior year obligations , $290,059 $246,459
Effect of congressional changes...... -5,510 ...
Effect of pay raise supplemental +3,974
Change in amount of carryover funds
available.... -37,392 +1,788
Program changes.. -11,605 +6,974
Effect of reprogrammings -2,259
Change in rate of obligations. ., +9,192 -2.449 •
Total estimated obligations 246,459 252,772
(From new obiiation authority).. (241,458) (245,983)
(From prior year funds) (5,001) (6,789)
EXPLANATION OFINCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The congressional changes discussed in the previous section are expected to
result in a decrease of $5,510,000 to obligations. The proposed pay raise
supplemental to partially fund the October 1980 pay raise will increase obligations
by $3,974,000. The effect of reprogrammings Included the Presidential $7 million
reduction result in a decrease of $2,259,000.
Program changes in 1981 and 1982 result in a decrease of $11,605,000 and an increase
of $6,974,000 respectively to obligations. The amount of carryover funds to be
obligated in 1931 is ^5,001,000, a decrease of $37,392,000 over the 1950 level; in
1982 it is estimated that $6,789,000 of carryover funds will be obligated, an increase
of $1,788,000 from the 1981 level.
A change in the rate of obligations is expected in 1981, which will create an
increase of $9,192,000; in 1982 a decrease of $2,449,000 is expected. .
A-9
-------
AIR
Program Levels
Number of pollutants
covered by hazardous
pollutants standards......
Number of automobile
engine families awarded
certificates for con-
formity with emission
standards
Number of source
categories covered by
New Source Performance
Standards
Number of emission tests
carried out for motor
vehicles certification
purposes.
Number of fuel economy
tests carried out.. .
Identified Class A source
in -J.S...,
As sembl y 1 i ne test i ng
test orders
Combined fuels/vapor
recovery inspections.....
Recall investigations.....
Number of civil/criminal
actions initiated by EPA.
Number of administrative
orders initiated by EPA,
Number of continuous
emissions related
enforcement actions..
Number of sources that have
regular continuous emissions
monitoring data validations.
Actual
1980
250
34
Budget Current , Increase +
Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981 . 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
250
53
250
40
250
61
+21
660
1,785
23,000
38
22,337
51
131
155
950
1,800
29,000
33
25,000
19
210
220
700
1,850
28,000
35
25,000
40
163
204
700
1,850
29,000
35
25,000
40
180
207
+1,000
500
500
500
10
1,000
+17
+3
+10
+500
A-10
-------
Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
AIR
Air Quality and Stationary .Source Planning and Standards
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Appropriation
Emission Standards and
Technology Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses.. $4,120 $3,504
Abatement, Control
and Compliance........ 24,856 16,948
Energy and Pol 1utant
St r ateg i es Developine nt:
Salaries and Expenses.. 1,886 1,956
Abatement, Control
and Compliance........ 1,484 1,559
State Program Guidelines
and Regulations
Development:
Salaries and Expenses.. 3*257 3,238
Abatement, Control
and Compliance I,6j69 _ 1,711
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.. 9,263 8,698
Abatement, Control
and Compliance ?8,009 20.218
Grand Total 37,272, 28,916
Permanent^Positignj
Emts¥ion Standards and
Technology Assessment: 110 107
Energy and Pol 1 utant
Strategies Development: 44 44
State Program Guidelines
and Regulations
Development , 88 93
Total.... 242 244
Ful 1 -time Equivalency
Emission Standards and
Technology Assessment: 120 115
Energy and Pollutant
Strategies Development: 55 50
State Program Guidelines
and Regulations
Development 102 101
Total 277 266
Tdol1ars Inthousands]
$3,905 $4,429
16,075 16,437
1,900 2,045
1,709 1,527
3,561 3,823
1,549 1.305
9,366
19.333
28,699
106
44
92
242
114
50
100
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$524
+362
+145
-182
+262
-244
10,297
19.269
29,566
114
44
93
251
122
50
101
+931
-64
+867
+8
+9
+8
+
264
273
+9
A-ll
-------
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $29,566,400 and 251 permanent workyears for 1982, an
increase of $867,900 and 9 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is
$10,297,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $19,269,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance,
with an increase of $931,600 and a decrease of $63,700 respectively. This increase'primarily
reflects work to develop regulations to control toxic pollutants and/or acid rain precursors.
Program Description
This subactivity includes the setting of emission standards for stationary sources,
which involves pollution control technology and cost assessments and other industry analyses
which support the standard setting function. Also included are the review and revision, if
necessary, of ambient air quality standards; pollutant assessments; the development of pol-
lutant control strategies, analytical tools and guidelines; the translation of control
strategies into regulatory actions; and the assessment of the energy implications of
regulatory actions.
Emissions Standards a/id Technology Assessments — National emission standards for
stationary sources are set under Section J11 and 112 of the Clean Air Act. Section 111
mandates the Environmental Protection Agency to establish New Source Performance Standards,
Section 112 authorizes National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants.
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) reflect the performance of the best demonstrated
systems of emission reduction, considering cost and energy impact for specific processes or
facilities in a source category. The analysis supporting the NSPS considers technical feasi-
bility; cost; and economic, energy and environmental impacts. The NSPS setting process results
in providing useful data to State agencies in defining best available control technology,
lowest achievable emission rates, and reasonably available control technology.
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) have been set for
asbestos, beryllium, mercury, and vinyl chloride. Benzene and arsenic have been listed as
hazardous air pollutants and several NESHAP proposals are under review.
Energy and Pollutant Strategies Development -- The major activities of this program
element are: (!) Review and revision as appropriate of all existing National Ambient Air
Quality Standards as mandated by the Clean Air Act, (2) Identification and assessments of the
potential air pollutants, including the listing of additional chemicals as hazardous air
pollutants under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, and (3) Analytic support to Agency re-
gulatory efforts to set emission standards for pollutants regulated under Sections 111(d) and
112.
State Programs Guidelines and Regulations Development — The objectives of this program
element are the development of guidelines and regulations that set forth requirements for air
pollution control programs implemented by the States under the Clean Air Act (principally
State Implementation Plans); development of technical guidance for modelling, emission in-
ventory development and air quality standard attainment demonstrations, and maintaining an
overview of the development and implementation of air pollution control programs to assure
national consistency at the regional, State, and local levels. The State Implementation Plans
(SIPs) provide for the attainment and maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards,
establish programs for prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality in clean
areas, and will provide protection of visibility in national parks and wilderness areas.
EMISSION STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
1980 Accompli shment s
The 1980 resources included $24,855,400 in contract support. These contract resources
were used to'tontinue work related to setting standards for the synthetic organic chemical
manufacturing industry and other studies required for setting NSPS and NESHAPs. A total of
$1,900,000 was transferred to EPA'S Office of Research and Development for support in standards
setting. Work continued on setting performance-standards for all listed source categories.
An NSPS was promulgated for the hydrocarbon storage tank revision. NSPS proposals were
published for organic solvent degreaslng, auto surface coating, ammonium sulfate, and lead
battery manufacturing. Three reviews of existing standards were completed. A nine-volume
technical report on the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing "industry (SOCMI) was drafted
in 1980, including 39 product reports covering 80 percent of SOCMI process emissions. Control
techniques documents for sulfur oxides, particulate matter, and best available retrofit
technology (BART) were drafted in in T980,
A NESHAP was proposed for one of four benzene categories: maleic anhydride. Work was
in progress on 10 NESHAP categories.
A-12
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency allocated a total of $19,979,100 and 106 permanent workyears to this
program, of which $3,904,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and $16,074,300 is for extramural
purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation. These contract resources
are being used for engineering studies and other analyses needed to set NSPS, NESHAP, and to
Issue information on reasonably available control technology for review of State implementa-
tion plans (SIP). Effort has been reduced on completion of the NSPS schedule mandated by the
Clean Air Act in order to complete approximately 10 control technique guidelines for use in
developing the revised 1982 oxidant SIPs. Twenty-one NSPS projects will be proposed and six
will be promulgated in 1981. The NESHAP projects continued from 1980 will result in five
proposals and one promulgation. Five existing standards will be reviewed. Technical support
for SIP, best available control technology, lowest achievable emissions rate determinations,
and for the review of construction permit applications for synthetic fuels will be provided.
An analysis of the benefits and impacts of air pollution and associated emission control
standards will be continued.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $472,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity
is $20,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $10,000 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $600,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $208,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Offsetting transfers of $224,700 were made between this activity and air-Energy and
Pollutant Strategies Development ($150,500); and air-Training ($74,200); in the Salaries
and Expenses, and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
, - A transfer of $50,100 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation
Policy Council.
- A transfer of $900 ./as made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional
resources to support a new program for instituting civil noneompllance penalties under Section
102 of the Clean Air Act. .
1982Plan
The Agency requests a total of $20,866,900 and 114 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $4,429,500 is for the Salaries and1 Expenses appropriation and 516,437,400 is for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an increase of $524,700 and
5363,100 respectively, which will be used to begin to develop regulations as an adjunct to the
Agency's program to control toxic pollutants. Efforts will continue on the Clean Air Act
mandated NSPS projects. Twenty-three proposals and 21 promulgations are planned. Three
reviews of existing standards will be completed. One NESHAP is expected to be proposed and
five promulgated. The Initial analysis of the benefits and impacts of selected NSPS will be
completed.
ENERGY AND POLLUTANT STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT
1980 Accompli shments
The 1980 resources included $1,484,300 for contract support for evaluation of national. ambient
air quality standards, analysis of the environmental, economic and regulatory impacts of the
possible standards revisions, and the development of an improved risk assessment methodology.
A-13
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The national ambient air quality standard for carbon monoxide has been reviewed and a
revised standard was proposed. Work is underway to review and revise as necessary the nitro-
gen oxide, participate and sulfur dioxide standards. Work continued on development of a
health risk'assessment analysis methodolgy applicable to the standard setting process. Visi-
bility and odor reports were completed for Congress. Pollutant assessment was completed for
arsenic and listing as a hazardous air pollutant was made. Assessments were underway for coke
oven emissions, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, methyl chloroform, methy-
lene chloride, toluene, cadmium, ethylene diehloride, nickel, vinylidene chloride, and form-
aldehyde. Work on energy impact analysis for industrial boilers was continued and the energy
and environmental related data base for fossil fuel fired power plants was maintained.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,609,400 and 44 permanent workyears to
this program, of which $1,900,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,709,100
is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The program continues to emphasize review and revision of National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NA^S) and the assessment of hazardous pollutants in 1981. Review and revision,
if necessary, of the NAAQS for nitrogen dioxide will occur. The revised carbon monoxice stan-
dard will be promulgated and the hydrocarbon standard rescinded. Technical, health, energy
and economic issues raised through litigation and public inquiry will be addressed regarding
all revised NAAQS. Listing decisions will be made for eight pollutants. Population exposure
estimates for a group of 43 chemicals begun in 1979, assignment of public health priority, and
ranking in order of risks to public health will be completed. Preliminary screening for public
health risk will be made of a number of chemicals to determine which require further detailed
exposure and cancer assessment.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $94,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7
million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$11,700,
- Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by 5850,000; a decrease of $2,500 was applied
to this activity.
- An increase of $108,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
include- in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Offsetting transfers of $150,500 were made between this activity and air-Emission Stan-
dards and Technology Assessment in the Salaries and Expenses, and Abatement, Control and Com-
pliance appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,571,700 and 44 permanent workyears for this program, of
which $2,044,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,527,000 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an increase of $144,400 and a de-
crease of $182,100 respectively, and reflects reprogramming to meet increased payroll costs.
Review of national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide
will be completed and revised standards, if indicated, will be proposed. Promulgation of a
reaffirmed or revised nitrogen dioxide standard will be published. Listing decisions will be
made for three potentially hazardous air pollutants. Evaluations will be made of several
alternative approaches to NAAQS risk assessment to determine their feasibility for integrating
risk assessment into the decision making framework for NAAOS. Air quality problems resulting
from municipal and hazardous waste incineration will be defined and information will be pro-
vided to regional offices and States to enhance their ability to deal with toxic chemicals and
airborne carcinogen problems.
STATE PROGRAMS GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONSDEVELOPMENT
1980 Accomplishments
The 1980 resources included $1,700,000 in contract support for the main areas of program
emphasis: nonattairment SIPs; and New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration.
Follow-up action on the conditional approvals, schedules and commitments in the 1979 nonat-
tainment SIPs remained a major activity in 1980. Management of the new source review/ pre-
vention of significant deterioration program continued with major effort devoted to revising
the regulations in response to court decisions. A BACT/ LAER Clearinghouse was maintained.
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Efforts were made to encourage additional States to assume the PSD permitting program. Policy
papers or regulations were developed on a variety of Issues including new source review, in-
terstate equity, stack heights, definition of ambient air, sulfur variability in coal, etc.
Policy and technical guidance was issued in preparation for submittal by the States of 1982
03/CO SIPs, and for control of unconventional sources of particulate matter. Major technical
and management support was provided to the N.E. Corridor 0* Study. Visibility assessment
techniques were developed to support the proposed regulation. Reviews of 15 non-reference
models were completed and proposed revisions to the modeling guideline were prepared. Direct
technical modeling guidance was provided to regional offices and States.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,110,000 and 92 permanent workyears, of
which $3,560,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,549,300 is for Abatement, Control and
Compliance. Contracts continue to support the work required for technical guidance in the
submittal of SIPs for nonattainment areas, with particular emphasis on assisting States deve-
loping adequate data bases for their 1982 Oa/CO submittals and for New Source Review/Prevention
of Significant Deterioration analysis. Follow-up on conditional approvals of 1979 non-attain-
ment SIPs and implementation of SIP schedules and commitments will continue in 1981. Submit-
tals of schedules for the implementation of transportation control measures are expected.
Areas granted 18-month extensions for submittal of plans to meet secondary total suspended
particulates (TSP) standards will be submitting plans in early 1981 and these will require
review and approval action. Review and approval action on lead SIP submittals will be under-
taken. Regulations implementing the revised NAAQS for nitrogen dioxide will be proposed.
Continued regulatory efforts will result in promulgation of regulations for stack heights,
visibility and regional consistency, and proposal of continuous emission monitoring regulations.
The program of policy and technical guidance for States and Regional Offices in preparation
of the 1982 ozone/CO SIPs will continue. The Northeast Corridor modeling effort will be given
technical direction and data analysis initiated under contract. A program to manage and ensure
national consistency in New Source Review will be conducted.
Policy and technical guidance for regulatory reform efforts such as banking and the
"bubble" will be provided.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $160,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity
is $19,500.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a. decrease of $10,000 was
applied to this activity.
- An increase of $190,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Offsetting transfers of $161,700 were made between this activity and A1r Quality and
Enission Data Analysis Progress Assessment In the Salaries and Expenses and Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriations,
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $5,127,800 and 93 permanent workyears for this program, of
which $3,823,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,304,600 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an increase of $262,500 and a de-
crease of $244,700 respectively, and reflects reprogramming to meet increased payroll costs.
The emphasis in 1982 will be to continue national management and evaluation of all
major SIP programs which were initiated in previous years. Policy and technical guidance will
be provided for Os/CO SIP development and for implementation of new/fevised ambient standards.
Development of new models and emission factors for particulates, maintenance of the BACT/LAER
clearinghouse, review of State implementation of New Source Review programs, the provision
of modeling guidance on power plant emissions, and assistance to States in implementing regul-
ations dealing with visibility and continuous compliance will continue. Efforts will also
continue to assist the States in implementing EPA regulatory reform Initiatives.
A-15
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Air
Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines
Actual
1930
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Toollars In thousands)
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Appropriation
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses... 4,454 4,325 4,178 4,406 228
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.. 2,298 2,059 3,457 2,004 -1,453
Mobile Source !n-'Jse
Emissij.i Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses... 1<»4 176 227 272 +45
Abatement, Control
and Compliance* 1,769 2,369 ' 1,260 1,444 +184
Emission Testing,
Analysis and Data
Support for Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses... 2,580 2,319 2,600 3,794 +1,194
Abatement, Control
and Compliance......... 113 150___._ JO ,.. __ -30
Total;
Salaries and Expenses 7,228 6,820 7,005 8,472 +1,467
Abatement and Control
and Compliance..., 4,180 4,578 4,747 3,448 -1,292
Grand Total 11,408 11,398 11,752 11,920 +163
Permanent Positions
Mobile Source Standards
and Guidelines 108 108 112 113 +1
Mobile Source In-Use
Emission Assessment 6 6 7 -7 ...
Emission Testing,
Analysis and Data
Support for Standards
and Guide! i,-,^5 46 38 . 27 32 +5
Total 160 152 146 152 +6
Full-time Equivalency
Mobile Source Standards
and Suildelines 149 135 131 132 +1
Mobile Source In-Use
Emission Assessment 6 8 8 8
Emission Testing,
Analysis and Oata
Support for Standards +14
and Guideline... . u 50 47 36 50 _
Total 214 190 175 190 +15
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Budget Request
The Agency request a total of $11,919,900 and 152 permanent workyears for 1982, an
increase of 5167,700 and 6 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is
$3,472,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $3,447,900 for Abatement, Control and Compliance,
with an increase of $1,467,100 and a decrease of $1,299,400 respectively. This primarily
reflects shifts to pay increased payroll expenses, equipment and supplies purchases, and
ADP contracts.
Program Description
This subactivity involves the development of emission standards for mobile sources
of air pollution — passenger motor vehicles, heavy duty and light duty trucks, mo tor-
cycles, and aircraft — and associated technical activities, such as testing, technology
assessments, and emissions characterization. It also involves the development of technical
procedures and guidelines applicable to the control of emissions for new and in-use
vehicles.
The development of standards for mobile sources involves characterization of'emissions
and control technology analyses. An essential part of this process is the continuous
assessment of new or improved technologies and their associated potential for change
in the nature of air pollutant emissions and other related performance factors, such
as fuel economy. It also requires tests, monitoring mechanisms, or other strategies
to ensure compliance with the standards. This subactivity includes the technical work
underlying EPA efforts to assure the compliance of both new vehicles (e.g., certifi-
cation) and in-use vehicles (e.g., inspection and maintenance).
Included in this effort are activities aimed at determining mobile source in-use
emissions performance which provides information on the average emissions that are
to be expected from the in-use vehicle population. The, data obtained are used to
calculate the emission reductions required for attainment and maintenance of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Since testing began in 1973, the results have
consistently indicated that between one-half and three-quarters of tested in-use
vehicles fail to meet standards. Much of this failure appears to be attributable to
in-use maladjustments or disablements of vehicle engines or emission control systems.
As emission standards are imposed on additional classes of motor vehicles and the
stringency of these standards increases, reassessments of the control technology used
by the manufacturers are made to determine energy implications and potential emissions
of nonregulated pollutants. For example, emissions of currently unregulated pollutants
for diesel-powered and catalyst-controlled vehicles are being assessed to determine if
additional regulatory action is necessary to prevent the emission of potentially car-
cinogenic or toxic substances.
In addition, technical assessments of the motor vehicle fuel economy program ara
made including possible revisions of fuel economy test procedures and the need for
information about additional classes of vehicles.
MOBILE SOURCE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
1980 Accompli shments , :
The 1980 resources included $2,298,500 for contracts. These contracts supported
standard setting activities, emissions characterization, technology assessments,5nd
inspection and maintenance (I/M) program establishment.
Operations in the regulatory area focused on the establishments of 'emissions stand-
ards for heavy duty vehicles that are equivalent in stringency to those for passenger
cars, as well as the development of appropriate standards for diesel vehicles and vehicles
operated at high altitude. The standards to «eet the 90 percent reduction requirement
for hydrocarbons HC and carbon monoxide (CO) were promulgated, and the evaporative HC
emission standard/test procedure was proposed. Work was completed on standards for
A-17
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participate emission of light duty vehicles, while a heavy duty participate standard
will be proposed in early 1981. Other regulations promulgated during 1980 include exhaust
standards for light duty trucks; a set of short I/M tests designed as part of the imple-
mentation of the Clean Air Act's warranty provisions; and rules aimed at reducing emis-
sions from vehicles at high altitude.
Substantial technical assistance was provided to States and localities which are in
the process of establishing I/M programs. Legal authority was attained in several key
States {27 of 29 required States now have authorizing legislation) and final SIP approval
action was taken for 19 States. The 10 remaining plans are expected to receive final
approval in 1981. Individual studies and analyses which further describe \he benefits
to be obtained from I/M were completed in conjunction with the Portland, Oregon vehicle
testing program.
Technological development in the automotive emissions field were analyzed and major
improvements in EPA's national fuel economy program were designed and are being implemented.
In the area of hazardous pollutant control, Implementation of Section 202(a)(4)
continued.
1981 Program
In 1981 j the Agency allocated a total of $7,635,700 and 112 permanent workyears to*"~
this program, of which S4,178,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,457,300 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Regulatory actions include final standards for heavy duty vehicles. Emission standards
will be proposed for heavy duty diesel particulates, nitrogen oxide (NQx) gaseous emissions,
and HC evaporative emissions. In addition, final action will occur on light duty vehicle
and truck high altitude emissions. New regulatory action will be initiated in the areas
of allowable maintenance, fuel and fuels additives, and diesel organics control. Reports
on railroad emissions and light duty vehicle technology will be prepared for Congress.
In the I/M area, public awareness activities will become increasingly important,
especially with increased voluntary testing_prior to mandatory inspection in many States.
Public awareness guidelines for implementing agencies and broad range support activities,
such as quality assurance for decentralized programs, will be provided as well as specific
public information materials.
New initiatives designed to improve the national fuel economy program will include
voluntary labeling and information disclosure on tires, a pilot fuel economy check-up
program which could be implemented in States' I/M program, and voluntary labeling of
fuel efficient oils. A 19fll fuel economy report to Congress is also planned.
In the area of hazardous pollutant control, studies of nitrosamines and bioactive
paniculate emissions control will be initiated. Ongoing activities include Section
202(a)(4) implementation. Additional reports will be prepared on critical materials
for catalysts, synthetic fuel characterization, evaporative emissions at high temperature,
and an analysis of emissions under non-FTP conditions,
1981 Explanati on of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $1,252,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.; the reduction applied to this
activity is $24,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of 58,000
was applied to this activity.
A-18
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- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $119,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $554,200 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $218,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $2,000 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide addi-
tional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties
under Section 10? of the Clean Air Act.
- A transfer of $26,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support the
Radiation Policy Council.
- Reprogrammings to support increased need for contract funds in the area of in-
spection/maintenance* characterization, and technology assessment result in transfers
of $1,953,000 from Mobile Sources In-Use Emission Assessment ($1,109,000); from Emission
Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Standards and Guidelines ($120,000); from Mobile
Source ^reproduction Compliance Verification ($652,000); from Emission Testing, Analysis
and Data Support for Preproduction Compliance Verification (548,000); and from Stationary
Source Enforcement ($24,000).
- Reprogrammings to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP and other in-house
contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies, resulted in a transfer of
$183,400 to Mobile Sources In-Use Emission Assessment (-$45,000); Emission Testing
Analysis and Data Support for Preproduction Compliance Verification (-$30,900); and
Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Standards and Guidelines (-$107,500).
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,409,600 and 113 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $4,405,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$2,004,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an in-
crease of $227,400 and a decrease of .$1,453,300 respectively, and reflects reprogramming
of resources to emissions testing, analysis and data support, as well as to meet increased
payroll costs.
Work will proceed to complete and implement the standards for heavy duty HC, CO,
NOx, and particulate emissions. Issues related to evaporative emissions standards
for heavy duty vehicles will be addressed, and pollutant specific studies for changing
the HC and CO standards will be prepared. Additional work will be done on the control
of diesel particulates and organic emissions. Setting of emission standards for high
altitude vehicles will proceed, together with an assessment of the need for high altitude
emission standards for heavy duty engines. Fuels and fuel additives control regulations
will be proposed.
Recommendations for waivers of the NOx'standards for model years 1983 and 1984 for
light duty diesel vehicles will be made. The NOx emission standard for aircraft for
19S3 will be reevaluated in light of the increased fuel consumption requirements.
Support will be provided to all States implementing I/M programs. Improvements in
I/M effectiveness will be investigated (e.g., identification of misfueled vehicles,
mechanics" training effectiveness), and assessments will be made of the effectiveness
of decentralized I/M programs.
Diesel emissions carcinogenicity will be assessed, as well as technology aimed
at controlling diesel exhaust. Emissions from the use of synfuels and evaporative
emissions of HC at higher, non-FTP temperatures will be determined. The assessment
A-19
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of technology available to meet the light duty vehicles emission standards will provide
extensive information on the impact of new technology on unregulated emissions, and will
provide an overall air quality impact assessment for regulated pollutants. Technology
assessment projects will be conducted for such topics as: electronics sensors for emis-
sion control malfunctions, the effect of tampering on electronic emission control systems,
and technical solutions to vehicle misfueling problems. .
Assessments will be performed on fuel economy trends and the impact of emission
controls on fuel economy, and improvement to the representativeness of for EPA fuel
economy data will be aimed at enhancing the national fuel economy program. Factors
that affect in-use fuel economy will be assessed in depth (e.g., Impacts of various
acceleration regimes, variations in octane of gasolines).
MOBILE SOURCE IN-USE EMISSION ASSESSMENT •
1930 Accomplishments
1980 resources included $1,768,900 for contracts for testing of in-use vehicle
populations in order to provide updated emission factors. This work is a continu-
ation of work initiated in 1973 to determine in-use vehicles emissions under various
conditions, and to provide appropriate analyses to assess program effectiveness and
the need for both State and national control programs. Data were also collected
to prepare the AP-42 emissions factors update. Testing of in-use light duty diesels
and new technology vehicles will continue in 1981.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,486,600 and 7 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $225,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,260,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Testing of in-use vehicles in order to determine their extent of compliance with
standards, as well as to assess reasons for any exceedances will continue. A study
to assess emission factors methodology will continue through 1982 and new restora-
tive maintenance testing will take place in 1981. The development of in-use emission
factors for use by States for their Implementation plans is an ongoing activity of
this program,
1981 Explanajtijn^gf Changes from Budget Est 1 mate
The net decrease of $1,058,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted 1n a decrease
of S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $1,200.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $7,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $14,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and 1s
included in a proposal supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammi ng to support increased need for contract funds 1n the areas of inspec-
tion/maintenance, characterization and technology assessment, resulted in a transfer of
$1,109,000 to Mobile Sources Standards and Guidelines.
- Reprogramming to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP and other in-house
contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies resulted in a transer of $45,000
from Mobile Sources Standards and Guidelines ($45,000).
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,716,400 and 7 permanent workyears for this pro-
gram of which 5272,500 is for the Salaries and-Expenses Appropriation and 51,443,900
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase
of $45,900 and $183,900 respectively, which reflects increased emission factors testing.
Emission factors for use by States in SIP development will be provided. In-use
light duty vehicles will be tested to determine their actual anissions performance
to determine causes for failure to meet emission standards. During 1982, the results
of a study aimed at improving the sampling methodology of this testing program will
be implemented in order to enhance the statistical credibility of the test results.
EMISSIONS TESTING.ANALYSIS AND DATA SUPPORT FOR STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
1980 Accompli shments
1980 resources included $112,600 in contracts for data processing and testing
support. Activities included baseline testing for a NOX standard for heavy duty
engines, support for test procedure improvements aimed at assuring the validity of
the FTP, and efforts to characterize emissions of new technology vehicles. Statistical
and analytic support to I/M evaluation and for the AP-42 update was provided.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated to total of $2,629,900 and 27 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $2,59^,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $30,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation. Data
processing and testing support will continue to be provided to the other program
activities which require this assistance and efforts tO-enhance the capability of the
laboratory to cope with new technology vehicles will be carried out.
1981 ExplanationofChanges from Budget Estimate
The net increase of 5160,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1
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- Reprogrammings to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP and other in-
house contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies resulted in a transfer
of $359,700 from Mobile Sources Standards and Guidelines ($107,500); and from Mobile
Sources "reproduct ion Compliance Verification ($252,200).
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,793,900 and 32 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $3,793,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This
represents an increase of $1,194,000 and 5 permanent workyears and a decrease of
$30,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This increase
reflects funding of projects deferred from 1981 as well as new purchases for in-
house contracts, equipment and supplies for heavy-duty testing, and AOP contracts.
This program element consists of essential support activities for other program
activities in the form of data analysis and laboratory testing. This includes pro-
vision of testing and data analysis activity in support of State I/M program imple-
mentation, and supervision of the study to improve the statistical methodology of the
emission factors program.
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AIR
State Programs Resource Assistance
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate -Estimate Decrease -
_T9jKL 1981 1981 J982 1982 vs. 1981
" (doll a rs inthous and?) ~
Appropriations
Control Agency Resource
Supplementation:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance $82,758 $87,673 $87,673 $87,735 + $62
Training:
Salaries and Expenses.... 409 419 301 382 + 81
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.. ,. 1,022 fifil 1,068 661 -407
Grants for Planning Control
of Carbon Monoxide and
Photochemical Oxidants in
Nonattainment Areas:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 38,089 ... ... ... ...
Northeast Corridor
Regional Project:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 1,500 ._._. ... ^ ... ...
Total:
Salaries and Expenses... 409 419 ' 301 382 +81
Abatement, Control and
Compliance • 123.370 88.334 88.741 88,396 -341
Grand Total.. 123,779 88,753 89,042 88,778 -264
Permanent Positions
Control AgencyResource
Supplementation ... ... ... ... ...
Training... , 7 6 6 6 ._._._
Total , 76 6 6 ...
Ful1-time Equivalency
Control Agency Resource
Supplementation, 22 i ; 65 65 65
Trai ni ng •. 7 8 8 8 ...
Total 39 73 73 73
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $88,777,700 and 6 permanent workyears for 1982, a
decrease of 5264,800 from 1981. Included in this total is $381,800 for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $88,395,9^0 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, with an increase of $80,700 and a decrease of $345,500 respectively.
The decrease requested for Abatement, Control and Compliance reflects increased Regional
assumption of Draining activities, and the increase is for payroll costs.
A-23
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Program Description . . "' .
This subactivity provides financial support to State and local air pollu-
tion control agencies, including Indian tribes, for the prevention, abatement,
and control of air pollution, including the provision of contractual assistance
to States in lieu of direct grants. Its prime objective is to develop and
maintain effective State and local programs for the attainment and maintenance
of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, the prevention of significant
deterioration, and the protection of visibility. ;
Grants to control agencies having a major role In developing and carrying
out these SIP and other requirements, constitute the major form of EPA resource
assistance. Grants assistance is supplemented by the assignment of personnel,
training of State/local air pollution personnel, and the provision of services
of contractors for specific tasks identified by the States and localities, as
required for carrying out or revising the State Implementation Plan. Grant
assistance supports numerous State and local control efforts, including enforce-
ment of emission regulations, development of emission inventories, application
of dispersion modeling techniques, air quality monitoring, control strategy/
regulation development and development of programs for implementation of required
transporation control measures and autombile inspection/maintenance (I/M).
Emphasis is being given to Improving State/local air quality monitoring, adoption
by States of additional regulations for control of emissions of volatile organic
compounds (VOC), implementation of new source review programs, particularly
for the prevention of significant deterioration, increased inspections of major
sources, and expedited enforcement actions. These activities are covered 1n
the following program elements.
Control Agency ResourceSupplementation Under the Clean Air Act, the
control of5 air poVVutiohTlftits; Sourceis primarily the responsibility of the
States. States, 1n cooperation with local agencies, are responsible for developing
and implementing plans to attain and maintain ambient air quality standards.
EPA partially funds the operating costs of these State and local agency programs.
Training Resource assistance is further supplemented by the provision of
training in specialized areas of air pollution control. Since July 1, 1976, the
EPA Air Pollution Training Institute at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
has been operated under contract. New courses are developed as needed, instruction
manuals and jnaterials are revised and updated, laboratory courses at Research
Triangle Park are conducted, and manuals and instructional materials are provided
to university field centers. A small EPA staff monitors the contract, maintains
liaison with Regional Offices and State and local agencies, assesses changing
training requirements, and ensures that those requirements are met. The EPA
staff also works with regional university centers to develop State and local
self-sufficiency in training by offering courses at field locations.
CONTROL AGENCY RESQURCESUPPLEMENTATION
1980 Accomplishments
The 193.0 resources included 582,758,700 in extramural funds. In 1980, major
air management efforts included: completion of submittals of 1979 State Implemen-
tation Plans (SIPs) for the attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) and follow up actions to meet conditions specified in EPA approvals;
development of programs for automotive Inspection/maintenance (I/M), transportation
control, and the regulation of sources emitting volatile organic compounds (VOC).
State/local monitoring programs continued efforts t9 establish the National Air
Monitoring Stations (NAMS) Network, including necessary quality assurance programs,
and to prepare a comprehensive data base for the 1982 ozone .(03) SIP within the
larger urban nonattainment areas. Enforcement activities focused on major stationary
source compl iance. ' ;
A-24
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1981 Program
In 1981, The Agency allocated $87,673,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance Appropriation. SIP implementation with emphasis on programs for
inspection/maintenance, transportation controls, and the control of"additional
sources of volatile organics will continue. Enforcement activities will focus
on major source compliance, including assessments of noncompliance penalties.
States will develop and implement programs for the review and permitting of
new sources for the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) and the
regulation of automotive tampering and fuel switching. State/local efforts
will focus on the completion of NAMS by the January 1981 deadline and the
completion of a data base in preparation for the 1982 03 SIP submittal for
all areas granted attainment date extensions beyond 1982.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
There is no change from the budget estimate.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $87,734,900 for this program, an increase
of $61,900 from 1981. Essential management and administrative functions will
be maintained, including submittal of 1982 ozone/CQ SIPs, enactment of required
additional VOC controls, enforcement where delegated of national emission standards
for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) and new source performance standards (NSPS),
and maintenance of current ambient monitoring efforts. Development and implement a ion
of in-use vehicle control programs, including inspection/maintenance (I/M), trans-
portation controls, and anti-tampering/fuel switching will proceed. State implemen-
tation of the program for prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) for total
suspended particulates (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SO?) will continue. Incorporation
of regulatory reforms (e.g., "bubble" and "banking ) while insuring compatibility
with progress toward ambient air quality standard attainment will receive increased
attention, including efforts to institutionalize these reforms into current State
regulation development efforts. In addition, some States will begin to develop
programs to deal with air toxics, including problems involving incineration and
emissions from Industrial complexes in densely populated urban areas. Special
efforts will be made to optimize current programs for the regulation and control
of VOC for limiting toxic and potentially toxic air emissions. A limited number
of States will also begin to develop and implement pilot/demonstration programs
to assess non-compliance penalties.
TRAINING .
1980 Acpmpl 1 shment s
The 1980 resources included $1,022,500 in extramural funds. Eighty-one direct
training courses were conducted and eight courses were developed or revised. Graduate
level traineeships were provided for 36 control agency employees and employees doing
graduate work at the Environmental Mangement Institute at the University of Southern
California. Under EPA grants to Colorado State University, mechanic training related
to motor vehicle inspection/maintenance programs was was conducted.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,369,500 and 6 permanent work
years, of which $301,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,068,400 is for extra-
mural purposes 1n the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Seventy
four training courses will be conducted in 20 subject areas for about 1,900 trainees.
Three hundred and forty trainees will complete self instructional courses, three new
courses will be developed and five courses will be revised. Approximately 25 control
agency employees will be supported by graduate traineeships.
A-25
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1981 Exp.l ana.t 1 on of Changes from Budget E st i mate
The net increase of $289,700 results from several actions, as
f ol 1 ows: .
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $2,000.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$1,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress increased the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
by $278,900 to support academic training.
- An increase of $13,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-bbard needs
result in a transfer of $128,500 to Emission Standards and Technology Assessment
($74,200); and to State Program Guidelines and Regulations Development ($54,300).
- Reprogramming of $74,200 from Emission Standards and Technology
Assessments; and $54,300 from State Program Guidelines and Regul at1 ons
Development, to realign contract funds.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of SI ,042,800 and 6 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $381,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$661,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation. This 1s
an increase of 580,700 and a decrease of $407,400 respectively from 1981.
Increased payroll costs and regional assumption of some control agency employee
training are reflected in these shifts.
The development and conduct of training on basic aspects of air pollution
control will continue in 1982. Twenty-eight training courses will be conducted
for 980 trainees and graduate traineeships to 20 control agency employees will
continue.
A-26
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AIR
Air Quality Strategies Implementation
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
(do!1ars in thousands;
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Apprgpriation
Ai r QuaVity Management
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...
Total.
Permanent Positions.
Full-time Equivalency....
$9,644
197
9,841
318
356
58,655
221
8,876
288
313
$9,070
311
9,381
285
309
$10,462
2,243
12,705
311
338
+$1 ,392
+1,932
+3,324
+26
+29
BudgetRequest
The Agency requests a total of $12,705,200 and 311 permanent workyears, an increase of
$3,324,100 and 26 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $10,462,300 for
Salaries and Expenses and $2,242,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation,
an increase of 31,392,400 and 51,931,700 respectively. These increases reflect increased
involvement by the Regional Offices in EPA/State efforts to accelerate efforts to establish
control over toxic air pollutants and assume effective implementation of regulatory reform
initiatives such as the "bubble" and banking.
Program Description
This subactivity includes the provision by the regional offices of policy direction and
guidance to States in the development and implementation of strategies for the attainment
and maintenance of National Antr'ent Air Quality Standards and the conduct of other control
activities required to meet the goals of the Clean Air Act. This involves the review of State
developed strategies for consistency with the requirements of the. Clean Air Act and EPA
regulations, and tracking the schedules set forth in these strategies, including assessments
of State progress toward attaining standards by the statutory deadlines.
It also includes the development by EPA of strategies for specific geographical areas
where States do not prepare adequate plans for attaining and maintaining standards; the in-
corporation of these control strategies into appropriate Federal regulatory action; and the
interaction with State and local governments ire implementing these strategies. Other major
activities include the audit of State and local control agencies for adherence to Federal
requirements and guidelines; consultation with State and local control agencies on specific
air pollution control problems; review of the impact of new sources of air pollution; and the
management of State and local agency grant resources and their allocation.
Air Quality Management Implementation - The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 specify stringent
criteria for preparing State Implementation Plans (SIP) and substantially increase the number
of plans required. Therefore, major efforts are required for the review and approval of the
SIPs and for the promulgation of plans where State plans are inadequate.
A-27
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Major efforts are also necessary to provide guidance to States in meeting the commitments
made in SIP submissions which are essential to the attainment of standards, including esta-
blishment of mandatory automotive inspection/ maintenance programs, adoption of.transportation
control measures, evaluation of urban fugitive dust and additional stationary source controls.
Major EPA regional office activity is also required to guide States in developing the
necessary data base and strategy demonstrations which are required for the 1982 SIP submission
for ozone and carbon monoxide, where an extension of time for attainment under the Act has
been granted. This includes extensive interaction with local elected officials, metropolitan
planning organizations, State transportation departments, and the State air pollution control
agencies, and requires major EPA regional office coordination efforts. EPA regions must par-
ticipate actively with the States in the local planning processes to assure that air quality
considerations are taken into account in a meaningful way and that the local plans, parti-
cularly the transportation elements, are Integrated into the SIP as enforceable measures in a
timeframe consistent with the requirements of the Act. These activities are expected to extend
through 1982. Similar activities will have to be carried out to develop and review SIPs for
lead and for other revisions to standards as required by the Act.
The 1977 Amendments also impose major new requirements on the process for reviewing new
sources of pollution to assure that they will not cause deterioration of air quality in areas
attaining the National Ambient Qua! ity Standards (NAAQS), or that will not delay attainment or
aggravate current problems in areas not yet attaining the NAAQS. The determination of best
available emission control technology, analysis of air quality impact, selective source siting,
and emission trade-off analyses are all integral to this review process and will require EPA
regional office resources.
AIR ....QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
1980Accomplishments
The 1980 resources included $197,500 in contract funds for the salaries of NOAA meteo-
rologists who provide modeling support to EPA through assistance with computer programs,
meteorological assessments and reviews of SIP models. The major efforts undertaken included
the tracking, overview, and guidance of State efforts to complete development and begin im-
plementation of the various schedules contained in the 1979 SIP. This included securing en-
abling legislation for mandatory I/M programs; enacting regulations for control of additional
major source categories of volatile organic emissions; developing procedures and making com-
mitments to establish I/M programs; analyzing transportation control measures potential; af?d
analyzing and developing measures for control of urban fugitive dust. Also included was the
annual review of State progress in meeting the reasonable further progress (RFP) requirement
of the 19_77 Amendments to the Clean Air Act. The meeting of these requirements is essential
to" assure attainment" of air quality"standards.
In 1980, the EPA regional offices also provided guidance and review of state lead SIP
submissions, and the development of the required 1982 SIPs in nonattainment areas for ozone
and carbon monoxide, where EPA has approved a time extension for attainment of standards.
This effort focuses upon the development of new emission inventories and other data bases and
requires a more sophisticated demonstration of air quality standard attainment.
Other activities included the overview of State new source review programs, including
the audit of selected State reviews to insure consistency with the requirements of the Clean
Air Act and EPA regulations. EPA regions are actively assisting States in developing programs
for the prevention of significant deterioration where such programs were not established in
1979.
T981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a toal of $9,381,100 and 285 permanent workyears to
this program, of which $9,069,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $311,200
is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. E^A
regional offices will maintain the 1980 emphasis on follow-up and implementation of the 1979
nonattainment SIPs, development of the 1982 ozone/CO SIPs, and State assumption of responsi-
bility for New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration. Regional offices will
follow up on SIP commitments and schedules for I/M, TCM, and fugitive dust programs. States
A-28
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requiring additional controls on emissions of volatile organics (VOC) will be assisted in
developing consistent regulations. States will be assisted in reviewing applications for
use of. the "bubble", a method of assessing emission limitations that covers the emissions from
the entire facility.
Regions will continue to assist States in completing the 1982 ozone'and CO SJPs. In
1981, many I/M programs will be completing the pilot or demonstration phases, and decisions
will be made on full-scale implementation. Transportation control ineasures will be selected
and programs for implementation will be presented to the public and appropriate agencies for
support and implementation. EPA involvement and leadership is critical in these areas.
The management of NSR is especially important in 1981, as many States will just have
assumed responsibility for the program. State/local actions which may adversely impact on
ambient air quality standards under Sections 109(j) of the Federal Highway Act and 176(c) of
the Clean Air Act will be reviewed for consistency with SIPs.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $505,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7
million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses; The reduction applied to this activity is
$55,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $6,600 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by J3.8 million; a decrease of
$6,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease
of $22,400 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $577,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a
transfer of 354,500 to Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (-$9,400); from regional management
($24,200); to Stationary Source Enforcement (-594,300); from Water Quality Permit Issuance
($5,800); from Water Quality Enforcement ($12,300); and from Radiation Program Implementation
(56,900).
- Reprogrammings to support an interagency agreement resulted in a transfer of $13,100
from Ambient Air Quality Monitoring.
- Reprogrammings of 53,900 from planning, evaluation an4 analysis reflect the need to
increase technical resources available to work on the CAA amendments and the evaluation of
sewage sludge incinerators.
- Reprogrammings of $12,800 from Ambient Air Quality Monitoring provide for the services
of a meteorologist through an interagency agreement with NOAA*
- Reprogrammings of $15,000 from noise regional program implementation to support SIP
efforts.
- Reprogrammings to support SIP activities in the areas of technical review of SIPs, SIP
certification review and docket control resulted in a transfer of $135,000 from Ambient Air
Quality Monitoring ($54,000); from Stationary Source Enforcement ($43,100) and from noise
regional program implementation ($37,900).
A-29
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- Reprogrammings of $20,300 to Ambient Air Quality Monitoring to provide for the funding
of an interagency agreement.
- Reprogr awnings of $27,100 to pesticides use management to support the implementation of
a Federal pesticide program.
- Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer of $50,200 to hazardous
waste enforcement (-$10,000); to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (-$39,500); and to toxic
substances enforcement (-$700).
- Reprogrammings of $4,000 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites were made to reallocate
travel funds.
- A transfer of $4,600 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to
provide additional resources to that Office.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $12,705,200 and 311 permanent woricyears for this program,
of which $10,462,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,242,900 is for
the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation.
Essential regional offices management functions will be: rulemaking on all State-
submitted regulatory actions as well as EPA-initiated SIP revisions; Section 105 grants
program management; completion of all major new source review/ prevent ion of significant
deterioration activities including PSD Set I SIPs; management of all 1982 ozone and CO
SIPs, VOC regulations and TCM programs; and activities related to continuing required I/M
programs.
In addition, Regional Offices will continue to facilitate public participation in EPA
regulatory activities, develop State/EPA agreements, perform program planning and budgeting,
and conduct performance evaluations of large grantee agencies and consistency audits.
EPA will initiate regulatory reform implementation, and toxic pollutant controls.
One significant area of airborne toxics which will receive particular attention is the
emissions generated in large incinerators, both industrial and municipal. These incinerators
are expected to be Increasingly used for hazardous as well as conventional wastes. Extra-
mural support for these three initiatives will consist of additional modeling or model runs
to support "bubble" proposals and SQj emission limitation changes, as well as modeling and
special analysis of toxic air pollutant emissions from industrial concentration and from
incinerators to determine their cpntribut'ion to the exposure of specific at risk population
groups.
A-30
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AIR
Mobile Source Preproduction Compliance Verification
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Apt>rggrfat_1pn
Preproduction Compliance
Verification:
Salaries and Expenses.. 1,752 2,128
Abatementi Control
and Compliance.. 26 754
Emissions Testing, Analysis
and Data Support for
Preproduction Compliance
Verification:
Salaries and Expenses.. 1,395 1,534
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 261 168r.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.. 3,147 3,662
Abatement, Control
and Compliance ..J-87 922-:;
Grand Total.............. 3,434 4,584
Permanent Positions
Preprbduct1 on Compl i a nee
Verification.. 50 55
Emission Testing, Analysis
and Data Support for
Preproduction Compliance
Verifications..... n,_,,J;P 29
Total ,. 70 84
Full-time iquivalency
^reproduction Compliance
Verification ......... 62 65
Emission Testing, Analysis
and Data Support for
Preproduction Compliance
Verification 38 42
Total 100 107
(do!1arsinthousands;
1,912
102
1,598
120
3,510
222
3,732
46
34
80
58
54
2,467
387
1,906
244
4,373
631
5,004
53
34
87
65
45
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+555
+285
+308
+124
+863
+409
+1,272
+7
+7
-9
112
110
-2
A-.31
-------
BudgetRequest
The Agency requests a total of $5,004,500 and 87 permanent workyears
for 1982, an Increase of $1,272,600 and 7 permanent workyears from 1981.
Included in this total is $4,373,100 for Salaries and Expenses and $631,400
for Abatement, Control and Compliance, an increase of $863,200 and $409,400
respectively. Increases in this subactivity provide for implementing new
improvements In the certification and fuel economy programs.
Program Descri pti on
This subactivity includes: (1) engineering review and confirmatory test-
ing of prototype motor vehicles and engines in order to certify their
compliance with emission standards and verify their fuel economy values;
(2) semi-annual publication of fuel economy guides and calculation of corpo-
rate average fuel economy values; and (3) related technical, program development,
and data processing support.
EPA is currently implementing improvements in its certification program.
In previous years, motor vehicle manufacturers' complete lines of vehicles
and engines had undergone an extensive review and-verification process carried
out by EPA, The full certification process involves the submission of applica-
tions to EPA by the manufacturers; the development of emissions performance
information by manufacturers or EPA on the basis of prototype vehicle testing;
and the review of these data by EPA for the purpose of determining compliance
with standards. However, the potential air quality impact of improperly
certifying a vehicle is not equal for all manufacturers or engine families.
Rather, the air quality risk is related to the degree of failure and the
number of vehicles sold. Consequently, EPA has undertaken reforms to this
program which reduce the paperwork, reporting, and testing burdens on the
automobile, truck, and motorcycle industries by giving them more control
over the management of the certification process and by limiting EPA involvement
primarily to non-routine questions which arise and final review of the completed
application.
The certification process also results in the generation of vehicle fuel
economy data. These data are the foundation of EPA's fuel economy public In-
formation activities (carried out jointly with the Department of Energy),
and are used to support the Department of Transportation's program of compli-
ance with the fuel economy standards as required by the Energy Policy and
Conservation Act.
MOBILE SOURCE PREPRODUCTION COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION
1980 Accomplishments
The 1980 resources included $26,000 in contract funds for data processing
and analytical support of certification and fuel economy testing. Essentially
all manufacturers participated voluntarily in the revised certification pro-
cess. Only a very few engine families suspected of compliance problems
received the full EPA-directed review, which saved resources for both manufac-
turers and EPA.
Criteria for the review of vehicles using ^electronic control systems,
which had undergone further refinement in 1979, were implemented, as were
parameter adjustment regulations. The model year 1981 light duty vehicles
(which underwent certification during this year) met more stringent emissions
standards for CO, NOX and evaporative hydrocarbons. Implementation of these
tighter standards completed the required changes in the basic light duty
vehicle standards program, as required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1977.
A-32
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Support to the Department of Transportation's fuel economy program re-
ceived a greater level of effort than 1n 1979. A high priority was placed
on procedural improvements aimed at assuring more reliable fuel economy values
and on an increased level of testing to assure improved compliance with fuel
economy standards and better fuel economy public information.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,014,000 and 46 permanent
workyears to this program, of which $1,912,000 is for Salaries and Expenses
and $102,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Com-
pliance appropriation. The same level of effort for certification and
assembly line audits as 1980 is planned for 1981. The model year 1982 certi-
fication process will include for the first time implementation of a
particulate standard for light duty vehicles. Final high altitude performance
adjustment rules will be implemented.
In the area of fuel economy information, revised regulations to improve
the representativeness of fuel economy data and revise the fuel economy labels
and data base will be promulgated. As part of the national fuel economy pro-
gram, EPA will continue to provide data for bi-annual publication of the Gas
Mileage Guides by DOE and verification of corporate average fuel economy
(CAFE) standards compliance by DOT.
1981 Expl anati on of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $868,300 results from Several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this ativity 1s $12,200.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$1,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $51,300 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $100,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is Included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
I
- Reprogramming $652,000 to Mobil Sources Standards and Guidelines to ;
support increased need for contract funds in the areas of inspection/maintenance,
characterization, and technology assessment.
- Reprogramming $252,200 to Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support
for Standards, and Guidelines to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP
and other in-house contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies.
The Agency requests a total of $2,854,100 and 53 permanent workyears for
this program, of which $2,466,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $387,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is
an increase of $554,900 and 7 permanent workyears, and $285,200 respectively.
Increased resouces are earmarked to accelerate development for regulations related
to both the fuel economy program and changes in the certification program.
A-33
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The model year 1983 certification program will include implementation of
new standards for light duty vehicles sold at high altitude. Certification
of compliance with the emission standards will continue, including a full
assembly line audit program for manufacturers of light duty vehicles. In
addition, a new set of procedures which reduce reporting and testing requirements
in order to expedite the certification process for small manufacturers of light
duty vehicles will be implemented. Regulations formalizing further improvements
to the certification process will be developed.
In the fuel economy area, data will be reviewed and analyzed for potential
problems more efficiently as a result of improvements in data handling and
review systems. Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) will be determined and
transmitted to DOT. Fuel economy labels will be approved and the fuel economy
guide data will be provided to DOE.
EMISSION TESTING. ANALYSIS AND DATA SUPPORT FOR PREPRODUCTION
COMPLIANCE' WRTF'ICATIW ' ' ' ! ! ! !
1980 Accpinpl i shments
1980 resources included $261,500 in contract funds for support of emission
testing and data processing activities. These resources supported laboratory
and data processing activities associated with emission certification and fuel
economy compliance.
1981Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,717,900 and 34 permanent
workyears to this program, of which $1,597,900 is for Salaries and Expenses
and $120,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. These resources provide for development of special
facilities for testing diesel vehicles, laboratory support for certification
and fuel economy, computer programming, and related administrative support
to the certification and fuel economy programs.
19.81 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $15,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and
Espenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $6,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease
of $800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million;
a decrease of $41,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $82,100 results from the cost of the October 1980
pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to support increased need for contract funds in
the areas of inspection/maintenance, characterization, and technology
assessment resulted in a transfer to Mobile Sources Standards and
Guidelines (-$48,000).
- Reprogrammings to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP
and other in-house contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies
resulted in a transfer from Mobile Sources Standard and Guidelines ($30,100).
A-34
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,150,400 and 34 permanent workyears for
this program, of which $1,906,200 1s for the Salaries and Expenses appropria-
tion and $244,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase of $308,300 and $124,200 respectively from 1981,
which will be used primarily for improvements in the processing and analysis
of data used in the fuel economy and certification programs. More sophisticated
data generation will be needed as a result of revised fuel economy labels and
new types of testing.
These resources provide both emissions and fuel economy testing. Cap-
ability for testing for compliance with the emission standards for 1984 model
year heavy duty engines will be established. Correlation of the EPA test
facility with manufacturer's test facilities will be established and addi-
tional correlation tests will be performed specifically for cases of suspected
or established quality control problems.
A-35
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AIR
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment
Appropriation
Ant lent Air Quality
Monitoring:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance..
Air Quality and Emissions
Data Analysis and Progress
Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Grand Total................
Permanent Positions
Ambient AirQuality
Mon 1 tori ng
Air Quality and Emissions
Data Analysis and Progress
Assessment.....
Total,
Ful1-ti me Equi valency
Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring.... .
Air Quality and Emissions
Data Analysis and Progress
Assessment
Total
Budget Request
Actual
1980
$2,533
58
114
85
43
128
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate Estimate
1981 1981 1982
ftfol1arsinthousands)
$2,387
320
4,469 4,493
116
89
39
128
$2,683
181
4,691
116
88
39
127
$2,945
310
5,060
116
89
39
128
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$262
+129
1,625
253
4,158
311
1,496
290
3,883
610
1,430
397
4,113
578
1 ,605
200
4,550
510
+175
197
+437
-68
+369
78
3.6
82
34
82
34
82
34
The Agency requests a total of $5,060,600 and 116 permanent workyears for 1982, an
increase of $369,200 from 1981. Included in this total is $4,550,100 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $510,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation,
an increase of $437,100 and a decrease of $67,900 respectively. Resource shifts primarily
reflect increased payroll costs,
Program Description
This subactivity covers work related to' monitoring ambient air quality, determining
source emissions, analyzing their relationships and assessing the progress made toward the
attainment of environment goals.
A-36
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Ambient Air Quality Monitoring - Activity in this program includes:
1) EPA's management and overview of state ambient air quality monitoring networks,
associated laboratory and field quality assurance activities and the implementation of air
monitoring strategies as delineated in 40 CFR 58; 2) the coordination of regional and
State field investigation activities for collecting ambient air quality samples, for
subsequent sample analysis and related quality control; 3) the management of source emissions
determinations, and 4) the necessary management and coordination for ensuring timely
Storage and validation of data obtained from the first three activities.
Air Duality Emissions Data Analysis and Progress Assessments - Major activities include
national management o^regional office. State ana local ambient monitoring programs and
issuance of new/revised regulatory requirements and related technical guidance; active
oversight of the National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) to ensure continuing conformance
with all regulatory criteria and adequacy of NAMS data for progress assessments and
management decisions; operations of systems for storing, retrieving and analyzing ambient
air quality and emission data; development and implementation of systems to meet user
requirements, and preparation of trends analyses and related air quality and emission
progress assessments for policy evaluation and development and to meet public information
needs.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
1980 Accpmpl1shments
The 1980 resources included $57,600 in contract funds for quality assurance audits and
equipment maintenance. The implementation of the air monitoring strategy through achievement
of the requirements of 40 CFR 58 was the major activity during 1980. The regulatory
requirements are to be phased in over a five year period beginning in 1979 and ending in
1983. Negotiations with States were completed for defining the State/local air monitoring
stations (SLAMS) network needed for SIP purposes and which SLAMS would comprise the
national network needed primarily for national trends and progress assessments.
The regions continued their program of on-slte visits to review monitoring stations
for conformance to EPA siting standards and to review laboratories for proper operating
procedures and quality control.
A new program for auditing State quality assurance procedures for defining the quality
of ambient data submitted to EPA was begun in 1980. Information from this program will
provide data users with a check on the States' capabilities of generating precision and
accuracy statements. Data base development for 1982 03 SIP revisions was initiated.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,863,700 and 82 permanent workyears to
this program, of which $2,682,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $181,100 is for extramural
purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The regions will
continue the overview and management of State monitoring programs. This effort includes the
evaluation and review of State monitoring networks for conformance to EPA regulations, and
for adequacy in meeting data needs for trends assessment, compliance evaluation, SIP
development and evaluation. This evaluation and review is done on a network basis and
on-site at individual monitoring stations.
The quality assurance program includes three basic functions: quality assurance
audits of State monitoring systems, coordination of State data quality assessments, and
validation of all NAMS data for adequacy and timeliness. Programs to validate SLAMS data
from critical sites will be initiated. Assistance in special data collection efforts will be
provided for the complex photochemical dispersion modeling used in 1932 ozone SIP development.
Regions will also actively participate in data collection efforts in all cities where
trajectory model s are required for the 1982 submittals and in data base development in large
urban areas for particulate control strategies.
A-37
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EPA will provide management and coordination with States to ensure that necessary
State emission inventories are submitted and stored in the national data bank (NEDS). This
is necessary to ensure that special analyses for individual nonattainment strategy problems
can be undertaken. Regions will participate in performance audits of their laboratories,
provide response to emergency spills or air episodes, and overview source operated monitoring
networks in controversial PSD or energy source sitings.
1981ExplanationofChanges fromBudgetEstimate
The net increase of $156,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and
Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity 1s $15,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3,8 million;
a decrease of $25,700 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $160,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramnring to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a net transfer of +$102,700 from air quality management
implementation ($23,600); from water quality enforcement ($71,100); to
stationary source enforcement (-$1,300); to State programs regulations and
guidelines (-$7,600); and from municipal waste treatment facility construction
($16,900).
- Reprogramming of $13,100 to air quality management implementation to support
an interagency agreement.
- Reprogramming of $4,300 to ambient water quality monitoring to realign contract
funds.
- Regional reprogrammings resulted in a net decrease of -$14,200.
- Reprogramming of $12,800 to air quality management implementations to provide
for the services of a meteorologist through an interagency agreement with NOAA.
- Reprogramming of $22,900 to hazardous waste management regulatory strategy
implementation to provide for sample analysis of"hazardous materials.
- Reprogrammings to support the air quality monitoring program resulted in a
transfer of $87,200 from energy review and permitting ($12,100); from noise regional
program implementation ($31,300); and from stationary source enforcement ($43,800),
- Reprogramming of $54,100 to air quality management implementation to
support SIP activities in the areas of technical review, certification
review, and docket control.
- Reprogramming of $20,300 from air quality management implementation to provide
for the funding of an interagency agreement,
- Reprogramming of $11,900 to noise regional program implementation to support
the Senior Environmental Employment Program,
- Reprogramming of $8,200 to energy review and permitting to support an interagency
agreement meteorologist from NOAA.
- Reprogramming of $32,000 to public systems supervision program assistance to
realign contract funds.
A-38
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,255,800 and 82 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $2,945,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $310,500 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of $262,700
and $129,400 respectively, and reflects reprogramniing 1n both 1981 and and 1982 for increased
payroll costs. The program of overview and management of States monitoring programs will
continue. Regional Offices will evaluate and review State monitoring networks for
conformance to EPA regulations, perform quality assurance audits of State monitoring systems
and performance audits of selected NAMS monitors, validate and coordinate the timely reporting
and storage of air quality data to EPA data banks, prepare air quality profiles, and respond
to air emergency episodes or spills. Necessary coordination for inhalable particulate data
collection will be provided. SLAMS monitoring sites located in primary non-attainment
areas will be evaluated for conformance to EPA regulations, as will monitoring networks
for PSD or energy conversion sources. Quality assurance audits of large local agency
monitoring sytems will be conducted.
AIR QUALITY AND EMISSIONS DATA ANALYSISAND PROGRESS ASSESSMENT
1980 Accomplishments
1980 resources included $253,200 in contract funds to support assessment of environmental
trends and modification of NAMS Information System to permit direct user access to data.
Major program emphasis included national management of State/local air monitoring programs,
Including periodic assessment of compliance with regulatory criteria and issuance of
new/revised regulations and technical guidance; oversight of NAMS through comprehensive
on-site audits, maintenance of detailed information base, interaction with Regional Office
Coordinators, and issuance of periodic reports; operation and updating of EPA's national
air data systems, training and consultation for system users, screening of current NAMS
data and identifying and resolving anomalies in historical NAMS data; numerous special air
quality and emission analyses to support policy and regulation evaluation and development;
publication of annual air quality trends and emission statistics and reports; support for
EPA developed data systems Installed in 35 State/local agencies; and development of a new
air system designed to be responsive to State, local and EPA user requirements.
A continuing program to perform comprehensive audits at a selected sample of NAMS was
Initiated with on-site visits at 329 monitors. Findings from these audits serve as a
primary source of data for assessment of NAMS and provide clear documentation for the
corrective actions needed to comply with EPA criteria. New software and related procedures
which can display data graphically are being developed and made available to States. The
preparation of a user requirements report, technical feasibility study and cost approximation
study for the new system were completed.
Final designation of all NAMS was completed for most of the almost 1,300 monitors
estimated to be required and should be concluded In 1981. Population exposure methods for
carbon monoxide are being developed and tested and preparation of a strategy was begun for
the optimum use of ambient and source monitoring and models. Regulations to revise monitoring
regulations (Part 58) to include lead were proposed.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,827,700 and 34 permanent workyears to
this program, of which $1,430,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $397,300 is for extramural
purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Emphasis will continue
on operation and updating of existing air data systems, on providing training and guidance
to system users, and responding to requests from the public. For the EPA-developed systems
Installed in 35 State/local agencies, assistance and training services will be continued
and systems will be upgraded and modified through software packages to be distributed to
users.
A-39
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Major efforts will be continued to oversee the implementation of EPA's revised air
quality surveillance regulations* Comprehensive on-site audits for an additional 250 NAMS
will be conducted to assess compliance with the regulations. Procedures will be developed
to link precision and accuracy values to NAMS data, and incorporating these into national
trends analyses and other reports which will rely on NAMS as the primary source of data.
By the end of 1981, all NAMS are expected to meet site criteria, use EPA reference methods,
and have quality assurance programs fully operational. The program to identify and resolve
anomalies in historical NAMS data will be continued..
1981 Explanation of Chano.es from Budget Request
The net increase of $42,300 results from several actions, as
follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and
Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $7,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease
of $1,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease
of $17,600 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $68,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Offsetting transfers of $107,400 were made between this activity and .
State program guidelines and regulations in the Salaries and Expenses, and
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,804,800 and 34 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $1,604,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $200,000 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of $174,400
and a decrease of $197,300 respectively, primarily due to increased payroll expenses.
Major 1982 program activities will be to operate existing air data systems and provide
guidance to users, process data requests, and identify anomalies in historical NAMS data;
modify software and data files to accommodate changes in the ambient standards and highest
priority requests by users; produce the Annual Administrator's Report and several special
air quality and emission analyses; provide national oversight of RO/State/local air monitoring
programs; provide active management of NAMS (workshops, manuals and data validation),
maintain site information base on NAMS, and prepare periodic written assessments of the
status of NAMS sites and data relative to regulatory criteria.
Results of current efforts to develop improved air quality indicators will be published
and incorporated into national air publications; comprehensive, on-site audits at selected
HAMS will be performed, and specifications for software and data base management systems
for a new air data system will be developed.
Additional activities include: develop and evaluate statistical air quality models;
prepare and publish trends analyses of selected non-criteria pollutants; prepare guidance
to implement new air monitoring strategy and redesign non-criteria pollutant monitoring
network; prepare operating instructions and training materials for data base management
systems, and actively support users of the Comprehensive Data Handling System through
improved software, troubleshooting and training services, etc.
A-40
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
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AIR
Stationary Source Enforcement
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
~ (dollars" in thousands)
Appropriation
Stationary Source
Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses $13,263 . $13,736 $14,300 $17,146 +$2,846
Abatementt Control and
Compliance 11.356 10.697 10.285 9.841 -444
Total ,. 24,619 24,433 24,585 26,987 +2,402
PermanentPositions ....... 444 471 453 498 +45
Full-timeJqu.lyalency ...... 487 507 489 537 +48
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of 26,987,000 and 498 permanent workyears in 1982,
an increase of $2,401,500 and 45 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this
total is $17,145,800 for Salaries 8 Expenses and $9,841,200 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance, with an increase of $2,845,500, and a decrease of 5444,000,
respectively.
Program Description
The Stationary Source Air Enforcement program is designed to effectively utilize
the enforcement authorities provided by the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, to
ensure that all sources comply with requirements of State Implementation Plans
(SIPs); that new stationary air sources are constructed in accordance with applicable
New Source Review (NSR), New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and Prevention of
Significant Deterioration (PSD) provisions; that new and existing sources subject to
the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) meet
hazardous air pollutant standards; and that relevant provisions of the Power Plant
and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 are implemented.
The major concentration of the stationary source air enforcement program efforts
has been the major source enforcement effort (MSEE) initiated in 1978. EPA
initiated this accelerated enforcement against major stationary source violators
which had never come into initial compliance with applicable requirements
of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. The stationary source enforcement
program is continuing its part of the "SEE by developing and concluding, through
settlement and litigation, cases against large stationary source violators and by
ensuring compliance by closely tracking source compliance schedules, generally
incorporated in judicial consent decrees.
A major element of this program's responsibility is the implementation of
certain new regulations under the Clean Air Act. ' The noncompliance penalty regu-
lations under Section 120, for which implementation began on January 1, 1981, create
a positive incentive for compliance for many major sources in violation. Regula-
tions are also being implemented under Section 119 of the Act, relating to issuance
of administrative orders to primary nonoferrous smelters for the control of sulfur
oxide emmissions. The smelter order program should accelerate the movement toward
compliance for the smelter industry.
A-41
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Further, there will he an expanded commitment to develop a comprehensive
strategy in cooperation with the States to ensure continuous compliance by station-
ary sources. Until this program can be full implemented, EPA will ensure compliance
through support of a strong continuous emissions monitoring program.
EPA assists State air enforcement efforts by supporting State control agencies
through control agency grants, and by providing specialized skill and expertise and
special contractual assistance. EPA will take the primary enforcement role with
respect to selected sources when the States cannot or will not enforce.
1980 Accompli shments
As of December 1980, EPA had initiated 356 civil /criminal actions against air
stationary source facilities and concluded 86 of these cases. Several major air
pollution control agreements were concluded during 198n, including settlements with
steel firms and power plants, which will significantly reduce sulfur dioxide and
particulate emissions.
During 1980, EPA promulgated regulations which establish procedures by which EPA
and States will assess and collect noncompliance penalties under Section 120 of the
Clean Air Act. The regulations also set forth the means by which the States may
assume delegation of the noncompliance penalty program. Further, regulations were
promulgated which establish the substantive requirements of initial primary nonfer-
rous smelter orders (NSOs) issued under Section 119 of the Clean Air Act and the pro-
cedures to be used in issuing those NSOs. EPA and States have already received, and
are currently reviewing, many letters of intent and applications for NSOs.
For 1980, planned contract expenditures were $11,356,000 included $4,984,000 for
enforcement case support; $4,640,000 for compliance monitoring and field surveil-
lance; 5457,000 for regional data system support; $1,275,000 for regional industrial
studies support.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $24,585,500 and 439 workyears for
this program, of which $14,300,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $10,285,200 is
for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
During 1981, concluding the remaining cases on the MSEE list as rapidly as possi-
ble will be a very important objective. Once a case is concluded, the compliance
schedule or consent decree must be tracked closely until the source is confirmed as
being in compliance.
Also, EPA will implement Section 120 by assuring that evidence of violation for
major source violators Is current and complete, and proceed with the issuance of
notices and the conduct of adjudicatory hearings where necessary. Another substan-
tial effort will be EPA support of continuous emisssions monitoring programs which
will ensure continuous compliance by stationary sources of air pollution. Other
important activities during 1981 will be the issuance of new source permits under the
prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program, with particular attention to
expeditious issuance of energy-related permits, issuance of Section 119 primary non-
ferrous smelter orders, responses to any Section 110(f) energy emergencies, issuance
of Section 113(d)(5) delayed compliance orders due to coal conversion, and continued
enforcement of NSPS and NESHAPS.
A-42
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Planned contract funds for 1981 total $10,285,000. Activities planned for
these funds include $4,861,200 for enforcement case development, $4,170,000 for com-
pliance monitoring and field surveillance, $853,000 for regional industrial, techical,
and economic studies, and $400,800 for regional data system support. An increase in
the rate charged by contractors has resulted in a more limited contractor support
program, which is reflected in part in the reduction in the projected number of over-
view Inspections which are accomplished largely by contactors.
1981Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $152,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $83,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$51,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced ageneywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $90,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $310,600 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $22,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$46,700 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $895,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in transfers from air quality management implementation ($82,300); from
water quality enforcement ($271,800); from standards and regulations ($16,600);
from public systems supervision program assistance ($28,400); to regional counsel
($6,800); from ambient air quality monitoring ($1,300); to water quality permit
issuance ($30,300); from air quality management implementation ($12,000); from
state programs regulations and guidelines ($20,000); from environmental emergency
response and prevention ($9,400); and from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
($20,000).
- A transfer of $88,900 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide
additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance
penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
- Transfer $204,900 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites within the Office
of Enforcement to provide a level of funding consistent with prior year's
experience.
- Transfer $123,500 to pesticides enforcement within the Office of Enforcement
to support grant activities.
- Transfer $43,800 to ambient air quality monitoring within Region 5.
A-43
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- A transfer of $50,700 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
- Transfer $43,100 to air quality management implementation within Region 5
to support SIP activities in the areas of technical review, certification review
and docket control.
- Transfer $1,900 to toxic substances enforcement within Region 5 for PCB
compliance inspections and PCB and asbestos lab analysis.
- Transfer $5,000 to toxic substances enforcement within Region 9, to realign
contract funds.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $26,987,000 for this program, of which
$17,145,800 Is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $9,841,200 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of $2,845,500, and a
decrease of $444,000, respectively. The majority of these resources will be used to
bring major violators of SIPs, NSPS, and NESHAPS regulations into compliance through
the use of Section 113 and Section 120 provisions as well as to respond to the
increase in compliance monitoring inspections, emissions monitoring, and civil/crimi-
nal actions initiated.
The major source enforcement effort will conclude most of the cases initiated by
settlement or litigation in 1981. Therefore, the workload associated with the MSEE
in 1982 will primarily be in tracking and monitoring the hundreds of compliance
schedules for these sources.
In order to prevent regression from the significant levels of compliance
achieved by stationary sources, EPA is greatly increasing its efforts at ensuring
continued compliance by sources which have achieved initial compliance with air
quality regulations. EPA will be working with the States to develop a long-term
comprehensive national strategy that will ensure that sources operate and maintain
their control equipment and follow other compliance measures properly. This
strategy will identify industries that will be focused upon initially, and will
identify appropriate enforcement tools to handle continuous compliance actions. ,
Since this effort is oriented towards a broad, long-term solution, E?A will also con*
tinue to adress the problem through greatly increasing continuous emissions
monitoring (CEM) data validation and initiating enforcement actions based on CEM data.
CEM is expected to be a significant element in the long-term strategy and expanded
experience with CEM enforcement techniques is critical in the interim.
During 1982, the Section 120 noncompliance penalty program will continue to be
implemented. Noncompliance penalties must be assessed against all major sources not
meeting SIP requirements an sources in violation of NSPS or NESHAPS regulations.
The noncompliance penalty program will be an effective method for creating incentives
for compliance; however, this program will likely result in a large number of
adjudicatory hearings and this will cause a major resource demand in 1982.
EPA will continue implementation of the primary nonferrous smelter order (NSO)
program under Section 119 of the Clean Air Act. Any smelter receiving an NSO is
permitted to defer compliance with the sulfur dioxide emission limitation to which
it is subject under an applicable SIP. Initial NSOs may extend through January 1,
1983. A smelter that receives a Section 119 order will be placed on a compliance
program which includes interim controls, and a research and development program to
investigate and demonstrate control methods tht are economically and technologically
feasible. A major effort during 1982 will be monitoring the compliance programs and
the research and development programs of these smelters.
A-44
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The Agency will continue to encourage delegation of responsibility for PSD
permitting and enforcement of NSPS regualtions to the States. EPA will focus its
attention on review of and assistance to State programs and, where necessary, initi-
ating enforcement actions against sources not possessing new source permits or
constructing in violation of permit requirements.
Enforcement of NESHAPS regulations for vinyl chloride, asbestos, beryllium and
mercury will continue to be a high priority of this program. In addition, new stan-
dards for benzene storage, ethyl benzene styrene and malaeic anhydride will he
promulgated in 1982, and EPA will have to initiate a program to review waiver requests.
An area of important attention is the relationship and balance between environ-
mental and energy concerns. The Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978
(FUA) prohibits, with exemptions, new power plants and new major fuel burning instal-
lations from using natural gas or petroleum as a primary energy source. Exemptions
can be granted by the Department of Energy (DOE) where environmental requirements
could not be met if coal is burned as the-primary energy source. EPA must work with
DOE to ensure that these new sources are constructed in accordance with applicable
environmental requirements and will continue to expedite issuance of energy-related
PSD permits. In addition, certain existing power plants having the technical
capability to use coal may be required to convert under FUA. Upon conversion, these
sources will still have to meet environmental standards. Also, as part of EPA's
energy-related programs, EPA will provide quick and thorough responses in these situ-
ations, including issuance of Section 113(d)(5) delayed compliance orders.
Contracts funds requested in 1982, totalling $9,841,200, include $5,000,000 for
enforcement case development, $4,144,600 for compliance monitoring and field surveil-
lance, $246,600 for regional industrial technical and economic studies, 5450,000 for
data support.
A-45
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AIR
Mobile Source Enforcement
Appropriation
Mobile Source Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance
Total,
Permanent Positions...
Full-time Equivalency.
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
6,855
115
157
(dollars in thousands;)
$4,038
2,817
$3,883
, 2,967
$3,990
2,879
$4,212
2,483
+222
-396
6,850
118
152
6,869
114
148
6,695
111
143
-174
-3
-5
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of *n,694,300 and 111 permanent workyears for 1982, a
decrease of $174,200 from 1981. Included in this total is 54,211,700 for Salaries and
Expenses and $2,482,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $222,200
and a decrease of $396,400, respectively.
Program Descript i on
The mobile source enforcement program is directed'primarily towards achieving compliance
with motor vehicle emission standards and fuels regulations. The major goals and objectives
are to (1) assure that new vehicles meet emission standards; (2) assure that vehicles meet
emission standards in-use; (3) assure that emission control systems are not removed or
rendered inoperative; (4) assure compliance with emissions inspection/maintenance (I/M)
requirements and vehicle miles traveled (VHT) measures; (5) assure control of hydrocarbon
emissions during gasoline transfer operations; (6) assure that harmful additives are removed
from gasoline; (7) administer California fuel and emission waivers, and (8) administer the
emission warranties.
1980 Accompl ishments
In 1980, the mobile source enforcement program continued to carry out its responsi-
bilities under Title I and Title II of the Clean Air Act by emphasizing programs aimed at
reducing the failure of vehicles to meet; emission standards. In 1980, mobile source
enforcement program issued 38 selective "enforcement test orders to manufacturers to test
vehicles on the assembly line.
Recall investigations numbered 51 resulting in the recall of 1,146,700 vehicles.
Manufacturers' production compliance procedures were enforced by conducting 17 audits.
The tampering and fuel switching provisions were enforced by performing 731 new car dealer-
ship inspections, 898 fleet tampering/ fuel switching inspections, and 408 commerical
repair facility inspections. A total of 22,337 fuels inspections were conducted to assure
compliance with the Stage I vapor recovery, unleaded, and octane disclosure provisions. A
survey of 3,290 vehicle refuel ings was also conducted to determine the rate at which vehicles
requiring unleaded gasoline are being fueled with leaded gasoline. Results indicate that
a rate of 3-10 percent fuel Switching is occurring.
A-46
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Approximately $2,817,200 in contract funds were obligated in 1980 in support of
the above program activities.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $6,868,500 to this program, of which
$3,989,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,879,000 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The extramural funds will be used
for recall emission testing, fuels inspections, antitampering and antifuel switching
publicity, data management, fuel switching observations, and assistance to States and
localities for unleaded gasoline inspections.
In 1981, the mobile source enforcement program will continue comprehensive enforcement
of the antitampering and antifuel switching provisions aimed at reducing emissions from the
in-use fleet thereby supporting the adoption of inspection/maintenance programs. Inspection
and investigatory efforts are coordinated nationally to focus on major private and municipal
fleets, new car dealerships, and commercial auto repair facilities to maximize deterrent
effect when violations are detected.
Other major activities in 1981 will be to continue the assembly line testing program
for light duty vehicles and the recall program; administer the California fuel and emission
waivers; conduct fuels inspections; and provide assistance to States and localities to
conduct unleaded fuel inspections.
These enforcement activities will result in 35 selective enforcement audit vehicle
test orders; recall investigations; 950 confirmatory/surveillance tests; 775 new car
dealership Inspections; 1,150 fleet tampering/fuel switching inspections; 600 commercial
repair facility inspections; 25,000 combined fuels inspections; 7,000 fuel switching
observations; 10 inspection/maintenance audits; 30 warranty investigations; and 25 production
compliance audits.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $19,000 results from several actions, as follow:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $22,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$13,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $43,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $87,500 was applied to this
activity. ;
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000;
a decrease of $1,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$13,200 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $250,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramming of $51,100 to hazardous waste enforcement, to provide a level
of funding consistent with prior year's experience.
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- An Increase of $250,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and 1s included 1n a proposed supplemental appropriation.
*• Reprogramming of $51,100 to hazardous waste enforcement, to provide a level
of funding consistent with prior year's experience.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,694,300 and 111 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $4,211,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,482,600 is for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This total represents a decrease of
$174,200 over 1981. Extramural funds will be used for recall emission testing, fuels
inspections, fuel switching observations, data management, and assistance to States and
localities for unleaded gasoline inspections.
In 1982, the selective enforcement audtt (SEA) program will be continued in order to
deter the production of nonconforming light duty vehicles. The SEA program assures that
new vehicles on the production line are in compliance with emission requirements before
being introduced in commerce.
The recall program will continue to assure compliance of in-use vehicles with emission
standards. SEA activity, recall testing, and increased public contact due to federally
enforceable warranty provisions will serve to identify a greater number of vehicle classes
suspected of exceeding emissions standards in use.
The centralized enforcement program aimed at controlling tampering and fuel switching
in order to reduce in-use emissions will be continued. This effort is intended to complement
and facilitate the implementation of inspection/maintenance (I/M) programs by preventing
further deterioration of the vehicle fleet before I./M programs are implemented.
In 1982, activities of the fuels program will include conducting 25,000 combined
unleaded, vapor recovery, and octane inspections at service stations and fleet dispensing
facilities. These inspections will be performed with State and/or private testing firms.
The program will continue to monitor lead usage reports and the status of refiner efforts
to achieve compliance with the lead phasedown program, administer the provision which
prohibits the use of fuel and fuel additives, and administer the emission waivers as
requi red.
A-48
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
AIR
Oxidants Non-Energy
Appropriation
Environmental Processes
and Effects-.
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Scientific Assessments:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Environmental Engineering
and Technology:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development
Totals
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Grand Total
Permanent Positions
Environmental Processes
and Effects .-.
Scientific Assessment....
Actual
1980
$ 1,857
5,6S4
252
104
22$
2
1,119
523
2,089
3,298
619
1,715
6,160
11,326
17,486
30
4
Budget
Estimate
1981
J3oTlars
$2,058
5,758
236
157
219
1*
1,099
485
2,366
4,499
627
1,774
6,605
12,687
19,292
33
5
Current
Estimate
1981
in thousands)
$ 1,851
5,088
241
110
227
14
999
707
1,940
3,291
654
1,774
5,912
10,984
16,896
30
4
Estimate
1982
$1,785
5,444
183
115
199
7
1,206
436
1,736
4,955
662
1,7*8
5,771
12j705
18,476
23
*
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-S6.G
+ 356
- 58
+ 5
- 28
- 7
+ 207
- 271
- 204
+1 ,664
+ 8
- 26
- 141
1-1,721
+1,580
- 7
• * *
A-49
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Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981*
Current
Estimate
19S1
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Technical Information
and Liaison.............
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance.......
Health Effects.......—
Environmental Engineering
and Technology..........
17
22
11
15
28
11
16
16
11
15
18
11
- 1
+ 2
Total.
Full-Tune Equivalency
Environmental Processes
and Effects.............
Scientific Assessment....
Technical Information
and Liaison
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance.......
Health Effects...........
Environmental Engineering
and Technology.....
88
35
6
22
33
20
96
46
8
22
3*
IS
SO
37
8
23
22
18
3ft
6
22
21
18
- 3
- 2
Total.
121
134
113
106
- 7
*3anuary 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $18,476,200 and 74 permanent workyears for
1982, an increase of $1,579,800 from 1981. Included in this total is $5,770,800
for Salaries and Expenses and $12,705,400 for Research and Development, with a
decrease of $141,300 and an increase of $1,721,100 respectively,
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Oxidants Research
Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are
integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly
focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program provides scientific data on the health and environ-
mental effects, including ecological effects and material damage, and on moni-
toring techniques for ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and other photochemical products
to comply
A-50
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with Sections 108 and 109 of the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act requires that
the criteria and standards be reviewed and, if necessary, revised every five
years; therefore, continually updated information is needed to support main-
tenance or revision of the criteria and standards. As part of the projects which
obtain such information, this program provides the regulatory program with tech-
niques for the assessment of the transport and transformation processes invol-
ving ozone and nitrogen dioxide and their precursors, volatile organic compounds
and nitric oxide. Various types of models including, but not necessarily limited
to air quality simulation models, are developed to apply on local urban and
regional scales. Appropriate field studies to obtain technical results needed to
implement such models accompanying the model development work. Further, as part
of this program, assessments are made through laboratory and field studies of
transport and transformation processes by which photochemically generated pro-
ducts other than ozone and nitrogen dioxide are formed and eventually removed
from the atmosphere into other media. This progam also supports development and
demonstration of the pollution control technologies capable of reducing or eli-
minating volatile emissions compounds emissions from industrial sources. Tech-
nical and cost data bases that support regulatory standards are provided for
direct application by industry in solving pollution problems.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented indi-
vidually in the following material.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $356,400 for this sub-program, of which
$252,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $104,400 was for extramural research
activities.
1980 Accomplishments
The nitrogen oxides criteria document was completed as required by Section
108 of the Clean Air Act. The document was published and used to evaluate
standards for nitrogen oxides. Assessments for nitrogen oxides, ozone, and
other photochemical oxidants are contained in the oxidants program.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $351,500 and 4 permanent
workyears to this sub-program, of which $241,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $110,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
The ozone criteria document published in 1978 will be revised. This re-
vision will address new information on health effects from exposure to
oxidants, i.e., recent scientific knowledge and criteria dealing with nit-
rogen oxides and airborne hydrocarbons. This revision is being done under
Sections 108, 109, and 110 of the Clean Air Act which require that the
document be re-evaluated every 5 years,
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
A-51
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The net decrease of $41,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294}; these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $1,300 was applied to this activity.
~ An increase of $8,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
*• Reprogramming to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer of
$47,000 irorn this activity,
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $297,200 and 4 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $182,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$114,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro-
priation.
This reflects a decrease of $58,000 in the Salaries and Expenses appro-
priation and an increase of $5,000 in the Research and Development appropriation.
The net decrease of $53,000 reduces support for preparing the ozone criteria
document.
f The ozone criteria document which was begun in 1981 will be revised. The
revision addresses recent scientific knowledge and criteria dealing with
nitrogen oxides and airbone hydrocarbons.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $226,500 for this sub-program, of which
$224,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,200 was for extramural research
activities.
The Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication
of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans
and quidance, and other general documents of interest to the environmental deci-
sion making community. Further, it managed systems which tracked ORD's research
projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Oxidanis
included the publication and dissemination of three reports:
«• A final report on Environmental Assessment of
Source NOx Control Technology. ;
A Users' Guide on Intermediate Screening Methods for
Environmental Assessment of Fossil Energy Process
Effluents.
- . The 1980 Northeast Oxidant Study Report.
The Regional Services Staff was responsible for effective communications
between ORD and the regions. In providing this they:
- Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations.
A-52
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- Developed and implemented the Regional Support
Management Information System.
- Carried out regional liaison activities to provide
technical assistance.
The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to com.
municate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the envi-
ronmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in making better
coordination between ORD and the regions possible, allowing each to meet the
needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently,
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2*0,700 and 3 permanent
workyears to this sub-program, of which $226,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $13,£00 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This part of the program is providing various research program and project
summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to
meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the
explicit information products for this research effort have been prepared.
Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information
products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being
provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources.
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such
activities wills
- Continue the Regional Support Management Information
System.
- Develop and implement a process to address the research
needs of state and local government in the ORD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "cross walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 19S1 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $8,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $800,
- An increase of $8,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $200 to this activity.
A-53
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $206,*00 arid 3 permanent work/ears for this sub-
program, of which $199,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,800 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $34,300. This will reduce the Technical Information
program's ability to prepare and disseminate technical information products, the Research
Outlook & Research Highlights. It will also reduce the Regional Services Staff's capacity
for liaison activities.
This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in
1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to
ensure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the
environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate
Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's
research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with regional
offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUA ASSURANCE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,6*1,300 for this sub-program, of which
$1,118,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $523,200 was for extramural research
activities.
- Overhead monitoring support was provided to the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards' Northeast Oxidant Study. Air samples were obtained and
analyzed. The results will be used to review and evaluate regional air pollution
patterns and regional models of oxidant transport.
- Verification, calibration and audits of air pollution measurements continued to
ensure the accuracy of oxidant standards.
Assistance was provided to regional and program offices to update oxidant data
needed for revision of oxidant standards.
- The nationwide Air Pollution Background Network was operated to obtain ozone
measurements in National Forests.
- A 2-frequency LIDAR System was demonstrated as useful for defining plume
characteristics and plume transport. This data is also of use to the oxidant
program in oxidant transport modeling.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,703,600 and 16 permanent workyears
to this sub-program, of which $998,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$706,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Emphasis is on assisting other EPA offices in obtaining accurate and reproducible
data, and upon advancing the state-of-the-art for monitoring in those areas of most
importance to the Agency.
A-54
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Specifically:
- Overhead monitoring support, quality assurance, and audits of photochemical
pollutant measurements will be provided to the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards to improve models and determine the effects of regional pollution
transport and standards revision.
A major task under this program is the continuing operation of the national
standards laboratory to provide audits of measurements for the oxidants research
programs. It also maintains a repository and distributes standard gas samples for
use in the calibration of instruments with emphasis on ozone, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Development and production of a standard
reference ultraviolet photometer is also being supported. When completed, these
photometers will be provided to Regions and States as standards against which
they can calibrate their instruments.
- A nationwide Air Pollution Background Network is operating in national forests.
This background pollution level data is obtained in areas remote to
industrial/municipal emission sources and thus provides a base for comparsion
and also for trends analysis.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from
"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission
to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this
submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as
well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of
this submission.
The net increase of $122,600 results from several actions, as follows:
Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $3,900.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,400
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$7,200 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $38,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramming to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $1,900 from this activity.
- Transfer of $102,300 from air-gases and particles non-energy to support GAP
related research. l
1982Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,642,300 and 15 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $1,206,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $436,200
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $63,300. This will reduce the frequency of audits
performed on instruments measuring ozone and nitrogen oxides.
A-55
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- Overhead monitoring support, quality assurance, and audits of
measurement of photochemical pollutants will be provided to the Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards to improve air transport models and
to determine the effects of ambient air quality standards.
- the national standards laboratory will continue to provide audit
measurements and to maintain a repository and distribute standard gas
samples for use in calibration of instruments. In the oxidant program,
emphasis is upon ozone, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide. Continued development on production of a standard ultraviolet
photometer through contract with the National Bureau of Standards will
allow regions and States to eventually calibrate their instruments using
these standard instruments.
•» The nationwide Air Pollution Background Network will continue operation
in the national forests. This background pollution network obtains data
in remote areas, far from industrial/municipal sources of emission and
thus provides a base for comparison and for trends analysis.
- Work will commence on the development of a low cost, portable monitor for
volatile organic carbon compounds. These chemicals will be regulated in
the near future. Emissions from control devices in dry cleaning
establishments may exceed those allowable and present monitoring devices
are too expensive to be widely used by local authorities. The successful
development of a low cost, portable device or method will be of value in
enforcing these regulations.
Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide
technical guidance, and overview to assure that the Agency will have
environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for EPA needs.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,386,100 for this sub-program, of
which $2,088,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $3,297,700 was for extramural
research activities.
Major accomplishments are Summarized as follows:
- Capabilities to incorporate more accurate and sensitive techniques for
studies of changes in airway resistance that may result from bronchial
challenge were expanded. Such capabilities required the development of
experimental tools (aerosol generators and measurement devices) for use
in conjunction with the pharmacological definition of airway resistance
(PDAR).
- A number of human subjects were screened to prepared for a series of
clinical studies which will utilize the PDAR technique. The screening
process is a necessary component of study protocols which utilize human
subjects.
A clinical study to determine the effects of nitrogen dioxide on
asthmatics was completed. The preliminary results suggest a 1 hour
exposure to . Ippm nitrogen dioxide has no demonstrable effect on airway
responsiveness in either normals or mildly symptomatic asthmatics.
- The pathophysiological effects of ozone and the impact of vasoactive
substances on lung metabolism was studied. A report on the study
indicates that lungs of control animals (rats) remove essentially all of
the administered material (serotonin - a muscle constrictor and
neurotransmitter) during a single passage of blood through the lung.
Ozone exposures markedly and significantly reduced the ability of the
lungs to remove the agent suggesting an alteration of lung vascular and
bronchial smooth muscle.
A-56
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- The effects of ozone exposure (1 ppm) on lung function in dogs were
examined. The results indicated a time differential in responses. Gas
and water exchange in the lung was not altered at a one hour interval
following exposure but did change after a 2* hour period.
- Studies were completed which show that phenobarbitol-induced sleeping
time in rats was altered by exposure to nitrogen dioxide but that such a
response is unrelated to nitrogen dioxide- alteration of brain sensiti-
vity to phenobarbitol.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,231,700 and 16 permanent
workyears to this sub-program, of which $1,940,300 is for the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation and $3,291,400 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
The major emphasis in 1981 (and continuing through 1983) continues to be on
the effects of exposures to ozone and nitrogen dioxide with lesser effort being
devoted to other oxidants and atmospheric reaction products. The research
includes a combination of human 'studies (controlled clinical and epidemiolo-
gical) and animal studies. Clinical studies of ozone effects are generally based
upon short-term exposures at levels approaching the present standards. They
evaluate the simultaneous effects of exposure during stress from heat and exer-
cise and the impacts on sensitive populations, ascertaining mechanisms of ozone
induced cardiopulmonary dysfunction, immune dysfunction and biochemical changes.
Animal toxicology studies are addressing the question of effects of both long and
short-term exposures to low levels of ozone and nitrogen dioxide (singly and in
combination). A variety of animal models are being used in these studies in an
attempt to improve estimates of risk to humans based upon extrapolation of the
data. The animal experiments are also useful for ascertaining the most sensitive
and accurate biological indicators to be used in human health studies of oxidant
initiated defects. The epidemiological studies continue to analyze existing
health data in order to assess the factors that promote respiratory disease. The
data bases to be analyzed include mortality figures from a major metropolitan
area, chronic disease prev stance in adults, and lower respiratory disease preva-
lance in children. Follow-on epidemiological studies of asthmatics in the
Houston and Los Angeles area (sponsored by the exploratory research and energy
research program respectively) will be initiated.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
A-57
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The net decrease of $1,633,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi-
sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries
and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $7,200.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$3,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $39,400 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $500,000 was applied to
this activity to allow for phasing of research to coincide with the cycle
of criteria documents revisions.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$11,600 was applied to this activity.
-An increase of $58,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramming to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $900 from this activity.
- Transfer of $1,110,000 to air mobile sources/non-energy in order to
consolidate all carbon monoxide research activities under the Mobile
Sources Research Committee.
- Transfer $20,000 to program management to support public awareness and
industrial hygienist positions at Research Triangle Park.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,691,200 and 18 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $1,735,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropria-
tion and $4,955,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $1,459,500. This will be used for epidemio-
logical, clinical and animal studies to determine chronic effects of exposure to
carbon monoxide and ozone.
The 1982 plan will continue to emphasize human health studies (controlled
Clinical and epidemiological) of the effects of oxidants on the cardiopulmonary
system, the immune system and lung biochemistry for both normal individuals and
susceptible populations. Exposures at ambient levels and in the range of the
present standards will be emphasized.
Studies utilizing a variety of species of animals will also be Continued to
assess the biological impacts of exposures to ozone and nitrogen dioxide, both
singly and as mixtures, at levels simulating ambient exposures (intermittent
brief high levels superimposed upon chronic low level exposures). Additional
animal studies will be utilized to develop kinetic information required to
improve models for lung dose and injury and to develop more rapid and sensitive
indicators of damage that might be used for clinical and epidemiological studies.
A-58
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $2,334,600 for this sub-program, of
which $619,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,715,400 was for extramural
research activities.
- An evaluation of control techniques such as activated carbon for
reducing hydrocarbon emissions from textile finishing plants was
completed. This study will assist in determination of Best Available
Control Technology for certain textile industries.
- An evaluation of the use of supercritical fluid CO- to regenerate acti-
vated carbon used to control volatile organic compound emissions was
performed. This project will provide more economical solutions for the
control of organic chemical emissions.
A study was completed on catalytic incineration of organic vapors from
industrial sources. The results will be used to review and possibly
revise New Source Performance Standards for sources such as solvent
degreasers and drycleaning.
- The frequency of hydrocarbon fugitive emissions in the synthetic organic
chemical manufacturing industry was determined. These data will be used
in development and review of New Source Performance Standards.
- Calibration factors of volatile organic compound analyzer equipment for
selected organic chemicals were determined. These data will be used in
development and review of New Source Performance Standards that specify
measurement techniques.
- An evaluation of solvent degreaser operations as completed. The objec-
tive was the identification of techniques to minimize volatile organic
chemical emissions.
A wet scrubber that utilizes surfactant chemicals was designed, fabri-
cated, and operated to evaluate the control of solvents from painting
operations. The results were positive and an industrial demonstration
is planned.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,427,400 and 11 permanent
workyears'to this sub-program, of which $653,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $1,773,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
- An evaluation of activated carbon adsorption systems is being undertaken
to provide a fundamental understanding of system performance, cost,
size, and maintenance parameters. This knowledge will enable designers
to specify optimum systems for a wide range of industrial applications in
controlling oxidant emissions.
- Catalytic oxidation techniques are being studied to determine perfor-
mance parameters in .the control of'volatile organic compounds.
- The effectiveness of flares for controlling volatile organic compounds
is being studied, and means of improving this technique will be deter-
mined.
A-59
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- The capture efficiency of hoods is being studied in industrial appli-
cations such as painting and solvent degreasing. Design parameters such
as air flow rates, energy requirements, and capture effectiveness will
be optimized in a variety of specific applications.
A method to measure the transfer efficiency of spray painting is being
developed. This will lead to a more effective operation with a reduction
of organic carrier emissions.
- Sampling methods are being refined to enable a better evaluation of
fugitive emissions from petrochemical plants.
Emission studies are determining the fugitive emissions of volatile
organic compounds from petrochemical plants and from synthetic organic
chemical manufacturing plants.
- A demonstration of emissions control from paint curing ovens with micro-
processor control systems and sensors is being supported. Objectives of
this project are to reduce energy requirements while maximizing the
concentration of emissions to enable better emission control.
Secondary air emissions from textile and organic chemical manufacturing
wastewater treatment systems are being characterized. The need for
control of these emissions will be determined and methods of control will
be suggested.
A study of water based finishes for wood office furniture appropriate for
purchase by the General Services Administration is being completed. The
purchase of such furniture by the federal government could significantly
reduce volatile organic chemical emissions in the furniture
manufacturing industry and may lead to acceptance of such furniture by
the private sector.
- A demonstration of volatile organic chemical control at a textile manu-
facturing plant is in progress.
- Methods of improved regeneration of activated carbon systems using
supercritical fluid carbon dioxide are being studied. This technique,
when perfected, is expected to result in lower cost control systems that
provide recovery of solvents and other valuable volatile organic chemi-
cals that would otherwise be lost to the atmosphere or destroyed by
conventional thermal carbon regeneration techniques. Energy savings are
also expected.
- Thermal incineration processes are being studied to determine the effec-
tiveness of vapor phase organic chemical distraction. Methods of
reducing costs and energy requirements will be sought in the project.
Undesirable effects of incineration such as harmful daughter-product
generation will be identified, and methods to reduce these effects will
be devised.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the. 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
A-60
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The net increase of $26,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,200.
- An increase of $32,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramming to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $2,200 from this activity.
IJgZJglan
The Agency requests a total of $2,410,000 for and 11 permanent workyears
this sub-program, of which $661,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appro-
priation and $1,748,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This increase of $17,400, has no significant program impact.
i* The evaluation of VOC emissions from industrial sludge treatment and
disposal systems will be continued.
An overall performance evaluation of carbon adsorption units in full-
scale industrial applications will be completed.
- A prototype measurement system will be developed to evaluate the capture
efficiencies of hooding systems used in the graphic arts, rubber pro-
cessing, plastic processing and metal coatings industries.
A final report on the efficiency of flares to burn organic chemicals will
be prepared.
- A series of performance manuals on the control of VOC will be prepared.
This information will be used to develop New Source Performance
Standards and to document emission factors.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $7,540,700 for this sub-program, of
which $1,557,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,683,400 was for extramural
research activities.
- A detailed chemical mechanism was developed that describes the atmo-
spheric reactions of aromatic and other hydrocarbons. This information
will be used to calculate the impact of these compounds on producing
ozone in the atmosphere.
- A review paper was prepared on the impact of natural hydrocarbon (e.g.,
isoprenes, terpenes) on ozone air quality. This review paper will
provide guidance to the Agency's assessment of the actual contribution
of natural hydrocarbon emissions producing elevated ozone levels in
rural areas.
A-61
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- The evaluation of three major types of urban photochemical air quality
simulation models based on ten days of data from the Regional Air Pollu-
tion Study -St. Louis air quality data base was completed. When com-
pletely validated, these models will be used to assess the air quality
impact of various control strategies for ozone.
Ozone is used as a surrogate for establishing secondary ambient air
quality standards for photochemical oxidants. More toxic photochemical
oxidants such as peroxyacetyl nitrite (PAN) exist in the photochemical
complex. Research was initiated to determine if plant damage can occur
from PAN when the National Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standard for
ozone is attained. Results from this research will determine the fea-
sibility or need for establishing a PAN standard.
- Biogenic emissions of isoprene and total nonmethane hydrocarbons from
several important deciduous and coniferous trees have been identified.
These emission factors will be used in conjunction with regional biornass
data to predict regional biogenically emitted hydrocarbons.
An S-year field study in the San Bernadino National Forest of southern
California revealed a significant impact of ambient photochemical oxi-
dants on a mixed conifer forest ecosystem. For example, in heavily
polluted sections of the forest, foliar injury sufficient to limit
foliage retention occurred on Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines and white fir.
Stem growth of Ponderosa pine was limited by as much as 50% and accumu-
lated mortality rates reached as high as 10% during a 6-year period.
Tree community structure is gradually shifting from predominantly Ponde-
rosa and Jeffrey pine to less desirable black oak, incense cedar and
white fir. Insect damage is more severe on oxidant damaged trees. These
studies show that ambient photochemical oxidants can reduce the produc-
tivity of forest ecosystems and reverse normal successional patterns and
generate concern for the Nation's forest resources.
Research was initiated by request from EPA's Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards to identify a maximum NO2 concentration that
could exist without causing plant damage. The research identified O.t
ppm NO2 as the concentration which must be exceeded to cause significant
growth effects to crops. This data will be used in establishing a
National Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standard for NO2.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $6,939,500 and 30 permanent
workyears to this sub-program, of which $1,850,900 is for the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation and $3,088,600 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
- Smog chamber studies will be conducted to determine critical kinetic
mechanisms of ozone formation from its precursors NOx and volatile
organic compounds. This data will be used in developins air quality
models. The role of aromatic hydrocarbons will be emphasized in these
studies.
The photochemical reactivity of selected organics to produce ozone will
be determined. The work will emphasize the degree to which low reactive
compounds, such as low molecular weight organics, contribute to ozone
pollution.
A-62
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- The existing EKMA (Empirical Kinetics Modeling Approach) model is being
validated with ozone air quality data previously collected at a number of
different urban locations. This model will be used as the principal
modeling tool for assessing ozone control strategies for the 1982 SIP
(State Implementation Plan) planning process.
- Urban air quality simulation models, previously developed and evaluated
will be validated with ozone ambient air quality data collected during
the 1972-1977 field study conducted at St. Louis. It is expected that
these advanced models will eventually replace the currently used empi*
rical approaches.
- The results from the Houston air quality studies will be summarized for
the aerosol and ozone components of the air characterizaion studies
conducted over the past three years. While this will complete the
atmospheric chemistry portion of the Houston work, results from the
Houston health effects studies will be reported over the next two to
three years.
- Regional air quality models will be developed and evaluated. Air quality
data collected during the Northeast Regional Oxidant Study (NEROS) con-
ducted during the Summer of 1979 and 1980 will be used for this purpose.
The regional ozone model will allow decision makers to evaluate the
impact of oxidant control plans of individual cities from a regional
perspective.
A number of individual sources will be characterized by their emissions
of ozone precursors, namely VOC and NOx pollutants. This work will be
used to develop the necessary emission input data to develop ozone air
quality models.
- Field plots are being established throughout the U.S. to determine the
impacts of ozone on crop production. This program, the National Crop
Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) is integrated with other 1981 tasks to
evaluate ozone and the interactive effects of other pollutants on crop
yield. Crops grown in field plots will be exposed to realistic simula-
tions of air pollution doses which will continue throughout the life
cycle of the ;crpps. Crops will be harvested and foliar injury, growth
and yield will be measured.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $877,400 results from several actions, as follows:
Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $8,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$2,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide' consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $4,200 was applied to this activity.
V-63
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- The Congress reduced agency wide Senior Executive Services bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $10,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Reserch
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $700,000 was applied to
this activity to allow for phasing of research to coincide with the cycle
of criteria document revisions.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$77,400 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $71,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprograrnrning to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $146,100 from this activity.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $7,229,100 and 23 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $1,784,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appro-
priation and $3,444,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Deve-
lopment Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $289,600 for developing and field testing
regional scale models for ozone.
- Smog chamber studies will continue to investigate the specific role of
volatile organic compounds and NO pollutants. Emphasis will be placed
on determining the contribution of aromatic hydrocarbons for photo-
chemical ozone production. This work is motivated by the fact that
automotive fuels are being formulated with increased levels of aromatic
hydrocarbons.
- The EKMA (Empirical Kinetics Modeling Approach) model will increase its
predictive capability to treat other photochemical oxidants besides
ozone. For example, the EKMA model will be adapted to provide predic-
tions of peroxyacetyl nitrate, an environmentally important oxidant.
- The validation of studies of the urban photochemical models using the St.
Louis air quality data base will be completed. The results will indicate
the degree of accuracy and precision that can be expected with these
models.
- The research program to develop regional scale models for ozone will be
continued. The major activity in the 1982 plan will consist of regional
scale modeling field studies in the Southeast portion of the U.S. The
major purpose of this study is to test the general applicability of the
NEROS model which was developed earlier for the northeast regional ozone
problem to other areas of1 the country.
- Individual sources of major ozone precursors, volatile organic compounds
and nitrogen oxides (NO ) will be studied. The results from this work
will be needed to satisfy emission inventory requirements for air qua-
lity models. Among the organic pollutants, measurement of reactive
organics such as formaldehyde is important. For NO emission rates, the
determination of the NO, to NO ratios is critical for the ozone modeling
work.
4-64
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Field studies initiated in 198Ito determine the effects of ozone on crop
production will be continued to provide the dose-response data base for
determining the economic impacts of ozone. The research will continue to
focus on major agronomic crops and to provide scientific support for
secondary air quality standards.
Biogenic emission rates for hydrocarbons will be determined for a variety of
vegetative sources. Using this data, smog chamber and trajectory modeling
studies will be conducted to assess the specific role of biogenic emissions
in producing elevated ozone levels in rural areas of the country.
Research concerning the usefulness of the present ozone standard in limi-
ting plant damage from peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) will be completed. The
results of initial studies relating ambient concentrations of PAN with
plant injury and yield will be presented in manuscript form.
A-65
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AIR
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Appropriation
Scientific '
Assessments:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development......
Environmental Engineering
and Technology:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
TOTAL:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development......
GRAND TOTAL:
Actual
1980
$ 1,154
400
104
1
2,152
2,263
387
2,159
211
586
278
1,194
4,286
6,603
10,889
Budget
Estimate
1981*
(dollars in
$1,083
600
102
6
1,974
2,245
345
3,053
214
605
300
1,266
4,018
7,775
11,793
Current
Estimate
1981
thousands)
$ 1,186
600
106
6
1,838
2,289
1,637
1,901
221
533
309
1,127
5,297
6,456
11,753
Estimate
1982
$1,164
417
103
6
2,391
1,278
1,018
2,297
233
585
399
1,159
5,308
5^742
11,050
Increase •+
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-$22
- 183
- 3
...
+ 553
-1,011
- 619
•<- 396
+ 12
+ 52
+ 90
+ 32
+ 11
- 714
703
A-66
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
Scientific
Assessments:.........,.
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance
Health Effects:
Environmental Engineering
and Technology:,
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
TOTAL:.,
Full-Tirne Equivalency
Scientific
Assessments:...
Technical Information
and Liaison: .....
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance
Health Effects:..,
Environmental
Engineering and
-Technology
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
TOTAL...
20
2
41
6
4
5
78
29
3
45
10
7
.5
99
25
2
40
' 6
4
6
83
37
3
45
9
6
6
106
25
2
40
21
4
5
97
36
3
44
24
6
5
118
25
2
35
6
4
6
78
37
3
40
9
6
6
101
...
» • •
5
- 15
• • •
+ 1
- 19
1
_ ^
- 15
...
+ 1
17
•January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $11,050,700 for 1982, a decrease of $702,900
from 1981. Included in this total is 55,308,400 for Salaries and Expenses and
$5,743,300 for Research and Development^ with an increase of 511,000 and a
decrease of $713,900, respectively.
A-67
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Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Hazardous Air
Pollutants Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of
the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce
outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program provides data which can be used by regulatory
decisionmakers to determine: (a) the human health risk associated with exposure
to certain ambient air chemicals; (b) the source of those chemicals; and (c) the
technical feasibility and costs of reducing human exposure to those chemicals.
The program develops and improves techniques for generating the data listed above
so that more accurate, faster and less expensive estimates of risk may be
generated; more realistic priorities for regulation of chemical species may be
developed; major sources of the chemicals may be more accurately defined; and
more efficient, less costly control devices can be made available.
Currently, the highest priority of the ^research program is to provide
assistance in the implementation of the Airborne Carcinogen Policy. However,
there is a modest program to evaluate the non-carcinogenic properties of
chemicals that might be regulated under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act as well.
Some of the major features of the program are: (1) generation of quantitive risk
estimates based on literature data for chemicals being considered for
regulation; (2) identification of the chemical species, concentration and
biological activity of ambient air pollutants and pollutant source emissions to
aid in the selection of chemicals for regulation; (3) generation of
epidemiological and animal test data which is of sufficient quality for risk
estimate determination; (4) development of standard chemical analytical chemical
methods, which will be part of the promulgated hazardous air pollutant
regulation; (5) evaluation and development of control technologies primarily
designed to reduce organic chemical emissions; (6) evaluation of a significant
number of chemicals for human health effects other than cancer; and (7)
development of methods which will enable more accurate, faster and less expensive
estimates of human health effects from animal and other test systems.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program, are presented
individually in the following material.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,554,000 for this sub-program, of
which $1,153,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $400,300 was for extramural
research activities.
Reports on the carcinogenicity of 14 air pollutants were completed which
were used by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to prioritize
chemicals for future regulatory evaluation.
- A quantitative risk assessment on the carcinogenicity of arsenic was
completed. This report was one of the documents required to classify
arsenic as a hazardous air pollutant. An assessment of benzene was
completed which was subsequently used by the Agency to support' the
development of emission standards for benzene emitting sources.
A-68
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Carcinogenic! ty reports on 6 chemicals that are candidates for listing as
hazardous air pollutants under the Agency's proposed Air Cancer 'Policy were
completed and have been submitted to the Science Advisory Board for review.
Draft comprehensive health assessment documents were completed on the
following 9 air polutants: methylene chloride. methylehloroform,
fluoroearbon 113, trichloroethylene, ethylene . dichloride,
perchloroethylene, arsenic, vinylidene chloride, and acrylonitrile.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,786,000 to this sub-program,
of which $1,186,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $599,900
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Carcinogenieity evaluations with unit risk estimations will be completed on
approximately 20 chemicals. Chemicals currently being studied are benzo
(a) pyrene, cadmium, ethylene dichloride, nickel, vinylidene chloride,
formaldehyde, chloroform, aerolein, chloroprene, diehlorobenzene,
hexachlorocyclopentadiene, phenol, vinyl chloride, polychlorinated
biphenyls, carbon tetrachloride, dioxane, acethylene tetrachloride.
Mutagenieity evaluations and/er separate risk analyses will be completed
for 6 of 21 cancer chemicals.
Exposure assessment reviews and/or technical assistance will be provided
using the new Agency guidelines for up to 9 Type n assessments.
Comprehensive health assessments will be completed on methylene chloride,
fluorocarbon 113, trichloroethylene, methyl chloroform,
tetraehloroethylene, ethylene dichloride, acrylonitrile, vinylidene
chloride, and arsenic.
Work will be initiated on a health assessment document on toluene for the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and the Toxic Substances
Priority Committee. Health assessments will also be initiated oh 3-5 other
chemicals which will be determined later by the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "erosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $103,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,700.
- The Congress reduced ageneywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$2,000 was applied to this activity,
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $12,500 was applied to this activity.
A-69
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- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $2,500 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $56,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
Reprogrammings to realign contracts and salary and related costs to meet
on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $69,400 to this activity.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,580,500 and 25 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $1,163,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $416,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $205,500. This will affeet efforts to provide
hazard assessments of non-carcinogenic compounds.
The scientific assessment program will provide continuing health hazard
assessment support to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Type I carcinogenicity evaluations with unit risk estimations will be
completed for 21 of 30 chemicals or, if needed, 12 to 15 expanded Type I
assessments will be conducted for the Agency.
Mutagenieity evaluations will be completed for 5 of 30 cancer chemicals to
support the Agency's Airborne Carcinogen Policy.
Technical assistance will be provided on mutagenicity or reproductive
toxicity policy matters and work will be initiated on four non-carcinogenic
health hazard assessments to be selected from the carcinogen dropout list or
other OAQPS priorities.
Exposure assessment reviews and/or technical assistance will be provided
using the new Agency exposure guidelines for up to 9 Type II risk
assessments.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $104,800 for this sub-program, of which
$103,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,000 was for extramural research
activities.
In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and
publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical
information plans and guidance and other general docu-nents 01 interest to the
environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information
systems necessary to effectively plan . and manage its research projects and
resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Hazardous Air Pollutants
included the Airborne Toxic Organic Chemicals.
The Regional Services Staff (RSS) provided for effective communications
between QRD and the Regions.
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $112,400 to this sub-program,
of which $106,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,200 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The Regional Services Staff (RSS) will continue to serve as a liaison
between ORD and the Regions. Specifically, RSS will continue to support the
Regional Support Management Information System and will develop and
implement a process to address the research needs of state and local
governments in the ORD planning process.
Various research program and project summaries, decision series documents,
and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee
requirements will be provided. Technical Information Plans, listing the
explicit information products for this research effort will be prepared.
Support will be provided to manage information systems which track ORD's
research projects and resources.
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such
activities will:
continue the Regional Support Management Information System.
conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to
provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports,
conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional technical
assistance requirements.
develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and
local government in the ORD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $4,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29-lV, these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $400.
- An increase of $4,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $400 to this activity.
19J2crglan
The Agency requests a total of $109,500 and 2 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $103,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$6,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $2,900 reflecting a diminished need for
technical information services.
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This sub-program will continue to provide the same types of services as in
1981. This includes the development and production of technical information
products to insure that research information is properly and adequately
communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products
planned by the Hazardous Air Pollutants Research Committee will be developed.
Support to manage systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will
be provided. Regional liaison activities will be continued.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $4,415,600 for this sub-program, of
which $2,152,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,263,300 was for extramural
research activities.
Analytical methods were developed for chlorinated hydrocarbons, non-methane
hydrocarbons, coke oven emissions, cadmium, and NOx. These hazardous air
pollutants represented the highest priorities of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards for promulgating regulations.
The repository of standard reference samples for hazardous air pollutants
was increased and maintained in order to maintain high quality pollutant
measurements.
As part of the quality assurance program, audits were completed as scheduled
at Regional, State, and local monitoring laboratories.
Support was provided for the mandatory quality assurance operation in the
EPA monitoring and support laboratories.
A mandatory quality assurance program was established to provide technical
guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have
environmental data of know quality that is appropriate for EPA needs.
In the carbon fiber program, field samples collected from five industrial
types were characterized, a sampling and analysis technique (light
microscopy) was developed as a reference procedure and a study was initiated
on continuous monitoring of carbon fiber emissions, A survey of available
measurements techniques was completed and four promising techniques are
being evaluated.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,126,700 to this sub-program,
of which $1,837,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,288,900
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Analytical methods for asbestos and arsenic being evaluated and modified
for field use in regulation surveillance and a system evaluated for
hazardous organic vapors using solid sorbents.
The research on instrumentation for continuous monitoring of carbon fiber
emissions is being completed and the results reported to the Federal Carbon
Fiber Research Program coordinated by the Office of Science and Technology.
In the source monitoring area, two methods are being standardized; one
method is being evaluated and validated. Two continuous emission monitors
are also being evaluated.
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Performance audits of laboratories are being conducted and the standards
repository for ambient and stationary source methods is being maintained.
Research standard materials are being developed for gaseous toxic organic
compounds. A standard reference material is being developed for asbestos in
air in conjunction with the National Bureau of Standards. Biological
standards containing Hazardous Air Pollutants are also being validated and
maintained.
The mandatory quality assurance program is continuing to provide technical
guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have
environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for EPA needs.
Emphasis is on application of the Agency-wide program to contract and grant
activities.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $92,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the buuget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $8,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$1,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $8,700 was applied to this activity.
•- An increase of $89,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $3,000 to this activity.
- Transfer $167,000 to nonionizing radiation/non-energy ($82,700) and to
solid waste non-energy ($84,300), to support efforts on Love Canal and
Three Mile Island activities.
- Offsetting transfers of $210,800 were made between this activity and air
gases and particles/non-energy in the Salaries and Expenses and Research
and Development appropriations.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,699,500 and 35 permanent work-years for
this sub-program, of which $2,391,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $1,278,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $427,200 in methods development work for
measuring hazardous air pollutants.
Two methods to verify exposure estimates for hazardous air pollutants will
be evaluated and improved.
A report will be issued on the evaluation of the provisional, method for
asbestos monitoring.
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In the stationary sources area for the National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air pollutants, two methods will be evaluated and one validated.
A report will be prepared on the evaluation of a continuous emission monitor
for one hazardous air pollutant designated by the OAQPS and the Office of
Enforcement.
In the area of Quality Assurance, a report will be prepared on the
verification of standards received from laboratories who are collecting
monitoring data in support of Regional and local monitoring programs.
Performance audits will be conducted and the standards repository for
ambient and stationary source methods will be maintained.
Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical
guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have
environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for the EPA needs,
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used e total of $2,546,000 for this sub-program, of
which $386,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,159,100 was for extramural
research activities.
The development of a research protocol and computer programs to study
variations and trends in U.S. cancer mortality by county, race, and sex.
Preliminary data on cancer mortality trends among white males also has been
prepared.
The utility of using intratrachael injection of compounds (was
investigated) as a means of predicting inhalation toxicity. The results
which are very similiar to those seen following inhalation permit a more
rapid screening of chemicals to determine the impact on the defense system
against infectious disease.
Biochemical data on manganese toxicity in neonatal rats was analyzed and an
increase in manganese levels in brain tissue was shown.
A report on psychological-neuropsychological function in children with
asymptomatic lead burden was completed. The lead burden had a significant
effect on brain waves and electrical-evoked brain potential.
The relationship between vapor pressure and mutagenic potential in the
development of techniques needed for the collection, delivery and bioassay
of volatile organics was established. The relationship between analytical
chemical activity and biological systems will help direct future testing
and research approaches.
An analytical method for detecting nickel-63 in the urine and feces in
studies on absorption and distribution of nickel in the developing rodent
was developed. This method was tested and evaluated and is now ready for
application to obtain pharmacokinetic data.
An organ specific bioassay system needed to screen for lung-specific
carcinogens and mutagens was developed. This methodology is being expanded
to allow the detection of other organ-specific carcinogens and modified to
utilize human cells in culture. This research will enable selection of the
most appropriate mammalian and human cells for testing and predictive
purposes.
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A pilot study in which large samples of urban air participate were collected
and subsequently chemically fractionated and bioassayed was completed.
Significant mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic activity was observed in
several fractions.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,537,700 to this sub-program,
of which $1,637,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,900,700
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
A system employing human lung cells to determine the carcinogenic and
mutagenic effects of hazardous air pollutants is being developed.
A rodent lung cell bioassay to aid in identifying and separating different
lung cell types and for determining which cells metabolize agents into
carcinogenic/mutagenic intermediates is being developed.
Human exposure assays for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity using in vitro
and cytogenic bioassay techniques to' ascertain whether readily available
human tissues (urines, blood, saliva) have been exposed to hazardous
substances are being developed.
Techniques for assaying airborne mutagens to enable direct comparisons to
(1) type of air borne mutagen present in the atmosphere, (2) extent of human
exposure, and (3) associated epidemiological data on morbidity and
mortality are being developed.
Fractions of urban air previously shown to present mutagenic and
carciogenic activity are being further characterized and pure compounds
that have been identified in active fractions are being tested as pure
agents.
The immunological effects of mice acutely exposed via inhalation to
selected hazardous chemicals and metals are being assessed.
An updated cancer mortality atlas is being further refined. Mortality rates
are being correlated with data from systematic sampling of air and water.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $139,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease' of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$1,400 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $30,600 was applied to this activity.
A-75
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- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $232,000 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced ageneywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$1,200 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $49,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Transfer $356,700 from air-gases and particles/non-energy to realign
funds between the Hazardous Air Pollutants Research Committee and the
Gases and Particles Research Committee so that both committees can
accomplish their required research.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $ 3,315,100 and 6 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $1,018,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $ 2,296,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $222,600 in development of bioassay methods for
screening hazardous air pollutants.
Methods tc adapt in vitro microbial and mammalian cell bioassays needed to
detect and characterize carcinogens in the ambient air and at their emission
source will be developed.
Efforts to develop and validate bioassays and screening techniques that are
needed to provide suggestive evidence of the carcinogenicity of hazardous
air pollutants to evaluate the ability of a chemical to induce chromosomal
aberrations which may be related to neoplastic changes will be continued.
Five chemicals will be tested.
Techniques to assess pulmonary carcinogenesis in whole animals will be
developed and validated.
Methods to assess the carcinogenic potential of volatile airborne
carcinogens will be developed.
A comprehensive battery of tests to evaluate the non-carcinogenic toxicity
of hazardous air pollutants will continue to be developed. The toxicity of
approximately 30 compounds will be compiled for testing in whole animals via
several possible routes of exposure of chemical administration.
Epidemiological research will on selected hazardous air pollutants which
are currently regulated will be continued. The research will focus on
asbestos and beryllium.
The relationship between airborne cadmium exposure and blood pressure
levels in populations living in the vicinity of industrial sources will
continue to be evaluated. This is a five year longitudinal study which.
through use of an increased sample size, will evaluate the possibility of
selective survival suggested in earlier research. The results will be
applied to risk assessments for airborne cadmium.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $797,200 for this sub-program, of which
$210,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $586,300 was for extramural research
activities.
An assessment of atmospheric emissions from petrochemical production
processes with emphasis on fugitive emissions was completed. These results
provided input data for the development of hazardous air pollutant
standards.
An evaluation of innovative storage tank seals for benzene was completed.
These data were used in the development of New Source Performance Standards
for storage tanks.
The frequency of hydrocarbon fugitive emissions such as benzene in the
organic chemical manufacturing industry was determined. This data will be
used in development and review of hazardous air pollutant standards.
Calibration factors of volatile organic compound analyzer equipment for
selected organic chemicals were determined. These data will be used in
development and review of hazardous air pollutant standards that specify
measurement techniques.
A preliminary environmental assessment of the submerged are ferroalloy
furnace was completed. The results identified this source as a major
emitter of carcinogenic matter.
An environmental assessment for coal preheaters for steel manufacturing
which identified this • process as a major source of carcinogenic matter was
completed.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $754,400 to this sub-program.
Of which $220,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $533,500 is
for the Research and Development Appropriation.
The industrial hazardous air pollution control program is closely related
to the industrial oxidant control programs. Several joint projects are supported
because many hazardous chemicals such as benzene are also volatile organical
chemicals. Sources of industrial emissions and control technologies for both
oxidants and hazardous air pollutants are therefore often coincident.
A multi-year assessment of the ferrous metallurgy industry is being
continued. Sources planned for assessment include iron foundry melting,
blast furnace top, and electric furnace emissions. Hazardous discharges
such as heavy metals and polycyclic1 organic material are characterized and
methods of control suggested for further study and testing.
An assessment of the ferroalloy industry is being completed. Plans are
being developed for a later demonstration project to control hazardous air
emissions.
An evaluation of activated carbon adsorption systems is being undertaken to
provide a fundamental understanding of system performance, cost, size, and
maintenance parameters. This knowledge enables designers to specify
optimum systems for a wide range of industrial applications in controlling
hazardous air emissions.
The capture efficiency of hoods is being studied in industrial applications
that emit hazardous air pollutants. Design parameters such as air flow
rates, energy requirements, and capture effectiveness are being optimized
in a variety of specific applications.
A-77
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Emission studies utilizing more refined sampling methods are being
conducted to determine the fugitive emissions of hazardous compounds from
petrochemical plants, and from synthetic organic chemical manufacturing
plants.
Secondary air emissions from wood processing and organic, chemical manu-
facturing wastewater treatment systems are being characterized. The need
for control of these emissions is being determined.
Thermal incineration processes will be studied to determine the
effectiveness of hazardous air emissions control. Methods of reducing
costs and energy requirements will be sought in the project. Undesirable
effects of incineration such as harmful daughter-product generation will be
identified, and methods to reduce these effects will be devised.
1981 ..Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $65,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of S7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,100.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $72,000 was applied to this
activity.
An increase of $8,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $800 from this activity.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $817,200 and 4 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $232,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$584,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $62,800 for developing control technologies
for emissions of volatile organic compounds from industrial sources.
Work will focus on the control of polynuclear organic materials and other
hazardous air pollutants from the ferroalloy industry. Control of these
emissions can require high energy Scrubbers. For economical operation,
exit gas volumes must be minimized by controlling combustion and air
induction. A field demonstration of optimum control techniques will be
undertaken to culminate assessment work that was begun in prior years.
- Field tests of catalytic oxidation techniques will be conducted at several
industrial sites. Data that is obtained will be used in the development of
hazardous air pollutant regulations.
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Afterburners and on-site industrial boilers and heaters will be evaluated
to determine the potential for hazardous air pollution control.
A long-range program will be initiated to predict the mechanism of formation
of potentially hazardous air pollutants in chemical manufacturing
processes.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,472,100 for this sub-program, of
which $278,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,193,400 was for extramural
research activities.
Research results have been obtained on the nature of the potential carbon
fiber emissions resulting from machining and incineration of graphite/epoxy
composites. These results will be used to assess the potential
environmental impacts associated with the increased use and disposal of
materials containing carbon fibers.
Urban and non-urban air quality measurements have been obtained for a large
number of halocarbons, hydrocarbons and nitrous oxide. These data will be
useful for estimating daily doses for use in risk assessment determinations
and for estimating global distributions to help assess the impact of some of
these compounds on the stratospheric ozone layer.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,436,400 to this sub-program,
of which $309,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,127,000
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Carbon fiber emissions are being characterized from a variety of services
including manufacturing processing and disposal facilities. The results of
this program will be used by the Office of Science Technology Policy to
assess the potential environmental impacts associated with increased usage
and disposal of carbon fibers.
A report will be prepared that summarizes the precision and accuracy of the
ambient air quality data that has been obtained from recent field investiga-
tions of hazardous air pollutants. Reports will be used to assess the
quality of data currently available on ambient levels of these important
hazardous air pollutants and in developing effective hazardous ambient air
measurement program plans.
Studies are being conducted to determine the lifetimes and atmospheric
degradation products of selected hazardous air pollutants, such as halocar-
bons. The results of this work will be used to assess risk exposure of
hazardous air pollutants and to identify likely atmospheric degradation
products that may be more toxic then the original form of the pollutant.
Source apportionment models are being developed for hazardous air
pollutants such as organic vapors and aerosols. These models will be used
to determine the individual source contributions of selected hazardous air
pollutant emissions to ambient air quality.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 .President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
A-79
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reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $129,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi-
sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries
and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $2,500 was applied to this activity.
•• The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $139,000 was applied to
this activity.
•- An increase of $12,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $1,300 from other activities.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,558,900 and 6 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $399,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$1,159,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $122,500 in work on characterization of
hazardous pollutants in ambient air.
Ambient air characterization studies will be conducted from a selected list
which currently contains thirty-six (36) hazardous air pollutants. These
Studies will be used to determine the real-time atmospheric levels of these
hazardous pollutants. The specific design and locations of the measurement
networks will be based on studies conducted in the 1981 program.
Laboratory studies that simulate atmospheric processes will be used to
assess the potential lifetimes and degradation products ' of selected
hazardous air pollutants including a number of halocarbons. The specific
list of potential hazardous air pollutants to be investigated will be deter-
mined by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. These pollutants
are selected as they become candidates for future control under the National
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants section of the Clean Air
Act.
Studies to develop source apportionment models will continue. The work will
focus on the development of models Applied to organic pollutants which exist
in both aerosol and vapor form.
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AIR
Actual
J980
Appropriation
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and Expenses. $65
Research and
Oevelopment.........
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses. 722
Research and
Development......... 258
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. 2,839
Research and
Development......... 3,414
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses. 513
Research and
Development. 437
Total:
Salaries and Expenses. 4,139
Research and
Development......... 4.109
Grand Total. 8,248
Permanent Positions
Technical Information
and Liaison. ?
Monitoring Syst°-ns and
Quality Assurance 12
Health Effects 37
Environmental Processes
and Effects, _JQ___
Total........ 61
Ful1-t ime Equ i valency
TechnicalInformation
and Liaision. ?,
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance. 15
Health Effects 51
Environmental Processes
and Effects 15
Mobile Sources Non-Energy
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate Estimate
1981* 1981 1982 .
(dollars in thousands^
$65
3
676
825
3,179
2:,670
544
656
$68
3
673
176
3,570
3,856
564
406
$66
3
907
672
2,173
779
630
1,029
4,464
4,154
4,875
1,441
3,826
2,483
8,618
12
34
11
9,316
12
12
11
5,309
13
9
11
59
Total,
84
16
52
13
83
37
16
30
13
61
35
18
20
JLL
53
Increase •+
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-$2
+234
+496
-1,397
-3,077
+116
+623
•1,049
•1.958
-3,007
+1
-3
-2
+2
-10
-8
A-81
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Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,309,200 for 19872, a decrease of $3,007,000 from
1981. Included in this total is $3,825,800 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,483,400 for
Research and Hevlopment, vrith a decrease of $1,049,400 and 31,95.7,600 respectively.
Program Description
The program has been developed under the auspices of the Mobile Sources Air Pollution
Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are
integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on
Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program assures and improves the accuracy of the data base necessary for
estimation of adverse effects on human health associated with airborne pollutants which
are associated with mobile sources (fuels, fuel additives, combustion products and
atmospheric transformation products derived therefrom).
Improvements in accuracy are considered necessary for decisions on certification of
various vehicular models. The program also provides EPA with a scientifically
defensible data base on vehicular emissions to support and evaluate mobile source standard
setting processes and abatement strategies. Studies determine impacts of motor vehicle
advanced control systems and advanced power systems on both regul ated and important non-
regulated pollutant emissions. The activities in this program also: determine human
exposure to ttoMle source pollutants by developing and applying monitoring equipment and
methodologies; determine mobile source contribution to ambient air quality by long-term
monitoring; develop methods to collect exhaust for chemical analysis and mutagenic
testing; register fuel and fuel additives in accordance with Section 211 of the Clean
Air Act; provide all necessary quality assurance for mobile source needs; and provide
fuels analysis for regional and enforcement needs.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually
in the following material.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1980 Accomplishments
In 1930, the Agency used a total of $65,000 for this sub-program, of which $.64,500
was for Salaries and Expenses and $500 was for extramural research activities.
In 1980, the technical information program supported the preparation and publication
of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and
guidance and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision-making
community. It also provided the Office of Research and Development (ORD) with
information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and
resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of mobile sources included the
publication and dissemination of a report on the diesel emissions research program.
The regional services staff provided for effective communications between ORD and
the regions. Specifically, they:
- Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System.
- Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical asistance.
- Conducted GRD/regional senior staff meetings.
- Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations.
A-82
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1981 Program
In 1?81, the Agency has allocated a total of $71,800 to this sub-program, of which
$68,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and S3, 400 is for extramural
ourposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
This part of the program is providing various research program and project
summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet
Research Co-nmittee requirements. Technical information plans, listing the explicit
information products for this research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year,
support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them
to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems
which track ORD's research projects and resources,
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities
will:
- Continue the Regional Support Management Information System.
- Conduct ORD/regional senior staff meeting a'nd other liaison activities to provide
technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and
policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and
technical assistance requirements.
- Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of State and local
government in the OPJD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1931 budget estimate column are derived from
"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 'resident's Budget submission
to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this
submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program,
as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses
section of this submission.
The net increase of $3,400 results from several actions, ;s follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 95-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses; the reduction applied to this
activity is $300.
! i
- An increase of $3,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- ?eprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of S300 from other activities.
1932 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $69,100 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub-program
of which 365,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 53,400 is for extramural
purposes, under the Research and Development appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of 52,500 which will slightly reduce the development and
dissemination of technical information products.
This sub- program will continue, in 1°32, to provide the same types of services as in
1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to
insure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental
decision-naking community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee
will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources will be provided as will strong liaison with regional offices, of a similar nature
to that conducted in 1981.
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MONITORINGSYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980 Accomp11shments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $979,600 for this sub-program, of which $722,400
was for Salaries and Expenses and $257,200 was for extramural research activities.
- A study on carbon monoxide intrusion into sustained-use vehicles (schoolbuses,
taxicabs, and police vehicles) mandated by the Clear Air Act amendments was completed.
The study identified major points of intrusion and developed recmmendations for abating
the problem.
- Dilot studies measuring direct human exposure to carbon monoxide by using personal
air quality monitors were begun in preparation for a full-scale study in 1981.
- The third annual report on the Los Angeles Freeway monitoring program, the only
continuous cross-exoressway monitoring program in the country, was completed.
- Over 200 fuels and fuel additives were registered.
- Analytical support was provided to enforcement and health effects programs.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $849,300 to this sub-program, of which
$673,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $175,900 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
- In the mobile sources area, emphasis is being placed on the determination of human
exposure to mobile source related pollutants, particularly carbon monoxide. This exposure
program, made possible recently by advances in the technology of monitoring personal
exposure, will provide much more detailed information on public exposure and therefore
will allow more targeted and cost-effective abatement procedures.
- The fuel and fuel additive registration program, mandated by Congress, will continue.
- Analytical support to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, the Mobile
Source Enforcement Division, and the Health Effects Research Laboratory in Research Triangle
Park (RTF) will also continue to be provided. This support of chemical analysis and monitoring
can be supplied on a cost-effective basis by the in-house expertise of the Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory at RTP.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross-
walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budgst submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as '.veil as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of 5650,700 results from several actions, as follow:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
57 million to E?A's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $1,900.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $350,000; a decrease of S3,400 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,?14,000 to the P>esearch and Development
appropriation; a decrease of $117,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $32,100 results from the cost of the October 1930 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
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- ^programmings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $300 from other activities.
- Transfer $7,200 from air gases and particles(GAP)/non-energy, to support GAP-related
research.
- Transfer $568,000 to air mobile sources/non-energy, to realign contract funds.
1932 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,579,400 and 13 permanent workyears for this sub-program,
of which $907,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $672,400 is for extra-
mural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation, an increase of $234,000 and
$496,000 respectively.
This increase reflects a shift in responsibility for planning and conducting full-
scale carbon monoxide exposure assessment studies. These studies are based on the
successful completion of pilot studies in 1980-1981.
- The carbon monoxide exposure assessment program will continue and will emphasize
the identification of human activity patterns in selected urban areas.
- Fuel and fuel additive registration will continue.
- Chemical analytical support will continue to be provided to Agency laboratories and
regional and program offices
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 19SO, the Agency used a total of $6,253,500 for this sub-program, of which $2,338,500
was for Salaries and Expenses and 53,415,000 was for extramural research activities.
- A report was published on the tumorogenesis of diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust and
related emission extracts based on dermal exposure of the SENCAR (SENsltive to CARclnoma)
mouse. The study concludes that the SENCAR mouse skin bioassay has utility for comparative
potency analysis using both pure substances and complex mixtures.
- The results of a study on the release of mutagens from diesel particles when' in the
presence of physiological fluids (serum and lung cytosol) was published. The studies suggest
that substantial mutagenic activity (as measured with the Ames Salmonelaa typhiinurium plate
incorporation assay) is released from diesel particles upon incubation with physiological
fluids.
- An evaluation of a comparison between the microbial mutagencity effects present after
exposure to emissions of light-duty diesel passenger cars and gasoline catalyst cars was
completed. The organics in the emissions from both sources stimulated responses in the assay.
The biological activity stimulated by the emissions from the diesel system was estimated to be
40-100 times that for the gasoline cat^yst system, presumably due to the higher particle
emission rate of the diesel.
- Preliminary analysis of the comparative responses of the matrix of short-term bioassays
to the test materials (diesel exhaust extracts and surrogates) suggests that :he .response to
diesel samples generally fall within the range of responses to the surrogates (cigarette smoke
condensate, roofing tar soot and extract, coke oven soot and extract). The results also
suggest that a large portion of the mutagenic activity from diesel samples was due to
nitrogenated compounds.
- A series of experiments focusing on inhalation of diesel exhaust to determine its effects
son Tiutagenicity, reproductive performance of females, and teratology ./ere completed. Mutagenic
and terotogenic effects were negative in the test animals which included mice, rats and rabbits
but small effects on reproductive performance of female mice were observed.
A-85
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- An international symposium on the health effects of diesels was held. Researchers from-
England, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Japan and the United States presented their most recent data
on the characterization of diesel engine emissions and the biological responses of exposure
to whole diesel exhaust and its components. Controversy over the appropriate method to
interpret the available data still exists.
1931 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,425,900 to this sub-program, of which
53,569,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and S3.,856,000 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development apppropriation.
The program continues to emphasize the evaluation -of comparative responses of the matrix
of bioassay test systems (both in vitro and in vivo) to diesel exhausts from a variety of
vehicles and a series of surrogates. Present emphasis is on the completion of the in vivo
bioassay studies for cancer which have required lapse times of several years. Impacts upon
cardiovascular, neurobehavioral, reproductive and pulmonary function that may be induced by
exposures to carbon monoxide are also being evaluated using both human health studies
(epidemiological and clinical) and whole animal studies. The studies conducted in this sub-
program are considered necessary to improve the quantitative estimate of the potential health
risks associated with agents emitted from diesel systems. Additionally, the program is
continuing the development and application of in vitro and in vivo bioassay systems for use
in evaluation of fuel, fuel additives, unregulated mobile source emissions and evaluation of
the biological activity of gas phase hydrocarbons and of ambient air impacted by mobile source
emissions. More specific tasks include:
- Continuation of the study on induction of respiratory cancer in Syrian golden hamsters
using intratracheal instillation of test materials (surrogates and diesel emissions).
- Continuation of the evaluation of the relative potentcy of test materials to produce
skin cancer using dermal exposure of the SENCAR mouse.
- Completion of the study on rate of tumor induction in strain A mice associated with
inhalation of diesel exhaust.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross-
walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the
new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The
details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the cross-
walk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $1,576,600 results from several actions, as fallows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, "resident Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million of EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $10,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,100 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$77,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development
appropriation; a decrease of $290,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywirte AOP services by $2 million; a decrease of $3,700 was
applied to this activity.
- An increase of $35,000 results from the cost of the October 1930 pay raise and is
inclu-lei in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
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- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-bqard needs resulted
in a transfer of $1,000 to other activities.
- Transfer of 5767,700 from air mobile sources/non-energy, to realign contract funds.
- Transfer of $1,110,000 from air-oxidants/non-energy, in order to consolidate all
carbon monoxide research activities under the Mobile Sources Research Committee.
1982_P1jn
The Agency requests a total of $2,951,800 and 9 permanent workyears for this sub-program,
of which 52,172,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 5779,100 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects a
decrease of 51,397,000 and $3,077,000 respectively. The decrease reflects the phasing-down
of inhalation studies of the effects of diesel particles.
The 1Q32 program will consist of (1) human health studies (clinical and epidemiological)
of the effects of long-term low level exposures .to carbon monoxide which were initiated in
1931 in response to program office information needs; (2) continuation of the 1980 biological
studies of the comparative carcinogenic potency of diesel exhaust and several surrogates
utilizing ^invivo test systems (intratracheal instillation in hamsters and skin painting
of mice); and |3) continued development and application of_in vivo and In vitro bioassay
test systems which have higher sensitivity and lower cost for"u"se~in evaluation of fuel and
fuel additives, nonregulated emissions from mobile sources and the biological activity
induced by automotive exhaust products in ambient air.
ENVIRONMENTAL,PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $949,700 for this sub-program, of which 5513,100
was for Salaries and Expenses and 5436,600 was for extramural research activities.
- Emission factors were determined for over 60 individual hydrocarbon compounds emitted
from passenger vehicles. This information will be useful in providing risk assessments of
the potentially harmful pollutants*
- An interm report was completed on the characterization of heavy-duty diesel emissions
under the transient (varying speed) driving condition* This report will summarize
information on the mutagenic components of diesel emissions.
- Over 200 grams of diesel particulate matter were generated, for use in developing a
tier bioassay protocol. Once developed, the tier bioassay protocol will be used to assess the
potential health impact of automotive emissions.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $969,200 to this sub-program, of which
$563,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $405,700 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
- Research is being conducted to define the character of heavy-duty diesel engine
emissions. Particular emphasis has been placed on those emissions which exhibit biological
activity. Emissions from in-use gasolines powered vehicles are also being analyzed for
their chemical composition and biologic activity.
- A methodology is being developed to collect the gas phase emissions from both
gasoline and diesel engines that have not been previously characterized in order to
identify possible biologic activity.
- Subject to fuel availability, emission data will be collected from a small number
of diesel and gasoline vehicles operating on synthetic fuels. The relationship between
fuel and emission compositions will be defined to the extent possible..
- Using 3-way catalyst equipped passenger cars, tests will be conducted to measure the
sensitivity of emissions to variations in speed, load, and acceleration/deceleration rates.
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from
"crosswal king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission
to the new structure as presented in the 1931 current estimate reflected in this submission.
The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the
crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this
submission.
The net decrease of $230,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $2,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by 5850,000; a decrease of $500 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and
Development appropriation; a decrease of $50,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $25,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramminns to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of 52,300 from other activities.
- Transfer 5200,000 to air mobile sources/non-energy ($199,700) and to nonionizing
radiation/non-energy ($300), in order to realign contract funds.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,708,700 and 11 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $1,028,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 3680,200
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects
an increase of $116,000 and $623,000 respectively.
Thfs increase allows for additional characterization work which will focus on emissions
from heavy-duty diesel vehicles and vehicles powered by synthetic fuels.
- Diesel emission characterization studies will continue to emphasize the identification
of the mutagenic component. While both light and heavy-duty diesel vehicles will be studied,
the major focus will be placed on heavy-duty vehicles.
- Emission data will continue to be collected from diesel and gasoline vehicles operating
on synthetic fuels. The emission data will be characterized chemically, physically, 3nd
biologically. The collection of specific fuels to be tested will be identified and prioritized
by the regulatory and enforcement offices of EPA. .
- As new technologies are used to control motor vehicle emission, tests will be conducted
to determine their impact on environmentally important unregulated pollutant emissions. These
tests will be conducted under potentially important non-FTP conditions with variations in
speed, load and acceleration/deceleration rates. The pollutants rneasured in this program
include compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen cyanide, organic acids,
and nitrates.
- Validation studies will evaluate existing models that predict population exposures
to 'notor vehicle emissions. The field data used for the validation effort will be obtained
from existing data bases.
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AIR
Gases and Particles Non-Energy
Appropriation
Scientific Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.....
Environmental Engineering
and Technology
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.....
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Actual
1980
235
114
436
4
3,634
5,264
6,410
4,898
225
630
2,361
7,546
13,301
18,456
Budget
Estimate
1981*
221
172
426
27
3,592
5,416
6,155
6,907
228
651
;
2,557
7,768
13,179
20,941 ,
Current
Estimate
1981
248
172
396
27
3,980
4,552
4.855
7,044
232
586
2,446
6,991
12,157
19,372
' Estimate
1982
216
179
432
27
4,518
4,285
5,900
6,340
243
623
2,922
6.984
14,231
13,438
Increase +
Decrease -
• 1982 vs. 1981
-32
+7
+36
...
+538
-267
+1,045
-704
+11
+37
+476
-7
+2,074
-934
Grand Total
31,757 34,120
31,529
32,669
+1,140
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
Scientific Assessments-
Technical Information
and Liaison
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance.
Health Effects...
Environmental Engineering
and Technology
Environmental Processes
and Effects
Total
Full-time Equivalency
Scientific Assessments...
Technical Information
and Liaison
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance
Health Effects
Environmental Engineering
and Technology
Environmental Processes
and Effects.
Total
4
6
72
90
4
37
213
6
9
80
107
7
43
252
4
6
71
89
4
41
215
8
10
78
101
7
52
256
4
6
68
54
4
35
171
8
10
76
66
7
41
208
5
6
70
71
4
39
195 '
7
10
77
83
7
50
234
+1
, —
+2
+17
..,
+4
+24
-1
• * «
+1
+17
» * *
+9
+26
'January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $32,669,200 for 1982, an increase of
$1,139,900 from 1981. Included in this total is $14,231,400 for Salaries and
Expenses and $18,437,800 for Research and Development, with an increase of
$2,074,200 and a decrease of $934,300 respectively.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Gases and
Particles Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of
the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce
outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
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The overall program provides scientific data on health effects from
exposure to airborne sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and lead to comply with
Section 108 and 109 of the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act requires that the
criteria and standards be reviewed and, if necessary, revised every five years;
therefore, continually updated information regarding health effects is needed to
support maintenance or revision of the criteria and standards. In obtaining such
information, the program provides regulatory decision makers with the assessment
and prognostication of the environmental effects of S02, lead, and particles.
This includes modeling and prediction of ambient concentrations of pollutants,
assessment of ecological and material damage of such pollutants, and
determination of visibility impairment of fine particles. The program develops
and demonstrates pollution control technologies capable of reducing or
eliminating gaseous and particulate pollutant emissions from industrial point
sources and provides technical and cost data bases that support regulatory
standards for direct application by industry in solving pollution problems.
Chemical/physical measurement methods are developed and evaluated, while the
program also provides quality assurance support. In addition, this program
supports the design and operation of research monitoring systems and networks,
and development and testing of exposure assessment methodologies.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $349,600 for this sub-program, of which
$235,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $114,200 was for extramural research
activities.
A draft particulate matter/sulfur oxides criteria document was completed as
required by Section 108 of the Clean Air Act.
1,981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $420,200 to this sub-orogram,
of which $248,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $172,100 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
A SOx/particulate criteria document drafted in 1980 as required by Section
108 of the Clean Air Act is being completed. The criteria document on lead
will be updated as required by the Clean Air Act with peer and Sceince
Advisory Board reviews to be completed in 1982.
A draft issue paper is being completed on fibrous particles which will
identify scientific issues needing resolution prior to the development of a
more in-depth health assessment as required under Sections 112 and 122 of
the Clean Air Act.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
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The net increase of $26,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200.
- An increase of $10,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in transfers from
pesticides scientific assessments ($17,900) and from air scientific
assessment ($400).
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $395,300 for this sub-program, of which
$216,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $179,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $24,900 stemming from the completion of the
SOx/Particulate Matter Criteria Document.
An update of the Lead Criteria Document as required by Section 108 of the
Clean Air Act will be completed.
An issue paper begun in FY 1981 on fibrous particles will be completed.
TEgHNICAMNF^RJUTION AN_D LIAISON
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $439,800 for this sub-program, of which
$435,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,200 was for extramural research
activities.
In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation of the
Research Outlook, Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance,
and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making
community. It provided information systems which ORD needed to effectively plan
and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the
area of gases and particulates included the publication and dissemination of
reports on:
- Diffusion, Modeling and Statistical Techniques used in Regulatory
Decision Making.
- High Efficiency Control System.
- Inhalable Particulates Studies and Sampler Evaluation and Sampling
Techniques.
- Sodium Condition for hit side electrostatic precipitators.
-Dual Alkali Demonstration at Louisville Gas and Electric Company.
-Fugitive Emission Research Study.
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The Regional Services Staff was responsible for effective communications
between ORD and the regions. The Technical Information and Liaison activities
helped enable ORD to communicate its research information to EPA's regional
offices and to the environmental decision making community. • Further, they
assisted in making better coordination between ORD and the regions possible,
allovring each to meet the needs of "the Agency and the public more efficiently.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $423,200 to this sub-program,
of which $396,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $27,000 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This part of the program is providing various research program and project
summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer pulications to
meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the
explicit information for this research effort have been prepared throughout the
year. Support will be provided to develop these information products and to
distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to
manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources.
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such
activities will:
Continue the Regional Support Management Information System.
Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and
local government in the ORD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
- The net increase of $30,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide SES bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of
$3,800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million! a
decrease of $36,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $15,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $3,300 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $459,400 for this sub-program, of which
$432,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and '$27,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $36,200 which will slightly increase the
Technical Informations^ program's ability to prepare and disseminate technical
information products to the Research Committee, Congress, and the public. It
will, also slightly increase the Regional Services Staff's Capacity for liaison
activities.
This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of
services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical
information products to insure that research -information -is properly and
adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community.
Specific products planned by the appropriate' Research Committee will be
developed. Support to managing systems which track ORB'S research projects and
resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of a
similar nature to that conducted in 1981.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $897,700 for this sub-program, of which
$3,634,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,263,500 was for extramural
research activities.
New stations were added to the inhalable participate network for a total of
138 stations. Additional instruments were sited at all stations to allow
for increased analysis of mass, size,, and chemical composition. This
information is needed for establishment and revision of standards for
participate matter.
Quality assurance guidelines and audits were provided for the National Air
Monitoring Sites (NAMS) and the State and Local Air Monitoring Sites
(SLAMS).
A new massive air sampler capable of collecting very large amounts of
atmospheric particles for later chemical analysis and bioassay (e.g. Ames
test) was developed.
Systems for determining the chemical composition of fine particles
collected by dichotomous samplers were tested and applied to field
monitoring studies.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,532,100 to this sub-program.
of which $3,980,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,551,800
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The inhalable particulate (IP) network, mandated by the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977, is being expanded to a total of 180 stations by the end
of 1981.
Measurement methods for fine particle emissions from stationary sources are
being improved. Better methods will provide more detailed knowledge of
emissions and more effective abatement techniques.
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Quality Assurance procedures, including performance audits of IP network
stations and State and Local Air Monitoring Stations, maintenance of a
repository of reference samples and materials, publication of new methods
and quality assurance guidelines, verification of certified reference
materials, and the implementation of the Agency's Mandatory Quality
Assurance Program, are being performed on a continuing basis.
Chemical analysis of trace metals and statistical analysis of trends at the
national air monitoring sites is continuing. These analyses are essential
to determine the actual effect of the Agency's policies on the national air
quality.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
- The net decrease of $476,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$15,000.
* The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$7,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $17,400 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $9,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$7,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $158,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $43,700 from other activities.
•*• Transfer $395,000 to monitoring and quality assurance/uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites to support Love Canal efforts.
- A transfer of $8,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
- Transfer within the Office of Research and Development to support GAP
related research resulted in a transfer to air oxidants non-enersry
($102,300); to air hazsardous pollutants non-energy $800; and to air
mobile sources non-energy ($7,200).
- Transfer 520,000 to program management in order to support public
awareness and industrial hygienist positions at Research Triangle Park.
A-95
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $8,802,100 and 70 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $4,517,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $4,284,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $270,000 to allow for expansion of the
inhalable particulate sampling- network.
Air measurements will continue to be developed, evaluated and optimized and
measurement systems for criteria and non-criteria pollutants tested,
evaluated, and demonstrated. EPA monitoring methods will be standardized;
alternative methods will be evaluated and certified as equivalent to
Federal Register methods upon passing prescribed performance standards.
Standards and reference materials will continue to be maintained and
supplied to laboratories on request. Performance audits of requesting
laboratories will continue to be supplied for criteria pollutants and for
sulfates and nitrates. Special audits (unanticipated) will also be carried
out. Performance specifications will be developed and tested for
continuous emission monitors (CEM) used by the Enforcement Office. Support
will continue to be provided for the Mew Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
Program mandated by the Clean Air Act,
Quality Assurance (QA) guidelines, audits, reference samples, and other
support will continue to be provided to organizations monitoring air
pollution sources and ambient air quality, including the new National Air
Monitoring System/State and Local Air Monitoring System (NAMS/SLAMS)
network mandated by the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments. Volumes II and III
of the QA Handbook will be augmented, updated, and distributed to users.
Performance audits and other QA will be supplied for OEMs. QA will also be
supplied for' the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS)
studies and EPA research laboratories involving air measurements. The
Agency's mandatory Quality Assurance Program established by the
Administrator will continue to be implemented.
The inhalable particulate (IP) network will operate 180 stations throughout
1982. Twenty additional stations will be added during the year. The mass,
size, and chemical compostion of participates will be measured at each
station, as requested by OAQPS.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $11,307,800 for this sub-program, of
which $6,409,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,898,100 was for extramural
research activities.
A-96
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The first phase of study to define the decrements in lung function
associated with exercise, increased temperature, and dosage with
bronchoconstrictor drugs was completed. This study provided baseline
health data and defined the worst case situation for unexposed subjects.
The data will be used in a Phase n project which has been initiated to
study the acute health effects in humans with repeated exposure to various
pollutants and experiencing physical activity and thermal stress. The
pollutants of interest include sulfuric acid, ammonium bisulfate, ammonium
sulfate, and ammonium nitrate, alone and in combination with ozone, sulfur
dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
Acute and intermittent exposures of normal and impaired animals to ammonium
sulfate, a fine-mode pollutant, were completed. Results from this study
will provide toxicological data relevant to determining the need for a size
resolved standard for inhalable participate matter.'
Acute and intermittent exposures of mice and hamsters to ammonium sulfate,
ammonium bisulfate, and ammonium nitrate to provide data on dose-response
relationships for effects on host defense mechanisms against infectious
respiratory disease were completed.
The first phase of a problem definition study which, in conjunction with a
panel of experts, will serve as the foundation for planning epidemiological
studies on inhalable particulates was completed. This project identified
problem areas in current knowledge and needed research, and determined the
types of studies which offer a high probability of success if conducted.
Such planning studies with input from experts in the field help ensure that
research efforts provide valuable data for the Agency.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $11,898,800 to this sub-
program, of which $4,854,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$7,044,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro-
priation.
Studies are being initiated to determine the subchronie and chronic inha-
lation toxicity and immunological effects of carbon particles. Assessment
of immunological responses are also being considered for sulfur dioxide.
The results will provide needed information on low concentrations of pollu-
tants, varied exposure modes, and additional biological and immunological
endpoints.
Protocols for an in vivo inhalation system will be validated and compared to
in vivo assays as part of efforts to develop rapid models for short-term
screening of particles for lung toxicity.
Clinical studies are primarily concentrating on continued implementation of
multi-phased studies. Phase H of research on the effects in humans of
acute exposure to sulfate and nitrate aerosols, alone and in combination
with gaseous pollutants, is underway, focusing on respiratory mechanical
parameters in young, healthy male subjects. Endpoints to be measured
include respiratory functioning, spirometry, and exercise stress effects.
Epidemiological research on inhalable particles • foEows upon the first
stage of the problem definition study completed last year. Potential study
communities will be identified by particulate pollution levels and
characterized with respect to demographic, industrial, socioeconomic, and
other important parameters to support final selection of communities to
fulfill research needs for epidemiological studies identified by the Phase
I inhalable particulate problem definition study.
A-97
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Asthmatic patients in Colorado are being evaluated for symptom aggravation,
pulmonary function changes, and usage of drugs and medical care in relation
to particulate air pollution. Asthmatics have been selected for study
because they represent a subset of the population sensitive to air
pollution.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $888,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$10,700.
•- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$4,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by S3.8 million; a
decrease of $12,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $777,000 was applied to
this activity to allow for phasing of research to coincide with the cycle
for criteria document revisions.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$23,300 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of 589,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $35,500 from other activities.
- A transfer of $7,100 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order
to provide additional resources to that Office.
- A transfer of $356,700 was made to air hazardous pollutants non-energy in
order to realign funds between the Hazardous Air Pollutants Research
Committee and the Gases and Particles Research Committee so that both
Committees can accomplish their required research.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $12,240,400 and 71 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $5,900,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $6,340,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $341,600 for epidemiologlcal studies of
population exposed to ambient levels of SOy/particles near existing standards.
A-98
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Epidemiological studies begun in 1981 will continue and represent a long-
term commitment to improving our understanding of the health effects of
exposure to sulfur oxides and airborne particles.
Inhalation studies will continue on human volunteers exposed to fine-mode
(0-2,5 micrometers) aerosols which include sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate,
ammonium nitrate; alone and in combination with ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
and sulfur dioxide.
Development and utilization of animal models from which information about
deposition of particles in the lungs can be extrapolated to humans will
continue.
Development and application of techniques far studying pulmonary function
in both normal animals and in animals with respiratory disease will continue
to focus on improving the extrapolation of animal data to humans who are at
risk from exposure to air pollutants.
Studies will be conducted on the inhalation toxicity of carbon, organic
particles, and gas mixtures. Data collection will be underway in research
to develop and compare in vivo inhalation systems to cell and tissue culture
assays established for airway and alveolar epithelium. The results should
establish the validity of culture models for short-term screening of
particles for lung toxicity.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $855,000 for this sub-program, of which
$224,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $630,400 was for extramural research
activities.
A report on the feasibility of smelter weak SO- stream control was
completed. This information is a key element in tne Agency's Nonferrous
Smelter Order program. The report analyzes all technologies currently
available for S0» control. • '• I
A study of foreign technologies for controlling emissions at a secondary
lead smelter was completed. This technology should assist industry in
meeting the air quality standards for lead emissions.
Emission factors for steel plants have been developed for inhalable
participates to support development of regulations for basic oxygen furnace
stack, fugitive, and hot metal desulfurization processes and also for
fugitive emissions from roads and material piles.
A preliminary environmental assessment for the Formcoke process was
completed to support the Department of Energy. This new process, which is
an alternative to conventional cokemaking, offers the promise of
eliminating coke oven emissions.
A preliminary environmental assessment was completed for the submerged arc
ferroalloy furnace which identified this industrial process as a major
emitter of carcinogenic matter.
A-99
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1981 Program .
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $817,900 to this sub-program,
of which $232,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $585,600 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
A major technical support program is being undertaken to evaluate
Nonferrous Smelter Order proposals that are received from industry by the
Office of Enforcement. This program is required by section 119 of the Clean
Air Act. Technical assistance is being provided to Regional Offices and
other governmental organizations involved in implementing this delayed
compliance order for primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters.
The demonstration of particulate controls for open sources in steel plants
is being supported. A charged fogger is being evaluated at two steel plants
to assist in the development of New Source Performance Standards and State
Implementation Plans. A test report and users manual will be published for
each demonstration.
Assessments of gaseous and inhalable particulate emissions from the ferrous
metallurgy and ferroalloy industries is being continued. Advanced air
pollution control technology that shows promise is being identified for
possible large scale demonstration in later years.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $60,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $65,000 was applied to this
activity.
- An increase of $6,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogfammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $1,000 from other activities.
1982 Plan ;
The Agency requests a total of 5865,500 and 4 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $242,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$623,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $47,600 for support of the Non-ferrous Smelter
Order program.
A-TOO
-------
Activities in 1982 will be a continuation of the three major programs
undertaken in 1981. Specifically,
Support to the Office of Enforcement will continue in evaluating Nonferrous
Smelter Order (NSO) proposals and making technical recommendations on a
case-by-ease basis. It is expected that by 1982 the NSO program will be
well underway with active projects-at several smelter facilities.
The demonstration of controls for open sources of particulate emissions in
steel plants will continue. Improved technologies win be tested and
evaluated.
Plans will be developed for a large scale demonstration of controls at a
ferroalloy plant.
Assessments of unit process emissions in the ferrous metallurgy industry
will be continued.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $9,906,900 for this sub-program, of
which $2,361,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $7,545,600 was for extramural
research activities.
The effects of airborne sulfur pollutants on materials in the Regional Air
Pollution Study in the St. Louis Area were determined and the data will be
used in the Agency's SOx/Partieulates Criteria Document.
Effective sampling techniques for particulate emissions from four atypical
stationary source categories were developed and evaluated; these techniques
may be used by regulatory and enforcement offices.
A national Crop Loss Assessment Network was designed, peer-reviewed, and
field-implemented to provide pollutant dose-crop yield responses for
important agricultural crops grown under normal cultural regimes in various
geographical regions of the U.S. The impacts pf SO2 and pollutant mixtures
are being evaluated. These data are needed for caleMating economic effects
of air pollution on agriculture and for establishing scientifically
defensible Secondary Air Quality Standards.
Research has been initiated to quantify interactive effects of mixed
pollutants on crop yield. Results of this research to date have established
that the threshold for long-term SO, effects on growth, nitrogen fixation
and quality of alfalfa is a median concentration of 0.06 ppm. The addition
of 0.05 ppm d- did not change this relationship.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,437,100 to this sub-program,
of which $2,445,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and 56,991,300
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Urban plume mapping of a city dominated by heavy and light industries is
being conducted to assist in validating the AROSOL-III, an aerosol submodel
designed to provide 1-hr. average values for primary aerosol mass, sulfate
and visibility due to primary and secondary sources, nucleation,
condensation, coagulation, sulfate photo formation, and dry deposition.
A-101
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Studies are being conducted to provide data on multi-day dispersion and
transformation processes that affect the distributions and composition of
secondary pollutants, as well as provide new data on processes affecting
identifiable urban and industrial pollutant plumes.
<• Field studies will be initiated to determine the effects of sulfur dioxide
on commercially important trees. Information will be used for the
development of air quality criteria for sulfur dioxide.
The acute and chronic effects of sulfur dioxide on the genetics and
sensitivity of native populations of plants will be assessed. The project
will provide information relevant to the occurrence of changes in the
sensitivity or resistance of plant populations induced by exposure to
sulfur dioxide.
Receptor models are being; developed to estimate the impact of sources at
receptor sites. This could lead to elimination of the need for expensive
emission inventories in developing cost effective State Implementation
Plans.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
•» The net increase of $1,163,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$22,000.
- The Congress reduced ageneywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$4,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $69,900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $783,000 was applied to
this activity to allow for phasing of research to coincide with the cycle
for criteria document revisions.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$4,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $159,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $47,500 from other activities.
- Transfer $62,600 to program management to support a technical
information coordinator and an international travel coordinator.
- Transfer $20,000 to program management to support public awareness and
industrial hygienist position at Research Triangle Park.
A transfer of $9,000 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide
additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil
noncomplianee penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
A transfer of $22,900 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policv Council.
A-102
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Water Quality
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
WATER QUALITY
ApproDnation
JG.aries and"Expenses ....
Research and Development..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total
Permanent Workyears ..
Full-time Equivalency.
Outlays
Authorization Levels..
PROGRAMHIGHLIGHTS
Water Quality-Non Energy
Salaries and Expenses ....
Research and Development .
Municipal Wastewater/Spill Prevention
Salaries and Expenses .....
Research and Development ..
Industrial Wastewater
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development ..
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development ..
Total, Research and
Development Program
Water Quality Planning
and Standards:
Salaries and Expenses ..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ...........
Standards air1
Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grants Assistance Program:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ....... .....
ate'* Quality Strategies
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
Compliance .. .........
Actual
1980
$111,612
42,085
191,221
344,918
3,034
3,625
362,476
551,509
514,316
15,822
on
7,074
13.947
3,829
12,317
25,219
42,086
67,305
12,858
11,577
5,084
21,380
109,808
8,918
7,397
Budget
Estimate
1981*
$113,504
38,362
186,932
338,798
3,055
3,719
285,300
414,719
$14,100
11,944
7,186
14,241
4,084
12,177
25,370
38,362
63,732
12.151
11,636
6,367
23,678
96,230
9,422
6,387
Current
Estimate
1981 '
'{"do'ltafs
$119,114
39,578
186,136
344,828
2,958
3,598
384,971
444,719
$14,440
14,070
7,29?
14,330
4,434
11,177
26,167
39,577
65,744
11,646
10,582
6,411
22,931
96,667
11,332
7,080
Increase +
Estimate Decrease -
1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page
.in thousands}
$125,470
30,277
141,787
297,534
2,857
.3,495
409,337
293,770
$14,592
8,622
V644
12,986
4,609
8,669
26,845
30,277
57,122
10,069
8,676
6,334
12,914
64,300
12,166
7,629
+56,356
-9,301
-44,349
-47,294
-101
-103
+24,366
+$152
-5,448
+351
-1,344
+175
-2,508
+678
__-9,300
-8,622
-1,577
-1,90.6
-77
-in, 017
-31,867
+834
+549
WQ-85
WQ-103
WQ-118
WQ-16
WQ-28
WQ-36
WQ-43
wq-i
-------
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - '
_ 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982vs. 1981 Page
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis:
Salaries and Expenses ..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Municipal Source Control:
Salaries and Expenses ..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses ..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance .......
Total, Abatement, and
Control Program .........
Water Quality
Permits Issuance:
Salaries and Expenses .,
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ............
Water Quality Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses ..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses ..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance -..
Total, Enforcement Program
Permanent Positions
Water Quality-Non Energy.
Municipal Wastewater/
Spills Prevention
Industrial Wastewater....
Total, Research and
Development Program .
Water Quality Planning
.and Standards .......
Effluent Standards and
Guidelines
7,961
2,731
28,950
_22*1S2_
63,772
186,053
249,825
7,089
2,702
15,532
2,467
22,621
5,169
27,790
287
149
73
509
343
108
8,?n«
2,436
27,759
36.725
63,908
177,096
241,004
7,949
5,927
16,277
3,909
24,226
9,836
34,062
269
146
80
, 495
328
112
(dollars
9,2I
-------
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982vs.1981 Page
(dollars in thousands"!
Water Quality Strategies
Implementation
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis
Municipal Source Control
Total, Abatement and
Control Program ...
Permits Issuance ..
Water Quality Enforcement
Total, Enforcement
Full-time Egui yalency
Water Qua 1 i ty-NonEnergy...
Municipal Wastewater/Spill
Prevention
Industrial Uastewatei*
Total, Research and
Development Program
233
690
264
716
294
280
688
643
-14 WQ-43
195
921
1,800
229
497
726
411
185
94
191
914
1,809
242
511
753
- 427
183
106
189
886
1,759
238
481
719
406
185
97
191
874
1,638
260
• 514
774
368
183
92
+2
-12
-121
+22
+33
+55
-38
-2
-5
WQ-58
WQ-64
WQ-75
WQ-80
WQ-86
WQ-104
WQ-119
-45
Water Quality Planning and
Standards
Effulent Standards and
Guidelines
Grants Assistance Programs
Water Quality Strategies
Implementation
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis
Municipal Source Control ...
Total, Abatement and
Control Program .........
Permits Issuance
Water Quality Enforcement...
Total Enforcement, Program..
447
132
260
247
1,046
2,132
257
573
427
147
?««
241
1,057
2,160
295
575
370
• 144
326
240
1 ,028
2,108
287
543
277
131
309
241
1,020
1,978
318
576
-93
' +1"3
-17
+1
-8
-130
+31
+33
WQ-16
WQ-28
WQ-43
WQ-43
WQ-58
WQ-64
WQ-75
WQ-80
830
870
830
894
+64
OVERVIEW & STRATEGY ,
In 1982, the water quality program's major emphasis will be the implementation
.stage of programs authorized and established by the Clean Water Act (CWA). Regulations
and planning which established the foundation for control programs are largely in place.
For example, initial water quality management plans have been all certified and approved,
industrial effluent guidelines for controlling toxic discharges and water quality criteria
for toxic pollutants will be completed in 1982, and much of the delegation of program
management functions to the States will have been achieved. With these development
activities essentially complete, the water quality program will encourage implementation
of control measures at the State and Federal levels through an integrated water quality
planning and management process. A key element of this process will be to focus management
attention on identifying and prioritizing remaining water quality problems and focusing
resources on completing analyses and implementation steps that are necessary to correct
these problems. Specific program activities which will require increased resources and
attention are as follows:
WQ-3
-------
- Implement the BAT (Best Availabile Technology) industrial toxics
control program through the permit issuance process at the State
and Federal levels.
- Emphasize approval of local pretreatment programs to control
industrial sources of pollution that discharge to Publicly
Owned Treatment Works (POTWs).
- Develop realistic, site-specific water quality standards, including
the application of toxics criteria, for stream segments that
exhibit particular water quality problems; encourage the States
to build greater toxic pollutant analytical capabilities, including
simplified water quality economic and waste load analysis techniques
to make better informed water quality standards and construction
grant decisions; continue research and development activities that
will provide field validation of water quality data and models to
determine maximum allowable levels of toxic pollutants.
•
Implement tha recommendations of the Construction Grants 1990
Strategy (to be completed in 1981), which will Include major
administrative, regulatory and legislative changes in
five general areas: funding, operations, planning, compliance
and management.
- Work toward further integration of the construction grants,
water quality standards, and the permit and enforcement programs
to increase the rate of municipal compliance with permits and the
rate of construction of Publicly Owned Treatment Works.
- Use Section 201 grants to facilitate the planning of regional
multimedia, integrated waste management strategies.
- Re-orient Agency management of the Construction Grants Program
to support State delegation of responsibility by stressing
general program oversight rather than individual project
oversight.
- Continue to work with States in developing national, State, and
local strategies and projects to remedy problems from both
point and nonpoint sources of surface and ground water pollution.
- Maximize the use of research and development funds to aid in
sound policy, management and enforcement decisions.
These priority program activities represent a consistent, logical and necessary
extension of the 1981 water quality program initiatives. A broader perspective regarding
these critical program efforts is presented below:
Industrial Toxics Control
During 1982, EPA will complete BAT/BCT (Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology)
rulemaking with the promulgation of guidelines for fifteen additional industrial categories
required under the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Water Act. In addition, the Agency will
provide guidelines for several synfuels production processes to facilitate the permitting
process for those industries. Concomitant with BAT/BCT promulgations the Agency must be
prepared for litigation.
The primary emphasis regarding toxics control, will be the implementation of the
BAT effluent guidelines through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). NPDES permitting will be carried out by those States which have delegation,
and by EPA in nondelegated States. In the delegated States, Agency permit personnel
will provide significant overview and consultation to State permit authorities. Another
area to receive increased emphasis in 1982 will be criminal investigation. EPA has
focused most of its enforcement efforts to date against violations requiring administrative
WQ-4
-------
\ or civil actions. EPA will now direct more attention to potential criminal violations
.] of the Clean Water Act. These investigations will require different procedures and
techniques than a civil investigation and specialized techniques and personnel trained
1n criminal investigations.
Another important element in the Agency's toxic strategy will-be the continuation
of the "hot spot" program to identify geographic areas requiring post-BAT toxic control
actions. This program will examine and recommend toxic pollutant control action plans
for several such "hot spots" in 1982, having begun this mission on a pilot basis in 1980.
Research and Development will play an important role in the Agency's industrial
toxics control strategy. The 1982 industrial waste water research program will address
the development of innovative control methods, such as process changes and materials
substitution and continued development of recycle/reuse technology; development of new
and improved sampling and analytical procedures for organic and inorganic pollutants;
development, improvement and adaptation of bioassay/biomonitorlng methods for use in
determining and measuring the "toxicity" of industrial waste waters; development of
additional treatability data with an emphasis on the development of surrogate/indicator
procedures for measuring and monitoring treatability; and performance evaluations of
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System discharger laboratories.
Pretreatment
A significant par*, of the toxics control strategy will involve the vigorous .imple-
mentation of the pretreatment program. This program sets standards for the control of
effluent from indirect dischargers, those industrial sources of pollution which discharge
their effluents to municipal waste water treatment facilities rather than directly into
streams. In these cases industrial wastes, especially toxic substances, may sometimes
interfere with the operation of the sewage treatment plant, become deposited in the
residual sludges, or simply pass through the system and pollute the receiving stream's
waters.
•} The environmental importance of indirect dischargers is substantiated by the fact
that the number of direct dischargers to be regulated is 12,000, while the potential
number of indirect rfischargers to be regulated under the pretreatment program could be
as high as 60,000. Thus, the pretreatment program addresses a toxic pollution problem
which, in terms of scope, exceeds that encountered with direct dischargers. The pretreat-
ment program represents a significant advance in t*"» Agency's efforts to control toxic
pollutants. July 1, 1983 is the deadline for pretreatment program approval for publicly
owned treatment works (POTWs).
Over the past two years, the Agency has begun the process of issuing categorical
pretreatment standards for industrial users and assisting in the development of local
and State pretreatment programs. In 1982, the implementation shift initiated in 1981
will be accelerated. The Agency will complete the issuance of pretreatnent planning
grants, funded under Secion 201, review the local pretreatment programs that have been
developed in previous years and oversee the operation of newly-approved State and local
programs. The implementation of the pretreatment program at the local level will improve
the performance of POTWs funded under Section 201 and help ensure that full benefits are
realized from construction grants funding. ,
In 1982 the pretreatment program will require compliance Sampling and evaluation
Inspections to establish whether or not pretreatment requirements are being met. In
cases of non-compliance, EPA will issue administrative orders. Where there is no
response or noncompliance persists, EPA will initiate enforcement cases.
Research support to develop and demonstrate pretreatment technologies and treatment
methodologies for combined industrial municipal waste waters will continue in 1982.
Water Quajity Standards
In the past, the standards program has concentrated its resources on the development
of toxics criteria for 65 classes of toxic pollutants. That development stage will
WQ-5
-------
near completion by 1932, although some criteria development will continue. The twin
goals of the water quality standards program will be: {1} the assessment of beneficial
use attainability; and (2) the application of toxic criteria to site-specific areas.
This initiative is recognized by both the States and EPA as an important step in
setting realistic, implement able environmental policies. The States and regions will
jointly conduct evaluations of the designated use of specific stream segments to consider
attainability from an environmental, economic and technological standpoint. Waste
load allocations and detailed economic studies will be performed to develop cost impacts
and control strategies for streams not achieving designated uses* Alternative control
strategies and/or stream use re-designations could result in significant cost savings
of governmental and industrial expenditures while assuring that expenditures are made
where controls are most needed.
The States and EPA will use these site-specific analyses to determine the stream
segments to which the toxics criteria should be applied. The Agency will use its
industrial facility file to pinpoint areas where the relevant pollutants are discharged.
Physical factors monitored in the analyses, e.g. p'H and hardness, will be used to
adjust criteria to stream-specific conditions.
While 1981 research concentrates on "filling the data gaps" in the laboratory-derived
criteria, the major emphasis in 1982 will be on development of relationships between
laboratory and real world site-specific conditions, and the actual toxicity of the
pollutant in question to aquatic life. This information will allow the States to
translate the newly completed, laboratory derived criteria to real world, site-specific,
natural conditions.
Since research on the development of methods for the present Consent Decree priority
pollutants will be nearly completed in 1981, the 1982 research will concentrate on a
balanced program of biological, microbiological and chemical methodology rather than
pursue a chemical-bychemical approach. The research program will also focus on toxico-
logies! studies of priority pollutants and the development of short term tests
for cardnogenicity and other health effects.
Construction Grant Prj^ram Management
EPA is conducting a 1990 Strategy study for the construction grants program. The
strategy was initiated to analyze the program's current problems, to evaluate alternative
directions for the program in the future, and to recommend revisions to the program
over the next ten years. The study was initiated in light of the: 1) expanded role
of the States and the Corps of Engineers in the management program; 2) extremely large
needs for funds in a period of national fiscal austerity; and 3) problems related to
the achievability of legislative goals, which are primarily due to lengthy grants
processing and completion times, inadequate performance in municipal operations and
compliance, and problems in achieving municipal self sufficiency. The 1990 Strategy
will make recommendations for program improvement in such areas as funding, eligibility
for grant awards, management structure, project streamlining, decreased processing
times, improved compliance, and water quality planning. These recommendations are
expected to lead to administrative and regulatory changes as well as proposals for
legislative amendments which will be forwarded to Congress during 1981.
EPA plans to re-orient its role away from day-to-day project management as the
States and Corps of Engineers assume increased project level responsibilities in the
construction grants program. EPA will focus much more on national program management,
oversight of State and Corps activities, increasing the compliance of municipal facilities,
and enhancing the operations and management of existing facilities. A major effort in
1982 will be implementing the recommendations of the 1990 Strategy.
Municipal Management Strategy
An analysis of municipal .compliance with the requirements of the Clean Water Act
showed that approximately 60 percent of the Publicly Owned Treatment Works did not
meet the requirement for secondary treatment by the statutory deadline of July 1977.
In response to this problem area, EPA developed and issued a National Municipal Pol icy
andStrategy (NMPS) in October 1979. The purpose of the NMPS is to integrate the
pe'rmif,Enforcement, and construction grant activities so as to expedite municipal
WQ-6
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construction and increase municipal compliance with permits. To ensure that POTWs are
operating their facilities in compliance with their permit conditions, compliance
sampling and evaluation inspections will be used, as well as appropriate enforcement
actions.
The Municipal Management System (MMS) is an outgrowth of the NMPS. It serves as
the key mechanism through which EPA regional and State enforcement and grant staffs
develop formal operating procedures for more effectively managing municipal compliance
with the Clean Water Act. The EPA headquarters' role is one pf coordinating and providing
direction and policy. Activities associated with MMS will focus on those projects
within the top 106 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) which have treatment
needs in excess of $50 million and which are on the fundable portion of the State
project priority list, and those active grants with pretreatment requirements. Once
these projects are under control, MMS will then focus on other high priority treatment
needs.
The Agency will develop a continuous compliance program for major municipal permittees
in 1982. This program will track major municipal permitee performance with their permit
conditions. It will focus on municipal plants that have completed required construction
of treatment facilities and will be designed to assure that required levels of treatment
are maintained.
Integrated WasteManagement
An approach to pollution control that focuses on removing pollutants from water
has a substantial chance merely to substitute one pollution problem for another. For
example, the sludges and spent carbon from waste water treatment contain toxic materials
and are difficult to dispose of or incinerate. EPA will continue several efforts to
try to deal with the multimedia aspects of complex pollution problems. Specifically
for industrial problems, research, effluent guidelines and solid waste programs are
developing detailed process descriptions of organic chemical manufacturing. These
process descriptions will predict the formation of toxic wastes or byproducts and will
attempt to predict where these materials will occur in waste and product streams.
The strategy used to reduce the environmental impact of a PQTW must reflect concerns
for water quality, toxic materials in sludge, system costs, and sludge utilization.
The Agency can produce a consistent multimedia approach to planning integrated regional
waste management strategies. The program will assist and encourage development and
implementation of comprehensive waste management strategies through 75 percent funding
(Section 201 grants) for management strategies development and implementation; encourage
integration of reporting and permitting requirements into municipal use waste management
reports and consolidated permits; extend the innovative/alternative concept to waste
management through 85 percent funding for innovative management strategies development
and implementation; and encourage on-site waste management to minimize cost.
Water Quality Management
The long-range goal of the Water Quality Management (WQM) program is to implement
a comprehensive integrated and largely self-sustaining planning and analysis process
in the States that applies available resources to priority problems and projects which
will maximize environmental benefits. This process must cover both point and nonpoint
sources of surface and ground water pollution in the context of ongoing problem assess-
ments, long-term strategies, and updated plans* To accomplish this goal, the Agency
has formulated WQM and construction grants program strategies and has implemented a
State/EPA Agreement process with each State to define program priorities and establish
State-specific strategies to achieve environmental objectives. In 1982, EPA will
award State program grants under Section 106 for support of identified national and
State priorities, phase-out the Section 208 grant, and.expand the use of 205(g) funds
in delegated States to conduct municipal waste treatment management program activities
currently supported under Section 106 grants. Section 106 grants nay be used for
State and areawide nonpoint source control program development previously funded under
Section 208 grants, particularly with respect to ground water management4 other nonpoint
source control programs needs will be assisted to the extent that States Identify
these priorities and that funds are available.
In support of the Water Quality Management {WQM) program Section 208 grants provided
more than $200 million for initial comprehensive Statewide and areawide plans, and
WQ-7
-------
more than $180 million since 1977 for continued planning. Continued planning has
focused on specific nonpoint source problem solutions, particulaly projects from which
results can be transferred to other places with similar problems. By the close of
1.931, 220 initial plans will have baen approved, and all 220 agencies will be working
on follow up projects funded in 1979 through 1931. EPA will he assisting these agencies
with more than 900 previously funded projects in 1982; and will operate an information
network to share technical, financial managenient, arvl institutional solutions with
States.and localities which have not solved critical problems.
The Agency's multiyear national program and funding strategies establish priorities
and funding needs, promote consolidation and integration of funds and programs, and
emphasize strongly State planning and management, process implementation. The Agency
and States are using the problem analyses developed in the initial 208 .plans, the
comprehensive water quality management five-year needs assessment, and implementation
programs evaluation to ensure that xater quality management programs focus on solving
the most significant problems inhibiting attainment of water quality goals and objec-
tives.
The WQM strategy for 1982 and the following four years will emphasize less restricted
use of EPA's grant programs in order to better focus limited resources on high priority
problems. EPA will expand the use of 205(g) funds to conduct municipal waste treatment
management programs and will award State program grants under Section 106 for support
of identified national and State priorities including the development of ground water
management programs previously funded under the Section 208 grant program. Also in
1982, the WQM program will prepare a report to the Congress on urban runoff water
quality cause-effect relationships, assess the status of agriculture nonpoint source
control, assist the development of Statewide and local ground water management programs
and staff, and transfer costeffective technological, financial and institutional
approaches to water quality management problems among States, areawide agencies, local
governments, and other Federal agencies for their use in refining and Implementing
needed programs.
Effect1ve Enforcement of the Law
Effective enforcement of the law requires that the Agency determine and articulate
the requireirents that permittees must meet, as well as follow up to determine that
those requirements are being met. EPA expects to emphasize second round permitting
for major industrial dischargers In 1982. Efforts to coo.r,djnate..jnd.consolidate permitting
procedures for five separate EPA permit programs will continue. To the extent feasible,
the consolidated permit regulations will make regulatory standards and application
forms consistent for permits issued under the Clean Water Act and the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA). The Agency expects permit consolidation to produce better
permits, reduce delays, simplify permitting procedures, and make more efficient use of
Agency and State resources.
During 1982, State and EPA enforcement efforts will be directed to insuring
compliance with NPDES permit conditions by major Publicly Owned Treatment Works (PQTWs).
These now represent the largest categorical source of surface water pollution. This
effort will be similar in scope to the enforcement effort against industrial violators
of the July 1, 1977 Clean Water Act deadline requiring application of best practical
control technology. Compliance inspections and appropriate administrative or civil
action will be used to insure compliance.
In addition, during 1982, enforcement will conduct a vigorous pretreatment compliance
monitoring and enforcement program. This State-EPA program will control the discharge
of toxic pollutants to POTWs in order that they may effectively treat the incoming
effluent without releasing toxic substances. Compliance sampling and evaluation inspec-
tions will be used and, where violations are found, appropriate administrative or
civil actions will be taken.
Along with the pretreatment program, State and EPA enforcement will conduct a
greater number of biomonitoring inspections and compliance sampling inspections to
monitor compliance with toxic limitations incorporated into "second round" NPDES permits.
Where violations are found an appropriate enforcement will be initiated.
WQ-8
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Scientific Bases.for Decisions
As the technology-based point source control requirements of the Clean Water Act
are achieved over the next four years, emphasis increasingly will be placed on water
quality-based controls where necessary to achieve the water quality goals of the Act.
An integrated approach to watershed management is expected to receive more attention
as point sources are brought under appropriate levels of control.-
in pursuing the above activities, there will be a full awareness of and sensitivity
to the nation's protracted energy and economic problems. EPA will concentrate on
providing the technical base for translating the goals of the Act into water quality
objectives and associated standards. These will reflect local conditions and identify
the most cost-effective and energy efficient water quality management strategy for
each pollutant and within each watershed. Significant effort also will be devoted to
providing the techniques needed in identifying and documenting water quality problems
and standards violations.
Research to support toxic pollutant management is a priority in 1982. EPA's
predominant effort is to establish procedures for translating the laboratory-derived
criteria for site-specific, local conditions. Another important task is to complete
the acute and chronic toxicity data bases for the Consent Decree chemicals, as
incorporated in the 1977 Clean Water Act. To support the integrated watershed management
approach, EPA will work to refine and develop watershed analysis techniques, which
include methods for making point source-nonpoint source tradeoffs. In addition, EPA
will be studying the applications, limitations, duration of effectiveness and costs
of various 1n-lake pollution control/restoration techniques. Finally, the dredge
and fill program will continue to assess the potentially harmful impacts associated
with the extraction, transport and disposal of dredged materials containing toxic
pollutants.
An energy component of water quality research is coordinated with the Energy
Research Committee. The priority work in this complementary program includes determining
the ecological impacts of oil and gas fields in major offshore and estuarine areas,
analyzing exposure effects of hazardous or toxic substances on aquatic ecosystems and
developing protocols for hazardous and toxic spills.
PURPOSE - Research and Development Program
Research and Development in EPA's water quality program provides the scientific
information needed to support its standard setting and enforcement activities. The
multifaceted research program includes the development of efficient and cost effective
waste water treatment technology for both municipalities and industries; the determination
of the health implications of existing technology for treatment and disposal of waste
water and sludge; the determination of useful and defensible monitoring methods; docu-
mentation of the validity of monitoring data; definition of criteria for water pollution
from spills of hazardous materials; and the prevention or control of pollution from
agricultural and forestry sources. The overall goal is to provide the scientific
basis for economically and socially viable environmental management.
Purpose - Abatement and Control Program i
The objectives of the water quality abatement and control programs are to abate
surface and ground water pollution from industrial, municipal, and rural sources and to
assist State, areawide, and local agencies in controlling water pollution from point and
nonpoint sources by providing management, technical, and resource assistance.
Industrial point source control is accomplishert by the development of technology-
based effluent limitations. The current anphasis is on development of effluent limitations
for toxic pollutants which reflect the best available technology economically achievable
for existing sources and which represent new source performance standards for new
sources. In particular, the emphasis on toxic pollutants has required the concurrent
development and use of new analytical methods, substantial- increases in-resources
devoted to sampling and analysis activities, development of new and cost-effective
analytical methods for routine monitoring of individual toxic pollutants, examination
of waste water treatment technologies for effectiveness in removing toxic polluants,
and more intensive and thorough engineering investigations of specific Industrial
wn-9
-------
a
categories. These effluent limitations are aimed at controlling the discharges of 65 - '
classes of compounds for 34 industry categories. Industrial effluent limitations are
implemented through National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPOES) permits.
Pretreatment standards for existing and new industrial users of municipal treatment
works are developed for 34 primary industry categories along with effluent limitations
for direct dischargers. Pretreatment standards regulate toxic pollutants which are
incompatible with municipal works.
Municipal point source control proceeds via Federal grants to municipal, intermuni-
cipal, State and interstate agencies which assist in financing the planning, design
and construction of municipal waste water treatment facilities, the construction
grants program helps municipalities to achieve the effluent limitations required by
the Act. As is the case with industries, effluent limitations are implemented through
NPDES permits; and construction grants are made to assist municipalities in meeting
their permit conditions. Construction grant funds are allocated to each State on the
basis of formulas set forth in the Clean Water Act, Within these allotments, grants
are awarded on a priority hasis for individual projects, Generally each project is
eligible for 75 percent Federal assistance, although grants may provide up to 85 percent
federal assistance for projects using innovative or alternative technology in treatment
facilities design.
As part of the municipal construction grants program, the Section 205(g) State
management assistance grant program authorizes the use of two percent or $400,000,
whichever is greater, of each State's authorization to cover the cost of delegation of
the construction grants program to the States. Beginning in 1982, States which have
signed section 205(g) delegation agreements can support all municipal facilities manage-
ment activities as well as delegations under Sections 4QH and 404 of the Clean Water
Act from Section 205(g) funds which are currently supported in these State with Section
106 funds.
Because a primary responsibility for the control of pollution lies with the States,
EPA's abatement and control efforts are oriented toward support of State and local efforts ]
to develop and maintain their technical, institutional and financial mechanisms in water
quality management. The primary mechanism for accomplishing water quality and other
environmental objectives is the comprehensive, integrated State/EPA Agreements covering
EPA resource assistance programs.
The water quality cornerstone of the State/EPA Agreement is the management, technical
and resource assistance and guidance provided to States, and local water quality planning
and management agencies under the Clean Water Act. These agencies develop water quality
problem assessments, water quality standards and detailed water quality management solu-
tions to surface and ground water problems.
Section 106 State program grants, Section 314 Clean Lakes grants, and the municipal
waste treatment program fund implementation programs which support national, State and
local point and nonpoint source controls and surface and ground water priority needs.
In addition, delegated State management of municipal waste treatment, National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and dredge and fill programs can be encouraged and
supported with Construction Management Assistance grants under Section 205(g).
Combined and integrated with other abatement and control, enforcement, and research
programs in EPA and other Federal agencies under the State/EPA Agreements, the water
quality management program functions to assure sound management of surface and ground
water resources, including drinking water, promote the development and implementation of
techniques, management practices and regulatory programs to control nonpoint sources of
pollution; promote the consideration of cost-effective alternatives to advanced waste
treatment construction; promote water conservation; and assure that effective pretreatment
and industrial source control programs are Implemented.
The abatement, control and compliance program also includes the development and
publication of water quality criteria to reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the
kind and extent of identifiable effects of pollutants on health and welfare. These
criteria are published under Section 304{a) and under support of Section 307(a) decisions
to add substances to the list of toxic pollutants. The program assists States in develop- '^
t
WQ.-10
-------
ing water quality standards and reviews of State water quality standards to ensure that
acceptable standards are established in each State. The progr?m also includes the
development of guidelines, standards and regulations to correct water pollution problems
resulting from such sources as in-place toxicants and discharges from vessels and
aquaculture projects; the regulation, implementation and the national management
of a grants assistance program for the classification and restoration of the Nation's
eutrophic lakes; and the national management, coordination and program development
regulating the discharge of dredged or fill material, including the review and
recommendation of requests from States for Section 404 permit authority.
EPA monitoring and analysis activities are coordinated with State and other Federal
efforts and include ambient water quality monitoring, data collection, and dissemination
of water quality data. Current programs include implementation of a water monitoring
strategy to provide data and analyses needed by top management to establish policy and
measure results of clean-up programs; establishment of a clearinghouse for water monitoring
data to help improve coordination and integration of data collection efforts; and
analysis of monitoring data to assist in development and implementation of standards
and regulations. Increasing emphasis 1s being placed on improving State capability to
monitor toxic pollutants, nonpoint sources, and biological impacts.
The emergency response program will direct its priority efforts toward implementation
of the new Superfund program, which includes response and prevention of hazardous
substance spills and emergency assistance at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The
response and prevention activities associated with oil spill emergencies will continue
under the authority of Section 311 of the Clean Water Act.
The Marine Protection, Research and Sanactuaries Act of 1972, as amended, authorizes
EPA to regulate the deposition of materials into the oceans, excepting dredge material.
Under this authority, a permit program for ocean disposal of waste has been underway
since 1973, In addition, EPA has re-oriented its oceans program to include a coordinated
approach to the problems in the ocean environment. This re-orientation includes close
interaction with other Federal agencies having ocean-related activities.
Purpose - _'|nf orcement Prograni
The water quality enforcement program is responsible for implementing a number of
components of the Clean V.'ater Act.
The permits issuance program has responsibility for both determining procedures
and issuing permits under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit program. The permit is the mechanism for imposing limitations, standards and
conditions on point source discharges into navigable waters of the United States. At
the national level, the program includes regulation writing and revision, national
program and policy guidance, and State permit program approval. Regional activities
include issuing permits, conducting adjudicatory hearings, and overseeing State permit
programs. In 19P? the program will focus on the issuance of second round permits for
major industrial dischargers, in accordance with BAT limitations. Permits written
without BAT guidelines will use best professional judgment and will be more resource
intensive.
The goal of the water quality enforcement program is to assure compliance with
Clean Water Act requirements. At the national level this involves establishing policy
direction and guidance, program overview and support for specific regional compliance
monitoring and legal actions. Regional activities include emergency enforcement responses,
review and evaluation of self-monitoring reports, inspections, use of administrative
sanctions to require compliance, referral and prosecution of lawsuits, and enforcement
of non-NPDES requirements.
WO-11
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SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands Of dollars) ' N
1981 Water Quality Program $344,828
Salaries and Expenses +6,356
The net Increase relates to the
standards and regulations
activities, water quality moni-
toring and analysis, monitoring
systems and quality assurance,
and water quality enforcement.
Research and Development -9,301
The net decrease is a result of
the progress made in assessing
water quality concerns in the
Chesapeake Say, and from the
environmental engineering and
technology activities.
Abatement, Control and Compliance.. -44,349
The net decrease relates primarily
to the areawide waste treatment
management resources program,
environmental emergency response
and prevention and the effluent
standards and guidelines program.
1982 Water Quality Program "297,534"
SUIWARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
A total of $297,534,000 is requested in 1982. This request, by appropriation
account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses.... $125,469,600
Research and .Development 141,787,400
Abatement, Control and Compliance.. 30,277,000
This represents a decrease of $47,294,200 over the 1981 level. The decrease
is due primarily to the elimination of the areawide waste treatment management resource
program and the effluent standards and guidelines program policy decisions to promulgate
standards and guidelines over a longer-time frame.
WO-12
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2. Changes from Original 1J)81 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(In thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 estimate........ $338,798
Congressional decreases:
ADP -282
Travel -214
Consulting Services . -765
SES Bonuses..., -186
Abatement, Control and Compliance
general directive reduction... -2,689
Research and Development
general directive reduction. , -411
Aquatic weeds program . -545
Urban systems activities -250
Clean Lakes -2,500
Congressional increases:
Add-on for Academic Training +614
Great Lakes increase +2,000
Control Agency resource
supplementation +2,500
Cold climate research +950
Advanced waste treatment support +300
Waukegan Harbor PCB +1,500
Transfer to support Administrative
Law Judges..... -22
Transfer to support the Radiation Policy
Council -14
Transfer to support the Office of
Inspector General -144
Reprogramming to support Three Mile
Island activity........ -5
Reprogramming for authorized workyears. +-623
Proposed pay raise supplemental........ +5,713
Miscellaneous reprogrammings... -1.143
Current 1981 estimate 344,828
Congresseional changes to the water quality media include a reduction of $282,000
from ADP, $214,000 from travel, $765,000 from consulting services, $186,000 from SES
Bonuses, general reductions of $2,689,000 from Abatement, Control and Compliance and
$411,000 from Research and Development, $545,000 from aquatic weeds, 3250,000 from
urban systems, and $2,500,000 from clean lakes program. Also, included are congress-
ional increases of $614,000 for academic training, $2,000,000 for Great Lakes,
$2,500,000 for coantrol agency resource supplementation, $950,POO for the cold cliaiate
research, $300,000 for advanced waste treatment program, $1,500,000 for PCSs in
Waukegan Harbor.
WO-13
-------
A transfer of $22,000 was mads to the management and support media to support the
Office of Administrative Law Judges.
A transfer of $14,000 was made to the radiation media to support the Radiation
Policy Council.
A transfer of $144,000 was made to the management and support media to support
the Office of Inspector General.
A reprogramming of $5,000 was made to the radiation media to support Three Mile
Island activities.
An overall Agency reprogramming to redistribute salary funds resulted in an
increase of $623,000 to this media. The proposed supplemental for partial funding of
the October 1980 pay raise will increase the water quality media by $6,713,000.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations $344,918 $343,410
Congressional Changes +22
Proposed pay raise supplemental +6,713 ...
Reprogrammi ngs,. -1,143 ...
Change in amount of carryover funds
available -5,417 +1,418
Program decreases -12,833 -45,876
Change in rate of obligation +11.15Q -524
Total estimated obligations 343,410 298,428
(From new obligation authority)... ;-.* (336,547) (290,147)
(From prior year funds).. (6,863) (8,281)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The items discussed in the previous section — congressional changes, pay raise
supplemental, ADP, consulting services, general reduction, specific reductions and
reprogramminns — result in a net increase of $5,592,000.
The decrease in budget authority in 1981 is estimated to decrease obligations by
$12,833; in 1982 the reduced program is expected to decrease obligations by $45,876.
WQ-14
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WATER QUALITY
PROGRAM LEVELS
State and Areawlde water
quality management-
(Section 208) plans
approved ...............
State and areawide water
quality management
(Section 208) Contiu-
ation Grants Awarded...
Clean Lakes Projects
Awards
Glean Lakes Projects
Completed .............
Ocean Dumping Permits...
Construction Grants
Awards
Step I Awards
Step II Awards
Step III ft IV Awards..
Active Construction
Grants Projects .......
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
State Program Approvals
(National Pollutants)
Discharge Elimination
System)
Adjudieatory Hearings
Settled (Major Sources)
Permits issued by EDA:
Municipal--
Major ,...
Minor
Nonmunicipal --
Major
Minor
Enforcement Actions
(Administrative Orders),
Notices of Violation, and
Referrals to U.S.Attorney
Compliance Inspections....
2
1.
11
1
2
70
165
126
15
40
,392
752)
608)
,032)
,054
33
84
445
687
588 ,
,792
771
,043
150
175
60
20
47
2,550
(400)
(1,200)
(950)
11,000
39
40
...
500
• * •
1,004
2,771
100
180
75
15
40
2,862
( 655)
(1,003)
(1,204)
11,682
33
126
460
• • •
249
• * «
930
2,860
130
0
75
20
55
3,146
( 525)
(1,113)
(1,503)
10,863
33
38
* • *
986
* * *
940 •
2,611
+30
-180
...
+5
+15
+234
(-130)
(+115)
(+399)
-819
t * *
-88
-460
• • •
+737
+10
-249
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
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Page Intentionally Blank
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MATER QUALITY
Water Quality Planning and Standards
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Appropri at-1 on
State Programs
Regulations and
Guidelines:
Salaries and
Abatement, Control
Great Lakes Program:
Salaries and
Abatement, Control
Chesapeake Bay Program:
Salaries and
Expenses .............
Abatement, Control
and Compliance. ......
NEPA Compliance/EIS
Preparation:
Salaries and
Total:
Salaries and
Abatement, Control
Grand Total .............
Permanent Positions
State Programs
Regulations and
Gui del i nss ..........
Great Lakes Program.,.
Chesapeake Bay
NEPA Compllance/EIS
Total.
(dollars in thousands)
$11,616 $11,099 $10,542 $8,196
3,231 3,957 ,3,253 2,543
776 664 683 1,466
6,553 5,865 5,515 5,532
259 196 207 407
1,793 1,814 1,814 601
208 192 214
12,859
11,577
24,435
313
17
6
7
343
12,151
11,636
23,787
301
15
5
7
328
11,646
10,582
22,228
254
15
5
7
281
10,069
8,676
18,745
173
15
5
* * •
193
-$2,346
-710
+783
+17
+200
-1,213
-214
-1,577
-1,906
-3,483
-81
» * •
* * •
-7
-88
WO-16
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(o"ol1ars i n thousands)
Ful1-TimeEguivalency
State Programs
Regulations and
Guidelines 412 393 336 250 -86
Great Lakes Program... 21 21 21 21 ...
Chesapeake Bay
P rogram. 7 6 6 6 ...
NEPA Compliance/EIS
Preparation.... 7 7 7 ... -7
Total..... 447 427 370 277 -93
BudgetRequest
The Agency requests a total of $18,744,500 of which $10,069,000 is salaries and
expenses and $8,675,500 is abatement control and compliance. The decrease is due
primarily to the reduction in personnel under State Programs Regulations and Guidelines
related to the termination of the Section 208 grant program and the transfer of
responsibility for overall State-EPA agreement negotiations to another budget activity.
Program Description
The water quality planning and standards subactivity includes four program
elements.
State Programs Regulations and Guide!Ines - This program covers management
oversight arid' technical assistance activities involved in the implementation of
Federal, State, and local water quality management programs, authorized under Sections
106, 201, 208, and 303 of the Clean Water Act. Although Section 208 grants are
being terminated in 1982, some support to priority nonpoint source (and related
point source) control program activities previously funded under Section 208 is
expected to continue under other EPA and other-agency funding sources. Section 106
water pollution control agency grants will continue to support State implementation
of ongoing and emerging priority program activities not otherwise eligible for funding
under Section 205(g). These programs are managed collectively through the integrated,
cooperative State/EPA Agreement process.
GreatLakesProgram - The program covered by this subactivity is the Great
Lakesprogram, which includes funding for the Great Lakes Initiative program and
demonstration grants authorized by Section 108(a) of the Clean Water Act of 1977.
The Great Lakes National Program Office was established in 1978 to integrate and
consolidate EPA Great Lakes activities and to provide coordinated support to the
international Joint Commission's (IJC) Great Lakes Water Quality Board, in complying
with the 1978 U.S. - Canada Water Quality Agreement.
Chesapeake Bay Prociram - The Chesapeake Bay'-Program was developed in response to a
Congressional mandate requiring EPA to conduct a study of the Chesapeake Bay, define the
factors adversely impacting the environment, develop research to address adverse factors,
and define management strategies to ameliorate degradation in the Bay due to pollution. The
program has been developed through a cooperative effort between citizen groups, State
environmental agencies (Virginia and Maryland), and the EPA.
This program was originally a five-year congressionally mandated program. The sixth
year will be used to disseminate information developed during the previous five-years.
The results of integrated studies 1n three priority areas i.e., toxic substances,
eutrpphication (nutrient enrichment and submerged aquactlc vegetation) will provide a
predictive capacity to assess the consequences of pollutant loadings on the Chesapeake Bay
in terms of effects on the ecosystem, water quality impacts and uses of the system. Capacity
to predict these impacts will aid management decisions at all levels.
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NEPA Complianee/EIS Preparation - The fourth element covered by this subaetivlty involves
environmental Impact statement (£15) preparation on Section 208 plans in voluntary compliance
with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This activity will be terminated together
with the Section 208 grant program in 1982.
STATE PROGRAM REGULATIONSAND GUIDELINES
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency obligated $14,845,900 for this program activity of which $11,615,600
was for intramural purposes and $3,230,300 was for extramural purposes. Grants totalling
$37.5 million were awarded under Section 208 to State.and designated areawide agencies for
nonpoint source control program development. A total of $49.15 million was awarded under
Section 106 to support State water pollution control programs. In addition, a total of
$3,168,000 in extramural funds was obligated for contracts in 1980, including: $1,456,000
for expert technical support to the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, groundwater management,
point/nonpoint source analysis for Advanced Waste Treatment (AWT) decisions, silviculture
training program development, and development of financial and institutional aspects of
Water Quality Management (WQM) plans; $460,000 for EPA/USDA lAGs and details supporting the
agricultural nonpoint source program; $898,000 for public education, outreach activities,
and technology transfer; and $354,000 for the Flathead River Study Major program accomplish-
ments were achieved in several areas including:
State/EPA Agreements(SEA's)
- Signed 59 1981 SEA's with States and other jurisdictions, most of which covered all
major EPA and State programs.
- Issued integrated annual program guidance providing comprehensive priorities to States
and regional offices.
- Conducted evaluations of all State SEA processes and issued a national report.
Nonpoint Source Control
- Awarded Section 208 grants covering more than 200 projects to State and areawide
agencies which were successfully implementing approved initial plans and had identified
continuing planning needs in priority problem areas.
- Provided oversight and technical assistance to over 100 prototype projects including
30 National Urban Runoff Projects (NURP); 29 agriculture (ACP/MIP); 13 Rural Clean
Water (RCWP); 10 Financial Management Assistance; 1.0 point/nonpoint source tradeoff;
and 10 groundwater management.
- Managed approximately 200 other Section 208 funded projects in designated agencies
dealing with mining, construction, hazardous and toxic wastes, residuals management,
on-site waste treatment, and other priority State needs.
- Approved 30 certified initial water quality management plans, submitted by States,
bringing the total to 210 of the 225 which were funded in previous years under Section
208.
- Participated in national and State Rural Clean Water Coordinating Committees to direct
USDA funds to assure focus of implementation cost-share assistance on water quality
priority areas; selected jointly with USDA 13 major project areas emphasizing pesticides
and hazardous substances control. Funds went directly to farmers to assist them In
implementing conservation plans for their lands which will reduce water pollution as
well as control erosion.
Sections 208/106 Grants Management
- Awarded over $86 million to 165 designated 208 agencies and 63 State, interstate and
territorial jurisdictions.
- Completed a 5-year assessment of State needs covering programs funded with State
resources supplemented under Sections 106, 208, and 314.
WQ-18
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. Public Information and Technology Transfer
- Began implementation of a national information transfer program* which involved
information and tracking systems, seminars, conferences, and written materials
designed to share costeffective technical, financial, and institutional approaches
developed among State and local agencies.
- Conducted a National WQM Conference attended by approximately 400 State, areawide
agency, local, and Federal officials.
- Conducted 41 training courses for Regional, State, and local agency staff.
- Distributed 2 WQM Reports covering a general overview of the WQM Program and the
status of agricultural NPS control.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $13,795,000 to this program, of which
$10,542,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,253,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance.
In 1981, a total of $82.7 million in grants will be awarded including $34 million in
Section 208 grants and $51.2 million in Section 106 grants. The total of $3,253,000 for
Abatement Control and Compliance will support contracts and grants including $519,000 for
the National Urban Runoff Project, $375,000 for the Financial Management Assistance Program,
$325,000 for groundwater management, $250,000 for municipal waste treatment management;
$250,000 for agricultural technical assistance; approximately $825,000 for information/ tech-
nology transfer, training, communications, and public participation and $709,000 for the
Flathead River Study.
In 1981, major emphasis will be placed on transferring the initial results from prototype
and other successful projects to similar problem areas, assisting in State and areawide
Implementation of initial WQM plans, implementing approved WQM plans in directing construction
grants and permitting; and directing available funds to meet highest priority water quality
needs. Improved State and local capabilities to obtain and manage implementation resources
continues to be a high priority. Specific outputs in 1981 will include:
State/EPAAgreements(SEA's)
- Assess the adequacy of WQM coverage in all 1981 SEA's and improve coordination among
all programs.
- Integrate all WQM programs under 1982 SEA's.
Nonpoi nt Source Controls
- Provide expert technical assistance to State and areawide agencies on nonpoint source
control problems including urban runoff, agriculture, groundwater, and silviculture.
Also provide assistance on institutional approaches and techniques for financing
implementation of control programs.
- Implement 10 new State/local groundwater management prototype projects.
- Analyze and document cause-effect runoff/water quality relationships identified in
prototype projects. Prepare preliminary NURP Report to Congress and a State of the
Art Report on agriculture.
- Complete long term nonpoint source control strategies in all EPA Regions covering all
States.
- Assist State and local governments in implementing WQM programs including control
legislation and ordinances. Approximately 30 States and 560 local governments are
expected to have strengthened NPS control and cost-share program authorities by the
end of 1981.
WQ-19
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- Assist EPA and other Federal programs in implementing education and assistance programs
for agriculture, silviculture! and Federal land management.
- Work with States and USDA to select additional RCWP implementation cost-share projects
which will assist farmers to apply water quality BMPs on their lands.
Sectigns 208/106 Grants Etenagement
• Assure use of approved WQM plans in directing State and EPA construction grants and
permit programs.
- Develop comprehensive policies and priority guidance for Section 106 grants management;
work with States to assure that funds address highest priority water quality needs.
- Complete approval of all initial 225 WQM plans; review and approve subsequent additions
to WQM plan to ensure that they remain as current and comprehensive as possible.
- As part of grants management improvement assure all funds are awarded by February 1981.
Public. Information and Techno!ogy Transfer
- Complete Implementation Information System for use by States and EPA.
- Issue four WQM Reports covering Groundwater, Financial Management, Small Alternative
Waste Treatment Systems, and the 1990 Construction Srants Strategy.
- Conduct more than 30 seminars on urban runoff, groundwater management, and financial
management; a coordinated EPA/Forest Service training program on silviculture water
quality management; a National WQM Conference to disseminate technical and other
results of the Section 208 program and to develop future program policy directions
with State and local participants.
1981Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $1,260,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity
is $66,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,400 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$60,100 was applied to this activity.
.- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $34,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a
decrease of $12,700 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $635,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
transfers from water quality permit issuance ($21,300); to standards and regulations (-$7,500);
from dredge and fill ($40,800); from public systems supervision program assistance ($51,800);
from environmental emergency response and prevention ($34,500); from NEPA compliance-municipal
waste facility construction ($2,800); from ambient air quality monitoring ($7,600); from
manpower planning and training-water quality ($2,500); from water quality enforcement ($17,500);
to stationary source enforcement (-$20,000); and to ambient water quality monitoring (-$600).
WQ-20
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- Transfer $177,200 from NEPA compl1anee/EIS prep-new source discharge, ami $177,200
from areawide waste treatment management research, to provide for Flathead River Study.
- Transfer $373,700 from standards and regulations, to support program actfvlties due
to reorganization,.
- Transfer $20,200 to ambient water quality monitoring within Region 1, to realign
contract funds.
- Transfer $1,000 from dredge and fill; and $700 from standards and regulations within
Region 2 to properly reflect the clean lakes function.
- Transfer $3,300 from manpower planning and training-water quality; $5,200 from public
systems supervision program assistance; and $16,SOO from energy review and permitting within
Region 4, to fund an interagency agreement for a soil conservation expert.
- Transfer $104,100 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites for an analytical contract to
expand the regions capability to analyze high priority quick turnaround samples.
- Transfer $6,000 from water quality enforcement within Region 9, to realign contract
funds.
- Transfer $30,000 from Corps of Engineers within Region 10 to support an interagency
agreement.
- Transfer $1..70Q to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites within Region 4, to reallocate
travel funds.
- Transfer $2,504,600 to standards and regulations to reflect a program restructuring:
the movement of the clean lakes program.
- Transfer of $29,400 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional
resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance under Section 102 of
the Clean Air Act.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $10,739,000 and 173 permanent work years for this program,
of which $8,196,000 is for salaries and expenses and $2,543,100.is for Abatement Control
and Compliance. The decrease of 81 permanent workyears and $2,346,000 reflects a reduction
in those resources related to the terminated funding of the 208 grant program and the transfer
of responsibility for overall State-EPA agreement negotiations to another budget activity.
From the Abatement Control and Compliance funds, $350,000 is to be used for Interagency
Agreements with other Federal agencies for technical support, $410,000 for the Flathead River
Study, $275,000 for grants for technology and other information transfer and $1,449,000 for
expert technical support to the Nationwide Urban Runoff program, groundwater management,
point/nonpoint source analysis for Advanced Waste Treatment (AWT) decisions, silviculture
training program administration, and financial/institutional considerations in implementing
State and local water quality management programs.
In 1982 the WQM Program will continue to emphasize assistance in developing and
implementing cost-effective State and local point and non-point source control programs.
Assistance activities will include developing and issuing integrated funding and management
policies and guidance based on long-term national strategies; developing water quality
priorities based on demonstrated national, State, and local needs; developing needs based on
funding allocation procedures; negotiating problem-oriented State/EPA Agreements; providing
national and regional technical assistance; facilitating information transfer, providing
training programs tq share costeffective technological and institutional approaches; and
conducting evaluation programs to review and target regional and State activities.
wn-21
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The WQM Program will assure that all available funding sources are directed to identified
priority water quality needs. The Agency will target additional Section 205(g) funds in
delegated States to support municipal waste management-related activities previously supported
under Section 106; Section 106 assistance priorities will be revised to support State and
local NPS priorities previously funded under Section 208, particularly groundwater problems,
in addition to new emerging State priority activities. Support from other Federal funds and
staff (e.g., USDA) will be encouraged and used to the extent possible.
State/EPA Agreements (SEA's)
- WQM portions of comprehensive Agencywide guidance and coordination will be implemented
to assure optimum program Integration and resources management between WQM and other
programs.
Nonpoint SourceControls
- Groundwater management priority needs will be supported at the State level through
use of Section 106 funds; 5-6 new demonstration projects will be Initiated; ongoing
1980-81 projects will be completed and documented for transfer.
- Interim NURP Report will be submitted to Congress on cause-effect water quality
relationships; results of the 28 NURP projects will be documented and transferred to
other urban locations nationally for implementation.
- Ongoing agriculture (MIP/ACP) prototype projects will receive final EPA financial
assistance; USDA resources will be expected to complete, evaluate and transfer results.
Ongoing RCW? projects will receive limited EPA technical assistance and oversight.
- Section 208 projects funded in prior years will be reviewed and approved; NPS control
technology data and implementation accomplishments will be documented for use by other
State and local agencies and other Federal agencies. Remaining nonpoint source control
needs, point/nonpolnt source tradeoff analyses, and plan update requirements with
respect to construction grants and permits will be supported by other available Federal
and State resources.
106 Grants Management
- Section 106 grants will be negotiated as part of the SEA process with 63 States,
Territories, and Interstate agencies. Priorities will include strengthening toxics
monitoring and analytical capabilities, review of water quality standards for
attainability and appropriate revisions, operation of dredge and fill programs, nonpoint
source (NPS) control programs administration, and NPS control program development
previously funded under Section 208, particularly comprehensive groundwater management.
Outputs will also be negotiated for ongoing programs including: permitting, enforcement,
monitoring, emergency response program development and administration, and construction
grants management and related activities in States not having 205(g) delegations.
Pub1ic Information and Technology Transfer
- Cost effective technological, financial and institutional approaches in implementing
WQM plans will be documented and transferred to other State and local agencies. This
information transfer effort will emphasize results of completed national prototype
projects and documentation of generally applicable self-sustaining planning and
implementation principles and procedures.
GREAT LAKES PROGRAM
1980 Accofiipl i shments
In 1980, the Agency obligated $7,329,000 for this program of this program of which
$776,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and Expenses appropriation and $6,553,000 for Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1980 the Great Lakes National Program continued
in the directions resulting from the intensive Agency review in 1979. The basic directions
WQ-22
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are: to serve as a catalyst to actively involve the Agency's operating divisions and the |
States in an accelerated Great Lakes effort; to monitor Lake conditions, trends and responses;
and to demonstrate new techniques of controlling pollution within the Great Lakes. Some
program accomplishments include:
- Funded demonstrations of management practices which provide control of agricultural
nonpoint sources pollution, particularly alternative tillage.techiques which limit
erosion and save fuel.
- Completed an intensive surveillance survey on Lake Huron.
- Investigated inplace sediment pollutants was initiated in Indiana harbor in
Lake Michigan.
- Provided sediment expertise in the Waukegan harbor enforcement case on PCB's.
- Initiated fish tissue sampling for toxics in cooperation with the States and the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service to detect the presence of toxics 1n fish from the open waters.
- Developed a strategy for locating toxic hot spots in harbors and estuary areas using
fish flesh and sediment.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated $6,198,000 and 15 permanent workyears to this program,
of which $683,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $5,515,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Discovery of toxic hot spots will be initiated through sampling of non-migratory fish
and sediment in estuary and harbor areas. Highest priority areas throughout the Lakes will
be addressed during 1981.
- Trend analysis will continue to establish baseline toxics data by sampling throughout 1
the Lakes. ^
- An intensive survey fo the Niagara River, emphasizing toxics, will be conducted in
cooperation with the State of New York.
- An agricultural nonpoint source control initiative will be undertaken 1n the Lake
Erie basin in cooperation with the States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with particular emphasis on control of phosphorus.
- Atmospheric loading data will be gathered from the network of stations establish in
1980 and others to be installed during the current year.
- Section 108(a) grants will focus on demonstrating agricultural nonpoint source control
techniques, particularly fuel efficient tillage practices supportive of improved
water quality.
- Lake Huron survey data will be analyzed by program staff and an extramural technical
assistance team. ;
- The Lake Michigan intensive survey report will be published.
- Technical expertise in toxic sediments will be provided to support the Waukegan Harbor
remedial program.
- The catalyst role will continue and state efforts will be formalized in State/EPA
Agreements.
WO-23
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Tj81 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $331,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity
is $3,400.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $15,000 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $350,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $37,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total $6,998,000 and 15 permanent workyears for this program, of
which SI.466,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $5.532,000 is for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Toxics in the Great Lakes Ecosystem will continue to receive priority consideration in
terms of both identification and remediation. Coordination and evaluation of toxic and
hazardous material control programs will continue, including analysis of the interrelationship
between the programs and control of airborne pollutants reaching the Lakes.
Eoipahsis will continue to be on translating pollutant source data into remedial action.
Regulatory assessments and Section 108(a) grants will continue to be initiated and
directed toward the control of toxic pollutants in key Great Lakes areas. The surveillance
programs will concentrate on identifying toxic hot spots and their sources while also continuing
to provide information on conditions and trends which support predictive "modeling and provide
the basis for measuring the need for controls and progress being made by them.
CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM
1980Accomplishments
In 1980 the Agency obligated $2,052,000 for this program activity including $259,000
for Salaries and Expenses and $1,793,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance.
- The toxics program developed Chesapeake Bay sediment characterization (physical and
chemical parameters) maps of value in assessing dredging projects and critical in
defining the State of the Bay.
- The eutrophlcation program conducted a Bay-wide survey providing a synoptic set of
data for chemical and physical parameters essential to water quality model verification
and establishing a baseline against which future water quality can be measured.
- The submerged aquatic vegetation program assessed ambient herbicide concentrations
in the the shallow water portions of the Bay to aid in determining the role of
herbicides in the decline of bay grasses.
- A data management system composed of both hardware and software was established and
is storing, analyzing and displaying Chesapeake Bay research data.
- Coordination continued with State agencies in Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania
responsible for water quality to plan and manage the Chesapeake Bay Program.
wn-24
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated $2,021,000 and 5 permanent workyears of which $206,000
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,814,000 is of extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The program will complete many of the studies initiated in 1978 and Initiate the
comprehensive effort to integrate the results of research so that management decisions at
all the government levels can be based on a capability to assess the consequences of pollutant
loadings on the Chesapeake Bay. This will be done in terms of effects on the ecosystem,
water quality, aquatic grassess, and on the impact of uses of the system. The three highest
priority problem area studies are being integrated through ecosystem simulation, data analysis
and synthesis, and identification and evaluation of control alternative in conjunction with
the abatement and control decision units of this program.
The toxics substances study effort will extend the baeline inventory of the abundance
and distribution of toxics in the Chesapeake Bay sediments, pore water, water column, and
biota into major tributaries. These efforts are designed to allow identification of the
identification of the flux of materials between the Chesapeake Bay and the subestuarles.
Comprehensive research tasks are assessing both natural and authropogenic sources of toxic
chemicals in sediments, water, and biota and determining their rates of transport and
transformation within the system. Study results will serve to delineate options to reduce
environmental hazard.
The bay grasses study effort is addressing the impact of water quality factors upon
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) and living resources known or suspected to be dependent
upon SAV. The role of bay grasses will be determined relative to their relationship to fish
and wildlife, their nutrient dynamics and the impact of man-induced factors (herbicides,
turbidity) suspected to be involved in the decline in grass populations. Results will provide
a knowledge base rom which water quality control alternatives can be developed for the
enhancement of SAV and associated living resources.
Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) studies are assessing the nutrient loadings to the
Bay system and the impact of those loadings on the ecosystem. Current research is directed
towards: 1) assessing point source information on municipal and industrial sources; 2)
compiling statistics on land use and population trends in the Bay basin; 3) measuring nutrient
loadings from the major tributaries to the Bay; 4) estimating nutrient fallout from the
atomosphere; 5) calculating nutrient fluxes from the sediments; 6) verifying nonpoint source
runoff from data collected on five test drainage basins; and 7) calibrating and verifying
mathematical models, including nonpoint source loading models, stream transport models and
water quality models.
To research the overall goals of the program synthesis and integration will occur using
a geo-based approach, called segmentation. The segmentation approach is designed to define
the Chesapeake Bay in mangeable units. Natural and cultural parameters will be displayed
geographically to identify regions of commonality and assess the health of various segments.
As work is completed in the program areas, intermediary reports will be prepared supporting
the segmentation analysis by providing both qualitative and quantitative Information on the
relationship to the ecosystem of the parameters intended for use in the segmentation
analysis.
Development of a data management system is "continuing. This system will handle the
data produced by this program and provide the basis for a centralized data bank for use by
all local, State and Federal groups on the Bay. State participation programs, with the
States of Maryland and Virginia, and citizen participation programs are also continuing to
provide key coordination links between the States, the public and the Chesapeake Bay Program.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $11,800 results from several actions, as follows:
WO-25
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- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity
is $1,000.
- An increase of $12,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,008,00 and 5 permanent workyears, of which $407,000
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $601,000 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1982 the Chesapeake Bay Program will complete its integration approach to research
in the areas of toxic pollutant effects, submerged aquatic vegetation, and eutrophication.
This will include the completion of all technical studies, the integration of their results,
and the use of an ecological segmentation concept to assess existing information about the
biological, chemical, physical, and cultural aspects of the Chesapeake Bay. Major
accomplishments and outputs will include:
Chesapeake Bay Primer: Explains important ecological relationships and will serve as a
reference for the following reports.
Nutrients: Explains changes in Bay over time, future codltions, sources, key processes,
-and effects' of toxics.
Bay Gasses; Explains changes in bay grasses overtime, current Distribution and Abundance,
what is knowabout he causes of decline and the role and value of SAV of the ecosystem.
'Segmentation; Describes the basic concept, its use elsewhere, how it will be done,
water IjuaTTty dfrjectives, monitoring, and the various institutional alternatives alternatives
available to administer it.
Management Alternatives; Identifies control alternatives for agriculture, sewage treatment
pi ants .industry, lirban runoff, and construction; estimates costs and effectiveness of
different approaches to remedy "hot spots."
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (HEPA) COMPLIA_NCE/ENVIRONMENITAL IMPACT
STATEMENT PREPARATION - WATER OjJAllTY ;
In 1930, the Agency obligated $208,500 for this activity. All final IIS'-s on initial
Section 208 plans were completed. Section 208 plans prepared under grants for continuing
planning were renewed to arrive that environmental assets required in the WQM planning process
were conducted in a manner consistent with the spirit and intent of the NEPA. 70 such plans
were approved in 1980.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated $213,600"under the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
for this activity. More than 100 Section 208 plans prepared under grants for continuing
planning will be reviewed to assure that required environmental assessments have been conducted.
1981Explanation of ChangefromBudget Estimate
The net increase of $21,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity
is $1,200.
WQ-26
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- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$5,900 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $14,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
transfers from standards and regulation ($12,300); from water quality enforcement ($3,200)j
to ambient water quality monitoring (-$2,700), and from municipal waste treatment facility
construction ($1,600).
1982 Plan
No resources are requested for this activity 1n 1982 due to the termination 1n funding
of the Section 208 grant program. Activities to assure that required environmental assessments
are conducted in previously funded Section 208 planning will be carried out with resources
under the State Programs Regulations and Guidelines section.
WQ-27
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WATER QUALITY
Effluent Standards and Guidelines
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses $5,084 $6,367 $6,411 $6.334 -$77
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 21.380 23.678 r 22t931 12.914 .-JIP.P17.
Grand Total 26,464 30,045 29,342 19,248 -10,094
Permanent Positi ons... 108 112 109 100 -9
Full-time Equivalency. 132 147 144 131 -13
Budget Requjest
An appropriation of $19,247,800 and 100 permanent workyears 1s requested for 1982.
This is a decrease of $10,094,000 and 9 permanent workyears from the 1981 level of
$29,342,000 and 109 permanent workyears. The decreased funding and permanent workyears
reflect policy decisions to: 1) promulgate effluent standards and guidelines over a
longer time-frame; 2) stretch-out contract support for litigation due to slippages in
the effluent standards and guidelines schedule; 3) transfer contract dollars associated
with hazardous waste regulatory development to the Office of Solid Waste to ensure
better accountability and consistent implementation of the OSW strategy; -and 4) accelerate
completion of the revised publicly owned treatment works study with FY 1982 resources.
Program Pescription
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 established a comprehensive
program to "restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of
the Nation's waters." Existing Industrial dischargers were required by July 1, 1977,
to apply the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) to effluent
limitations (Section 3.01 (b)(1 )(A)) and by July 1, 1983, the best available technology
economically achievable ("BAT") (Section 302 (b)(2)(A)). These will result in reasonable
further progress toward the national goal of eliminating the discharge of all pollutants
("BAT"). New industrial direct dischargers are required to comply with Section 306 new
source performance standards (NSPS), based on best available (BAT) demonstrated technology;
and new and existing dischargers to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) are subject
to pretreatment standards under Sections 307(b) and (c) of the Act. While the requirements
for direct dischargers are to be incorporated into National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permits issued under Section 402 of the Act, pretreatment standards are
made enforceable directly against dischargers to POTWs (indirect dischargers). Accordingly,
Section 304(b) of the Act requires the Administrator to promulgate regulations
providing guidelines for effluent limitations, setting forth the degree of effluent
reduction attainable through the application of BPT and BAT. Moreover, Sections
304(c) and 306 of the Act require promulgation of regulations for NSPS, and Sections
304(f), 307(b), and 307(c) require promulgation of regulations for pretreatment
standards. In addition to these regulations for designated industry categories.
Section 307(a) of the Act requires the Administrator to promulgate effluent standards
applicable to all dischargers of toxic pollutants. Finally, Section 501 (a) of
the Act authorizes the Administrator to prescribe any additional regulations
"necessary to carry out his functions" under the Act.
WH-28
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The EPA was unable to promulgate many of these regulations by the dates
contained in the Act. In 1976, EPA was sued by several environmental groups, and
in settlement of this lawsuit EPA and the plaintiffs executed a "Settlement" Agreement"
which was approved by the Court. This Agreement required EPA to develop a program
and adhere to a schedule for 21 major industries (37 industry categories) and to
promulgate for BAT effluent limitations guidelines, pretreatment standards, and
new source performance standards for 65 "priority" pollutants and classes of pollutants
(129 specific pollutants). (See Natural Resources Defense Council. Inc. v. Train,
8 ERC 2130 (D.O.C. 1976), modified March 9, 1979). '~
On December 27, 1977, the President signed into law the Clean Water Act of
1977. Altnough this law makes several important changes in the Federal water
pollution control programs, its most significant feature is its incorporation into
the Act of several of the basic elements of the Settlement Agreement program for
toxic pollution control. Sections 301(b)(2)(A) and 301(b)(2)(C) of the Act now
require the achievement by July 1, 1984 of effluent limitations requiring application
of BAT for "toxic" pollutants, including the 65 "priority" pollutants and classes
of pollutants which Congress declared "toxic" under Section 307(a) of the Act.
Likewise, EPA's programs for new source performance standards and pretreatment
standards are now aimed principally at toxic pollutant controls. Moreover, to
strengthen the toxics control program, Section 304(e) of the Act authorizes the
Administrator to prescribe "best management practices" ("BMPs") to prevent the
release of toxic and hazardous pollutants from plant site runoff, spillage or
leaks, sludge or waste disposal, and drainage from raw material storage associated
with, or ancillary to, the manufacturing or treatment process.
In keeping with its emphasis on toxic pollutants, the Clean Water Act of 1977
also revises the control programs for non-toxic pollutants. Instead of BAT for
"conventional" pollutants identified under Section 304(a)(4) (including biochemical
oxygen demand, suspended solids, fecal call form and pH), the new Section 3Ql(b)(2)(E)
requires achievement by July 1, 1984, of "effluent limitations requiring the applica-
tion of the best conventional pollutant control technology" ("BCT"). The factors
considered in assessing BCT for an industry include the costs of reducing effluent
and the benefits derived compared to the costs and effluent reduction benefits
from the discharge of publicly owned treatment works (Section 304(b)(4)(B)). For
non-toxic, nonconventlonal pollutants, Sections 301 (b) (2) (A) and (b)(2)(f) require
achievement of BAT effluent limitations not later than July 1, 1987.
The Agency continues to address toxic pollutants through regulations for BAT,
new source performance standards and pretreatment standards as required by the Clean
Water Act of 1977, These regulations are aimed at controlling the water discharge
of 129 specific toxic chemicals from 34 primary industry categories. All of these
34 industry categories are under study. Many of the studies are nearly completed,
and proposed regulations have been issued in 12 industrial categories. Each category
requires examination of processes in the industry, water usage, wastewater character-
istics, and treatment technologies either in use or potentially applicable. In
addition, the requirement for economic achievability has led the Agency to conduct
exhaustive studies of the financial and economic achievability of various regulatory
options.
In those industry categories which require hazardous waste controls under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Agency is formulating best manage-
ment practices (BMP) under Section 304(e) of the Clean Water Act. These will be
used to control toxic pollutants originating from plant site runoff, spillage or leaks,
sludge or other waste disposal, and drainage from raw material storage facilities.
The new technology-based limitations for conventional pollutants cannot be less
stringent than BPT or more stringent than BAT standards. On August 29, 1979, the
Agency promulgated its review of existing BAT limitations for conventional pollutants
of industries not included in the 34 specifically covered by the 1977 Clean Water
Act. This regulation also detailed the methodology which will be used to evaluate
BCT when it is established in the future. The BCT regulations will save these industries
up to $200 million in water pollution control costs, or about 50 percent of previously
estimated future clean-up and control expenditures.
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Consistent with Section 307(b) and (c) of the Clean Water Act, pretreatment
standards for both existing and new industrial sources are forthcoming, with approxi-
mately 12 industrial categories now proposed,, These standards will include pretreat-
ment limitations on the discharge of toxic pollutants that pass through or interfere
with the operation of POTWs, consistent with the demonstrated operating performance
of POTWs.
In developing new regulations and in reviewing existing ones, there is a major
effort to Incorporate legislative requirements of the Clean Water Act with those of
other statutes in a systems approach to water quality control. As an example, in
the development and review of BAT regulations, new technology for recycle and reuse
of industrial wastewater is being developed and incorporated with the related RCRA
requirements for disposal of hazardous wastes. Studies of how best to integrate the
regulatory requirements of the BAT toxics control effort with RCRA are ongoing. The
Office of Water Regulations and Standards Is providing data support and formulating
specific best management practice regulations for the control of residues and sludges
in coordination with both the Office of Water Enforcement and the Office of Solid
Waste.
In 1982, the Agency will continue collect and analyze technological, economic,
health, and general environmental factors for the development of specific regulations
required by the Clean Water Act and RCRA. To complete the revision of the existing
BAT limitation guidelines, the Agency will continue to characterize effluents with
respect to the 129 specific toxic chemicals and metals and to evaluate the effectiveness
of appropriate treatment technology and control measures. Technical, statistical,
and economic support will be provided to respond to litigation against promulgated BAT
regulations. The Agency will also provide technical assistance to Regional and State
permit writers in translating BAT, BCT and BW technical studies with particular emphasis
on the toxic pollutants.
To complete the best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT) regulations,
new technical, economic, and statistical data bases will be compiled to determine the
necessity of revising BAT regulations to meet the added test of economic reasonableness
imposed by the Clean Water Act for conventional pollutants. This will ensure the most
appropriate control mechanism define the required level of technology and select the
most technically viable regulatory approach. Thorough economic Impact analyses of
affected industries will be conducted to assess alternative limitations and, in parti-
cular, to assure that the ultimate regulations are economically achievable and equitable.
1980 Accompl 1 shments
In 1980, the Agency obligated $26,464,400 for this activity, including $5,084,300
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $21,380,100 for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The latter includes $20,880,700 for contracts, $301,900
for ADP costs and $197,500 for interagency agreements. Contract obligations included
$13,364,400 for technical analytical studies, $3,733,000 for economic and statistical
analysis, $1,744,200 for determination of health effects; and $2,274,100 for analysis
of environmental distributions of pollutants and exposure risk. The technical and
analytical studies included work on proposal and promulgation of best available techno-
logy economically achievable effluent guidelines, new source performance standards
(NSPS), and pretreatment standards for new sourc'es and existing sources for the 34
industries specified in the NRDC Settlement Agreement and the 1977 Clean Water Act.
These studies also provided for the continution of the development of regulations for
BMPs, for RCRA related hazardous sludges, BCT regulations, development of a preliminary
POTW toxic pollutant regulatory strategy, and conducting the first phase of the synfuel
investigations with priority on gasohol manufacture,
During 1980, program accomplishments included:
- Completed technical studies for the development of proposed
regulations in eight primary industries. This work included
detailed laboratory analysis of effluent samples collected
from plants In each subcategory of each industry, evaluation
WO-30
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of the treatment performance of pollution abatement equipment
currently used 1n each industry, accounting for variations
in plant size, expansion space availability, location, age,
and production processes. The technical studies also explored
the feasibility of process changes to recycle or reuse water
and the range of treatment technologies used in other industries
that might apply to the industry under study* For each treatment
option, process change, and alternative technology, the costs
incurred by plants in the industry were determined.
Published proposed regulations establishing national effluent
limitations and standards for eight industries as mandated by
the NRDC Settlement Agreement and the 1977 Clean Mater Act.
Completed economic studies for development of proposed regulations
1n eight of the 34 industries. Because full economic impact
information is required before a preferred treatment option is
selected, each treatment alternative must be subjected to an
economic analysis. These analyses become successively more
detailed as the range of options narrows; the final small group
of options considerd are examined separately for impacts on
prices, production, employment, industry size and concentration,
foreign trade, regional economics, and the economics of related
industries. A precursor to this step is the analysis of economic
data on the industry to determine the economic and financial
structure of model plants most appropriate for regulatory economic
assessment of the industry. When necessary, economic impacts
are determined according to several alternative economic
organizational assumptions.
Continued to incorporate requirements of other statutes,
particulary RCRA, into technical and economic studies to
develop industrial effluent guidelines. Information on sludge
generation, storage, and disposal and associated costs, and
the handling of hazardous materials and other solid wastes
played a major role in the development and proposal of effluent
guidelines regulations. Support for this work included
collection of initial data on sludge generated by two industrial
point source categories and by POTW. These data provided a
technical input to the Office of Solid Waste on sludges
generated by industrial BAT requirements as well as POTW
sludges controlled under Section 405(d) guidelines as part
of an expanded complementary activity for RCRA. This effort
will reduce corporate and governmental administrative burdens
in data collection, permit issuance and compliance.
Proposed and promulgated Agency analytical methods of analyses
of toxics in industrial wastewater and continued investigations
of methods applicable to toxic analysis of sludges and other
complex Industrial waste streams.
Incorporated into new regulations consideration of innovation
and alternative treatment technologies (Including cost and
energy), and enhanced recycling and reuse of wastewater to
reduce industrial costs, alleviate economic impacts, and
enhance environmental benefits.
Began development of data to define model plants for synfuels
in gasohol, high BTU coal gasification, low BTU gasification,
direct coal liquefaction, and oil shale synfuel•technologies*
The model plants will be used to establish baseline discharges,
baseline capital costs and operation and maintenance costs for
synfuel facilities using the best availble data from existing
pilot scale facilities.
WO-31
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- Continued to investigate levels of toxic pollutants discharged
to and by POTW through wastewater and sludge. The results
will guide the Agency's approaches to implementation of
pretreatment policies and programs, to sludge disposal or
beneficial uses, and to re-exainination of standards for
wastewater discharges from POTW.
- Conducted environmental studies, including geographical and
quantitative industrial profiles fo an overall environmental
risk assessment of eight additional BAT industries. This
study involved extensive data gathering in each region of the
Nation to determine the concentration of pollutants in the
environment in those regions. This information will identify
the regions and industries that require special attention
because of the severity of their point source pollution problems,
- Performed best conventional pollutant control technology studies
for eight of the 34 industries mandated by- the NRPC Settlement
Agreement and the 1977 Clean Water Act. This required examination
of data on incremental cost of conventional pollutant removal to
determine a reasonable level for treatment of conventional pollu-
tants in each subcategory.
- Initiated technical support for implementation of the standards
in the NPDES integrated permits. The individual plants in each
industry will face different limitations, depending on their own
process mixes and water use. For NPDES permit writing, methods
will be developed to interpret each regulation or set of regula-
tions applicable to each plant In the light of process wastewater
and sludge generation, wastewater treatment, and waste stream
contnnation within the plant. Recycle and reuse of waste-
waters as well as other Innovative technologies will be
major factors incorporated into permit writing procedures.
Because of this, and because of many possibilities for chemical
reaction and waste dilution within the plant, these methods
will be based on a process and chemical engineering knowledge
of the plant's production and discharge practices, and
their relationship to the standards.
- Initiated further measures to add substances to the Administrator's
list of toxic polluants, as required in Section 307(a) of
the Clean Water Act, by developing a selection rationale for
choosing pollutants; and by documenting the human health and
environmental effects of those pollutants.
- Continued ongoing studies of industrial BMPs for raw material
storage and handling, and control of 1n-plant spills.
Incorporated BMP study results into industrial effluent guidelines
regulations where appropriate.
•- Effluent and sludge from an additional 20 PGTWs were sampled
for the "priority 129 toxic pollutants." In addition, two
special surveys were conducted to assess the impact of industrial
pretreatment standards on POTW influents.
1981 Program
For 1981, the Agency requested $29,342,000 and 109 permanent workyears for this
activity, including $6,411,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$22,931,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural
funds were requested for technical investigations, economic and statistical support,
exposure and risk assessments, analytical and sampling support, and support for
court litigation and remands. In 1981, the program will:
WO-32
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Propose and promulgate regulations for BAT effluent guidelines,
new source performance standards, pretreatment standards for
existing sources, and pretreatment standards for new sources
for 18 of the 34 industries specified in the 1977 Clean Water
Act.
Complete economic analyses for 18 industries. Because full
economic impact information is required before a preferred
treatment option is selected, each treatment alternative must
be subjected to an economic analysis. These analyses become
successively more detailed as the range of options narrows; the
final small group of options considered are examined separately
for impacts on prices, production, employment, industry size
and concentration, foreign trade, regional economics, and the
economics and capacities of related industries. A precursor
to this step is the analysis of economic data on the Industry
to determine the economic and financial structure of model
plants most appropriate for regulatory economic assessment of
the Industry. When necessary, economic impacts are determined
according to several alternative economic organizational
assumptions.
Promulgate BCT regulations for the above 18 industries to serve
as back-up to BAT (toxics) regulations. Supporting industry
technical studies will be prepared and will include discussions
for relevant alternatives and decision criteria as assistance to
the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit
authorities. Efforts will include final promulgation of amendments
or issuance of guidance, for BCT limitations for several food
commodity industries in compliance with the review requirements
of Sections 301 and 306 of the Clean Water Act.
Conduct detailed analyses and sampling for expedited regulatory
schemes for snyfuels, including coal gasification, direct
and indirect coal liquefaction, and oil shale industries.
Included will be a technical effort encompassing an investigation
of several major aspects of each of the synfuel technologies,
and an economic analysis which includes a review of all existing
information on the potential financial and economic structure
of the industry for the development of appropriate economic models.
Develop and prescribe best management practices (BMP) in support
of RCRA controls of hazardous wastes (e.g., treatment and disposal
of sludges containing toxic chemicals) for several major primary
industries. The data from the sampling and analysis of "spills"
and sludge waste streams will be Incorporated into this effort
to help define the potential for toxic discharges into surface
waters as well as potential mechanisms for treatment or control
by traditional or innovative management schemes.
If possible, complete documentation of;"innovative" technology
to minimize the overall discharge of all toxics for ten industry
categories, representing over 300 subcategories. Concepts which
reduce costs of pollution control or result in Improved production
system efficiency by recycle and reuse of by-products and wastes
will be emphasized in "Innovative" technology review.
Provide technical support to regional and State permit authorities
for non-conventional waivers and how best to Interpret and apply
regulations In situations where pollutants have been excluded
from the regulations. This technical assistance will provide
advice on those industry subcategories or facilities excluded
from national standards or problems involving BAT regulation of.
non-conventional pollutants.
WQ-33
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- Continue treatability studies focusing on larger pilot studies
for actual industrial waste streams. Specific emphasis will
be placed on those pollutants that cannot be readily removed or
treated by traditional methods.
- Provide contract management support to the Office of Solid
Waste in managing industrial waste evaluation programs (see
detailed program descriptions for solid waste, waste management
strategies, regulations, and guidelines).
- Formulate recommendations and publish reports on specific POTW
regulatory strategies, including support for mechanisms for
pretreatment credits at the local level. Provide support to
Office of Water Program Operations and Office of Water Enforcement
Program efforts and guidance to regions and States on POTW toxics
problems. Recommendations will incorporate definitions of best
practicable waste treatment technologies for POTWs and implications
for sludge disposal and associated program aspects for municipal
grants.
- Provide technical and economic analyses to respond to anticipated
litigation covering 26 industry categories cited in the 1977
Amendments. Assistance in the preparation of court records for
five promulgated BAT (toxics) regulations will also be required.
1981 ExplanationofChanges from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $703,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for.Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $29,200.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $81,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abate-
ment, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $696,900 was applied
to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $71,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease
of $11,500 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $264,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of -550,000 was made to the radiation media in order to
support the Radiation Policy Council. -
A transfer of -$13,500 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to
provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil
noncompllance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
1982 Program
For 1982, the Agency requests $19,247,800 and 100 permanent workyears for this
activity, including $6,333,900 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$12,913,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds
are requested for technical investigations, economic and statistical support, exposure
and risk assessments, analytical and sampling support, and support for court litigation
and remands. In 1982, the program will:
wn-34
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Complete rulemaklng activities for best available technology
economically achievable effluent guidelines, new source
performance standards, pretreatment standards for existing
sources and pretreatment standards for new sources for seven
industries specified in the 1977 Amendments.
Complete economic analysis for the above seven industries.. Because
full economic impact Information is required before a preferred
treatment option 1s selected, each treatment alternative must be
subjected to an economic analysis. These analyses become successively
more detailed as the range of options narrows; the final small
group of options considered are examined separately for impacts
on prices, production, employment, industry size and concentration,
foreign trade, regional economics, and the economics and capacities
of related industries. A precursor to this step is the analysis
of economic data on the industry to determine the economic and
financial structure of model plants most appropriate for regulatory
economic assessment of the Industry. When necessary, economic
impacts are determined according to several alternative economic
organizational assumptions.
Complete rulemaklng activities for BCT regulations for the above
seven industries to serve as back-up to BAT (toxics) regulations.
Supporting industry technical aspects studies will be prepared
and will include discussions of relevant alternatives and decision
criteria as assistance to the NPDES permit authorities.
Propose regulations for BAT effluent guidelines, new source
performance standards, pretreatment standards for existing
sources, pretreatment standards for new sources for synfuels,
including coal gasification, direct and indirect coal liquefaction,
and oil shale industries. These standards are being developed 1n
support of the national synfuel program, and thus are accorded a
high priority in keeping with national energy priorities.
Complete economic impact analyses for the synfuels industries,
Including coal gasification, direct and indirect coal liquefaction,
and oil shale industries. Because full potential economic Impact
Information is required before preferred treatment options are
selected, each treatment option must be subjected to an economic
analysis. These analyses become successively more detailed as
the range of options narrows; the final small group of options
considered are examined separately for impacts on potential prices,
production, employment, industry size and concentration, regional
economics, and the economics and capacities of related industries.
A precursor to this step is the analysis of economic data on
these new industries to determine the economic and financial
structure of model plants most appropriate for regulatory economic
assessment of the potential industry. When necessary, economic
impacts are determined according to several alternative economic
organizational assumptions.
Provide technical, economic, and statistical support to respond
to anticipated litigation covering 18 industry categories.
Assistance in the preparation of court briefs and records will be
required.
wq-35
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WATER QUALITY
Grants Assistance Program
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 ' 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Appropriation
Control Agency Resource
Supplementation {Section 106):
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance.
Areawide Waste Treatment
Management Resources
(Section 208):
Abatement,, Control and
Compl i ance
Training Grants (Section 104):
Abatement, Control and
Compl1ance
Clean Lakes Program:*
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
(dollars in thousands)
$49,158 $48,730- $51,230 $53,300 +$2,070
37,902 34,000 33,823
2,513 ... 614
20.235 13,500 11.000
11.500
-33,823
-614
+500
Total ,. 109,808 96,230 96,667
64,800
-31,867
•Clean Lakes positions are Included in Water Quality Strategies Implementation
category,
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of 564,800,000 for 1982 under the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. Included in this total is a decrease of $33,822,800
from the 1981 level in Section 208 areawide waste treatment management resources
reflecting termination of this planning grant program. An increase of $2,070,000 in
grants for State water pollution control programs, an increase of $500»0°0 in the
Clean Lakes program, and a decrease of $614,300 in Section 104 Training Grants due to
a nonrecurring 1981 Congressional add-on for academic training.
Program Descrlption
The water quality grants assistance program under the Clean Water Act includes
four elements: water pollution control State program grants under Section 106,
Section 208 planning grants, Clean Lakes grants under Section 314 and Section 104
training grants.
Control Agency Resource Supolementation
Section 106 grants supplement State resources for water pollution control
programs. They are negotiated annually as part of the State/EPA Agreements
(SEAs) with 50 States, 7 Territorities, and 6 Interstate agencies. Funds have
been directed to cover a wide range of water quality programs including permits,
enforcement, monitoring, municipal facilities construction and management, oil
and hazardous materials spill response, and other priority programs. As States
receive Section 205(g) delegations of construction grants management responsibilities,
funding is provided under that Section for construction grants management.
Wn-36
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Beginning in 1982, development of State and areawide groundwater management
programs previously funded under Section 208 will be a priority under Section 106.
Other priority nonpoint source control needs identified by States may also be
supported under Section 106 funds.
Areawide Waste Treatment Management Resources
The Clean Water Act provides for financial support of State and designated areawide
water quality planning agencies under Section 208. This authority, combined with Sections
106 and 303 of the Act, provides the basis for control of nonpoint and point sources
under the Act. Section 208 grants are awarded to State and designated areawide planning
agencies for continuing planning programs which address National, State and local nonpoint
source pollution priorities. The Clean Water Act provides for financial support of State
and designated areawide water quality planning agencies under Section 208. This authority,
combined with Sections 106 and 303 of the Act, provides the basis for control of nonpoint
and point sources under the Act. Section 208 grants have been awarded to State and
designated areawide planning agencies for development of continuing planning programs
which address highest National, State, and local pollution control priorities. Initial
plans have been completed by all 225 funded agencies establishing a basic water quality
management framework.
Clean Lakes Program
Under the Clean Lakes Grant program, financial assistance is provided to States to
classify their publicly owned fresh water lakes according to trophic conditions and to
carry out methods and procedures to restore and protect the quality of those lakes. To
date the Agency has received 267 applications for lake restoration and has funded 206
projects.
Training Grants
Academic training grants are awarded to institutions of higher education to meet
professional manpower needs. Efforts in this area are divided into three primary
categories; the professional graduate training program, the State agency fellowship
program, and undergraduate training grants. Curriculum development and other special
training projects in critical areas of water pollution control are also supported.
CONTROL AQENCY .RESOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION (Section 106)
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, $49,158,200 was obligated for Section 106 grants, matched by approximately
$100 million in State resources. Traditional State activities funded under Section 106
included NPDES permits issuance and enforcement, monitoring, municipal waste treatment
operations and maintenance (O&H), operator training, the State continuing planning process,
Water Quality Standards (WQS) adoption, and construction grants program management 1n
States which had not yet signed Section 205(g) delegation agreements. Emerging national
program priorities were also funded to a limited extent under Section 106. Toxics
considerations were introduced into NPDES permitting, monitoring, and WQS development.
Other priority areas included emergency response program administration and contingency
planning; pretreatment programs; Section 404 dredge and fill programs; and administration
of nonpoint source (NPS) control programs. With the support provided by Section 106
grants:
- 33 States issued, reissued, and modified permits, and conducted
compliance inspections and enforcement activities under NPDES
delegations; the other States assisted EPA in most aspects of
permits development.
- All States progressed in developing full Basic Water Monitoring
Programs (BWMP) with special emphasis on improved utilization of
intensive surveys in problem assessment and solution design.
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- The States reviewed and certified Corps of Engineers dredge and
fill permits as required under Section 401, and worked toward
assuming Section 404 responsibilities.
- The State emergency response program enabled more than 2000
responses to oil and hazardous materials emergencies.
- All States progressed 1n developing pretreatment programs.
- Some States gave priority to overseeing and coordinating Statewide
NPS control implementation programs developed under Section 208 •
planning grants.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency allocated $51,230,000 for Section 106 grants under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Consistent with overall national
priorities and State needs, States and EPA will negotiate complementary activities
and funding levels in the State/EPA Agreements. 'In addition to continued support
of traditional State water pollution control activities, new 1981 national priorities
Include:
- toxics criteria in WQS reviews and revisions; strengthening of
municipal waste treatment 0AM and operator training to improve
POTW continuing compliance and operation up to design capabilities;
- pretreatment program development; establishment of BWMP limited
fixed station network with toxic monitoring capabilities; compli-
ance monitoring of toxics, pretreatment, and BAT permits; toxics
considerations in permitting and enforcement;
- POTW continuous compliance"enforcement.
No NPDES delegations are expected. However, 16 States will have new or expanded
205{g) delegations in 1981, with 5 States accepting full delegation of construction
grants management responsibilities. Non-delegated States will continue to receive
available Section 106 support for their construction grants management and permitting
activities as determined in the SEA process.
1981Explanation of Change fromBudget Estimate
The Congress increased the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
by $2,500,000 to support the Section 106 State Water Grants.
1982Plan
In 1982, the Agency requests $53,300,000 for Section 106 grants under the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of $2,070,000 over the 1981 level.
The Agency will work through the State/EPA agreeements with the States to ensure that
available funds for 106 grants are directed to national priorities and water quality
needs identified in the national needs assessment and in State Section 305(b) reports.
The Section 106 funds requested will be directed particularly to comprehensive ground-
water management program development previously funded under Section 208 grants.
The request will also cover additional emerging priority activities including:
toxics monitoring and analytical capabilities, review of water quality standards for
attainability and appropriate revisions, operation of dredge and fill programs, and
nonpoint source control programs administration. Ongoing programs such as permitting
monitoring, and compliance will also continue to receive assistance based on national
priorities, SEA priorities, and availability of funds-. Two new NPDES delegations
are expected in 1982. In 1982, 46 States are expected to have signed a Section 205(g)
delegation agreement; 14 will have assumed all or most delegable construction grants
management activities. Section 205(g) funds can be targeted in these delegated States
to support all municipal waste management-related activities previously supported in
WQ-38
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these States by Section 106 grants funds. Construction grants management-related
activities will include: pretreatment, operations and management, operator training,
municipal compliance monitoring, and point and nonpoint source planning related to
construction grants decisions. Other activities eligible for funding under 205(g)
include development of Section 402/404 delegations.
AREAWIDE UASTE TREATMENT MANAGEMENT (Section 208)
1980 Accompli shments
In 1980, the Agency obligated $37,901,500 among 165 designated agencies for
Section 208 grants under the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation.
National priorities for grant awards emphasizes the major national problem areas of
urban runoff, agricultural nonpoint source (NPS), and ground water management, as
described in the 1980 Water Quality Management (WQM) 5-year strategy and the funding
guidance. Funding was targeted through State/ EPA Agreements to develop solutions
to one or more priority NPS problems identified In those agencies" initial WQM plans.
All funded agencies had successfully completed Initial plans and were determined by
the regions to be making acceptable progress in implementing significant portions
of their initial plans. Another 60 agencies were not funded In 1980, but continued
previously funded projects. Additional information on the WQH program will be found
under the State Program Regulations and Guidelines Section. In 1980 Section 208 grants;
- Supported 30 National Urban Runoff Projects (NURP) designed to
establish cause-effect water quality relationships and provide
basis for recommendations in 1983 Report to Congress,
- Initiated ground water management demonstration projects designed
to establish State and local management programs using effective
Best Management Practices (BMP).
- Funded designated agencies to develop Statewide and local nonpoint
source control programs for urban runoff, agriculture, silviculture,
ground water, hydromodification, construction runoff and other State
priority needs.
- Under agreement with USDA, supported cause-effect monitoring and
evaluation of BMP implementation in 13 cost-share projects funded
under the USDA Rural Clean Water Program. Conducted 29 joint
USDA/EPA model agriculture NPS programs under the Model Imple-
mentation Program (MIP) and Agricultural Conservation Program
(ACP).
- Developed State/areawide implementation action programs identified
in WQM plans including essential institutional and financial
arrangements to support self-sustaining management capability.
Cost-effective approaches Identified through prototype projects
were documented and disseminated widely.
- Assisted the development and adoption ,of agriculture NPS cost-
share control programs in 13 States and strengthened control
program authorities in 20 States and 370 local governments.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency allocated $33,822,800 for Section 208 grants under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In completing Section 208 grant
funding, grants will be awarded for projects which will solve specific nonpoint
source water pollution problems. The WQM Strategy and annual funding guidance for
1981 emphasizes continued concentration of limited funds on national priority NPS
WQ-39
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problems, particularly ground water protection, agricultural NFS, and urban runoff.
Potential transferability of project results to other areas with similar problems
Is also stressed as a selection criterion. Specific grant awards are negotiated In
the SEA process with each State. There are 180 out of 220 eligible agencies which
are expected to receive awards for one or more projects in 1981. The others will
continue work on previously funded projects. Additional Information on the 1981
program will be found under the State Programs Regulations and Guidelines section.
Highlights of the 1981 program include:
- Completion of funding for 30 NURP projects Initiated in 1979
and 1980 which will continue in operation through 1982.
- Continued funding of BMP Implementation monitoring and evalua-
tion in 29 joint USDA/EPA MIP and ACP projects.
- Continued funding of 10 prototype groundwater management projects
to develop comprehensive State ground water management programs and
site-specific BMPs; initiation of 5 new projects.
- Results of 10 financial management assistance projects will be
documented and disseminated to assist other agencies with similar
financial management problems. Fifteen additional projects will be
initiated in 1981, concentrating on implementation of NPS Control
programs and development of self-sustaining planning and management
capabilities.
- Funding for 29 State/local urban runoff projects to apply Interim
findings of NURP projects; 90 State/local priority ground water
projects; 61 agricultural NPS projects to apply prototype technical;
and financial management approaches to specific State/local priority
problem areas.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The Congress directed a reprograrmring to support the Flathead River project; a
transfer of $177,200 was made to state programs regulatons ad guidelines to implement
this directive.
1982Plan
Financial assistance to State and areawide agencies for high priority nonpoint
nonpoint source control program development will be provided to the extent possible
through Section 106 grants; ground water management program development particularly
will be identified as a Section 106 grant priority in 1982. Some national prototype
and State priority projects funded under Section 208 grants in 1980 and 1981 (for
groundwater management, urban, agricultural, and other nonpoint sources) will
continue to operate through 1982 and will be provided EPA technical assistance.
To the extent resources will allow, cost-effective technological and institutional
approaches developed through these WQM projects will be transferred nationwide for
State and locally funded application in other priority NPS problem areas. Experience
and knowledge gained through previously funded Section 208 plans and NPS control
projects will be fully taken advantage of on 5a national scale through technology
transfer efforts. Completing and updating WQM plans to assure statutory consistency
of construction grants and permitting decisions will be funded through Section 106
grants or State resources, depending on priorities and funds available.
ACADEMIC TRAINING GRANTS
1980 Accompl 1shments
In 1980, the Agency obligated $2,513,200 for academic training grants, including a
Congressional add-on to the professional training grant program of $405,000 for training
graduate level students in water-related engineering and environmental sciences. The
WQ-40
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amount of $105,000 was used to support 32 graduate trainees at 28 Institutions. The
State agency fellowship program provided $125,000 for 57 State employees from 29 State
and territorial water pollution control agencies. Upon completion of this training, the
employees returned to their respective agencies to work at least two years for each full
year of financial support. An undergraduate training grant of $75,000 was provided to
two institutions in water-related environmental disciplines to support approximately
15 students. A total of $100,000 was allocated to a pilot curriculum development
project and for support of a minority dual degree program.
1981 .Program
Beginning in 1981, a large percentage of the $614,000 academic training funds
will be used to support curriculum development projects in areas of critical water
pollution control needs. This will be an expansion of the one pilot curriculum
development project begun 1n 1980. Also in 1981, the program of State agency
fellowships will be evaluated and continued, if justified.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates
The Congress increased the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation by
$1 million to support academic training; an increase of $614,300 was applied to water
quality training.
1982 Plan
There are no Agency plans for an academic training program in 1982.
CLEAN LAKES J3RANTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, $20,235,400 was obligated under Clean Lakes Program cooperative agreements
to initiate 126 projects, including 10 urban lake projects. In addition, 15 projects were
completed.
1951 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated $11 million for Clean Lakes Program cooperative
agreements. With promulgation of the Section 314 regulations, the Clean Lakes Program
has shifted from a demonstration to an implementation program. Therefore, 1n 1981
more funding emphasis will be given to implementation and less to diagnostic/feasibility
planning than in 1980. Continued emphasis will be given to implementing lake restoration
efforts in urban areas. Because many lake problems involve toxic pollution, the program
will also begin to focus on toxic lake problems nationwide. Currently planned program
activities include:
- Funding 35 diagnostic/feasibility studies
- Funding 20 implementation efforts.
- Funding 5 State lake classification efforts.
- Funding 1 toxic lake restoration pilot project.
1981 Explanation of...Change from Budget Estimate
The Congress reduced this program by $2.5 million.
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1982 Plan
In 1982, the Agency requests $11,500,000 for the Clean Lakes program. Total
program emphasis will be on funding implementation agreements. Greater emphasis will
be given to urban lakes with toxic contamination. Greater emphasis will also be given
to funding projects whose purpose is to combine lake restoration activities with other
Federal programs to control nonpoint sources of pollution and improve public access
and recreational opportunities for lake users. Planned activities include:
- Funding 6 diagnostic/feasibility studies.
- Funding 47 implementation efforts.
- Funding 2 toxic lake restoration projects.
- Funding 4 post-restoration evaluation efforts.
-------
WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
Appropriation
Environmental Emergency
Response and Prevention:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Standards and Regulations:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Regulatory EIS Prep-Water
Quality:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance .............
Ocean Disposal "emits:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ............
Total :
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance .
Grand Total ..............
Permanent Positions
Environmental Emergency
Standards and Regulations.
Regulatory EIS Prep-WQ....
Ocean Disposal Permits....
Total
Full-time Equivalency
Environmental Emergency
Standards and Regulations.
Regulatory EIS Prep-WQ...
Ocean Disposal Permits...
Total.
Actual
1980
$4,887
5,544
2,916
573
682
1,115
598
8,918
7,397
16,315
119
85
* * •
29
233
131
96
• • *
33
26.0
Budget Current - Increase +
Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981
(dollars
$4,970
4,295
3,573
1,433
500
879
159
9,422
6,387
15,809
130
110
* * *
24
264
138
121
• • •
29
288
in thousandsy
$5,328
4,125
4,892
2,314
500
1,112
141
11,332
7,080
18,412 ,
131
139
* * *
24
294
139
158
• • •
29
326
$4,285
2,058
6,795
2,277
• • *
1,086
3,294
12,166
7,629
19,795
92
164
* » »
24
286
100
180
• • .*
29
305
+$1 ,043
-2,067
+1 ,903
37
- 500
26
+ 3,153
+ 834
+ 549
+ 1 ,383
39
+ 25
» * *
• * *
14
39
+ 22
• • •
* * •
17
1JQ-43
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Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $19,794,900 and 278 permanent workyears for
1982, an increase of $1,382,800 from 1981. Included in this total is $12,165,900
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $7,629,000 for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation, with an increase of $833,500 and $549,300
respectively. The increase in the standards and regulations program element will
provide additional assistance to State and local agencies in assessing water quality
problems and in revising standards for toxics control. The increase in the ocean
disposal permits program element will cover the study and survey of 23 new dump
sites being considered for designation. Also included in this element is the environ-
mental impact statement element, shown separately in 1981.
Program. je_scri p_tjpn
The water quality strategies implementation subactivity covers the Environmental
Emergency Response and Prevention Program, the Ocean Disposal Permits Program, and
the Standards and Regulation Program.
Envirpnmental Emergency Response and.Prevention
The primary objectives of EPA's Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention
Program have been to protect water quality by preventing and responding to oil and
hazardous substances spills, and providing emergency assistance to hazardous waste
site incidents. Section 311 of the Clean Water Act of 1977 contains the Congressional
mandate to provide a nationwide capability to respond to and prevent spills of oil
and designated hazardous substances into the navigable waters of the United States.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
expanded the mandate to include response to and prevention of hazardous releases to
all environmental media (e.g. air, land, ground and surface waters) which cause or
threaten danger of public health and welfare or sensitive ecological systems. Activi-
ties in 1982 related to hazardous substances spills and hazardous waste site incidents
are budgeted under the Superfund Appropriation. The Environmental Emergency Response
and Prevention Program element covers only oil spills and prevention activities
beginning in 1982.
EPA continues to share responsibility for the Environmental Emergency Response
and Prevention Program with the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). Jurisdictional lines between
the agencies for spill response actions in navigable waters are drawn geographically
with EPA having responsibility for inland water excluding the Great Lakes. EPA's
on-scene coordinator and/or his designated representatives will assume a monitoring
role or a Federal removal role, as dictated by the situation. To assure that responses
are efficient and coordinated, national and regional contingency "plans are required
which delineate procedures, techniques, and responsibilities of the various Federal,
State, and local authorities.
In order to augment the resources of the program, the Environmental Response
Team (ERT) was established early in 1979. It is a team of experienced personnel
which provides on-site consultation services to the OSC including spill response and
mitigation alternatives ecological damage assessment during an incident, determination
of information needs, as well as onsite deployment of prototype spill control devices.
In addition to the ERT providing immediate field assistance, the regions also receive
technical support from the Technical Assistance Team (TAT) contract. The contract
was awarded in 1979 and will remain in effect through 1981 to assist the regions and
the ERT in responding to Section 311 spills and environmental emergencies. A .new
contract will be negotiated for 1982.
Ocean Disposal
The ocean disposal programs authorized by the Marine Protection, Research and
Sanctuaries Act of 1972 and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, have
been in operation since 1973. These authorities require EPA to regulate ocean disposal
by outfalls and by dumping, designate disposal sites, develop ocean related policies,
and participate in interagency programs that deal with development of ocean resources.
WO-44
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To carry out the ocean disposal permitting functions, the Administrator of EPA is
authorized to regulate the disposition of all materials except dredged material (which
is regulated by the Corps of Engineers). The Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries
Act further prohibits the transportation and dumping in ocean water of chemical, biological,
and radiological warfare agents and high level radioactive materials. EPA has statutory
responsibility for designating all ocean dumping sites, including those for dredged
material. There are currently 141 sites approved on an interim basis which must be
surveyed by an ocean-going vessel and tested by laboratory prior to formal designation.
Of these, 127 sites are for disposal of Corps of Engineers' dredged material, which
comprises more than 90 percent of all material dumped in the ocean. EPA is currently
surveying and preparing EIS's for some of these sites using a major, multi-year contract
that began in 1977. The contract is jointly funded by the Corps of Engineers, which is
the primary source of funding for field surveys and data analysis. EPA contributes to
data base development and funds EIS preparation for the site designation effort.
In 1982, the contract is being increased and accelerated to meet statutory and
litigation requirements. With the requested funding, EPA expects to designate a total
of 42 sites by the end of 1982, and to develop and implement the necessary ocean monitoring
program to assess the impact of ocean disposal-practices and resource development on the
outer continental shelf. At that time, an additional 23 sites will be under contract
for survey and impact review prior to designation. EPA expects to have completed all
required activities for designating all interim approved sites by 1985, if budget levels
equivalent to this request can be maintained.
The ocean program activities ensure that EPA authorities will be applied to the
significant new and changing activities in the exploration and development of multiple
uses of open ocean resources. The program utilizes water quality criteria, effluent
guidelines and ocean discharge criteria to establish the framework for EPA assistance
and influence over uses of the ocean resources. Major coordination with the ocean related
programs of other agencies is necessary.
Standards and Regulations - The standards and regulations program includes several dis-
crete functions.
Under Sections 304(a) and 307{a), water quality criteria are developed and published
to reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable
effects on human health and welfare. Assistance in the development and review of State
water quality standards is provided to ensure that acceptable standards are established in
each State. Basic hazardous substances regulations are developed based on aquatic organisms,
and designations are being expanded under Section 311 to include protection of human health.
Guidelines, standards and regulations are developed to correct water pollution problems
resulting from such sources as in-pi ace toxicants and discharges from vessels and aqua-
culture projects.
Management of the Clean Lakes grant program under Section 314 of the Clean Water Act
addresses the assessment and implementation of watershed and in-lake restorative procedures
to insure that Federal grant dollars are used in a manner that will provide cost-effective
methods for the improvement or maintenance of the quality of publicly owned fresh water
lakes.
Finally, national management, coordination and program development regulating the
discharge of dredge or fill material (Section 404) are carried out under this program,
including the review and approval of requests frorr. States for Section 404 permit authority
for specific waterways.
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention
1930 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency obligated a total of $10,425,100 for the Environmental Emergency
Response and Prevention program, of which 54,881,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and
$5,543,500 was for extramural purposes.
W1-45
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Over 8,900 notifications of environmental emergencies were received by the regional
offices during 1980. The program responded to 152 spills which required a Federal On-Scene
Coordinator (OSC) to direct Federal removal actions and monitored 8771 clean-up actions
taken by the spiller. The spill prevention program was continued by the regions during
1980, with a combined regional effort totalling over 2800 spill prevention actions at
non-transportation-related facilities.
The 8-person Environmental Response Team (ERT), as defined in the program description,
responded to 53 incidents through September 1980. It provided assistance during the fical
year at the request of the region OSCs both within EPA and outside the Agency.
Contract funding of approximately $3 million was used for additional technical field
support for emergency response. The Technical Assistance Team (TAT) contract provided 33
contractor personnel to help the regions and the ERT respond to oil and hazardous materials
spills and environmental emergencies, perform inspections for compliance with oil and
hazardous substance prevention regulations, prepare enforcement cases, and assess spill
damages. An additional $1 million was used to fund aerial surveillance and emergency
mapping for major spills, operation and maintenance of the spill prevention management
information system, and response actions at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites which were
not covered under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act.
During 1980, the emergency response and prevention program initiated Section 311 or
104 emergency response actions at 61 uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Technical assist-
ance, investigation, or other types of support were provided at 446 sites where Section
311 or 104 was not applicable. Response activities at these sites are highly resource-
intensive due to the complexities involved in handling hazardous wastes of unknown com-
postion and origin.
1981 Plan
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,453,000 and 131 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $5,328,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $4,125,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. These
resources will be used to continue the current oil program under Section 311 to begin to
implement the expanded hazardous spills response program under Superfund.
EPA is projected to receive 10,000 notifications of environmental emergencies during
this fiscal year. The environmental emergency response and prevention program expects
to respond during 1981 to 118 oil spills and 85 hazardous spills which will require a
Federal OSC to direct Federal removal actions. EPA will monitor 2,771 oil spills and
2,007 hazardous spills where clean-up actions are taken by the responsible party or State
and local agencies. Emergency response action will be provided at 69 uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. The increase from 1980 is due to the expected increase of emergencies reported
to EPA as a result of increased public awareness of the new reporting requirements under
Superfund.
The spill prevention program will continue in 1981. It is expected that ivgr 2,000
prevention inspections will be performed following major spills. Inspections at hazardous
substances facilities will be a significant factor in the increase in prevention activity.
Contract funding of $4,125,000 will be used to provide major technical assistance
and support to current EPA efforts. Of these funds, S3,100,000 will be used for the TAT
which will provide the regions and the ERT with 53 contract workyears, an increase of 20
workyears over 1980 to support response to uncontrolled hazardous waste site emergencies
and hazardous spills. Thirty-three contract workyears will continue to be used to assist
the regions in response to oil spill emergencies.
The remaining $1,025,000 in contracts will provide for expansion of the Oil and
Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data Systeni (OHM-TADS) to include newly designa-
ted hazardous substances, priority pollutants and uncontrolled hazardous waste site data
fields; aerial surveillance and photo mapping for spill prevention inspections, contingency
planning and emergency response; and maintenance of the Spill Prevention Control and
Counter-measure (SPCC) management information system during 1981.
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Highest priority will continue to be on protecting public health and the environment
by emergency response to pollutant spills or discharges. A major EPA emphasis will be
on controlling hazardous substance discharges from hazardous waste sites using emergency
assistance actions.
1981 Expl anation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $188,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans-
mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction
applied to this activity is $28,800.
- A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities was
submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increased of $200,000 to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $17,400
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $2,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $128,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a
decrease of $33,800 was applied to this activity.
-The Congress reduced agencywide AOP services by $2 million; a decrease of $13,000
was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $289,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in transfers to ambient water quality monitoring (-$57,700); from public systems super-
vision program assistance ($22,200); from drinking water enforcement ($29,900); from
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($24,900); from hazardous waste management regulatory
strategy implementation ($8,100); to State programs regulations and guidelines (-534,500);
to water quality enforcement (-$48»;900); to stationary source enforcement (-$9,400); and
from water quality permit issuance ($11,000).
- Transfer $15,000 from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction within
Region 1, to realign contract funds.
- Transfer S18,800 from underground injection control program within Region 5, to
support the hazardous materials emergency response program.
- Transfer of $56,000 was made to the radiation media in order to support the
Radiation Policy Council. ;
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,343,400 and 92 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $4,285,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,058,300 is for
the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. In addition, a total of $3,740,000
and 42 permanent workyears which was associated with this program in 1981 has been trans-
ferred to the Superfund program and is included in its appropriation request for
implementation of the expanded hazardous response program under Superfund. Therefore,
emergency response to spills of hazardous substances and uncontrolled hazardous Waste sites
will no longer be funded under the Water Quality Strategies Implementation subactivlty.
WO-47
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The major program plans during 1982 include continuation of the oil response and
prevention program. The program is projected to respond to approximately 118 oil spills
which require a Federal OSC to direct Federal removal actions. EPA will monitor 3,534
oil spills where clean-up actions are taken by the responsible party or State and local
agencies.
The spill prevention program will also continue in 1982. It is expected that over
2,500 prevention inspections will be performed following major spills, with a major
emphasis on hazardous substance facilities.
Standards and Regulations
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980 $3,488,700 was obligated under this program activity. Major emphasis was
placed on development of a national water quality standards strategy, completion of the
criteria documents for 65 classes of toxic pollutants, Section 404 State program develop-
ment for implementation of the dredge and fill program, management of the Clean Lakes
grant program and development of program guidance to assist in revising State water quality
standards (WQS) programs. Included in this total was 5573,200 for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation of which $482,700 was for dredge and fill activities and
$90,500 for criteria development.
AccomplLIshments in 198.0 Included:
Criteria and Standards
- Published human health and aquatic toxicity water quality
criteria far 64 classes of toxic pollutants mandated by the
Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Defense Council
Settlement Agreement.
- Initiated development of regulations to revise water quality
standards program.
- Promulgated Federal water quality standards for two States and
proposed Federal standards for an additional two States to meet
minimum requirements of the Clean Water Act.
- Evaluated standards revisions for 26 States for approval or
disapproval consistent with applicable rules and policies.
- Reviewed 57 AWT/AST projects for applicability of water quality
standards to ensure that selected projects were the most
cost-effective means of achieving the desired environmental result.
- Proposed regulations for the removal of oil and hazardous
substances spills from the U.S. waters and shorelines*
- Proposed a rulemaking to delete freon emd bis-(chloromethyl)
ether (BCME) from section 3Q7(a) list of toxic pollutants;
finalized response to two petitions for removing eight
toxic pollutants from the section 307(a) list and completed
initial action on two additional petitions.
. - Proposed denial of two petitions to designate phosphate,
ammonia, and sulfides as conventional pollutants under
Section 304(a)(4).
- Published 28 digests which summarize State-adopted water quality
standards for public information purposes.
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- Developed criteria for designating 12 new hazardous substances
under Section 311 on the basis of chronic effects, such as
cardnogenidty, routagenicity and bioaccumulation.
~ Completed review of Virginia's petition to establish no-discharge
zones under the provisions of Section 312 of the Clean Water Act,
regarding the prohibition of discharge of sewage from vessels into
State waters.
- Initiated Congressionally mandated National Estuarine Study,
conducted every six years, to provide a report to Congress
regarding the status of pollution and its impact on the
nation's estuaries.
- Provided section 115 grant to the State of Michigan to study
feasibility of removing polychlortnated biphenyls and
polybrominated biphenyls from the Pine and Saginaw Rivers.
Dredge and Fill
- Reviewed over 1,500 controversial Section 404 permit
applications; developed national policy for review and
comment on general and individual permit applications
and provided recommendations to higher management on
controversial permits.
- Dromulgated Section 404 State program regulations for State
assumption of program responsibility.
- Developed strategies and policies for transfer of Section 404
programs to States and provided assistance to six States in
developing their programs.
- Coordinated Section 404 activities with other Federal agencies
(Corps of Engineers and the Fish and Wildlife Service), involved
in the section 404 program or related programs.
- Executed a Memorandum of Agreement with the Corps of Engineers
regarding determination of the extent of U.S. waters for the
purpose of coverage under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act,
and procedures for resolving disputes between the Corps of
Engineers and the Agency. Developed ancillary guidance for
Corps district engineers and regional offices.
- Reviewed and provided comment on Environmental Impact Statements
(EIS) associated with Congressionally authorized construction
projects for their conformity with the Section 404(b)(1) guidelines
for evaluating permit applications for the discharge of dredged
or fill materials Into waters of the United States.
Clean Lakes Management
- Provided management assistance to 120 ongoing Clean Lakes projects.
- Assisted 35 States with the implementation of State/EPA agreements
on Clean Lakes program requirements.
.- Completed evaluation of lake restoration techniques and the
economics of Clean Lakes projects, which indicated that benefits
exceeded costs by 8:1.
- Assisted 15 States to classify publicly owned fresh water lakes
according to trophic condition.
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- Published final regulation and program guidance to administer
the Clean Lakes program under Section 314.
- Initiated development of a national management information system
by incorporating Clean Lakes grant water quality data into STORET,
and the Grant Information Control System (6ICS).
- Conducted four EPA regional/State workshops to explain operational
procedures of the Clean Lakes program, completed and distributed
public awareness information about lake restoration methods and
benefits, and published a users' manual on grant assistance
offered under the Clean Lakes program,
- Sponsored an international [North American/European) symposium,
on Clean Lakes restoration. The objective of the symposium was
to transfer information available on methods and procedures for
lake restoration for inclusion in the Administrator's Section
3Q4(j) report to Congress in 1981.
1981 Plan
The current 1981 allocation for this effort is $7,206,400 and 139 permanent
workyears, of which 54,892,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
In 1981, $2,313,700 is planned for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation,
of which $1,308,700 is for dredge and fill activities and $1,005,000 for aquatic toxicity
studies, criteria work on priority pollutants and technology transfer.
Continuing emphasis is being placed on the dredge and fill program, with additional
assistance to State programs, full review of State Section 404 program submissions,
and assistance to regions in specifying disposal sites. Increasing attention is being
given to the technical implications of this program, such as energy development, waterways
and agricultural ramifications. Continuing water quality standards assistance is being
rendered to States and regional offices in developing standards for toxic and non-toxic
pollutants. The hazardous substances program is stressing designation of substances
whose spills contain immediately active agents. A Clean Lakes Technical Assistance
Program will be implemented to assist States and substate grantees. In 1981, the program
plans include:
Cr1teri a and Standards
- Issue regulations for water quality standards which provide for
a flexible approach on attainability of uses and focus on
coverage of toxics in State water quality standards. Develop
criteria modification methodologies for use by States in revising
State water quality standards.
- Assist States in developing water quality standards for tradi-
ditional non-toxic pollutants with coverage of selected toxics
pollutants in areas where techno! ogy-ba,sed controls will not
adequately protect stream uses.
- Develop policy guidance documents on the economic, environmental,
and technological attainability of standards for both toxic and
non-toxic pol1utants.
- Promulgate State water quality standards for four States and pre-
pare Federal standards ofr an additional three States.
- Develop proposals for additions or deletions to the Section 307{a)
list of toxic pollutants and for the development of water quality
criteria for toxic pollutants beyond the list of 65; develop
criteria for 14 additional compounds.
- Develop water quality criteria for 14 toxic pollutants, in addition
to the list of 65 toxics covered by the 1977 Amendments to the Clean
Water Act.
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- Complete twenty-eight additional aquatic life criteria for the list
of 129 priority toxic pollutants.
- Evaluate 50 advanced waste treatment proposed projects to
ensure that the projects will be cost-effective for the
attainment of stream uses.
- Provide assistance on 18 water quality standards reviews for
approval or disapproval based on applicable rules and policies.
- Designate new hazardous substances as required under Section
311 of the Clean Water Act, on the basis of protection of
human health from spills of acute or immediately acting agents
(as opposed to chronic or long-term toxic effects).
Dredge and Fill
- Review between 1,500 and 2,000 major/controversial permits
and exercise Section 404(c) authority in cases where unacceptable
discharges are proposed. Refer major issues to headquarters for
resolution.
- Review and comment on major/controversial proposals and authorized
projects that have not reached the permit stage (accounting for
up to half the total permit review workload). Review major
permits referred to headquarters (under Memorandum of Agreement
with the Corps of Engineers) for top-level management resolution.
- Provide technical assistance for cases in litigation and assistance
to enforcement attorneys in actions against unpermitted discharges
and in cases involving litigation against EPA on Section 404 issues.
- Provide assistance to States in the development of a Section
404 program and provide full review of State Section 404
program submissions for compliance with delegation requirements.
- Review EIS" submitted for major Federal projects for Section 404(b)
(1) guidelines compliance.
- Assess need for improvements in existing systems of Section 404
related environmental monitoring and work with State, Federal and
local offices/agencies to improve effectiveness.
- Provide special technical analyses for dredged or fill discharge
environmental problems which are region-specific and increase
assistance on analyses of technical and policy Issues involved
in major permit review. Areas of particular concern include
energy development, agriculture, and waterway development.
- Complete final regulations for Section 404(b) for evaluating
permit applications in regard to potential environmental impacts.
Clean Lakes Management
- Provide technical review for over 150 clean lake grant applications
and recommend appropriate award actions for up to 75 projects.
- Provide management assistance to approximately 120 operating
Clean Lakes projects.
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- Assist 50 States and Territories in developing comprehensive
plans that address lake watershed pollution controls and
multi-year priority lists for over 150 Clean Lakes applications.
- Implement a Clean Lakes Technical Assistance Program to assist
States and substate grantees to resolve complex technical,
institutional, and financial problems and transfer the technology
and/or approach to other State grantees with similar problems.
- Conduct four policy and technical assistance workshops/meetings
with State officials.
- Develop a program to evaluate the duration of lake restoration
techniques, as well as the economic benefits of completed Clean
Lakes projects.
- Evaluate Agency Management of the Clean Lakes Program.
- Publish proceedings from the international symposium on lakes
restoration which serves as the Administrator's Section 304(j)
report, and transfer proven technology on the Clean Lakes program.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $2,200,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1931 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans-
mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied
to this activity is $22,700.
was
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $11,600
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $23,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $77,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a
decrease of $7,200 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $301,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in transfers from water quality permit issuance ($7,800); to State programs regulations
and guidelines (-$33,300); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementa-
tion ($19,900); from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($3,600); to
personnel management (regions) (-$1,200); to regional council (-$12,700); to ambient
water quality monitoring (-$21,600); to NEPA compliance/EIS preparation-water quality
(-$12,300); to stationary source enforcement (-$16,600); to municipal waste treatment
facility construction (-$3,000); and from regional management ($1,000).
- A transfer of $400 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional
resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under
Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
- Transfer of $373,700 to State programs regulations and guidelines Salaries and
Expenses ($68,300) and Abatement, Control and Compliance ($305,400) to support program
activities and program reorganization.
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- Transfer of $700 to State programs regulations and guidelines to properly reflect
the clean lakes function.
- Transfer of $2,504,600 from State programs regulations and guidelines Salaries
and Expenses ($1,238,000) and Abatement, Control and Compliance ($1,266,600) to reflect
a program restructuring the movement of the clean lakes program.
- Transfer $20,500 to municipal waste treatment facility construction to support
travel costs.
- Transfer $3,400 to ambient water quality monitoring within Region 1, to realign
contract funds.
- Transfer $1,000 to State programs regulations and guidelines within Region 2,
to properly reflect the clean lakes function.
1982 Plan
In 1982, $9,071,90.0 and 164 permanent work'years are requested for this activity,
which is an increase of $1,865,500 and 25 workyears. Included in this request is
$6,795,200 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,276,700 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1982, increased resources will be provided to the regions for additional assist-
ance to State and local agencies for assessing their highest priority water quality
problems and for revising State water quality standards for toxics control. The program
will provide an assessment of toxics problems on a State by State basis. In 1972 the
program will include:
Criteria and Standards
- Assist States to develop capability for development and
implementation of water quality standards.
- Assist States in applying economic, technological and
environmental considerations in the designation of
attainable stream uses.
- Assist States in utilizing criteria modification guidance in
developing site-specific standards.
- Assist States in identifying local areas that will require
more stringent control measures due to inadequate point
source controls for toxic chemicals.
- Evaluate seven regional and State water quality standards
programs to determine their use in decisions regarding the
construction of sewage treatment plants.
- Review 38 State water quality standards revisions to determine
if the standards incorporate attainable uses and if criteria
are adequate to protect those uses,lwith special consideration
of specific toxic pollutant problems in each State.
- Conduct water quality standards reviews of Advanced Waste
Treatment/Advanced Secondary Treatment projects to ensure
that the funded projects will provide for the attainment of
designated uses and that the selected projects are the most
cost-effective means of achieving the desired environmental
results.
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- Complete development of 20 national water quality criteria
documents for toxic pollutants as required by the 1977
Amendments to the Clean Water Act.
- Develop information on 10 petitions identifying and designating
pollutants as conventional, toxic or non-conventional.
- Continue development of selection criteria for designation
of hazardous substances that enter the environment other than
through effluent discharges and which present an imminent and
substantial danger to the public health or welfare.
- Promulgate regulations adding to list of section 311 hazardous
substances, with emphasis on compounds having multimedia
exposure.
- Develop responses to State requests to prohibit the discharge
of vessel wastes within State waters, as provided under the
Marine Sanitation provisions of the Clean Water Act, Section 312.
- Assist regions to develop, propose and promulgate standards for
up to 15 States where State revisions are inadequate to meet
minimum requirements of the Clean Water Act.
Dredge and Fill
- Review major/controversial permits and exercise Section 404(c)
authority in cases where unacceptable discharges are proposed.
Refer major issues to headquarters.
- Review and comment on major/controversial proposals and
authorized projects that have not reached the permit stage
(accounting for up to half of the total permit review workload).
- Review major permits referred to headquarters (under Memorandum
of Agreement with the Corps of Engineers) for top-level manage-
ment resolution,
- Provide technical assistance for cases in litigation and
assistance to enforcement attorneys in actions against
unpermitted discharges and cases involving litigation
against EPA on Section 404 issues.
- Develop a management information system to track dredge and
fill program activities, better account for personnel and
resource uses and provide information regarding the disposition
of permits,
- Provide assistance to States in the development of a Section
404 program and provide full review of State Section 404
program submissions for compliance with delegation requirements.
- Review environmental impact statements submitted for major
Federal projects for Section 404 guidelines compliance.
- Assess need for improvements in existing systems of Section 404
related environmental monitoring and work with State, Federal
and local offices/agencies to improve effectiveness.
CleanLakes Management
- Provide technical review for over 100 Clean Lake grant applications
and recommend award actions for up to 75 projects, which maximize
project benefits. Provide oversight to approximately 150 operating
Clean Lakes Projects.
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- Assist 50 States to develop State Clean Lake programs and plans
that integrate other funding sources for lake watershed management
controls with In-late restoration funded techniques.
- Assist 30 projects to resolve complex technical institutional and
financial problems and transfer the technology and/or approaches
to other States or substate grantees.
- Conduct four policy and technical assistance workshops/meetings
with State officials.
- Continue to improve the management of the Clean Lakes Program
through the evaluation of headquarters and regional office
management of the Clean Lakes Program.
- Initiate special projects that evaluate the duration and
effectiveness of in-lake restoration techniques, integrate
project approaches and utilize innovattve watershed
management techniques.
- Sponsor a symposium in lake restoration to serve as the basis
of the Administrator's Section 304(j) report to Congress in
1983 and to transfer recent methods and procedures for
lake restoration.
OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMITS PROGRAM
1980 Accomplishments
The ocean disposal permits program obligated $1,712,800 in 1980. This funding
included contract support for the development of impact statements for ocean disposal
site designation. Baseline surveys were conducted on sites included in the continuing
contract. By the end of 1980, 33 dumpsites had field surveys, five Environmental Impact
statements (EIS) had been completed, and four sites had been designated as official EPA
dumpsites. Dredged material dumpsite surveys for the Corps of Engineers (COE) were
completed on 15 sites of the 33 sites.
The program reviewed environmental impact statements (EIS) for offshore oil and gas
lease sales and participated in an on-going interagency project which uses the Flower
Garden Banks in the Gulf of Mexico as a model for measuring the environmental effects of
oil and gas drilling and production on sensitive environmental underwater areas on the
outer continental shelf. The program was also involved in a multiyear effort with the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Department of Interior
(DOI) to determine the quality of open ocean waters and the state of marine technology
against which conditions were established for permitting specific ocean-related industrial
operations, such as ocean thermal energy conversion and deep seabed mining.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total' of $1,252,700 and 24 permanent workyears
to this program of which $1,111,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $141,000 is for
Abatement, Control and Compliance. The extramural resources are to develop impact state-
ments for ocean disposal site designations. Also, $1,500,000 is to be provided by the
Corps of Engineers to support studies on dredged material disposal sites. The Agency
expects to continue its 1980 ocean program, dealing with the following highest priority
activities:
- Issue revised ocean dumping criteria and bioassay procedures.
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- Designate 16 dump sites, conduct baseline surveys for site designations
on six new dumpsitest monitor existing sites and prepare environmental
analyses and dumpsite EIS's using contract support. (Impact-monitoring
will be required under revised criteria.)
- Review and issue approximately 40 special permits for compliance with
ocean dumping criteria and regulations.
- Provide cursory review and coordination for Corps of Engineers' permits
and Federal project proposals.
Because of the statutorily required termination of ocean dumping of harmful sewage
sludge as well as the termination of all interim permits by the end of 1981, alternative
disposal practices will increase. The volume of ocean dumping under special permits will
continue at present or slightly higher levels as a result of implementation of the Resources
Conservation and Recovery Act, the elimination of marginal and unsatisfactory disposal
landfills, and an increase in incineration-at-sea applications which will require site
designations and monitoring. Probable changes in the International Ocean Dumping Conven-
tion will require revisions in jj. S. ocean dumping criteria, particularly in radioactive
waste disposal and incineration at sea. The program is responsible for both international
negotiation of the Convention and revision of criteria. The rate of ocean disposal site
designations is being increased; approximately 20 site will have been designated by the
end of 1981.
The ocean program will concentrate on environmental effects of offshore oil and gas
activities with emphasis on special NPDES permit conditions, definition of sensitive
marine areas, environmental guidance, and technical assistance. The Agency will continue
to participate In an on-going, multiyear interagency project with the Department of
Commerce (DOC), NOAA, DOI, and Department of State of measure the environmental effects
of oil and gas drilling and production on sensitive environmental underwater areas on
the outer continental shelf (the Flower Garden reef off Texas and the Georges Bank off
Massachusetts). EPA will also continue to participate in multiyear Interageney effort
with the Department of Energy (DOE), and NOAA to establish conditions for permitting
specific ocean-related industrial operations such as ocean thermal energy conversion and
deep seabed mining.
1981 Expl an at1 on of Change from Budget .Estimate
The net increase of $214,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans-
mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in
a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expense's. The reduction
applied to this activity is $5,500.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $18,200 was applied to this
activity.
- An increase of $56,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprografnmings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in transfers from water quality permit issuance ($7,400); from water quality
enforcement ($119,500); from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction
(3700); fron uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($9,000); and from public systems
supervision program assistance ($34,500).
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,379,600 and 24 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $1,085,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,294,000 is for Abatement, Control
and Compliance, an increase of $3,153,000 in extramural funds. The increase in Abatement,
Control and Compliance will provide support for designation of 22 additional dumpsites
and initiation of field surveys on 23 new sites. It includes 5500,000 previously
budgeted under Regulatory EIS Preparation which will continue to be used for the pre-
paration of impact statements as part of the dumpsite designation process.
Under the contract in 1982, 22 additional dumpsites will be designated bringing the
total to 42. A three-year designation effort will be initiated on 23 new sites, requiring
collection of field survey data during at least two different seasons.
In 1982 the Agency will:
- Manage the EIS contract to complete 32 EIS/EIAs on ocean dumping sites
and designate 22 dumpsites.
- Review and issue 55 special permit applications for ocean dumping , and
screen and coordinate Corps of Engineers' permits and Federal project
proposals.
- Respond to major crises by issuing emergency and research permits and
waiver requests and provide technical support against litigation.
- Compile data and prepare annual reports as required by statute for
Congress and the International Ocean Dumping Convention.
- Coordinate open ocean-related programs within EPA and with outside
Agencies including Outer Continental Shelf (DCS) oil and gas operations
(DOI, OOC), ocean thermal energy conversion (DOC, DOE), and deep-sea
mining (OOC, 001).
- Analyze major open ocean related documents of other agencies (DOI, DOC
DOE) under responsibilities of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act.
- EPA will achieve coordinated approaches to permit issuance for DCS
activities in some key open ocean areas. Through its analyses of OCS
EISs for oil/gas operations, some major environmental problems are
anticipated which will effect changes in DOI's lease stipulations and
DOC's marine sanctuary regulations.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis
1981 1981 1982 vs. 1981
1980 Budget Current 1982 Increase +•
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
" (Hollars''In thousands)
Appropriation
Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis
Salaries and Expenses $7,961 $8,209 $9,219 $9,444 +$225
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.... 2,731
Grand Total 10,692
Permanent Positions. -.
2,731
0,692
195
247
2,436
10,645
191
241
2,476
11,695
189
240
1,923
11,367
191
241
-553
-328
+2
+1
Full-time Equivalency
Budget Request
An appropriation of $11,366,600 and 191 permanent workyears is requested for 1982
including $9,443,700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,922,900 for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents an decrease of $327,500. Included in the extramural funds 1s $1,472,900 for
contracts and $450,000 for interagency agreements.
Program Descri pt i on
This program's responsibilities include: Development of systematic monitoring
systems to provide consistent measures of environmental quality; toxic pollutant data
collection and analysis to determine discharge rates, transport characteristics, and
environmental risks; review and management of Regional and State monitoring programs;
waste!oad allocation oui^ance and review; analysis to measure changes in water quality;
analysis of point and non-point sources of pollutants; and maintenance, enhancement, and
user assistance for ADP systems used to manage EPA's water data. Specific activities
pursued by this program are described below.
This program coordinates State and EPA monitoring efforts to provide specific informa-
tion on water quality and to implement a monitoring strategy to provide statistical sampling
to support regulatory controls. In response to the requirements stipulated under the Clean
Water Act of 1977, this program provides: pollutant control strategies based on assessments
of environmental pollutant distribution, exposure/risk analysis and fate studies for evaluat-
ing pathways through which human and aquatic life are exposed to pollutants, calculating the
consequent risks of that exposure and recommending necessary levels of pollutant control
for the 65 classes of toxic pollutants stipulated in the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Water
Act, area-by-area regulatory strategies and guidance to the States for geographic areas
where best available technology (BAT) may not be adequate to control pollution, including
identification of toxic pollutant "hot spots"; industrial /environmental assessments for
the 21 primary industrial categories to assist in the development and defense of BAT regu-
lations; assessments of the sources of toxic pollutants entering publicly owned treatment
works (POTW and recommendations for appropriate regulatory strategies); Implementation of
the State Basic Water Monitoring Program to provide increased intensive surveys, biological
monitoring, and toxic pollutant monitoring; and resources devoted to field sampling and
analysis to detect and measure the 129 priority pollutants.
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In support of the Agency's toxic pollutant strategy, this program coordinates its ana-
lytic activities with the Effluent Standards and Guidelines program. Additional activities
included in this program are: operation of EPA's water quality data systems for management
of toxic pollutant and other data, including standardization of storage protocols and quality
assurance; ongoing evaluations of ambient water quality trends to measure the success of EPA
control strategies and development of wasteload allocation regulations and guidance. It also
includes managment overhead for the regional Surveillance and Analysis Divisions which are
responsible for monitoring in all media (water, air, toxics, enforcement, and pesticides) and
for coordinating surveillance and analysis among States and other Federal agencies.
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980 the Agency obligated a total of $10,691,900 to water quality monitoring and ana-
lysis, including $7,961,300 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,730,600 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. This program used approximately $2,730,600 for contracts and interagency
agreements to determine geographic distributions, to assess exposure/risk of toxic pollutant
contributions to publicly owned treatment works (POTW), and to perform biological and
chemical monitoring. Accomplishments included:
- Assessment of environmental exposure/risk and geographic distribution of toxic pol
lutants to set revised Best Available Technology (BAT) regulations, pretreatment and New
Source Performance Standards, and water quality criteria, and to make additions/ deletions
from the 307(a)(l) list of. toxic substances.
- Investigation of 1.5 potential toxic "hot spots" to determine actual levels or toxic
pollutant contamination in geographic areas where BAT regulations will not satisfy toxics
criteria.
- Providing technical review of 25 proposals for advanced waste treatment (AWT)
projects.
- Development of detailed assessment of the sources of toxic pollutants to publicly
owned treatment works (POTW), with resultant analysis of regulatory strategies, including
controls under TSCA and RCRA.
- Continued evaluation of quality assurance procedures in selected State and
contractor water laboratories for accurate detection and measurement of toxic and other
pollutants in ambient waters and effluents.
- Operation of water quality and toxic pollutants data management systems to provide
access to and analysis of available information on toxics and other pollutants.
- Analysis and publication of reports of water pollution improvement in six
geographic areas to describe and document programs which are successful and may be adapt-
able to other areas. Developed Environmental Profiles for water quality.
- Development and beginning implementation of a water nonitoring strategy to collect
and analyze water quality information for use in policy decisions and in measuring effective-
ness of programs.
Initiation of a review and redesign, of water monitoring networks to improve
statistical coverage and utility of data for national analyses.
- Management of the State Basic Water Monitoring Program, which included toxic
pollutant and biological monitoring, and intensive surveys.
- Implementation of a data system for storage and analysis of toxic pollutant data;
continued and improved data systems to provide pollution control agencies, at all levels of
government, with widespread access to toxic and other pollutant data.
- Performance of limited biological sampling and data interpretation to screen for
presence of toxics, to pinpoint needs for chemical monitoring, and to evaluate effects of
chemical pollutants.
WQ-59
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- Continuation of an interagency agreement with the National Fish and Wildlife Service
and the U.S. Geological Survey to collect and analyze water samples and fish tissue, (this
will help determine geographic distributions and exposure/risk of toxic pollutants, and
measure trends in overall water quality).
- Publication of State water quality assessment reports as required by Section 305(b)
of the Act.
1981 Program
In 1981 the Agency has allocated a total of $11,694,100 for this program, including
$9,218,50^ cor the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,475,600 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. Abatement, Control and Compliance funds support con-
tracts and interagency agreements to determine geographic distributions and to assess
exposure/risk of toxic pollutants and contracts to assess toxic pollutant contributions to
publicly owned treatment works (POTW). Major accomplishments planned for 1981 include con-
tinued efforts to manage toxic pollutants and continued implementation of a toxic water
monitoring strategy. Program objectives include the following:
- Expand the assessment of sources of toxic pollutants to publicly owned treatment
works (POTWs), and assess the effectiveness of pretreatment.
- Collect and analyze effluent samples and develop environmental exposure/risk and
fate data to identify and recommend which toxic pollutants require further regulatory
controls or which should be added or deleted from the Section 307(a) list of toxic substances.
- Identify and rank 20 toxic "hot spots," and develop control strategies for selected
geographic areas.
- Provide detailed technical evaluations for use in water quality based decisions, in-
cluding review of 25 Advanced Waste Treatment (AWT) proposals and proposed revisions to water
quality standards.
- Collect/analyze toxic pollutant samples to determine geographic coverage and
ambient concentrations of toxic pollutants in the Nation's waterways. Ten pollutants will
be screened for possible inclusion on the 307(a) list of toxic pollutants.
- Continue development and implementation of a national water monitoring strategy to
collect and analyze data (including biological monitoring data) needed for policy decisions
and program evaluation.
- Provide policy and technical guidance on the use of wasteload allocations in water
quality standards review and AWT review studies.
- Operate a clearinghouse of water and other related monitoring programs to maintain
an inventory of what data is being collected and help screen new monitoring programs to
ensure that they are integrated with efforts of other offices in EPA. Provide computer
systems support to approximately 742 water quality data users,
- Gu4He the - implementation of quality assurance programs for collection and analysis
for Headquarters, Regions and States.
- Complete Environmental Profiles for all EPA regions, detailing environmental progress
and remaining environmental concerns.
1981 Explanationjtf Jjhange frorn^ Budget Estimate
The net increase of SI.049,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's-request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is 343,700,
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- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $11,300 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$22,400 was applied to this activity,
- The Congress applied a general reduction of 37.5 million to'the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $77,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Services bonuses by $750,000; a
decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $17,200
was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $458,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation,
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a net transfer of $593,000 from water Quality permit issuance ($57,500); from environ-
mental emergency response and prevention ($57,800); from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
($9,000); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation ($178,300);
from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($89,800); from water quality
manpower planning and training ($42,000); from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($30,500);
from water quality enforcement ($91,900); from State programs regulations and guidelines
($600); from water quality NEPA compliance/EIS preparation (52,700); from dredge and fill
<$21,10Q); and municipal waste treatment facility construction ($1,800).
- A transfer of $1,000 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional
resources to support a new program for instituting civil non-compliance penalties under
Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
- Reprogrammings of $65,100 from the underground injection control program to cover
basic operating costs of ADP support to the Central Regional Lab.
- Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer of $34,800 from
State programs regulations and guidelines ($20,200); from dredge and fill ($3,400); from
ambient air quality monitoring ($4,300); and from NEPA compliance municipal waste facility
construction ($6,900).
- Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer from municipal waste
treatment facility construction ($52,800); from water quality permit issuance ($27,600);
and from water quality enforcement ($1,800).
1982 Plan
In 1982, the Agency requests a total of $11,366,600 and 191 permanent workyears for this
program, including $9,443,700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,922,900 for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Major accomplishments planned for 1982
include development of a national assessment of water quality conditions and the design for a
groundwater strategy. Program objectives will ^include the following:
- Complete a basic assessment of national water quality conditions and problems based
on biological and ambient water analyses conducted as part of the water monitoring strateg;';
provide preliminary analyses of causes of selected key problems.
- Design the initial multimedia monitoring programs needed for the A^ncy's integrated
toxics control strategy, including a systematic approach to identifying remaining toxics
problems through exposure analyses; operation of a toxics data system; and review of the
suitability of data for inclusion in the system.
- Analyze the national extent and severity of nonpoint source problems, based on li-
terature search, State reports, extrapolations from site studies, and review of ambient and
biological data.
HO-61
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- Develop ,a conceptual approach and initial design for a groundwater monitoring
strategy.
f Provide environmental fate and transport information to help develop integrated
waste management controls*
- Implement the basic toxic pollutant management program for the areas that require
WQ based controls, providing pollutant-by-pollutant and area-by-area studies.
- Complete the analysis of sources of toxic pollutants in publicly owned treatment
works (PCTW's) to develop recommendations for deleting or adding pollutants to the Section
307(a)(l) toxic pollutant list,
- Collect and analyze toxic pollutant samples to help determine environmental exposure
and fate; analyze toxics samples from industrial waste streams; conduct sampling to help
determine causes of local toxics problems.
- Review the water quality justifications 1n proposals for advanced waste treatment
(AWT) projects.
- Coordinate the Regions' participation in the Agency's mandatory quality assurance
program; conduct on-site evaluations of State quality assurance programs.
- Work with each State to redirect and improve State monitoring programs, including
operation of field monitoring networks, conduct of intensive surveys, performance of limited
biological monitoring, analysis of toxic pollutants, and implementation of quality assurance
procedures. Assist States in developing their toxic pollutant monitoring programs.
- -Perform analyses of ambient water data and review waste!oad allocations and intensive
surveys to help make Regional decisions on attainability of water quality standards in
selected States and areas, and to assist in making decisions on permits and other regulatory
actions.
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WATER QUALITY
Muncipal Source Control
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982_vs 1981
[idolTars in thousands) ~"! "*~* "~
Appropriation
Munici pal Waste
Treatment Facility
Construction:
Salaries and Expenses $24,007 $22,692 $24,981 $26,417 +$1,436
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 3,839 4,940 4,653 4,179 -474
NEPA Compliance-
Municipal Waste Facility
Construction:
Salaries and Expenses 2,467 2,683 2,728 2,680 -48
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 6,102 6,600 6,337 6,600 +-263
Corps of Engineers:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance . 20,70? 21,955 21,257 22,518 +1,261
Waste Treatment Operation
and Maintenance:
Salaries and Expenses 1,064 1,040 1,102 1,528 +426
Abatement, Control
• and Compliance 98 542 527 80 -447
Subtotal, Construction Grants
Program Management:
Salaries and Expenses 27,538 26,415 28,811 30,625 +1,814
1 Abatement, Control
and Compliance.... 30,748 34,^37 32,774 33,377 +603
Manpower Planning and Training-
Water Quality:
Salaries and Expenses.. 1,412 1,345 1,289 1,47.3 +189
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 2.412 2.6922.627 2,625 I2__
Grand Total:
Salaries and Expenses........ 28.95Q 27,760 30,100 3:,103 +2,003
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 33.160 36.729 35.401 36.00? +601
Total 62,110 64,489 65,501 68,105 +2,604
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Permanent Positions
Muncipal Waste Treatment
Facil i ty Construct ion
NEPA Compliance-Municipal
Waste Facility Construction..
Operation and "aintenance.....
Manpower Planning and
Training-Water Quality ,
Total,
Full-time
.
"'Treatment
Faci1ity Construct ion.
NEPA Compliance-Municipal
Waste Facility Construction.,
Operation and Maintenance.....
Manpower Planning and Training
Total,
Budget
Actual Estimate
1980 1981
777 .
888
89
26
43
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Tdollars in thousands)
766
894
95
29
39
744
1,046 1,057
870
92
28
38
1,028
719
848
95
37
40
1,020
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs 1981
-25
85
25
34
921
95
28
25
914
92
27
23
886
94
35
26
874
+2
+8
+3
-12
-22
+3
+9
+2
-8
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total $68,104,800 and 874 permanent workyears for 1982, an
increase of $2,603,300 from 1981. Included in this total is 532,102,500 for Salaries
and Expenses and $36,002,300 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase
of $2,002,300 and $601,000 respectively. The increase will fund 301(h) ocean waiver
activities, the full year cost of the 1980 pay raise, and increased costs in the Corps
of Engineers agreement.
Program Description
The municipal source control subactivity is composed of two program areas:
construction grants program managment, and waste treatment training and technical
assistance. A general description of each of these areas is as follows:
Construction Grants Program Management
This area involves the management of the program which awards grants for planning,
design, anrl constitution of municipal wastewater treatment facilities. The grants are
made by EPA to municipalities who, in most cases, contract with architects/engineers and
construction firms to do the actual planning, design and construction. The objective of
the program is to eli-iinate the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated pollutants
into the Nation's waters and, thereby, restore, and maintain the quality of these waters.
For budgetary purposes, construction grants program management is dividied into the
following four principal program elements:
Municipal Haste Treatment Facility Construction This program includes
most of the day-to-day i n- hous eliianagement a ct i vi t i es associated with
the consturction grants program both in Headquarters and the EPA Regional
Offices.
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NEPA Compliance. This involves environmental evaluation activities,
including the assessment of environmental information documents and
negative declarations, and the preparation and oversight of environ-
mental impact statements. The purpose of these activities is to
assure that municipal wastewater treatment facilities are planned
and constructed in conformance with the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA).
Corps of Engineers. This program covers a series of construction
management activities assigned to the Corps of Engineers to assure
the technical and fiscal integrity of projects under construction.
Opera/tion and Maintenance. This part of the program involves the
cohtThuous assessmeninsf publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) in
accordance with Section 210 of the Clean Water Act. It also provides
for the support of State, local, and private sector efforts to achieve
compliance with established effluent standards through improved opera-
tions and management. EPA provides sup'port for both new and existing
POTWs by developing guidance materials, conducting demonstration pro-
jects and public awarenees activities, identifying research needs, and
developing and supporting training projects.
In the past, direct grants management activities were performed primarily in the
EPA regional offices. EPA is in the process of delegating many of these grant-related
activities to the State under Section 205(g) of the Clean Water Act. Delegation agree-
ments between EPA and the States provide for delegation in phases. Although 46 States
and territories will have signed delegation agreements through 1982, full delegation
responsibilities will not be assumed in -iany of these States until 1983 or later. With
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers also assisting in Construction management activities,
EPA is changing its management orientation from project-by-project management to overall
program management. However, the Agency must still provide considerable training and
assistance to the States, before the goals of the delegation program can be accomplished.
The funding provided under construction grants program management covers only direct
operating costs of the program. It does not include the funds for the 205{g) State manage-
ment assistance grants or the actual grant funds for municipal treatment facilities, which
are included in a separate appropriation account (Construction Grants).
The Agency is undergoing a major evaluation and planning effort, the "1990 Strategy",
to determine the long-term (1990) goals for the construction grants program and the steps
needed in the 1980's to reach these goals. The "1990 Strategy" will result in recommenda-
tions for both legislative and administrative changes in five major areas: compliance,
funding, operations, management, and planning.
Haste TreatmentTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
The activities in this program area include: (a) program support (courses, materials,
etc.) for training and certification of municipal wastewater treatment facility operators
anrf related personnel to improve plant efficiency in existing plants and to assure efficient
and reliable operation of new federally-funded plants; and (b) training of D'A, State
and private sector agency personnel in the technology of abatement and control of water
pollution through short-term training courses, development of audiovisual training aids,
and delivery of course packages and other training resources for the purpose of developing
effective State and local water pollution control training programs.
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
1980 Accomplishments
The construction grants program management obligations for 1980 totalled $58,286,100
of which 527,538,000 was for salaries and expenses and $30,748,100 for extramural act-
ivities. EPA awarded 2,392 grants totalling $4,673 million. Approximately 11,054 pro-
jects were in the preconstruction or construction stages by year end, including 4,982
facility planning projects, 1,538 design projects, 600 combined design and construction
WQ-65
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projects, and 3,934 projects under construction. The following table summarizes the
program for 1980.
Item 1980
Number Amount
(dpi 1arsin mil 1 ions)
Total Obligations - Gross a/ $4,673
Total Outlays 4.343
Awards Processed:
Step 1 Awards 752
Step 2 Awards 608
Step 3 Awards 279
Step 2+3 Awards 303
Step 3 Completions
(including Step 2+3) 845
Active Projects 11,054
New EISs and Related Studies
Inititated 56
aj This represents gross obligations during the year. Net obligations, reflecting
recoveries from past awards, totalled 34,376 million.
The $4,673 million in gross 1980 obligations represents a decrease of $127 million
from the level projected in EPA's budget request to Congress last year. This decreased
level of obligation activity occurred largely because of the deferral of 1980 funds during
the year. This deferral caused many States to slow down their grant activities because
of lack of available funds.
Additional progress was made in delegating major management responsibilities for
the program to the State under Section 205(g) of the Act. Eight States signed delega-
tion agreements in 1980, bringing the total number of States with 205(g) agreements
to 38. EPA continued to train and assist the States to fully assume the delegated
functions.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and EPA extended their interagency agreement for
an indefinite period, subject to annual funding. The terms of the revised agreement are
basically the same as those in the original agreement, with most of the Corps' efforts
devoted to conducting interim inspections on projects under construction, providing full-
time on-site presence on large complex projects, serving as project officers on grants
for actual construction, and reviewing plans and specifications to assure that plans are
bidable and constructable before contract awards are let.
In 1980 EPA began the "1990 strategy" reassessment. Issue papers were prepared in
the areas of compliance, funding, operations, management, and planning; and meetings were
held on a regular basis with approximately 15 interest groups, including State and local
governments, consulting engineers, sewerage agency administrators, and rural residents.
The National Municipal Policy and Strategy was published at the beginning of 1980.
The purpose of this policy and strategy is to improve the degree of compliance of publicly
owned treatment works by integrating the activities of the grants, enforcement and NPDES
permit compliance programs. This is a joint strategy for EPA and the States which will
focus initially on non-compliance in major urban areas and be carried out through the
municipal management system.
The operation and management program continued to develop a coordinated, broad-based
approach to impact the design of new POTWs to assure their meeting effluent objectives.
Three on-site demonstration projects were initiated in three States to assess procedures
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for encouraging the private sector to market techical service's to PQTWs not currently
in compliance. Also, two region-wide pilot projects began, which are designed to identify
POTWs not in compliance, assure a remedial program is established for them, and track all
action necessary to achieve compliance. The first year that the innovative and alterna-
tive (I/A) technologies program was fully operational was in 1980. The purpose of I/A
technologies program is to promote reduced costs, energy savings,- improved treatment of
toxic substances, better operations and management, recycling of wastewater, and better
joint treatment by municipalities and industries. EPA initiated an "active" I/A technology
program, which is a joint effort of the construction grants and research and development
staffs, to encourage greater use of I/A technologies and to generate more I/A projects.
Under the "active" program, the Agency identifies potential I/A projects and provides
technical assistance in the design of these projects. In 1980, EPA established a
special advisory board to help the administrator review and make recommendations for
the I/A program. The Agency has funded 549 I/A projects as of September 30, 1980.
In 1980, EPA initiated 56 EIS's and related studies, began processing grants for the
development of pretreatment programs, and issued policy prohibiting retroactive require-
ments. The Agency also evaluated 535 advanced treatment projects. Thirty-five of these
projects involved incremental costs above secondary treatment levels of more than S3
million and EPA's evaluation of these 35 produced a total capital cost savings of $80
million. In addition, the Agency reviewed 12 applications for waiver of secondary treat-
ment requirements for communities with ocean outfalls, and completed all of the field
work and analysis on the joint State-EPA Needs Survey in compliance with Section 205(a)
and 516{b){2) of the Clean Water Act of 1977.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $61,585,000 and 863 permanent work-
years to this program of which $28,810,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and S32,774,4no is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. EPA expects to award approximately 2,862 grants totalling $4.2 billion.
Approximately 11,682 projects will be in the preconstruction or construction status by
year end, including over 4,764 facility planning projects, 1,950 design projects, 980
combined design/construction projects and 3,988 projects under construction. The following
table summarizes the program planned for 1981:
Item 1981
Number Amount
(dollars in millions)
Obligations - Gross _a/ $4,200
Total Outlays 54,200
Awards Processed:
Step 1 Awards 655
Step 2 Awards 1,001
Step 3 Awards 7b9
Step 2+3 Awards 415 "
Step 3 Completions 1,487
(including Step 2 and 3)
Active Projects (all steps) 11,682
New EISs and Related Studies 51
Inititated
a/ This represents gross obligations during the year. Net obligations, re-
flectTng recoveries from past awards, are projected to total $3,95 billion.
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EPA will complete the construction grants 1990 Strategy in 1981. The Strategy
is being developed to analyze the program's current problems, to evaluate alternative
directions for the program in the future, and to recommend revisions to the program
over the next ten years. The study was initiated in light of: 1.) the expanded role
of the States and the Corps of Engineers in the management program, 2) extremely large
needs for funds in a period of national fiscal austerity, and 3) problems related to
the achievability of legislative goals, lengthy grants processing and completion times,
inadequate performance in municipal operations and compliance, and problems in achieving
municipal self-sufficiency. The 1990 Strategy will recommend significant changes in the
construction grants program. Recommendation for legislative changes will be forwarded
to Congress in the near future.
This 1990 Strategy will be making recommendations in five general areas. In the
compliance section recommendations will be made to improve the current performance of
municipalities in achieving compliance with permit requirements. Increased emphasis
will be placed on the development of compliance tracking systems and the use of the
private sector to assist localities in improving operations and management capabilities.
*n *ne funding, section, the strategy will evaluate current eligibilities, the current
allotment formula, the effectiveness of the categorical grant approach, the impact of
inflation, and alternative funding mechanisms. In the operations section the strategy
will address current problems with red tape and excessive project processing/pro-
ject completion times. Recommendations will be made to streamline the entire
grant process and to bring projects on line in the most expeditious manner possible.
In the management section recommendations will be made concerning EPA's future
role in a fully delegated program. Responsibilities of EPA, the States, the Corps
of Engineers and municipal grants recipients will be fully articulated. In the
planning section, current legislative goals and technology based treatment require-
ments will be fully evaluated in light of total fiscal needs and funds likely to
be available in the years ahead. Six additional States are expected to sign 205(g)
delegation agreements in 1981. EPA will continue to train and assist the delegated
States and will evaluate the effectiveness and quality of the State delegation
program and oversee construction management functions assigned to the Corps of
Engineers.
Among the activities being delegated to the States ara data entry and use of the
construction grants management system (GMS). With delegation of the day-to-day
management activities to the States, it is essential that GMS be responsive to the
new management orientation of EPA, as well as to the needs of the States. Therefore,
at the beginning of 1981, the Agency organized a Grants Management System Work
Group, comprised of EPA and State representatives, to improve both the management
system and the training of State staffs,
During 1981, EPA will develop action plans for implementing the Municipal Manage-
ment System and will identify and track several projects on a nationwide scale, with
particular emphasis on facilities in the largest metropolitan areas which have not
yet achieved minimal secondary treatment requirements. Also in the area of compliance,
the operations and management program will continue initiatives begun in 1980. The
results of the three State demonstration projects, designed to stimulate the marketing
of operational services to POTWs by the private sector, will be published and dissemi-
nated. The two region-wide projects designed to assure non-complying POTWs are
brought inot compliance will continue and four additional projects in other regions
will begin. EPA will develop a Community Guidebook to assist communities in dealing
with the consulting community when procuring O&M services and will develop training
courses for design consultant on factoring OSM considerations into the construction
grants process.
In 1981, EPA will continue to promote the development and use of intervative/
alternatives technologies. Guidelines will be developed for a national I/A excellence
award for consulting engineers. The Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufactures Associa-
tion, Inc. and EPA will continue the I/A seminars that began in 1980. EPA will also
continue its "active" program to promote the development and use of I/A technologies.
The current 3-year I/A program will expire on September 30, 1981.
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EPA has established a detailed review process related to funding of advanced waste
treatment projects. This evaluation ensures that such funding 1s strictly limited to
those situations where the higher level of treatment is both necessary to meet water
quality standards and be effective in meeting higher standards. In accordance with the
Conference Report of the 1981 appropriation for construction grants, the EPA Administrator
will continue to evaluate all waste treatment projects involving treatment levels more
stringent than secondary where the incremental cost of the advanced component 1s greater
than S3 million. The evaluation of these projects will not be delegated to the regions
but will be performed by staff in headquarters; the regional offices will be responsible
for review of similar projects with an Incremental cost of $3 million or less.
Other activities planned for 1981 are the issuance of guidance for streamlining program
compliance with 57 Federal laws and Executive orders, the evaluation of 469 advanced
treatment projects, the issuance of revised policy to improve the review procedures
for advanced treatment projects, and the preparation of three generic model facility
plans to simplify and speed-up facility planning for small communities. In addition,
the Agency will summarize and report the results of the joint State-EPA Needs Survey
to Congress, and as part of the 201 Construction Grant program, award over 1,000
grants for the development of pretreatment programs and over 500 grants for the pur-
chase of monitoring equipment and construction of facilities needed for pretreatment.
As part of the 301h program, EPA will also evaluate at least 24 applications for
waiver of secondary treatment requirement for communities with ocean outfalls and
begin making decisions on these applications.
1981 Explanation of Budget Estimate
Municipal Haste Treatment Faci1 ity Construction - The net Increase of $2,002,100
results from several actions, as follows:"""
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted
in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The
reduction applied to this activity is $141,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $44,800
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 mill ion; a decrease
of $193,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Con-
trol and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $188,800 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress increased the Salaries and Expenses appropriation by $300,000 to
support 10 advanced waste treatment positions.
- An increase of $1,606,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites($13,70Q); from solid
waste management program implementation($36,700); from toxics management($11,900);
from planning, evaluation and analysisflSl.ZOO); from manpower planning and train-?
ing - water quality($80,900); from water quality permit 1ssuance($7,200); from
hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation($453,600); from solid
waste technical assistance delivery - reg1ons($4,20Q); from hazardous waste enforce-
ment($l,600); from pesticides enforcement($4,400); from public systems supervision
WO-69
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program assistance($102,400); from regional management (567, 100); from standards and
regulations($3,700); from hazardous permit enforcement($8Q,000); from ambient air
quality monitoring ($16, 900); from ambient water quality mon1toring($l,800); and to
NEPA compliance/EIS prep-water quality($l,600).
- A transfer of $5,300 was made to the Administrative Lay; Judges to provide
additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance
penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
- Transfer $27,800 to program management OWWM, to support the needs of the DAA,
Office of Water Program Operations.
- Transfer $92,800 from standards and re
-------
- Transfer $15,000 to environmental emergency response and prevention;
$13,900 to water quality enforcement, and $13,000 to noise regional program
implementation to realign contract funds.
- Transfer $49,700 from underground injection control program to cover required
printing of EIS.
Corps of Engineers - The net decrease of $698,500 results from several actions:
.- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $668,600 was applied to this
activity.
- Transfer of $30,000 to State program regulations and guidelines, to support
an interagency agreement.
Waste Treatment Operations and Maintenance - The net increase of $47,400 results
from several actions-, as f611 ows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans-
mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in
a decrease of $.7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $5,400.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $6,100
was applied to this activity.
- The Corgress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $30,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reducion of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control •
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $14,700 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $63,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- P.eprograrnmings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in transfers from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites($25,200); from pesticides enforce-
ment ($6,600) ; from radiation program Implementation($500); from noise regional program
implementation($6,300); from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction($4,000);
from public systems supervision program assistance ($3,000); and from manpower planning
and training - water quality($l,800).
- A transfer of $7,400 was made to the Office pf Inspector General in order to provide
additional resources to that Office.
1982 Plan
In 19"? E°a will be primarily concerned with implementing the recommendations of
the 1990 Construction Grants Strategy. These recommendations will include delegating as
many of the day-to-day project management related activities to the States and to the
Corps of Engineers as possible and reorganizing the EPA role away from project manage-
ment to overall program management. In addition to exercising overall program management
responsiblities and training the States, EPA will continue to be responsible for day-to-day
project level activities for non-delegated States. EPA will also place increased emphasis
on several program activities which are causing major problems and which have been identi-
fied in the 1990 strategy as needing special attention.
In 1982, EPA will develop a State delegation quality assurance program, emphasizing
program oversight rather than project monitoring. EPA specialists in planing, finance,
engineering, and environmental protection will do oh-site financial and program management
evaluations of each delegated program on a routine basis. The objective" will be to
minimize risk, assure environmental and technical Integrity, minimize costs, reduce the
WO-71
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impact of political factors, and provide for uniformity and consistency in the national
program. Followup reviews will be conducted as needed to assure that problems
identified in the financial and program management reviews have been resolved.
Additional assistance and training will be provided when necessary. By the end of
1982, 46 States will have signed State delegation agreements.
With significant problems having been identified in the compliance of municipal
waste water treatment facilities with permit or design requirements, EPA will signifi-
cantly e."i.ance operations and management functions in several ways. • First, the muncipal
management system, which links grant, permit, and enforcement activities will be fully
implemented to assure that non-complying facilities are identified and subjected to
enforcement action, where appropriate. Non-complying facilities with poor operations -•
and management practices will be encouraged to obtai'n expert assistance from the private
sector to solve their problems. Second, EPA will place increased emphasis on operations
and management throughout the entire grant process, including intensified efforts at
the front end facility planning and design stages. Third, States will be encouraged
to assure that non-complying facilities in need of grant assistance are placed on the
priority list. Finally, no newly constructed treatment facility will be accepted for
grant close out unless compliance with operational requirements is achieved.
EPA will also concentrate on enhancing the fiscal management and user charge
systems at the local level to assure that sufficient revenues are collected to operate,
maintain, and replace existing facilities. The objective will be to promote municipal
self-sufficiency in the long-run and EPA will provide support to grantees in developing
rate structures, user charge systems and financial management systems as a component of
the grant process. E^A plans to complete the issuance of all pretreatnent grants in
1982. EPA also plans to explore Innovative ways for using construction grants funds to
assist in communities total waste management problems. Other activities planned for
1982 include the evaluation of 394 advance treatment projects, completion of 80 quality
reviews of facilities plans, completion of the joint 1982 State/EPA Needs Survey, and
full implementation of the Municipal Management System. The Agency will also complete
the remaining review and decision on the applications for waiver of secondary treatment
requirement, and continue to award grants for the purchase of equipment related to pre-
treatment.
WASTE TPFATMENT TRAINING &TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the manpower and training program expended 34 permanent workyears and
$3,823,600 of which $1,411,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,411,800 for ex-
tramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Train-
ing activities continued to encourage and support the development of water pollution
control manpower planning and training capabilities at the State and local levels.
Manpower planning and training activities in 1980 concentrated on:
- Development and delivery of training programs, curricula, and courses
to support construction grants and municipal operations program ob-
jectives (i.e., Section 205(g) State delegation).
- Grant funding to the National Joint Training Coordinating Committee
and State Operator Training Coordination Committees for the develop-
ment and coordination of operator training at the State and local
levels.
- Grant funding to the Association of Boards of Certification.
- Development, demonstration, and distribution of course packages and
naterials in support of State and local training programs.
- Continued development of the Instructional Resource Center in Cincinnati,
Ohio, to provide training course packages, instructional material and
information to the private and public sectors.
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- Initiation of a pilot area training center (ATC) at the University of
Massachusetts to develop curriculum and determine the feasibility of
establishing additional ATCs«
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,916,500 and 23 permanent workyears
to this program of which $1,289,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,626,900 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
With the exception of seven permanent workyears in the regional offices to perform
liaison and coordination between State and local training programs, the total training
program has been consolidated at the National Training and Operational Technology Center
(NTOTC) in Cincinnati, Ohio.
With these resources the training center will be engaged in:
- Developing, demonstrating and delivering training courses supporting
State agency delegations under Section 205{g).
- Providing POTW operator training program support (courses, materials,
and consultation) and developing operational technology for waste
water treatment facilities.
- Conducting a new program to provide specialized instructor training
throudh establishuent of National Trainers Institutes at selected
sites.
- Developing and expanding the operations of the Instructional
Resources Center at NTOTC, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Continuing area training center demonstration project and ex-
panding support to program by placing five additional area
training centers.
- Assisting States 1n initiating State training facilities and
programs for Operator training under Section 109(b).
- Providing training assistance to new environmental programs for
hazardous waste site control and ground water protection programs.
1981, Expl anati on of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $120,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $7,800.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $54,800 was applied to this
activity.
- An increase of $68,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related,costs to meet on-board needs re-
sulted in transfers to municipal waste treatment facility construction (-$80,900);
from hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation ($4,100); to
ambient water quality monitoring (-$42,000); to water quality EIS reviews (-$10,500);
to State programs regulations and guidelines (-$2,500); from public systems supervision
program assistance ($4,100); from underground injection control program ($13,100); and
to waste treatment operations and maintenance (-$1,800).
WQ-73
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- Reprogrammings of $3,300 to State program regulations and guidelines, to
fund the interagency agreement for a soil conservation expert.
- Reprogrammi ngs of 54,000 to toxic substances enforcement for PCE compliance
inspections and PCS and asbestos lab analysis.
- Reprogrammi ngs of $2,900 to energy review and permitting to support an
interagency agreement for a NOAA meteorologist.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,103,000 and 26 permanent workyears for this pro-
gram, of which $1,477,800 is for the salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,625,200
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1982, a greater emphasis will be placed on training to assist States to assume
State construction grants delegated responsibilities under the Clean Water Act and to
develop self-sufficiency in treatment works operation and management (08M) training.
There will be a continuing support of publicly owned treatment works (POTU) operator
training and continued operation of the Instructional Resources Center. The new pro-
gram to provide specialized training to instructors in the State, local and private
sectors will be evaluated and expanded.
WO-74
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
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WATER QUALITY
Permits Issuance
Budget Current Increase*
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease-
1980 1981 1981 1932 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands}
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses ..... .. $7,089 $7,949 $8,230 $9,768 +$1,538
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ....... •. _________ 2.702 5.927 5,695 7,330 *1,635
Total..... .................. 9,791 13,876' 13,925 17,098 +3, 173
Permanent Positions. ........ 229 242 238 260 +22
Full-time Equivalency... _____ 257 295 287 318 +31
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $17,097,500 for National 'ollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permits issuance in 1982, an increase of $3,172,900 from 1981.
Included in this is $9,676,900 for Salaries and Expenses and $7,329,600 for Abatement,
Control, and Compliance, representing an increase over 1931 of $1,537,800 and $1,635,100
respectively. The 260 permanent workyears requested reflect an increase of 22 positions
from 1981 levels.
Program ..
The NPDES permit program 1s part of a comprehensive effort provided by the Clean
Water Act (CWA), to reduce or eliminate point source pollution from industrial,
municipal, commercial, and agricultural discharges. The Act prohibits the discharge
of pollutants into all waters of the United States unless a permit is issued by
EPA or an EPA approved State program.
The permit is a mechanism for imposing on point source dischargers the uniform national
effluent limitations and national performance standards for new source facilities which
EPA is required to promulgate. These effluent limitations and standards, set by the Office
of Water and Waste Management, establish maximum amounts of various pollutants which can
be legally discharged by a facility. Where effluent limitations or standard regulations
have not been promulgated for- a particular Industrial discharger, the effluent limits are
set by available and economically feasible abatement technology. Such Best Professional
Judgement (BPJ) permits are issued on a case-by-case basis. Additionally, if at a given
facility, established national effluent limits will iot reduce pollutants enough to meet
the ambient water quality standards set by the State or EPA, the permit can impose more
stringent limitations as necessary in order to meet the water quality standards. Permits
also include time schedules which specify deadlines for pollutant reductions.
Controlling discharges of toxic pollutants is the major emphasis of the NPDES permit
program. Direct discharges of toxic pollutants into navigable waters are controlled by
the addition of Best Available Technology (BAT) limits into the permits of industries which
discharge toxics. A recent focus of the permit program is the implementation of the pretreat-
ment program, which gives municipalities and States the responsibility of enforcing national
pretreatment standards against industries discharging toxic pollutants into municipal waste
treatment facilities.
Vin-75
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As part of its effort to improve the regulatory process, Ef>A has consolidated procedures
for permits issued under five separate programs, including NPDES. The Consolidated Permit
Regulations were promulgated May 19, 1980, and the Agency is currently refining its permitting
mechanism to complement these regulations. Coordinating and consolidating permit regulations
is of benefit, both to the public and the Agency, by reducing delay and simplifying the
permit process.
Another important function of the NPDES program is the resolution of evidentiary hearings
held on the te-^)s, conditions, and effluent limitations in permits and requests for variances
from permit effluent limitations. These activities clear the way for a finally effective
and enforceable permit, EPA also conducts non-adversary panel hearings for municipalities
which have requested marine discharge modifications under Section 301(h) of the Clean Water
Act. Non-adversary panel hearings are used to process any first issuance of an NPDES permit
to a discharger that has not previously held an NPDES permit, as well as a first decision
on any variance requested by a direct discharger.
A primary function of the permit program is the encouragement of State assumption of
responsibility for the NPDES program. At present, 33 States have approved NPOES programs.
The permit program devotes a sipificant number of workyears to overviewing these State
NPDES programs to ensure that State issued permits conform with national permit program
policies and procedures.
EPA is committed to involving the public in all of its permit issuance activities by
publishing and disseminating informational materials, answering questions, and holding
public hearings and meetings.
1980 Accompli s.hments
In 1980, EPA issued a total of 1,033 major and 2,479 minor permits, 2,330 to industrial
dischargers and 1,132 to municipal sources. During the year, $2,701,500 was obligated
for contract support of permit issuance activities, including pretreatment program assist-
ance, evidentiary hearing support, and information system development.
EPA also began collecting toxics data from applications and preparing technical
documents in order to issue "second round" permits designed to ensure control of toxic
pollutants. The Matural Resources Defense Council (NP.DC) Consent Decree of June 1976
{modified in March 1979, to resolve litigation against the Agency regarding its control
of toxic pollutants under the Clean Water Act) requires that EPA regulate up to 129 priority
pollutants for 34 industrial categories. The Decree requires that permits issued to dis-
chargers in these 34 industries incorporate the Best Available Technology (SAT) guidelines
when they are promulgated. Because most BAT toxic effluent limitation guidelines in the 34
industrial categories identified by the NRDC Consent Decree were not available in 1980, the
issuance of second round permits was difficult.
In June 1979, the Agency proposed consolidated permit regulations and application forms
outlining procedures for coordinating five permit programs, including NPDES. Final regu-
lations were promulgated in May 1980. The regulations are increasing the quality of
environmental protection while reducing the regulatory burden on industry and the government.
The development of the pretreatment program in 1980 continued to focus attention on the
indirect discharge of industrial toxics through Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs).
Resources were used to assist municipalities and States in developing pretreatment programs
and to implement recently developed construction grants/permit guidance on the pretreatment
program.
For a variety of technical, financial and administrative reasons, a large number of PQTWs
are not in compliance with the Clean Water Act's treatment requirements. The development of
the National Municipal Strategy to deal with these cases has paved the way for effective
control of noncoraplying PQTHs by coordinating EPA's construction grants, permit issuance, and
water enforcement programs.
wn-76
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EPA review of State NPOES programs in 1980 ensured issuance of effective and enforceable
permits; uniform application of policy, regulations, and effluent limits; and technical
and/or policy support where needed. The permit program continued to strive for the goal of
maximum State participation in the NPDES program by working with States in their development,
of NPDES programs. In 1980, EPA also reviewed and approved state programs to penult dis
charges from Federal facilities and to implement the pretreatment program.
1981 program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of «$;13,924,600 for the permits
issuance program, of which $8,230,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appro-
priation and $5,694,500 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Contracts provide support for pretreatment program assistance, for technical
assistance for permit writers, and for general program operations.
In 1980, permit program activities focused on reducing discharges from secondary
industries and on preparing for second round tox-ics permitting for the most signifi-
sources of pollution. In 1981 a detailed strategy for second round permits issuance
is being developed which focuses primarily on BAT permits issuance for toxic dis-
charges. This strategy addresses setting priorities for permits issuance, using
industry teams, and developing training programs for EPA regions and States. . The.
issuance of permits to major municipal facilities will be emphasized in 1981 while
BAT guidelines for industrial discharges are issued by the Office of Water and Waste
Management. Permits for major industrial dischargers for which guidelines are
available will be written during the final quarter of 1981. It is estimated that
EPA will issue approximately seven hundred major municipal and industrial permits
in 1981. The permit program will also resolve approximately one hundred and twenty-
six evidentiary hearings to clear the way for effective and enforceable permits.
A considerable amount of permit program effort in 1981 is being devoted to
implementing the general pretreatment regulations (-40 CFR 403) promulgated in June
of 1978. These regulations are designed to control toxic pollutants introduced by
sources discharging into municipal systems. The number of industrial facilities
affected is comparable to that covered by the NPDES regulations for direct dis-
chargers. Efforts in 1981 are focused on approving_State pretreatment programs,
establishing compliance schedules for municipal permittees which require them to
develop pretreatment programs, and reviewing and approving such programs.
1981 Explanation of Change From judget Estimate
The net increase of 549,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $49,600.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$6,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $91,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $164,500 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executiye Service bonuses by $750,000;
a decrease of $2,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$4,100 was applied to this activity.
wn-77
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- An increase of $526,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included 1n a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a net transfer of -$71,900: to dredge and fill (-$7,800); to
State programs regulations and guidelines (-$21,300); to ambient "water quality
monitoring (-567,500); to ocean disposal permits (-$7,400); to municipal waste
treatment facility construction (-$7,200); to air quality management implementation
(-S5,£CC); from noise regional program implementation ($400); from EIS review-air
($3,200); from NEPA compliance/EIS preparation-new source discharge ($2,500); from
regional management ($1,100); from stationary source enforcement ($30,30'1); from
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($12,400); to environmental emergency response
and prevention (-$11,000); from water quality enforcement ($5,900); and from public
systems supervision program assistance ($300).
- Transfer $20,000 to NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction
to provide for the printing of EIS statements. -
- Transfer $26,800 to toxic substances enforcement for PCB compliance
inspections and PCB and asbestos lab analysis.
- Transfer $13,200 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites for an analytical
contract to expand regional capability to analyze high priority, quick turn-
around samples.
- Transfer $27,600 to ancient water quality monitoring in order to realign
contract funds.
1982 Plan ...
The Agency requests a total of $17,097,500 for NPDES permits issuance program in
1982, of which $9,767,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $7,329,600
in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. The two hundred and sixty
workyears requested represent an increase of 22 positions from 1981. About $5,900,000
will go towards toxic control in the pretreatment program including review and approval
of pretreatment programs; the remainder will be used for technical assistance for
permit writers and general program support.
Virtually all of these resources will be used for the control of direct or indirect
toxic discharges. Control of direct toxic discharges will be achieved Sy imposing new
and more stringent controls on industrial dischargers through the issuance of "second
round" permits using BAT guidelines or, in the absence of guidelines, using BPJ. The
issuance of permits without guidelines is necessary in order to meet the July 1984
statutory deadline and will result in a significant additional resource burden in
1982. Of the one thousand major nonmunicipal permits EPA will issue in 1932, about
seven hundred will be to industries covered by the NRDC consent decree. The pretreatment
program will provide control over indirect discharges of toxic pollutants into municipal
treatment systems. EPA has significant pretreatment responsibilities in non-NPDES
States. They include providing technical assistance directly to municipalities, develop-
ing pretreatment compliance schedules and including them in permits, and approving local
permits, and approving local pretreatment programs. Nationally, EPA will be developing
legal and technical pretreatment guidance. Additional resources will also be devoted to
approving State pretreatment programs in those States responsible for the NPDES program.
As part of its efforts to Improve the regulatory process during 1982, EPA will continue
to implement the consolidated permit regulations that were promulgated during 1980. By
coordinating permit issuance procedures for five separate permit programs, EPA expects
to reduce delay to permit applicants and simplify permitting procedures.
wn-78
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Using technical and legal resources, the resolution of evidentiary and panel
hearings for major industrial discharge permits will continue to be important activities
in 1982. Particular attention will focus on resolving evidentiary hearings relating to
permits with toxic concerns. Approximately forty evidentiary hearings will be settled.
Resources will also be used in 1982 to issue permits with Section 301 (h) modifications
to municipalities discharging into marine waters. This provision is intended to reduce
the economic impact of complying with Clean Water Act standards when municipalities
discharge into marine waters.
WO-79
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WATER QUALITY ENFORCEMENT
Budget Current Increase*
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease-
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
~ ~ ("dollars in thousands]
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses $15,532 $16,277 $16,009 $18,741 +$2,732
Abatement, Control and
Compliance , 2.467 3,909 5,305 2.514 -2,791
Total 17,999 20,186 21,314 21,255 -59
Permanent Positions , 497 511 481 514 +33
Full-time Equivalency - 573 575 ' 544 575 +33
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $21,255,300 for 1982, a decrease of $59,200 from 1981.
Included in the total is $18,741,100 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,514,200 for Abatement,
Control, and Compliance. This represents an increase of $2,731,500 and a decrease of $2,790,700
respectively. The 514 permanent workyears requested for 1982 is a 33 permanent workyear increase
from the 1981 level. The increase in Salaries and Expenses will go to implement our criminal
enforcement program in the Regions and to implement the continuous compliance and municipal
enforcement program as well. The decrease in Abatement and Control is primarily due to the
completion of the Waukegan Harbor project, as well as the reprogrammings to other high priority
Agency activities.
Program Description
The highest priority of the water quality enforcement program is response to emergency
situations that threaten public health and safety. The second major goal is the initiation of
enforcement actions against municipal violators who have failed to achieve secondary treatment
by July I, 1977, as required by the Clean Water Act (CWA). The third major goal is the
enforcement of pretreatment regulations and compliance monitoring and enforcement activities
for priority pollutants and toxics.
The water quality enforcement program also emphasizes compliance monitoring and enforcement
of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) wastewater discharge permits.
Other activities include enforcement actions necessary to achieve compliance with regulations
on spills and hazardous substances, ocean dumping, dredge and fill, and other related
requirements of the CWA, the Rivers and Harbors Act (Refuse Act), and the Marine Protection,
Research, and Sanctuaries Act. Most water quality enforcement activities are conducted
cooperatively with the States; maximum State assumption of these activities is a primary goal.
EPA's WPDES compliance monitoring program includes compliance review, compliance inspections,
and enforcement actions initiated because of noncompliance. Compliance review is the evaluation
of all compliance schedule reports (on construction) and discharge monitoring reports (effluent
quality) submitted by permittees to EPA. These reports provide information on facility planning,
construction progress, plant operation, and the characteristics of the effluent. Compliance
inspections include all field activities conducted to determine the status of compliance with
statutory audit (nonsampling) Inspections, sampling inspections, and surveillance and analysis
in response to emergencies and toxics enforcement.
WQ-80
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The CWA provides for various enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with the
requirements of the Act. Primarily, these are issuance of Section 309(a)(l) Notices of
Violations to States with approved NPDES permit programs; issuance of Section 309 (a)(3)
Administrative Orders to dischargers with EPA-issued permits and to dischargers with State-issued
permits if State responses do not have a positive effect; and referrals to U.S. Attorneys for
civil or criminal relief for violations or NPDES permits and Aministrative Orders. The law
provides for $10,000 civil penalties and $35,000 criminal fines per-day of violation.
The non-NPDES enforcement program is responsible for providing legal support to achieve
compliance with Section 311 and 404 of the CWA. Section 311 controls oil «£gd hazardous substance
spills or releases to surface water and Section 4D4 controls the disposal of dredged and fill
material. The latter is a shared responsibility with the Corps of Engineers. In addition,
the non-NPDES enforcement program is responsible for enforcement actions initiated under the
ocean dumping provision of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act.
1980 Accompl1shments
With expenditures of $17,998,500 during 1980, the Water Quality Enforcement Program continued
its efforts against major industrial permittees not in compliance with the July 1, 1977 deadline
for meeting specified, technology-based, effluent criteria, and against Publicly Owned Treatment
Works (POTWs) for compliance schedule violations. By the end of 1980, 73 percent of cases
planned under the Major Source Enforcement Effort (MSEE) have been concluded.
In States without approved NPDES programs, Regional offices reviewed all industrial and
municipal self-monitoring reports. In additon, 1,027 compliance evaluation Inspections, 560
compliance sampling inspections, 147 performance audit inspections, 227 biomonitoring inspections
and 82 toxics inspections were completed during FY 1980.
From these reports and inspections, violations were identified and reviewed for possible
enforcement action. Follow-up enforcement activity for 1980 consisted of 569 Administrative
Orders, 89 Notices of Violation, 63 civil and criminal cases initiated, and 50 cases concluded.
The Agency continued to monitor and bring enforcement actions in accordance with the oil
spill requirements of Section 311 of the Clean Water Act and the Ocean Dumping Provision of
the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act. Regional offices referred 985 oil spill
civil cases to the Coast Guard, and conducted 490 proceedings for violations of oil spill
prevention and counter-measure and control plans (SPCC program). During 1980, five Section 404
cases were referred to DOJ.
By the end of 1980, several new programs were well under way. The Municipal Management
System was developed and 1s now being tested in the regions. Contract compliance inspections
were completed 1n Regions IV, VI and VII. These are a major test of the private sector's
ability to conduct compliance inspections. Finally, the Discharge Monitoring Report Quality
Assurance Program is operational with performance samples sent to permittees. These samples
will be used as a means of assessing precision and accuracy of their analytical laboratories.
For 1980, approximately $2,467,000 was obligated for contract support to water enforcement
activities and was used to meet ADP information needs, evaluate on-going programs, conduct
feasibility studies, provide technical and legal case support, implement pretreatment program
enforcement, and conduct monitoring and inspection training.
1981Program
The Agency has allocated a total of $21,314,500 and 481 permanent workyears to this program
for 1981, of which $16,009,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $5,304,900 is for extramural
purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. During 1981, the activities
supporting enforcement actions in emergency situations involving substantial threats to public
health and safety will continue to receive the highest program priority.
un-81
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Next in priority is enforcement against those municipal facilities which did not meet the
requirement for secondary treatment by the statutory deadline of July 1, 1977. Under the
guidance of the municipal management system, permit, enforcement and construction grant
activities will be coordinated so as to expedite municipal construction and increase municipal
compliance.
A third major priority for the year is the conclusion of major source enforcement (HSEE)
actions against industrial facilities. Any MSEE case not yet completed will be brought to
conclusion.
Enforcement of pretreatment regulations will be emphasized-along with the implementation
of a compliance monitoring program, the issuance of Administrative Orders (AOs) and Notices of
Violations (NOVs) to major permittees in violation of pretreatment requirements, and the referral
of civil actions to the Department of Justice (DQJ).
In states without approved NPDES programs, EPA will review all major industrial and POTW
discharger self-monitoring reports for compliance with permit conditions. To support compliance
activities, the regional offices will conduct approximately 2,800 compliance inspections to
verify permittee selfmonitoring Information. Where'necessary, appropriate enforcement actions
will be initiated, including Issuance of NOVs, AOs, and referral of cases to the DQJ.
An automated system to detect discharge monitoring report violations 1s being implemented
in 1981 to provide for automated processing and initial review of all discharge self-monitoring
reports.
Non-NPDES enforcement of Section 311 oil spill requirements and the Ocean Dumping Act will
be held to 1980 levels.
Enforcement of Section 404 provisions will receive higher priority during 1981 than in
previous years. Increased attention will be given to identifying Illegal discharging activities,
those Incidents performed by individuals not possessing a permit, and appropriate legal action
will be taken against the violators.
In 1981, contract funds totalling $5,304,900 have been allocated to provide for the following
activities: specific case support, litigation training for Regional personnel, performance
samples (self-monitoring quality assurance) for major NPDES permittees or labs used by permittees,
technical manuals development, b1omon1toring activities, and NPDES compliance sampling
inspections.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $1,128,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7
million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$94,500.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease
of $17,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $26,300 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $145,400
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $75,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress directed an increase of $1,500,000 for the Waukegan Harbor PCB's was applied
to this activity.
W1-82
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i - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $195,600 was
applied to this activity.
- An increase of $997,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included
in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet qn-board needs resulted in
transfers of $561,000 to ocean disposal permits ($117,700); air quality management implementation
($12,300); ambient air quality monitoring ($71,100); stationary source enforcement ($271,800);
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($18,300); state programs regulations and guidelines
($17,500); NEPA compliance/EIS preparation-water quality ($3,200); ocean disposal permits
•($1,800); ambient water quality monitoring ($91,TOO); permit issuance ($5,900) and from
environmental emergency response and prevention ($48,900).
- Transfer of $13,900 from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction to realign
contract funds and support interagency agreements,
- Transfer of $335,300 to hazardous waste enforcement ($165,800) and hazardous waste permit
enforcement ($169,500) to provide additional support for hazardous waste funding and, a level
of funding consistent with prior year's experience.
- Transfer of $35,900 from underground Injection control program to cover fixed operating
costs of regional lab support.
- Transfer of $23,200 to hazardous waste enforcement to cover costs of providing expert
witnesses and case support for hearings and/or trials.
- Transfer of $7,800 to toxic substances enforcement for PCB compliance inspections and
PCB and asbestos lab analysis.
- Transfer of $12,100 to ambient water quality monitoring ($1,800); state programs
regulations and guidelines ($6,000) and toxic substances enforcement ($4,300) to realign contract
funds in needed areas.
- A transfer of $23,500 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide
additional resources to that Office.
- A transfer of $500 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional
resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section
102 of the Clean Air Act.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $21,255,300 for this program of which $18,741,100 is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,514,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Enforcement action in emergency situations that threaten public health and safety will
continue to have the highest program priority in 1982. 'Enforcement will continue to provide
any legal and technical assistance needed in preparation for emergency actions taken under the
authority of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and any assistance in preparation and expeditious
conclusion of major enforcement referrals.
The enforcement program's second major priority will be the initiation of enforcement
actions against those POTWs that have failed to achieve secondary treatment as required by the
CWA. These POTWs now represent the largest categorical source of surface water pollution.
The scope of this effort will be similar to the successful enforcement effort against industial
violators of the July 1, 1977 CWA deadline and it will include compliance inspection activity
and appropriate enforcement actions.
W1-83
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
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Page Intentionally Blank
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality - Non-Energy
Appropriation
Scientific Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Technical Information:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
De velopm ent ,
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
' Development......
Health Effects?
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Chesapeake Bay:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development
Great Lakes:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development......
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
Grand Total
Actual
1920
$1
766
212
2
2,568
1,311
543
2,8*7
8,155
5,753
798
2,547
Budget
Estimate
1981 *
(dollars
,074
1,147
243
14
2,779
1,198
892
2,664
7,820
3,764
410
2,503
$936
2,596
14,316
15,822
654
14,100
11,944
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981
in thousands)
$1,011
944
252
14
2,685
1,428
984
2,358
8,164
4,169
420
2,503
$945
2,654
14,440
14,070
1982
689
247
14
2,817
944
1,084
2,156
7,506
3,339
1,115
868
$918
612
14,592
8,622
Increase +•
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
$1,017
- 255
- 5
—
•f 132
*• 484
+ 100
- 202
- 658
- 830
+ 695
- 1 ,635
$994 +76
. 2,042
+ 152
- 5,448
30,138 26,044
28,510 23,214
- 5,296
WO-85
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
t980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
Scientific Assessment 15 19 19 12 -7
Technical Information and
Liaison 44 * 4 —*•
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance 60 56 56 49 - 7
Health Effects 11 14 14 14 —
Environmental Processes
and Effects 182 163 157 142 - 15
Chesapeake Bay 8-6 66 —
Great Lakes 7 7 7 _7 —
Total 287 269 263 234 - 29
Full-Tlme Equivalency
Scientific Assessment 25 33 32 21 - 11
Technical Information
and Liaison 56 66 —
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance 77 73 73 65 8
Health Effects 15 22 22 23 + 1
Environmental Processes
and Effects 265 269
Chesapeake Bay 10 11
Great Lakes 14 13
Total , 411 427 406 368 - 38
•January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $23,214,400 for 1982, a decrease of .$5,296,100 from 1981. Included
in this total is $14,592,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $8,622,400 for Research and Development, with
an Increase of $152,100 and a decrease of $5,448,200 respectively.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Water Quality Research Committee.
The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research
effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program provides the necessary scientific information, techniques and technical
assistance to select the most appropriate water quality goals; assess current and future water quality
problems; and identify cost-effective water quality management strategies.
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Specifically, the Program:
provides reports and information used to establish the relationship between assumed exposure to
pollutants and potential adverse tpxicity to human health and aquatic life;
- develops monitoring technology capable of quantifying those environmental measurements of
importance to the Agency;
provides health effects data for use in developing water quality criteria and in defining sound
watershed management approaches;
develops: 1) water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life; 2) exposure analysis predictive
techniques for conducting toxic materials balances necessary to identify major sources, pathways
and fates of toxic pollutants and to devise cost-effective nationwide, regional, or local control
strategies; 3) watershed analysis techniques for identifying water quality problems and selecting
cost-effective point and nonpoint source control strategies; *f) techniques for assessing water
quality problems in lakes and selecting cost-effective restoration measures; 5) techniques for
assessing the impacts of dredge and fill operations on wetlands and other aquatic environments; and
6) techniques for assessing the impacts of ocean discharges and dumping activities on the marine
environment.
provides, through a field assessment program, the scientific information needed to effectively
manage water quality in the Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,839,500 for this sub-program, of which $1,073,900 was for
Salaries and Expenses and $765,600 was for extramural research activities.
A preliminary mutagenicity test battery for non-conventional pollutants was developed for possible
use under Section 301(g) of the Clean Water Act.
Carcinogenicity summaries and final calculations of water quality criteria for thirty-three
carcinogenic chemicals of the sixty-five chemicals on the water quality criteria list were
completed. Responses were also made to rebuttal comments on each chemical and on the
methodology for calculating the criterion calculation for carcinogenicity.
Final criteria documents were completed for the 65 water pollutants which were in the public
comment phase in 1979.
Health summaries were completed for eleven 301(g) water pollutants to address the Agency's
enforcement needs in developing scientific criteria for waste water permit waivers.
Water quality criteria documents with a total exposure analysis component, were initiated for 12
new pollutants (Mirex/Kepone, Malathion, Parathion, Acetone, chlorophenoxy herbicides, methoxy-
clor, dibenzofuran, iron, manganese, ammonia, barium, and chlorine).
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,961,200 to this sub-program, of which $1,017,400 is
for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $943,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development Appropriation.
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Criteria documents for twelve new water pollutants which were begun in 1980 are being completed
and work on two others have been initiated. These documents will be used by the Office of Water
Regulations and Standards as a scientific basis for proposing water quality criteria under Section
30* of the Clean Water Act.
Work has been started on up to ten new criteria documents which are being selected by the Office
of Water Regulations and Standards based on their current priorities which will include a section on
carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive risk assessment. If needed, because of new data,
revisions will be made to the criteria documents for the 65 water pollutants which were completed
in 1980 to satisfy the mandates of the Consent Decree.
Work will be accomplished on four to eight 30l(g) waiver documents for the Office of Enforcement.
These documents will provide a scientific basis for evaluating the merit of granting a waiver for
waste-water discharge permits under Section 301(g) provisions.
Consultation, on an as-needed basis, is being provided to the Regional Offices and Program Offices
on the use and adjustment of water criteria to local conditions for the revision or establishment of
local water quality standards.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $196,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter submitted revisions to
the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's
request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is $5,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,200 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $8,400 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development
appropriation; a decrease of $45,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $27,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer of $52,800 to scientific
assessment-air ($17,900); scientific assessment-air ($21,900) and scientific assessment - pesticides
($13,000).
- A transfer of $105,000 to monitoring and quality assurance-uncontrolled sites to support efforts
on Love Canal and Three Mile Island activities.
- A transfer of $5,000 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy
Council.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,518,100 for this sub-program, of which $828,900 is for the
Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $689,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
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This reflects a decrease of $443,100 which will provide a decreased level of effort for preparation
of water quality criteria documents.
- Drafts and/or final documents for up to & water quality criteria documents begun in 1981 will be
completed. These will include a section on carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive risk
assessment.
Four new criteria documents will be started using pollutant priorities established by the Office of
Water Regulations and Standards.
Four 301(g) waiver documents will be produced for the Office of Enforcement. These will provide
the scientific basis for granting a waiver for wastewater discharge permits under Section 30 Kg)
provisions.
Continuing technical assistance will be given to the Regional Offices and Program Offices on the
interpretation and use of the 65 Water Quality Criteria released by the Agency in November 1980.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1980 Accomplishments
In 19SO, the Agency used a total of $244,800 for this sub-program, of which $242,500 was for
Salaries and Expenses and $2,300 was for extramural research activities.
In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the
Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance, and other general
documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with
information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources.
Specific accomplishments in the area of Water Quality included:
- The preparation, publication and dissemination of a manual on the Clean Lakes Program. -The
Manual was prepared to guide the States in developing their own lake restoration and protection
programs, in obtaining Federal Clean Lakes Program Assistance, and in methods for ,the
assessment and clean-up of polluted lakes.
- The conduct of seminars on inland waters and lake restoration and on biological monitoring and
its use in the NPDES Permit Program.
The Regional Services Staff provided effective communications between ORD and the regions.
Specifically, they:
- developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System;
- carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance;
- conducted ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings;
- advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations;
The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its research
information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making community. Further,
they assisted in enhancing coordination between ORD and the regions allowing each to better fulfill its
role and meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently.
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $265,800 to this sub-program, of which $251,400 is for
the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $14,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This part of the program k providing various research program and project summaries, decision
series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements.
Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort have been
prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to
distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems
which track ORD"s research projects and resources.
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will:
Continue the regional Support Management Information System.
Conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to provide technical
assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and policy studies,
developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and technical assistance require-
ments.
Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in
the ORD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $8,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to
the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's
request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,500.
- An increase of $9,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $261,200 for this sub-program, of which $2*6,800 is for the Salaries
and Expenses Appropriation and $1^,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $4,600 which will slightly affect the development and dissemination of
technical information products.
In 1982, this sub-program will continue to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This
includes the development and production of technical information products to ensure that research
information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community.
Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to
managing systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong
liaison with regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981.
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MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $389,600 for this sub-program, of which $2,568,500 was for
Salaries and Expenses and $1,311,100 was for extramural research activities.
A master analytical scheme was developed for the systematic identification and quantification of
volatile organic pollutants. This scheme significantly improves analytical productivity by reducing
the costly pre-analysis trial-and -error approach to evaluation.
Quality control calibration standards were distributed to laboratories measuring pollutants regulat-
ed under Section 104, 106, 208, 3Q4(h) and 307(a)of PL 95-217. Standards were also supplied to the
Chesapeake Bay Program and other marine monitoring projects.
A project was initiated to design a national water quality monitoring program. The project consists
of several components: (1) providing consultation services to the Office of Water Regulations and
Standards in the development of a national water quality strategy; (2) characterization of present
water quality monitoring networks (NASQAN and AWQSS) in terms of the statistical validity of
their data, and the adequacy of this data to support EPA control policy decisions; (3) design of
water quality networks to monitor priority toxic pollutants; and (4) the development of new
statistical techniques specifically for the analysis of water quality monitoring data.
A field survey of 25 toxic hot spots was completed. The apparently paradoxical finding in the
Agency's water quality data base, STORET, that areas with highly toxic heavy metal pollution
concentrations did not show corresponding loss in biological activity in the water body was
confirmed.
A guidance document was developed for use in determining the feasibility of implementing
advanced waste treatment based on the biological effects of the waste on receiving waters. This
document should prove very useful in the Advanced Waste Treatment decision-making process.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,113,700 to this sub-program, of which $2,685,400 is
for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,428,300 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
Reference methods for priority pollutants, toxic and hazardous substances and chlorinated organics
are being developed which are applicable to the ambient water matrix.
Development of bioassay techniques applicable to monitoring industrial effluent plumes and marine
discharges has been initiated. Deficiencies in currently existing reference methods are being
corrected. A surrogate biological screening method is to be standardized as a toxic monitoring
alternative to chemical testing.
Work on the development and refinement of sampling, preservation and transport regimes which
assure the validity of the environmental water quality sample prior to analysis is being conducted.
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Distribution of 6-10 thousand quality control samples to assure the accuracy of water quality
measurements is continuing.
Current water quality monitoring networks are being studied statistically to ascertain their
adequacy in trend monitoring as well as their ability to detect episodic events.
Specialized support is being provided to regional and program offices as well as to enforcement
projects. For example, the adequacy of EPA Regional Biological Quality Assurance Programs is
being evaluated and overhead photography using the Enviro-pod and photo interpretation is
continuing to be made available to support specialized monitoring projects.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $137,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to
the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's
request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $15,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $5,900 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $16,600 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of
$6,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $127,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $200 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to
support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean
Air Act.
- A transfer of $8,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy
Council.
- A transfer of $400 from Water Quality-monitoring systems and quality assurance to realign
contract funds.
- A transfer of $100,000 from Water Quality-monitoring systems and quality assurance to support
efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island Activities.
- A transfer of $160,000 from Water Quality-monitoring systems and quality assurance to provide
support for the development of monitoring methods for monitoring of ambient water quality.
- A transfer of $196,200 to Water Quality-monitoring systems and quality assurance to maintain
and prepare one standardized quality control sample for distribution to analytical labs to check
the ability of analysts to perform analytical measurements.
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,761,000 for this sub-program, of which $2,817,500 is for the
Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $943,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $352,700. A reduced level of effort in the development, standardization
and validation of measurement methods for priority pollutants and overhead imagery for special studies
will be provided, and the number of sampling sites will be reduced for the toxics hot spot field studies.
Methodologies will be developed to monitor the quality of ambient fresh and marine waters. The
methodologies will include:
o Standardized biological screening tests that will promote rapid, inexpensive demonstration of
toxicity to aquatic lifeforms.
o Chemical methods for newly identified toxic polluants.
o Improved measurement techniques for monitoring levels of trace organic chemicals which
cannot be positively identified by conventional Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometrie
techniques but which are known to exhibit toxic properties.
o Expansion of the Master Analytical Scheme to inorganic chemicals.
o Techniques for extraction, concentration, separation, identification and measurement of
organic and inorganic materials bound to sediment or particulates.
Water quality network design studies will continue to evaluate monitoring networks and develop
statistical data reduction and analysis techniques.
Quality Assurance support will continue to assure the development of a sound data base through
interlaboratory validation testing of proposed priority pollutant methods, protocol development to
assure the validity of virus enumeration, and provision of calibration samples for toxic substances
monitoring in drilling fluids.
Analytical studies will be performed to supply needed data to evaluate instrument systems, to test
analytical techniques for toxic hot spot analysis studies which will ascertain the recovery zone
definition, to evaluate biomonitoring techniques, and to process overhead imagery. >
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,389,800 for this sub-program, of which $5*3,000 was for
Salaries and Expenses and $2,846,800 was for extramural research activities.
Marine recreational water quality criteria were completed and published. They were reviewed by
peers and have been well received by experts in the field.
Toxicological studies were begun on ten of the sixty-five priority pollutants in order to resolve
deficiencies in the health data bases which were identified when the water quality criteria for
these pollutants were initially produced. The results will be available late 1981.
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,3*1,700 to this sub-program, of which $984,000 is
for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,357,700 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
Freshwater recreational water quality criteria are being completed. The data base for these
criteria will include data from epidemiological studies which link infectious disease in swimmers to
water quality characteristics.
Efforts to fill deficiencies in the health data base for the consent decree pollutants are continuing.
Research on the first set of pollutants which began in 19SO is being completed. Several more will
be selected and studied each year until the total number of 65 is complete.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $214,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to
the budget (House Document (96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to
EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,300 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $14,100 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 miljion; a decrease of $23,900 was applied
to this activity.
- An increase of $29,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $300 from Radiation-health effects to realign contract funds.
- A transfer of $203,200 to Water Quality-health effects ($306,400); and from health effects
($103,200) to realign funds between the Water Quality Research Committee; the Municipal
Wastewater Resarch Committee, and the Industrial Wastewater Research Committee.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,240,400 for this sub-program, of which $1,084,500 is for the
Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,155,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $101,300. This will affect the development of short-term tests for
identifying health-effect and points other than cancer.
Toxicological studies for the consent decree pollutants started in 1981 will be completed and the
next phase of studies begun. Much of this research emphasizes fetotoxic effects, although some
addresses carcinogenicity.
A technology transfer publication will be prepared to assist local officials in applying the dose
response curves generated in 1980 and 1981 during the development of marine and freshwater
recreational water quality criteria. The publication will make it possible for local officials to
determine the most reasonable action necessary to protect the public health.
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Research will be initiated to develop curves which relate water quality to illness in swimmers for
swimming areas receiving almost solely AST/AWT effluent and for those impacted primarily by
pollutants from non-point sources.
Research will continue to seek improved lexicological methods for predicting the impact of water
contaminants on human health.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
19SO Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $13,907,700 for this sub-program, of which $8,154,600 was for
Salaries and Expenses and $5,753,100 was for extramural research activities.
Procedures for generation and interpretation of aquatic life effects data were completed for use in
preparation of water quality criteria for the sixty-five Consent Decree pollutants. The procedures
were applied in the preparation of proposed freshwater criteria for twenty-two and marine criteria
for thirty-one of the sixty-five pollutants. Results will be used by the Office of Water Regulations
and Standards in the publication of water quality criteria for these pollutants, consistent with the
Consent Decree requirements.
A first-generation multi-species test for determining ecological impacts of contaminated sediment
was developed. This improved solid phase testing methodology will be used by the Agency to
regulate disposal of dredged material under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (P.L.
92-500) and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-532).
Methods for predicting impacts of reduced nutrient loadings to lakes were completed for use in
screening the effectiveness of proposed lake restoration measures. The Clean Lakes Program of
the Office of Water Regulations and Standards will incorporate these methods into guidelines for
use by local and state agencies in deciding which restoration technique to use when they apply for
clean lakes grants, and to determine which restoration techniques are most cost effective in
achieving in-lake nutrient control over extended periods of time.
Guidelines for defining wetland boundaries and characterizing their structure and function were
completed. This information will be used by the Office of Environmental Review to assist state
agencies in reviewing and processing wetland dredge and fill permit applications.
The first generation Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS), designed for use Agency-wide in
calculating expected environmental concentrations of toxic organic chemicals, was completed. It
will be used in assessing environmental risks associated with alternative pollution control
strategies. (This work was funded jointly with the Toxic Substances and Energy Research
activities.)
The Center for Water Quality Modeling was established, providing a central file and distribution
point for four carefully selected water quality models, and offering workshops and seminars on
their use and specific instruction in the application of individual simulation techniques. The
primary use of the models is to translate water quality goals into point and nonpoint source control
requirements.
Two mathematical models, describing loading and transport and transformation processes of toxic
organic chemicals were completed. They are designed for
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developing site-specific estimates of contaminant concentrations in runoff and stream channels in
both coastal rivers and estuaries and in upland watersheds and river systems.
National estimates of pollutant discharges from agricultural nonpoint sources were revised. They
permit comparisons to be made of water quality impacts from point versus rural nonpoint sources
and identification of those areas where implementation of rural nonpoint source controls will and
will not produce significant water quality benefits.
1981 Program
In 19S1, the Agency has allocated a total of $12,332,600 to this sub-program, of which $8,164,000 is
for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,168,600 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
The preparation of proposed water quality effects criteria for the Consent Decree and other
priority toxic pollutants is continuing at the rate of approximately of five pollutants per year.
Improved ecological effects assay procedures are being developed for use in generating more
reliable chronic and acute toxicity data sets used in developing water quality criteria for priority
pollutants.
Interim procedures are being developed and tested for adapting current water quality criteria to
site- specific field situations.
Work has been undertaken on the development of field techniques for documenting nonpoint source
(NFS) pollution ecological effects in surface waters.
Work is continuing on procedures for defining wetland boundaries.
Work is continuing on the development and testing of watershed management models for assessing
impacts and benefits of alternative NFS and point source control of conventional and selected toxic
pollutants.
Operation of the Water Quality Modeling Center is continuing at a minimal level.
Characterization of the effectiveness of selected in-lake restoration techniques is continuing.
Development of a systematic procedure for selection/evaluation of proposed/completed clean lakes
projects is being undertaken.
Improvement of a marine benthic bioassay method to assess acute and chronic effects and
bioaccumulation potential of contaminants in settleable components of dredged material is
continuing.
Development and validation of bioassay procedures (acute, chronic, bioaccumulation) for assessing
the impacts of waste discharges to marine waters is continuing.
Work is continuing on a methods manual for evaluating sediment toxicity in marine waters.
Technical assistance is being provided in the preparation and revision of regulations and associated
guidance materials concerning the discharge and dumping of wastes in marine waters.
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A research program is being planned and will be implemented in early 1981 to fulfill the highest
priority needs associated with cold climate-related environmental problems.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $415,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to
the budget (Houuse Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's
request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $47,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of
$14,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $26,100 was applied to
this activity,
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.£ million; a decrease of $43,800 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress directed that a reduction of $545,000 be transferred to Pesticides-environmental
processes and effects for aquatic weeds.
- The Congress applied an increase of $950,000 for Cold Climate research.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $13,100 was applied
to this activity.
- An increase of $441,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer
of $47,600 from within Office of Research and Development.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $10,845,000 for this sub-program, of which $7,505,900 is for the
Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,339,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This decrease of $1,487,600 reflects a transfer of resources to the higher priority area of hazardous
waste. This reduction will affect the development of water quality criteria for priority pollutants,
watershed analysis techniques (modeling), and wetlands impact and value assessments.
In 1982, the environmental processes and effects program will pursue the following activities:
Work will continue on the generation of minimum data sets needed for preparation of water quality
(ecological) criteria for the priority toxic pollutants.
Guidelines will be developed for translating laboratory-derived water quality criteria (derived
under one set of conditions) to the range of conditions
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encountered in the field, as necessary to ensure the promulgation of reasonable and valid State and
Federal water quality standards.
Techniques will be developed for effectively documenting the ecological effects of urban and rural
nonpoint source pollution, as required in assessing and documenting the ecological significance of
nonpoint source pollution.
Operation of the Center for Water Quality Modeling will be continued at a minimal level, providing
technical assistance to EPA operating programs in the conduct of wasteload allocations and
assessment of nonpoint source problems and alternative solutions.
Work will be continued on improvement of watershed analysis models as needed in identifying the
most cost-effective mix of point and nonpoint source controls necessary to achieve water quality
goals and making wasteload allocations.
Work will be accelerated on the development of a systematic procedure (emphasizing cost-
effectiveness considerations) for selection/evaluation of proposed/completed Sec, 31* clean lakes
projects.
Work will be undertaken to characterize the extent and seriousness of the problem of toxicants in
lake sediment deposits and potential adverse environmental impacts of their attempted removal.
Work will be continued on the development and validation of testing methods for estimating the
ecological impacts of dredged material disposal in marine waters.
Work will be continued on the development of techniques for use in assessing the impacts of
reduced treatment levels (as permitted under Sec. 301(h) of the Clean Water Act) and of other
discharge and dumping activities on the marine environment.
Technical assistance will be provided in the preparation and revision of marine discharge and
dumping related regulations and associated guidance materials.
CHESAPEAKE BAY
19SO Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,3*5,000 for this sub-program, of which $797,700 was for
Salaries and Expenses and $2,5*7,300 was for extramural research activities.
The toxics program developed Chesapeake Bay sediment characterization (physical and chemical
parameters) maps of value in assessing dredging projects and critical in defining the state of the
Bay.
The eutrophication program conducted a Bay wide survey providing a synoptic set of data for
chemical and physical parameters essential to water quality model verification and establishing a
baseline against which future water quality can be measured.
The Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) program assessed ambient herbicide concentrations in the
shallow water portions of the Bay to aid in determining the role of herbicides in the decline of bay
grasses.
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A data management system composed of both hardware and software was established and is
storing, analyzing and displaying Chesapeake Bay research data.
Coordination continued with state agencies in Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania responsible for
water quality, development of Chesapeake Bay Program plans and management.
1981Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,923,500 to this sub-program, of which $420,200 is
for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,503,300 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
Intergrated studies, initiated in 1978, are continuing so that management decisions at all the
government levels can be based oh a predictive capability to assess the consequences of pollutant
loadings on the Chesapeake Bay. This will be done in terms of effects on the ecosystem, on
organisms, and on the economic impact of the uses made of the systems. The three highest priority
problem area studies are being continued through ecosystem simulation, data acquistion and
synthesis, and through identification and evaluation of control alternatives in conjunction with the
abatement and control decision units of this program.
The toxics substance study effort is developing a baseline inventory of the abundance and
distribution of toxics in the Chesapeake Bay sediments, pore water, water column, and biota.
Comprehensive research tasks are assessing both natural and anthropogenic sources of toxic
chemicals in sediments, water, and biota and determining their rates of transport and
transformation within the Chesapeake Bay system. Study results will serve to delineate options to
reduce environmental hazard.
The Bay grasses study effort is addressing the impact of water quality factors upon SAV and living
resources known or suspected to be dependent upon SAV. Results will provide a knowledge base
from which water quality control alternatives can be developed for the enhancement of SAV and
associated living resources.
Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) studies are assessing the nutrient loadings to the Bay system
and the impact of these loadings on the ecosystem. Current research is directed towards:
o assessing point source information on municipal and industrial sources;
o compiling statistics on land use and population trends in the Bay basin;
o measuring nutrient loadings from the major tributaries to the Bay;
o estimating nutrient fallout from the atmosphere;
o calculating nutrient fluxes from the sediments;
o verifying nonpoint source runoff from data collected on five test drainage basins;
o calibrating and verifying mathematical models, including nonpoint source loading models and
stream transport models.
WQ-99
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Development of a data management system is continuing. This system will handle the data
produced by the Chesapeake Bay program and provide the basis for a centralized data bank for use
by all local, state and Federal groups on the Bay. State participation programs, with the states of
Maryland and Virginia, and citizen participation programs are also continuing to provide key
coordination links between the states, the public and the Chesapeake Bay Program.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $10,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimated was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to
the budget (House Document 96-294)} these revision resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's
request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,400.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs .by $850,000; a decrease of $1,500 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $7,400 was applied
to this activity.
- An increase of $19,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer
$1,400 from within Office of Research and Development.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,983,100 for this sub-program, of which $1,114,700 is for the
Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $868,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This decrease of $940,400 reflects the progress made in assessing water quality concerns in the
Chesapeake Bay.
In 1982 the Chesapeake Bay program will complete its integration approach to research in the
areas of toxic pollutant effects, submerged aquatic vegetation, and eutrophication. This will include the
completion of all technical studies, the integration of their results, and the use of an ecological
segmentation concept to assess existing information about the biological, chemical, physical, and
cultural aspects of the Chesapeake Bay. Major accomplishments and outputs will include;
Chesapeake Bay Primer: Explains important ecological relationships and will serve as a reference
for the following reports.
Nutrients: Explains changes in the Bay over time, future conditions, sources, key processes, and
effects of nutrients.
Toxics: Explains changes in the Bay over time, future conditions, sources, key processes, and
effects of toxics.
Bay Grasses: Explains changes in bay grasses over time, and what is known about the causes of
decline and the role and value of submerged aquatic vegetation to the ecosystem.
Segmentation: Describes the basic concept, its use elsewhere, how it will be done, water quality
objectives, monitoring, and the various institutional alternatives available to administer it.
WQ-IOO
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Management Alternatives: Identifies control alternatives for agriculture, municipal treatment
plants, industry, urban runoff, and construction; estimates costs and effectiveness of different
approaches to remedy "hot spots,"
Summary Report: Summarizes previous reports and includes the legislative charge, Chesapeake
Bay Program organization and resources.
GREAT LAKES
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,532,000 for this sub-program, of which $936,300 was for
Salaries and Expenses and $2,395,700 was for extramural research activities.
A study was completed of the sources and losses of PCB in Lake Superior; this study provides a
basis for separating local and long-range atmospheric inputs of PCB to Lake Superior.
Various mathematical models describing the fate of hazardous materials in Saginaw Bay were
evaluated.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,572,000 to this sub-program, of which $917,500 is
for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,654,500 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
The quantity of PCBs entering Lake Huron from atmospheric deposition is being determined as well
as the identity of other atmosphere transported, prevalent organic substances in Lake Huron.
Manuals are being developed on sampling and analysis of dredged spoil and on assessing water
quality impacts of confined site and open lake disposal; evaluation of physical, chemical, and
biological changes that have occurred at existing disposal sites will also be completed.
The effects on fish populations of power plants using open-cycle cooling technology is being
evaluated.
Mathematical models describing the movement, fate, and losses of PCBs in Lakes Michigan and
Huron are being developed.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $1,972,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimated was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to
the budget (House Document 96-29f); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's
request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,600 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $1,800 was
applied to this activity.
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- The Congress applied an increase of $2,000,000 to support this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a'decrease of $»6,W30 was applied
to this activity.
- An increase of $24,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a
proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer
of $2,700 from within the Office of Research and Development.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1.605,600 for' this sub-program, of which $993,700 is for the
Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $611,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $1,966,400 which results from a Congressional add-on which was not
carried into 1982. The program will continue activities underway in 1981, including the transport and
fate of persistent toxic organic chemicals in the Great Lakes, but with a lower level of funding.
The research program will be directed at:
Comparison of predictions of waste load reductions made by mathematical models versus actual,
field-observed responses will be completed and resultant water quality improvements will be
reported on.
Studies of the major physical and nutrient requirements of the important Great Lakes
phytoplankton species will continue.
Relationships between the prevalent organic compounds found in the atmosphere, fish, and water
samples from the same water body will be described.
Guidelines to assess the suitability of proposed confined and open-lake dredged spoil disposal sites
and schemes will be issued.
wq-ioz
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WATER QUALITY
Municipal Wastewater/Spfll Prevention
Appropriation
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Development—.......
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Development...,
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.,
Reseach and
Development..........
Environmental
Engineering and
Technology:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Development ....
TOTAL:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Development
GRAND TOTAL.,
Permanent Positions
Technical Information
and Liaison.............
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance:,.....
Health Effects
Environmental
Engineering and
Technology
TOTAL..
Actual
1980
$ 365
39
664
227
710
2,388
5,335
1L,293
7,074
13,947
21,021
5
10
13
121
149
Budget
Estimate
1981*
(dollars in
$ 360 •
248
552
313
1,166
2,233
5,108
11^447
7,186
14,241
21,427
5
7'
18
116
146
Current
Estimate
1981
thousands)
$ 374
248
560
301
1,137
2,475
5,222
11,306
7,293
14,330
21,623
5
8
18
116
147
Estimate
1982
$ 377
248
525
392
872
2,241
5,870
10,105
7,644
12,986
20,630
5
7
18
116
146
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$3
* B •
-35
+91
-265
-234
+648
-1,201
+351
-1,344
-993
• • •
-1
* • *
....
-1
WQ-103
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Full-Time Equivalency
Technical Information
and Liaison 8 9 8 8
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance.... 15 12 13 12 -1
Health Effects 18 26 28 27 -1
Environmental
Engineering and
Technology 144 136 136 136
Total T85183 185 183 -2
•January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $20,630,100 for 1982, a decrease of $993,300
from 1981. Included in this total is $7,644,200 for Salaries and Expenses and
$12,985,900 for Research and Development, with an increase of $351,200 and a
decrease of $1,344,500, respectively.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Municipal
Wastewater Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of
the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produced
outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program has two distinct facets: Municipal Wastewater
Engineering and Technology and Hazardous Materials Spills.
This program furnishes the engineering and technology support for the
Agency Construction Grants Program, the Sec. 208 Areawide Waste Treatment
Management Program, the National Urban Runoff Program, the Clean Lakes Program,
the Effluent Guidelines Program, the NPDES program and the Solid Waste Program
(sludge management regulations). These programs are major activities within the
Office of Water Program Operations, Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
the Office of Water Enforcement and the Office of Solid Waste.
Another part of the program furnishes the engineering and technology
support required by the Oil and Special Materials Control Division within the
newly created Office of Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention within
the Office of Water Program Operations (OWPO). The engineering design and
equipment development, field control techniques and on-scene technical
assistance are provided for the control and mitigation of spills of hazardous
materials.
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TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1980Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $4,041,000 for this sub-program, of
which $364,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $39,400 was for extramural
research activities.
In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and
publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highligtits, technical
information plans and guidance and other documents of general interest to the
environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information
systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and
resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Municipal Wastewater
included:
- The preparation, publication and dissemination of a technology transfer
manual on Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems and of a
revision of the technology transfer design manual on Sludge Treatment
and Disposal.
- Conduct of seminars for target technical audiences on the following
subjects:
a. Wastewater Treatment Facilities for Small Communities.
b. Water and Waste Management in the Arctic Environment.
c. Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment.
d. Overland Flow Technology for Municipal Wastewater.
- Support for the Small Wastewater Flows Information Clearinghouse.
The Regional Services Staff provided effective communications between ORD
and EPA's regional offices. Specifically, they:
- Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information
System.
- Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance.
- Conducted ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings.
- Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations.
The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to
communicate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the
environmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in enhancing
coordination between ORD and the regions allowing each to meet the needs of the
Agency and the public more efficiently.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $621,500 to this sub-program,
of which $373,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $248,000 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
UQ-105
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This sub-program is providing various research program and project
summaries decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to
meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans listing the
explicit information products for this Research effort are being prepared.
Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information
products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being
provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources.
Regional liaison Activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such
activities will:
Continue the regional support Management Information System.
Conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings- and other liaison activities to
provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports,
conducting special. staff and policy studies, developing regional problem
statements, and identifying research and technical assistance requirements.
Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and
local governments in the ORD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $12,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,600.
- An increase of $15,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $500 to areas within Office of Research
and Development.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $625,100, for this sub-program, of which
$377,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $248,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $3,600 which will provide support for the
development and dissemination of an additional number of technical information
products.
This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of
services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical
information products to ensure that research information is properly and
adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community.
Specific products planned by the appropriate 'Research Committee .will be
developed. Support to management systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional Offices, of a
similar nature to that conducted in 1981.
WQ-106
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MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $891,200 for this sub-program, of which
$664.500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $226,700 was for extramural research
activities.
Ten spill prevention control and counter-measure studies and 10 oil and
hazardous spill emergency spill response projects were completed. Study
results were utilized by EPA Regions for compliance monitoring.
Overhead monitoring and data analysis support was provided to the Regions
and Program Offices for land use, thermal pollution discharges and
industrial spill analyses.
Overhead monitoring and data analysis support was provided to the
Chesapeake Bay, Beaumont/Lake Charles, Poplar River and Atchafalaya River
special projects.
Fifty field studies were completed for the regions and Program Offices. The
studies included thermal pollutant surveys, wetland and land use surveys,
point and non-point surveys and leachate and septic tank problem analyses.
Expert witness and overhead monitoring data acquisition support for the
enforcement case preparation was provided to the Office of Enforcement and
the regional enforcement divisions.
The 301(h) Ocean Discharge Program received overhead monitoring support and
data analysis,
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $860,900 to this sub-program,
of which $559,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $301,100 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Resources have been provided to respond to ten spill prevention and
countermeasures and fifteen emergency spill requests. The data obtained
from these requests will be used by the Regions for compliance monitoring
and support of on-scene coordinators.
•* Staff are participating in approximately 150 hazardous waste site
investigations by providing aerial photography and multi-spectral scanner
imagery and analysis support.
Fifteen Environmental Impact Statements are being prepared for the Regions.
These studies support the Construction Grants Program.
Ten septic field analyses are being completed for the Regions . These
studies will provide data supporting the Construction Grants Program.
Technical assistance is being provided to more that 70 regional projects
covering land use, thermal pollution discharges and industrial spill
analyses.
Expert support to the Regions and the Hazardous Waste Enforcement Task Force
is being provided.
WQ-107
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1981 EKplanatSonjrf Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $4,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7' million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,300.
- The Congress reduced ageneywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $2,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $22,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $9,800 to areas within Office of Research
and Development.
- Transfer $400 to monitoring systems and quality assurance to realign
contract funds.
- Transfer $11,500 to monitoring systems to provide support for the
development of monitoring methods for ambient monitoring of water
quality.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $917,500 for this sub-program, of which
$525,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $392,100 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation,
This reflects an increase of $56,600 which will provide an additional level
of support for the Agency's Mandatory Quality Assurance Program.
Analysis of 10-14 septic tank fields wlfl be made for the Regional
Construction Grants Program.
A portable, airplane-mounted camera system which can provide aerial
photography of spill sites to determine the extent of contamination is called
"Enviro-Pod". Enviro-Pod support will be provided to the regions and program
offices.
- In support of compliance monitoring, this program will produce 10 Spill
Prevention Control and Countermeasure Studies for the Office of Water
Program Operations and the Regions.
Response to Regional requests for support on 15-20 emergency oil and
hazardous spills will provide data to the on-scene coordinators.
Aerial photography, multi-spectral scanner imagery and enviro-pod support
will be provided for industrial spills and approximately 150 hazardous
waste site investigations.
WQ-108
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Data to complete 10-12 Environmental Impact Statements will be provided for
the Regions, Office of Environmental Review and the Construction Grants
Program. - --
Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical
guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have
environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for EPA needs.
HE ALTH EFFECTS
1980Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,097,500 for this sub-program, of
which $709,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,387,600 was for extramural
research activities.
A symposium on the evaluation of health risks associated with animal feeding
and land application of municipal sludge brought together most of the
investigators studying this problem. The data presented at the symposium is
being used in developing policy on the disposal of municipal sludges on land
and for the use of these sludges as possible animal feed products.
Epidemiological studies of sludge composting workers completed at several
sites within the U.S., indicate that exposure may cause inflammation. The
exact cause of the inflammation is unknown, but one possible cause may be
the presence of endotoxins in the compost dust. It was recommended that
compost workers be protected from sludge compost dust by wearing protective
masks.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,611,500 to this sub-program,
of which $1,136,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,474,700
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Highlights of the 1931 research program include:
Studies of the health implications of land application for treatment and
disposal of wastewater and sludge are being continued.
Criteria for the safe reuse of municipal wastewater for aquaculture and
potable purposes is being developed.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $212,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was' submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,100.
WQ-109
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The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million, a
decrease of $20,000 was applied to this activity.
The Congress reduced ageneywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$4,200 was applied to this activity.
An increase of $39,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
Reprcgrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $2,000 to areas within Office of Research
and Development,
Transfer $204,900 from health effects to realign funds between the Water
Quality Research Committee; the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee;
and the Industrial Wastewater Research Committee.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,112,600 for this sub-program, of which
$871,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,241,200 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $498,900, which will provide a reduced level of
effort in determining the health effects of municipal wastewater specifically in
the areas of urban runoff and water reuse.
Major emphasis will continue on the health effects resulting from the use of
wastewater and sludge from land treatment. The most critical research
relates to the impact of bacteria, viruses and parasites in sludge as well
as heavy metals and toxic organies in sludge on human health' through this
bioeoncentration in the food chain or their contamination of groundwater.
Pretreatment requirements, particularly disinfection, are to be deferred in
large measure, pending the outputs of this program.
Investigation of the health effects resulting from the reuse of wastewater
for aquaoultural and potable purposes will continue.
o The emphasis on aquaculture arises from recognition that, although
nutrients can be utilised in aquaculture systems, more data'are needed to
determine if the products themselves will create a public health
problem.
o Research in the area of potable reuse will be concerned with determining:
whether the treatment system affects the nature and toxicity of organic
substances, the health risk resulting from viruses in water intended for
reuse; and whether groundwater aquifers recharged with treated effluents
have a health impact on humans. Data from this research will support the
development of criteria or guideline documents for the safe reuse of
wastewater.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $16,627,700 for this sub-program, of
which $5,334,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $11,293,100 was for extramural
research activities.
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WASTEWATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Reports on control technologies such as biodegradation, activated carbon
adsorption, and air stripping for the removal of priority pollutants from
municipal wastewaters were published.
A sampling apparatus and analytical protocol for the quantitative
nfeasurement of the transfer of volatile priority pollutants to the
atmosphere as they pass through municipal wastewater treatment facilities
were developed.
The utility of the Composite Correction Program (CCP) concept was developed
and demonstrated. It is now being used by the Agency as a major tool in the
New Publicly Owned Treatment Works Compliance Strategy.
The Innovative and Alternative (I/A) Technology Assessment Manual was
published for use by the regional and state offices and design engineers.
A report on Urban Storm water Management and Technology based on 12 case-
histories was published. These case histories represent the most promising
approaches to stormwater control.
Thru the first National Seminar on Overland Flow Technology for Municipal
Wastewater. Presented the current state-of-the-art for design and
operation of overland flow systems.
The Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems was
completed. The manual presents site evaluation, design, construction,
operational and managerial information in a form useful to planners,
engineers, sanitarians, and regulatory agencies concerned with onsite
wastewater systems for small community applications.
HAZARDOUS SPILLS PROGRAM
A portable battery-operated automatic enzyme-based system for detecting
spills of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in water was developed
and demonstrated.
An in-stream warning system consisting of a number of individual probes and
sensors (total organic carbon, conductivity, UV absorption,, etc.) for the
continuous detection of a broad variety of spilled hazardous chemicals in
water was demonstrated.
A new and more effective system for collecting and treating rinsates from
agricultural pesticide spraying operations for the purpose of protecting
groundwaters was demonstrated.
Fire-fighting foams to reduce the rate of vaporization of spilled hazardous
liquids were developed.
Alternative techniques (e.g., classfication, bromination, alkali fluxing)
for the ultimate disposal of spilled refractory chemicals were evaluated.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $16,529,500 to this sub-
program, of which $5,222,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$11,306,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
WQ-111
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WASTEWATER RESEARCH PROGRAM
Sludge Management
The sludge management program continues to hold a high priority due to the
Agency's new regulations and policies resulting from implementation of RCRA and
the 1977 Clean Water Act (CWA) amendments.
Design and operation of anaerobic digesters that maximize solids reduction
and energy production are being improved.
Best management practices for land application are being developed.
Toxic Pollutants. .Control
The toxic pollutants control program is designed to produce information on
the characterization and sources of toxic pollutants, on the treatability by
conventional and/or innovative technology to provide cost analyses to enable
selection of the most cost-effective solution.
Data bases from a 25 city survey on priority pollutants in terms cf sources
contributing to POTW's, occurrence and concentration in POTW influents,
effluents and sludges, and removals obtainable by unit processes are being
developed.
Treatability and removability of priority pollutants and other toxic
organics by a variety of conventional and advanced waste treatment
processes are being assessed.
I/A Program
The ORD innovative and alternative (I/A) technology program is continuing
to provide technical support to the Construction Grants Program for implementing
I/A projects. The program is also assessing emerging technologies and providing
technology transfer to state and local governments.
Operation and Design
The plant operation and design program is continuing to focus on the
development of methods and practices that improve plant performance and
reliability, reduce operating costs and support enforcement activities.
Urban Runoff
The urban runoff program develops methods for controlling pollution from
stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows through development of such
things as a storage/sedimentation design manual to assist the user in choosing a
system to meet specific needs.
Process Development
The Process Development Program is developing and evaluating new
technologies that enhance the ability of municipalities to meet discharge
limitations in a cost-effective manner. This program focuses on four areas: new
biological process development; biodegradation of specific pollutants;
wastewater disinfection; potable water reuse and water conservation.
wq-112
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Wastewater Disinfection
The wastewater disinfection program is being directed toward completing a
number of projects which will serve as input to specific manuals of practice.
Areas of research include ozonation, ultraviolet light and chlorination.
Ultimate product of this program will be a disinfection manual of practice
expected to be completed in December 1983.
Potable Water Reuse
Activities in the potable water reuse area are being phased out. The only
activity in 1981 will involve monitoring a few existing projects. The major
project here is the Congressionally mandated demonstration project in Denver,
Colorado which is fully funded and is expected to be completed in about five to
seven years.
Small Wastewater flows
The Small Wastewater Flows program develops alternative treatment systems
for individual homes and small communities. In order to meet the changing needs
of the operating programs, the program is broadening its activities from
technical research and development to activities which emphasize the
applicability, economics, management, health implications and other areas which
will promote the adoption and use of alternative small flows technologies by the
user community.
LandApplication
The Land Application of Wastewater program is directed to design and
operating criteria for the three major land treatment processes (overland flow,
rapid infiltration and slow rate infiltration). The principal effort in 1981
will be devoted to providing additional design and operational data on rapid-
infiltration and overland flow systems for updating the design manual
Land ..Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. This is a priority need for the
construction grants program. The first design manual revision is being completed
in 1981. The evaluation of the first full scale overland flow project is being
completed and transport and transformation of toxic substances through soil
treatment system are being studied.
Aquaculture
In the area of municipal wastewater treatment by aquaculture, several
studies are continuing to provide design and operational data for the
Construction Grants Program. Among them are the studies of the effectiveness of
a variety of plants and of natural and artifice! wetlands receiving municipal
wastewater, and the effectiveness of filter-feeding fish for removal of
pollutants from municipal wastewater effluents.
Land Treatment
The Land Treatment Task Force is continuing to provide technical assistance
to Regions VI and VH and the nine state governments in those regions with the
objective of increasing land treatment systems funded by the Construction Grant
Program.
WQ-H3
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Spills Prevention
The hazardous incident program continues the development of technology for
the prevention, identification, and control of hazardous and • toxic material
spills. Major emphasis will be on the finalization of the new portable
incineration system and contingency planning for spill response.
A portable incineration system, complete with air pollution control
equipment, for on-site destruction of spilled organic hazardous chemicals
collected during cleanup operations is being demonstrated.
'»
A system to detect the location of insoluble spilled hazardous materials
which have settled on stream bottoms.
Guidelines for use by state and local government officials in preparing
contingency plans for effective local level response to hazardous chemical
spills is being developed.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $25,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$26,000.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $3,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$2,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $1,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a reduction of $250,000 was applied to this activity
for urban systems.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$10,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $262,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed suplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $12,100 from other areas in within Office
of Research and Development.
- A transfer of $7,700 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order
to provide additional resources to that Office.
- Transfer of $109,900 within Office of Research and Development from
water quality health effects and water quality environmental engineering
and technology to realign contact funds with operating costs.
WQ-114
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $15,974,900 for this sub-program, of which
$5,870,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $10,104,600 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $554,600 which will provide a reduced level of
effort for process development in the area of water reuse.
"
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATSR
Sludge management program will continue research work on:
o evaluation of thermal processes and energy recovery;
o composting and other conversion processes; and
o characterization of emissions of sludge disposal facilities.
In the land application management and disposal of municipal sludge, the
following will be completed:
o fate and effects of toxic organies in sludge applied to agricultural
land;
o assessment of high rate application; and
o evaluation of sludge landf illing.
The toxic pollutant control program will continue to develop a data base
assessing the magnitude, composition and source of toxics in municipal
wastes
Full scale plants using conventional and non conventional technology for
the removal of metals will be evaluated.
New treatment processes which enhance removal of priority pollutants from
wastewater will be developed.
The plant operation and design program will continue its effort on the
development of procedures to develop the design, cost, and energy
effectiveness of new and upgraded wastewater treatment plants, improved
methods to assure proper performance of existing facilities through
improved operation and maintenance, and increased systems reliability and
the application of instrumentation and automation to process control and
system management. Design operation, and maintenance guidelines for
conventional systems and land application/alternative technology will be
developed and an energy effectiveness report on wastewater and residuals
will be produced. Technical support to selected POTW's on operation and
maintenance problems will continue.
The specific goal of the I/A technology program is greater use of systems
that reclaim and reuse wastewater, productively recycle wastewater
constituents and otherwise eliminate the discharge of pollutants or recover
energy. The program will consist ofs
WQ-115
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o review of Step I facility plans involving T/A technology applications}
and;
o completion of effectiveness studies of T/A program and development and
presentation of regional T/A technology assessment seminars for
consulting engineers, and federal/state personnel.
The urban runoff research program will study sediment impacts and benthic
effects (multi-city); compile BMFs for urban runoff pollution control! and
assess dual wet weather treatment facilities^ — •»-••
Treatment Process Development will include new biological process
development, biodegradation and specific pollutants removal, wastewater
disinfection and conservation and wastewater reuse.
Novel technologies for more efficiently disolving oxygen in wastewater
while reducing overall aeration costs will continue to be developed and
demonstrated. Included in this work will be an evaluation of the deep shaft
activated sludge process, and an evaluation of the two zone
reactor/clarifier.
A final report on the degradation protocol for priority pollutants will be
prepared.
The conservation and reuse program will be phased out, but the Denver
project will be monitored.
The small wastewater flows program will continue to support the operating
program without significant changes. The small flews information
clearinghouse will be continued, as will the operating and monitoring of the
specific technologies being studied at the Center for Small Flow
Technology. The comprehensive Septage Treatment and Disposal Handbook will
be completed.
The natural treatment systems program includes the land treatment and
aquaeulture programs. The baseline data on the Lubbock project and a
research program will be initiated. Optimum loading cycles for rapid
infiltration nitrogen management using large-scale lysimeters will be
completed. The evaluation of fate' of naturally occurring organies in
overland flow systems will be completed.
SPILLS
The hazardous substances spill program will continue to develop and
demonstrate technology in the five areas outlined under the 19S1 program,
namely: information transfer and prevention; pre-spill response planning,
safety and assessment; containment, confinement, separation and
concentration; ultimate disposal; and restoration. Major emphasis will be
on the development of information and procedures for use by hazardous spill
coordinators and "first-on-scene" personnel.
Specialized techniques will be developed for ensuring personnel safety
during spill cleanup operations, and procedures will be demonstrated for
the decontamination of personnel and equipment following these operations.
WQ-T16
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A manual will be prepared to assist spill coordinators in evaluating
alternative spill cleanup and disposal techniques to determine the most
cost-effective approaches and the extent of required cleanup ("How Clean is
Clean?").
A computerized system will be developed for storage and retrieval of spill
control information, including cleanup options and diposal alternatives.
WQ-117
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WATER QUALITY
Industrial Wastewater - Non-Energy
Appropriation
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development.,...
Environmental Engineering
and Technology:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Grand Total...
Actual
1980
$195
2
2,231
4,100
40
200
1,363
8.015
W J w *
-------
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981*
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
Technical Information
and Liaison
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance.......
Health Effects....
Environmental Engineering
and Technology... ,
Total.......
Full-Time
45
1
24
73
48
1
28
80
48
20
71
43
1
20
67
- 5
+ 1
• *«
«•
4
ij valency
Technical Information
and Liaison.......
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance.......
Health Effects
Environmental Engineering
and Technology..........
60
1
29
1
36
5
64
* * *
28
59
1
27
- 5
+ 1
- 1
Total.
94
106
97
92
*3anuary 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,278,100 for 1982, a decrease of $2,332,700 from 1981.
Included in this total is $4,609,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $8,668,700 for Research and
Development, with an increase of $175,000 and a decrease'of $2,508,500 respectively..
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Industrial Wastewater Research
Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into
an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research
needs in this subject area.
The overall program provides the necessary technical information and tools to support the
Agency's regulatory, permitting and enforcement programs relating to the control of industrial
wastewatef effluents.
WQ-119
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TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $196,700 for this sub-program, of which $194,800 was
for Salaries and Expenses and $1,900 was for extramural research activities.
In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of
the Research Outlook, Research Highlights), technical information plans and guidance, and other
general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It also
provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research
projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Industrial Wastewater
included the preparation, publication and dissemination of, a five volume manual on wastewater
treatment performance data.
The Regional Services Staff provided effective communications between ORD and the
regions. Specifically, theys
- developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information
system
- carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance
- conducted ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings
- advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations
The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its
research Information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making
community. Further, they assisted in enhancing coordination between ORD and the regions,
allowing each to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $213,000 to this sub-program, of which
$201,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $11,500 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development Appropriation,
This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries,
decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee
requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this
research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop
these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also
being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources.
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities
will:
continue the Regional Support Management Information System
conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff meetings and other liaison activities
to provide technical assistance. ; These will include preparing reports,
conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem
statements, and identifying research and technical requirements.
WQ-120
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develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local
government in the ORD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $8,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President
Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29ft);
these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request
for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
- An increase of $8,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $206,400 for this sub-program, of which
$196,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $10,300 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $6,600 which will slightly affect the
dissemination of technical information products.
This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of
services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of
technical information products to ensure that research information is
properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making
community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee
will be developed. Support to managing systems which track QRD's research
projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional
offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 19.81.
MQMTQRING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1 980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $6,331,900 for this sub-program, of
which $2,231,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,100,300 was for
extramural research activities.
Major accomplishments of the program:
- Methodology for analysis of toxic pollutants in the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) were validated, and standardized
for seven categories of pollutants, and additional reference methods
were developed, proposed, or corrected for toxic and hazardous
substances and Consent Decree pollutants in wastewater and sludges.
Computer software was developed as required for computerized spectral
matching of organic compounds recorded on Gas Chromatograph/Mass
Spectral tapes for the Effluents Guidelines Division, Office of Water
and Waste Management, and 9781 of 20,000, GC/MS data runs from analysis
of industrial effluents were processed and 950 different organic
compounds, other than consent decree chemicals, were detected.
The intitial protocol was developed for ' the Master Analytical Scheme to
detect, identify and quantitate unsuspected volatile organic pollutants
in industrial wastewaters.
WQ-121
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Five equivalent methods for nationwide use and 30 evaluation for case-by-case were
evaluated and approved for use in NPDES.
EPA-approved automatic sampling and monitoring instrumentation specifications were
developed for enforcement of existing and planned standards and regulations.
Sample preservation and transportation techniques were developed for conventional and
toxic pollutants to comply with Department of Transportation regulations and to assure
integrity of sample.
The quality control reference materials were developed for seven categories of
pollutants.
National guidelines were developed to assure uniformity in laboratory evaluation of the
NPDE5 compliance monitoring laboratories.
The mandatory quality assurance program ,was established to provide technical guidance,
support, and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known
quality that is appropriate for the EPA needs.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $6,295,200 to this sub-program, of which
$2,582,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,713,200 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Reference method validation studies for the priority toxic pollutants are being completed
and deficiencies in currently approved methods identified and corrected.
An approved bioassay technique for monitoring the toxicity of industrial waste water is
being developed.
Continuous monitoring systems for measuring toxic substances are being developed for more
cost-effective compliance monitoring.
Alternate test procedures are being approved for the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES).
More cost-effective ab-initio techniques are being developed for identification of
previously undetected organic chemicals in industrial wastewaters, suspended solids and
sediments, and a method is being developed to identify toxic metals by chemical species.
These techniques are critical in developing correlations between toxicity-based
pollution control and technology-based effluent limitations.
Verification and identification of all the important compounds on the Effluent Guidelines
Division gas chromatographic/rnass spectrometric survey tapes is being completed.
The quality assurance reference materials repository is being expanded to include
materials which are critical to the Agency enforcement programs.
Assistance is being provided to the Office of Water Enforcement in the
evaluation of analytical performance of discharger laboratories.
WQ-122
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The mandatory quality assurance program continues to provide technical guidance, support
and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that
are appropriate for EPA needs. Emphasis is being placed on the application of the Agency
wide program to contract and grant activities.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $345,600 results from several actions, as follows;
- Shortly after the 19S1 budget estimate was submitted, President
Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*);
these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request
for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$11,700.
The Congress reduced agencywide
of $2,200 was applied to this activity.
The Congress reduced agencywide ADP
decrease of $35,700 was applied to this activity.
travel costs by $850,000; a decrease
services
An increase of $102,700 results from the cost
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
by $2 million; a
of the October 1980 pay
A transfer of $200 was made to the Administrative Law Dudges is to
provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting
civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
A transfer of $190,000 from monitoring systems and
-water quality non-energy to maintain and prepare
quality control sample for distribution to analytical
check the ability of analysts to perform analytical measurements.
quality assurance
one standardized
laboratories to
A transfer of $148,500 to monitoring system and
water quality non-energy to provide support for
monitoring methods for ambient monitoring of water quality.
quality assurance
the development
of
A transfer of $440,000 to solid waste
assurance - , water quality non-energy
quality assurance/uncontrolled sites
support efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island.
monitoring systems and quality
($100,000) and monitoring and
solid waste ($340,000) to
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $5,888,500 for this sub-program, of which
$2,773,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,115,100 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This signifies a decrease of $406,700, reflecting the reduced need for
industrial wastewater research in support of the Agency's regulatory
program.
Major activities planned
permitting and enforcement
effluents are:
for 1982 to support the Agency's regulatory,
programs to control industrial wastewater
New and improved sampling and analytical- procedures for pollutants in
industrial wastewater will be developed including: improved Gas Chro-
matography/Mass Spectroscopy techniques; Gas Chromatography/Fourier
transform infarared spectroscopy applications; developing Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy methods for compounds -on Section 311
list, e.g., carbarn ates, urea pesticides, and nitrosamines; and
correcting deficiencies in newly developed analytical reference
methods.
WO-123
-------
Methods validation studies for high priority wastewater analytical procedures, will be
conducted and alternate test procedures for National Pollution Discharge Elimination
System support evaluated.
Analytical surrogate/indicator test procedures for selected classes of organics will be
developed.
One biological parameter testing procedure for quantitative expression of an effluent
limitation for one industrial class will be adapted and standardized.
Quality assurance support will be provided, including: Preparing and -maintaining
repository of performance evaluation samples and conducting performance evaluation • as
part of the Mandatory Quality Assurance program; maintaining quality control sample
repository and distributing quality control samples; developing new performance
evaluation/quality control samples; developing new protocols and key performance
evaluation samples and providing statistical and other support for evaluation of 8000
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System dischargers' laboratories for analytical
performance, and conducting interiaboratory' performance studies, method validation
studies, and on-site evaluations for radiation analysis.
Support to the Mandatory Quality Assurance Program will provide technical guidance,
support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data that are
appropriate for the EPA needs.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $239,500 for this sub-program, of which $40,000 was
for Salaries and Expenses and $199,300 was for extramural research activities.
Investigation of the potential health problems resulting from organic chemicals and
pesticides in two food processing industries was initiated. The data from these two
studies will be used to write interim criteria for reuse of wastewater in the food
industry.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $250,600 to this sub-program, all of which is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Research to support development of interim criteria for the safe reuse of industrial
wastewater in specific food processing industries is being completed.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $1,900 results from several actions, as follows:
Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President
Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*};
these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request
for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$300.
WQ-T24
-------
- A net transfer of $1,600 to health effects - municipal spills ($204,800); and from
health effects - water quality non-energy ($203,200) to realign funds between the
Water Quality Research Committee; the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee, and
the Industrial Wastewater Reserach Committee.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $199,600 for this sub-program, of which $42,600 is for the
Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $157,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $51,000 due to a phase out of the new and innovative
technologies program.
Efforts to develop bioassay techniques which will serve as a rapid means of determining
the health effects of toxic compounds in industrial wastewater will be accelerated.
Research activities to support the development of bioassay biomonitoring techniques,
specifically for industrial wastewater, will begin in Fiscal Year 1982. This research
supports the Agency's efforts to develop guidelines and permits for industrial discharges
under the NPDES program.
Appropriate wastewater reuse guidelines in the food industry will be developed. These
guidelines will be useful in writing interim criteria for water reuse in certain food
industries and to encourage private industry to apply innovative technologies to control
their pollutant discharges as well as to recover a valuable resource.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENqiNEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accom plishroents
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $9,377,900 for this sub-program, of which $1,362,700
was for Salaries and Expenses and $8,015,200 was for extramural research activities.
the following 1980 accomplishments addressed the development and demonstration of
economically achievable technology which assisted in the development of industry specific
effluent guidelines and provided treatability data for the issuance of discharge permits on a
pollutant by pollutant basis. In addition, a comprehensive program leading to the development
and demonstration of reuse/recycle systems for the iron and steel, textile, organic chemicals,
and petrochemical industries was initiated.
- Preliminary tests showed that powdered activated carbon is effective for treating leather
tanning wastes.
- Pilot scale tests showed that ion exchange technology can remove
chlorinated organics from pulp and paper wastewaters.
- Plant tests showed that color can be removed from Kraft pulp mUls by
the use of ultraf Utration.
An economical hyperfiltration process was developed for the treatment
and renovation of textile wastewater.
HQ-125
-------
A closed loop reuse system was demonstrated in a full scale fiberglass textile plant,
This demonstration will serve as the basis for the effluent guidelines for this industry.
Treatabiiity studies were performed on various pesticides, such as atrazine/carbaryl,
and glyphosate, manufacturing wastewaters to provide a basis for the issuance of
discharge permits on a pollutant by pollutant basis.
Field tests showed that soluable sulfide precipitation can be used for the treatment of
copper-lead smelting wastewater.
A full scale demonstration showed that a microfiltration system can be used for the
treatment of battery manufacturing wastewaters.
An on-site pilot unit successfully demonstrated the treatability of several organic
process wastewaters, such as chlorinated aliphatics, chlorinated benzenes, and aromatics
by use of activated carbon adsorption.
A "Treatability Manual" was prepared for use by discharge permit writers in instances
where industry effluent guidelines were not available.
A mobile wastewater treatment system was used to demonstrate advanced -treatment
technology for coke plant and blast furnace wastewaters.
Solvent extraction treatment of wastewater from the manufacture of acetic acid was
demonstrated on a plant scale.
The extent to which heavy metal and organic chemicals interfere with the operation of
municipal treatment systems was determined by laboratory and pilot plant tests. This
information will be used as a basis for the-)
(/
determination of pretreatment requirements for industrial facilities which discharge .to
publically owned treatment works.
A quick response inhouse testing and evaluation capability for performing industrial
wastewater treatability studies was established.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,852,000 to this sub-program, of which
$1,650,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $7,201,900 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
In 1981, research activities are continuing to • support the effluent
guideline regulations program, consisting mainly of the development of back
up data to assist in final promulgation of effluent guidelines and court
challenges to Agency regulations.
The major thrust of the research program is shifting from support of
guideline regulations development on an industry by industry basis in
support of enforcement for regional and state permit programs. The
treatability research effort is defining' the extent to which existing and
new technology can be applied to treating toxic pollutants. This data
provides the basis for writing discharge permits in situations not covered
by existing regulations.
WQ-126
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The new program initiated in 1980, for the demonstration of reuse and recycle options for
industrial wastewater discharges is being continued at a high level. Background studies in
specific industrial areas are being completed; they will be followed where indicated by pilot
plant or demonstration scale projects. Industrial areas under specific study are iron and
steel, textiles, organic chemicals, and petrochemicals. Development efforts underway will
yield the necessary data for the implementation of full scale industrial wastewater
reuse/recycle system.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $310,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $6,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $830,000; a decrease of $5,500 was
applied to this activity.
The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the
Development appropriation; a decrease of $366,000 was applied to this activity
Research and
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a
decrease of $7,900 was applied to this activity.
An increase of $75,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $109,900 between appropriations from environmental engineering and
technology-industrial wastewater ($109,900) to environmental engineering and
technology - municipal wastewater ($109,900) in the research and development
appropriation; and from environmental engineering and technology - municipal
wastewater ($109,900) to environmental engineering and technology - industrial
wastewater ($109,900) in the salaries and expenses appropriation to realign contract
funds with operating costs.
- A transfer of $700 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional
resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompli ance penalties
under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
1982Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,784,300 for this sub-program, of which
$1,413,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $5,371,300 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $2,067,700 due to a phase out of the new and
innovative technologies program.
The 1982 program will focus on support for the enforcement activities of
the Agency with extensions of wastewater treatability and toxicity
reduction studies, and further development and demonstration of innovative
pollution control technologies, but at a reduced level as effluent
guidelines support is decreased.
WQ-127
-------
Major research results to be achieved in 1982 include the following:
Models of the best treatment systems to predict treatability of organic chemicals in
industrial waste waters will be developed.
Methodology and demonstration of innovative technology to control wastes for an existing
organic chemical plant will be developed.
The Treatability Manual will be revised.
Synthetic resin adsorbent treatment systems for the treatment of -petrochemical wastes
will be developed.
The removal characteristics of organic priority pollutants in biological wastewater
treatment plants will be determined.
The applicability of the biological activated carbon process to the treatment of
industrial wastewaters will be determined.
Pilot scale evaluation of biological treatment mixed coke plant and blast furnace
wastewaters will be conducted.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
No resources were requested for this research in 1980.
1981 Program
No resources were requested for this research in 1981.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $199,300 for this sub-program, of which $184,300 is for
the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $15,000 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $199,300, which will provide methods for quantifying
toxicity levels of a select number of industrial wastewater effluents.
A generic screen or screens to be used in identifying a toxic problem
will be developed and evaluated.
Guidelines similar to the water quality guidelines for determining a
permit based on the toxicity unit concept will be developed.
The need to test the toxicity discharge unit concept on a pilot basis
will be determined.
A toxicity-reduction manual will be developed.
UQ-128
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Drinking Water
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
DRINKING WATER
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses
Research and Development
Abatement, Control and
Corapl iance. ............
Research and Development
Total
Permanent Positions.....
Full-time Equivalancy...
Authorization Levels....
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Drinking Water Non- Energy:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total, Research and
Development Program:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total
Criteria, Standards, and
Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Actual
1980
$18,822
47,359
16,211
82,392
489
581
69,333
85,569
6,807
16,211
6,807
16,211
23,018
4,521
4.903
Budget
Estimate
1981*
$25,719
44,664
20,769
88,152
551
653
74,000
107,447
7,924
20,769
7,924
20,769
28,693
5,458
3.837
Current
Estimate
1981
(dollars
$22,729
42,615
18,665
84,009
535
, 641
68,484
107,447
8,109
18T665
8,109
18,665
26,774
5,492
3.758
Estimate
1982
in thousands}
$25,770
44,414
21 ,488
91,672
550
672
71,666
90,000
8,939
21,488
8,939
21,488
30,427
6,038
3.828
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$3,041
+1,799
+2,823
+7,663
+15
+31
+3,182
+830
+2,823
+830
+ 2,823
+3,653
*546
+70
State Program Resource
Assistance:
Abatement, Control and
Compl 1 ance
41,401
39,575 37,681
39,524
Drinking Water Management:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total, Abatement, Control
and Compliance Program:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Compl 1 ance
Total
6,839 8,582 8,262 9,822
1,008 1,243 1,176 1,062
11,360 14,040 13,754 15,860
47.312 44.655 42.615 44,414
58,672 58,695 56,369 60,274
+1,843
+1,560
-114
+2,106
+1,799
+3,905
Page
DW-27
DW-11
OW-16
DM-19
Dl'M
-------
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page
(dollars in thousands)
Drinking Water Enforcement: DM-24
Salaries and Expenses... 655 755 866 971 . +105
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.... 47, , .9 ,„.*,*,?:,-,,, *** ...
Total. Enforcement Program:
Salaries and Expenses... 655 755 866 971 +105
Abatement, Control and
Compl iance. 47::i , ; LJ_ 9 r ,„,.•«• •«...• . . , • *,•
Total 702 764 866 971 +105
Permanent Positions
Drinking Water Non-Energy. : 143 rr 153 ., ' 146 t^r:i:jj53 +7' DW~2'
Total, Research and
Development Program...... 143 153 146 153 +7
Criteria, Standards, and
Guidelines 91 100 98 109 +1] Dl.M1
State Program Resource
Assistance....... ... ... ... ... ... DH-16
Drinking Water Management. 237 270 264 260 -4 DW-19
Total, Abatement and
Control Progrm 328 370 362 369 -.7
Drinking Water Enforcement 18 28 28 28 .^ OH-24
Total, Enforcement Program 18 28 28 28
F ul 1 -1 i me Equi v al ency
Dr ink ing Water Non Energy. 189 203 196 203 +7_ W-&
Total, Research and
Development Program 189 203 196 203 +7
Criteria, Standards, and
Guidelines Ill 119 120 128 +8 0!-M1
State Program Resource
Assistance ... ... ... ... ... DH-16
Drinking Water Management. 258 299 294 309 +15 DM-19
Total, Abatement and
Control Program... 369 418 414 437 +23
Drinking Water Enforcement .,...,,,,,23 32 ' .31 32 +1 DW-24
Total. Enforcement Program 23 32 31 32 +1
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
DW-2
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OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
EPA's drinking water program is primarily a public heatlh protection effort to
ensure the quality of the nation's drinking water. The Safe Prinking Water Act (SDWA)
requires that EPA develop national drinking water standards, that utilities undertake
periodic monitoring to ensure compliance with these standards and that- a cooperative
Federal-State effort oversee the implementation of the associated programs. Two major
regulatory programs were established under the legislation which provide the foundation
for EPA's activities: the Public Water Systems Supervision (PWS) program, to assure the
compliance by utilities with appropriate quality standards and the Ground Water
Protection (GWP) program, to protect present and future sources of drinking water from
contamination particularly from injection wells. In addition, financial assistance to
States to support their implementation efforts is authorized.
The Agency's strategy is to implement the Drinking Water Program in stages: first,
establishing the institutional framework and defining specific regulations and procedures;
and second, ensuring that high levels of compliance are attained and maintained. The
Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, which contain numerical standards for the
traditional contaminants of health concern in drinking-water, were promulgated in 1976
and Have been in effect since 1977. These were amended in 1979 to limit harmful by-
products of disinfection, to add a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for trihalomethanes,
the most frequently found carcinogens in drinking water. Work is also underway to
develop standards for man-made organic chemicals which are being detected with increasing
frequency in drinking waters derived from ground water. Secondary Regulations, specifying
standards for aesthetic quality such as taste, odor, color and appearance, were promulgated
in 1979. The SDWA places primary responsibility for implementation and enforcement of
the standards with the States. EPA worked closely with the States in formulating the
Public Water Systems program (PWS) and by the end of 1980, 49 States and territories
assumed primary enforcement responsibility for the program. Final program regulations
for the Ground Water Protection Program, designed to protect underground drinking water
sources from contamination related to injection wells, were promulgated in June 1980.
Initial State grants were awarded to conduct a national assessment of the threat to
ground water quality from surface impoundments and to prepare for State delegations of
the UIC program. Now that the regulations defining minimum requirements for States to
assume delegation responsibility for the program have been promulgated, major emphasis
is being placed on helping States develop effective programs and qualify for primacy.
EPA will promote delegations to States for the underground injection control program as
well as initiate Federal implementation of both public water system and underground in-
jection control programs in States which are unable or unwilling to assume primary
enforcement responsibility.
In 1982 added emphasis will be placed on the safety of drinking water which is
being contaminated with synthetic chemicals not previously regulated. The major
priorities are as follows: expanding monitoring for organic contaminants; expanding
the basis for defining safe levels for previously unregulated organic contamtnats
which are now being found in ground water supplies; pursuing full nationwide compliance
with traditional standards; and providing assistance in dealing with instances of
significant contamination as they are detected. This latter activity will require
close coordination with activities under the Resource Recovery and Conservation Act and
Superfund to assure a coordinated ground water protection strategy, especially related
to the disposal of hazardous wastes.
Expanded Public Health Protection
Drinking Water is a significant route of human exposure to natural and synthetic
substances which pose a risk to health. The greatest concern is contamination by
synthetic organic chemicals, especially those associated with toxic and hazardous
wastes. Setting safe levels for organic chemicals in drinking water presents exceptional
difficulties. First, the ever growing number of synthetic organics being used in our
society outrun both the methods to detect their occurence and knowledge about their
effects on human health. This requires a considerable investment by EPA to generate
health effects-information, expand monitoring assess new cost-effective treatment
technologies, and determine appropriate regulatory responses. Further, since these
contaminants have not typically been measured in drinking water, expanded monitoring
efforts to determine which chemicals are in fact invading the nation's drinking water
are required.
DW-3
-------
A major challenge in expanding public health protection related to drinking water
is the development of Revised Primary Drinking Water Standards which are required by
the SDWA. This will include standards for a number of man-made organic chemicals,
(many of which are carcinogenic), and a reassessment of a number of the traditional
standards based on new scientific data which become available. EPA plans to propose
these standards during 1982 for public review and comment.
Of particular concern are the contaminants found in drinking water from underground
sources which are in proximity to improperly disposed hazardous wastes. In addition
to developing expanded standards to trigger periodic monitoring by utilities. States
and localities have an acute need for prompt Federal assistance in dealing with the
growing number of incidents of significant contamination. Consequently, EPA will be
expanding its capability to provide guidance and advisory information on the health
effects and control methods for unregulated contaminants, In 1981 maximum contaminant
levels (MCLs) for six to ten organic chemicals, primarily solvents currently being
found in drinking water derived from ground water, will be proposed. In addition,
during 1982 EPA plans to issue 10 additional formal health effect guidances for contami-
nants for which MCLs have not yet been established.
Other sources of harmful organic contaminants are direct and indirect additives
to drinking water. These are substances added to drinking water supplies either deliberately
(as contaminants in chemicals used in the treatment process} or incidentally (e.g.,
leaching from pipe coatings, etc.). EPA agreed to assume responsibility for their
control in an agreement with the Food and Drug Administration in 1979. Work in this
area was started with an initial resource allocation in 1980, but through procedural
oversights, this program was not included in EPA's 1981 budget. Consequently, the
1982 budget request included a modest increase in resources for this important activity.
During 1982, the additives program will develop protocols which will allow EPA to
begin providing technical advice to States on the health implication of products used
in water treatment. In addition, EPA has funded the National Academy of Sciences to
develop a CODEX (quality control standards) for chemicals used to treat drinking water.
Not only is the program necessary to assure the quality of drinking water from a heretofore
uncontrolled source of contamination, but information developed may reduce the need
for formal and extensive national standards saving resources and limiting the need for
added regulations.
Promoti nt; Com piiance with Standards and Regul at ions
Now that the institutional framework for the PWS program is in place, comprehensive
monitoring for the traditional contaminants of concern has begun and overall data are
becoming available. Nearly 9,000 public water systems out of a universe of 62,000
community systems, or about 14 percent of the national total, are currently estimated to
be out of compliance with one or more maximum contaminant level standards. For many
of these, the prinicipal obstacle to compliance is the capital costs involved, especially
for the small systems which service populations of 2,500 or less. These make up about
90 percent of the water sytems. In reponse, EPA has prepared a small systems strategy
which prescribes a uniform plan of action to promote compliance through a combination
of technical assistance and selective enforcement. The strategy is intended to prioritize
response to instances of noncompliance based upon relative health risk, size of exposed
population, the availability of remedial actions and level of cooperation. The strategy
provides a framework for the States to identify those systems that have feasible
options for compliance and permits flexibility in dealing with systems that are unable
to comply. EPA will continue to provide technical assistance to States to facilitate
the application of cost effective technologies for small systems.
An important activity in 1982 will be providing expanded technical assistance to
States on the control of organic contaminants in drinking water. Compliance with new
regulations related to harmful organic chemicals involves complex analytical techniques
and new applications of control technologies which are often beyond the conventional
expertise of many water plant operators and State regulators. EPA will work extensively
with the States to meet these new requirements for technical expertise and sophisticated
monitoring procedures.
DM-4
-------
Implementing a CoordinatedGround Water Protection Program
Ground water is the source of drinking water for more than half the nation's
population. However, when EPA's role in protecting drinking water supplies
and sources was established in 1974 with the SDWA, protection of ground water was a
secondary concern, eclipsed by the need to establish national regulation for public
water systems. Ground water was generally thought to be naturally protected from
contamination by man-made organic chemicals. Recently the Nation has been confronted
with a growing number of cases in which chemical contamination has been detected at
relatively high concentrations resulting in abandonment of some water supply wells.
While many of these situations are related to improper disposal of hazardous wastes,
the full magnitude of the problem will not be known until the conclusion of national
monitoring studies now in progress. The threat to ground water quality is perhaps the
most acute contemporary environmental problem now facing the nation.
There is an urgent need to formulate a national EPA ground water policy and strategy
and to implement a coordinated ground water protection program. EPA's drinking water
program is responding in several ways. First, it is taking the initiative in developing
responsive health guidance documents and undertaking full implementation of the program
to control underground injections.
The UIC program has been formally defined with promuglation of the program
regulations, clearing the way for full nationwide implementation. The process
of promoting state delegations was initiated with grants to States for the
purpose of establishing these programs. Developing effective delegated programs
will be a critical priority in 1982, as part of comprehensive effort to protect
ground water quality in the future. SDWA specifies implementation timetables
which require regulatory programs in operation one year after final promulgation,
either by States granted primacy or by EPA — with a nine month extension
available. EPA is aggressively pursuing the delegation of UIC responsibilities,
in accord with statutory intent. The importance attributed to implementing a
nationwide UIC program is reflected in the increase in resources requested.
A significant portion of this increase comes from a corresponding reduction of
PWS program resources.
The Safe prinking Water Act Amendments of 1980 provide an alternative means for
States to achieve primary enforcement responsibility for the portion of their underground
injection control program related to oil and gas production. Rather than meeting
specific technical and administrative requirements established by regulation, a State
may qualify for primacy if its existing program meets general statutory requirements
and is effective in preventing contamination which endangers drinking water sources.
EPA is working with the States to develop an approach to implement this provision
which should accelerate delegations in this important program.
Second, it is implementing other ground water protection programs, such as the
sole source aquifer program mandated by the SDWA.
Third, it is contributing to and leading the development of a ground water protection
strategy which should provide the basis for improving coordination of Federal and
State programs to protect ground water quality. An important goal of the ground water
strategy is the coordination of the many disparate programs and authorities which
function separately to meet some part of the problem. SDWA, RCRA, CWA, FIFRA, and
TSCA all contain authorities related to some aspect of the problems: regulating specific
contamination sources, monitoring, or technology development.
Enforcement
For 1982, the highest priority of the drinking water enforcement program will
continue to be enforcement response in emergency situations presenting substantial
endangerment to public health and safety. Drinking Water Enforcement will focus on
support for enforcement actions in non-primacy States. UIC activities will increase
with a reprogramming of 21 workyears of effort from PWS enforcement to the issuance of
UIC permits and enforcement activities. A total of 210 UIC permits will be issued in
1982. Enforcement program activities for 1982 will also include review and approval
of the enforcement sections of primacy applications for both the PWS and UIC programs,
and overview of UIC enforcement programs in delegated States.
OM-5
-------
SUMMARY OFINCREASEANDDECREASE
(inthousands ofdollars)
1981 Drinking Water Program..... $84,009
Salaries and Expenses +3,041
The primary increase is for additional
regional implementation resources for
the UIC and the drinking water treat-
ment and ground water protection;
Standards and regulations development
and drinking water enforcement
Research and Development..... +2,823
The major portion of this increase ($2.1
million) is focused specifically on the
needs of developing cost-effective tech-
nology for small water systems (pop. 10,000
and under). The additional funds
{$.7 million) will be used to conduct
research on health effects of contaminants
in drinking water e.g. carcinogens, and other
toxicologies! studies which relate to human
reproduction and early childhood development.
Abatement, Control and Compliance +1,799
The net increase of $1.8 million represents
$2.0 million additional grants to the States
to support the establishment of State underground
injection control programs, a decrease of $.1
million in criteria, standards and guidelines
development which funded extramural projects
relating to the additives program and a decrease
of $.1 million due to the mon-recurrlng training
activity.
1982 Drinking Ma tar Program 91,672
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Estimate
An appropriation of $91,672,100 is requested for 1981. This request,
by appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses "525,770,500
Research and Development. $21,487,800
Abatement, Control and Compliance....'-.... 544,413,800
This request represents an increase of $7,563,300 and provides for additional
grants to the States to support the establishement of State UIC programs (52.0 million)*
An increase of $2.1 million will support the development of costeffective technology
for small water systems (10,000 population and under). An increase of 5.7 million is
to conduct research on health effects of contaminants in drinking water.
04-6
-------
2. Changes from Original Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
Original 1981 estimate.
Congressional change:
Presidential $7m reduction.....
Travel •..
Consultant Services
Abatement Control & Compliance.
Research and Development
(in thousands of dollars)
$88,1.52
-128
-43
-183
-2,080
-1,848
ADP
SES..
Academic Training.
Proposed pay raise supplemental.
Miscellaneous reprogramming..,..
Current 1981 estimate...
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASE TO OBLIGATIONS
Prior year obligations.....
Effect of congressional changes
Effect of reprogrammings...
Proposed pay raise supplemental
Change in amount of carryover funds
available.........
Program i ncrease
Change in rate of obligation........
Total estimated obligations.......
(From new obligation authority),
(From prior year funds)
Current
Estimate
1981
-132
-9
+107
+1,199
-1.0.26
$84,009
Estimate
1982
(in thousands of dollars)
$82,392
-4,316
-1,026
+1.199
-5,167
•"+1,617
+4.276
$83.484
+525
+7,663
+1,526
83,484
(79,450)
(4,034)
93,198
88,639
(4,559)
Congressional changes, reprogrammings, and the proposed pay raise supplemental
discussed in the previous section are expected to result in a decrease of $4,143,000.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1981 is 54,034,000, an decrease
of $5,167,000 over the 1981 level. In 1982, it is estimated that 54,559,000 of carry-
over funds will be obligated, an increase of $525,000 from the 1981 level.
The 1981 increase in budget authority was previously estimated to increase
obligations by $1,617,000. In 1982, the program increase is expected to result in
increased obligations of $7,663,000. A change in the rate of obligation is expected,
thereby increasing obligations by $4,276,000.
Purpose - Research and Development Program
The research and development effort provides scientific and technical information
relating to contaminants in drinking water. Research and evaluations are conducted
relating to: (1) the detection and characterication of harmful substances occurring in
drinking water supplies; 2) the causes, diagnosis and prevention of diseases and
other adverse human health effects resulting directly or indirectly from those con-
taminants; 4) the procedures & protocols for laboratory analysis and quality assurance
of drinking water monitoring samples; and 5) the characteristics of ground water sources of
drinking water and the movement, fate and ecological effects of ground water con-
tamination.
Dtf-7
-------
Purpose - Abatement and Control Program
The abatement and control program provides for the protection of the public
health by assuring the safety of the Nation's drinking water supplies and under-
ground sources of drinking water. The quality of the drinking water is assured
through the development of primary drinking water standards which specify maximum
permissible levels of contaminants in -drinking water and minimum monitoring
frequencies. In addition, secondary drinking water standards which prescribe
guidelines for the aesthetic quality of water have been developed and minimum
requirements for State public water Systems supervision and underground injection
control programs have been designed to protect the public health and underground
sources of drinking water.
The priority of the drinking water program 1s protecting the public from harmful
contaminants such as synthetic organic chemicals found in drinking water. To meet
this goal, EPA is developing and implementing standards and regulations to protect
the public from harmful contaminants in drinking water, such as man-made organic
chemicals which are finding their way into the nation's sources of drinking water
with Increasing frequency.
Financial assistance is provided to those State that assume primary enforcement
responsibility to help defray the increased administrative cost associated with
establishing and implementing programs which assure the safety of drinking water
sources and supplies. Technical assistance is available to help States in the
implementation of their programs. However, direct Federal implementation of
public water systems and/or underground injection control programs is required
when a State is unwilling or unable to assume primary enforcement responsibilities
for the programs. The abatement and control program is divided Into the following
activities:
Criteria. Standards and Guidelines - This subactivity related to the development
of standards and regulations designed to control the quality of the Nation's
drinking water, to establish minimum requirements for State enforcement of public
water systems supervision and underground injection control program and to develop
guidance documents to assure uniform implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
This activity also includes the development, review and assessment of information
on health effects, occurence, monitoring, and control technology of hazardous
substances such as toxic chemicals from natural and synthetic sources for the
purpose of establishing or revising primary drinking water regulations and providing
guidance on unregulated contaminants in response to detected instances of contami-
nation. Economic analyses are performed to determine the cost and financial impact
of all proposed regulations. In addition, EPA provides national oversight and
evaluations of the public water systems, underground Injection and sole source
aquifier programs.
State Program Resource Assistance - This subactivity provides for financial
assistance to support state activities in the implementation of the public water
system supervision and underground injection control programs. In the UIC grant
program, should a State fail to qualify for a grant, EPA may use the grant funds
to directly implement a program in that State. Financial assistance in the form
of grants 4s also provided to State rural water associations which assist small
rural drinking water supplies in complying with the primary drinking water
regulations. ;
Drinking Water Management - This subactivity supports Federal implementation
and oversight Of the public water systems and underground injection control
programs. EPA provides oversight and technical assistance to those States with
primary enforcement responsibility and provides for full implementation activities
on Indian lands and in States unable or unwilling to enforce such programs.
Other activities include managing the sole source aquifer program, assisting
in ground water contamination cases which threaten drinking water sources and
supplies, and coordinating State implementation of water protection programs.
DW-8
-------
Purpose - Enforcement Program
The drinking water enforcement program assures compliance with standards and
regulations established under the SDWA relating to public water system and underground
injection operations. This entails initiation of enforcement actions in response to
emergency situations if required, as well as provision of legal assistance and oversight
to states which have implemented enforcement programs for OWS and UIC standards X
regulations to ensure their requirements are adequately enforced. The enforcement
program issues permits in States that have not achieved program delegation and on
Indian lands.
DI-/--3
-------
DRINKING WATER
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Increase -+
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
PROGRAM LEVELS
Number of States with primary
enforcement responsibility
Public Water Systems
Supervision programs......... 49 51 51
Number of States with primary
enforcement responsibility
for Underground Injection
Control programs ... 11 11
Underground Injection Control
grants... 41 57 57
Variances and exemptions granted
by EPA in non-primacy States.. 1 150 20
Sole source aquifer petitions
received.......... S 5 3
Sole source aquifer designations 333
Laboratories certified.... 46 100* 60
Enforcement actions.. 6 40 23
51
24
57
15
7
* • •
60
10**
+13
-5
+4
-3
0 * •
-13
*Labs in non-prinfiacy States.
**Includes compliance agreements and court cases.
DW-10
-------
Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
DRINKING WATER
Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
Appropriation
Criteria, Standards and
Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement. Control ami
Compliance............
Grand Total..
Permanent Positions.
Full-time Equivalency.
Budget
Actual Estimate
1980 1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands;
$4,521
4,903
9,424
91
111
$5,458
3,837
9,295
100
119
$5,492
3,758
9,250
98
120
$6,038
3,828
9,866
109
128
+$546
+70
+516
+11
+8
Budfet Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,866,100, an increase of $617,200 from 1981. Of the
total, 56,033,300 will be used for Salaries and Expenses and $3,827,800 will be used for
Abatement, Control and Compliance. These figures represent an increase of $546,700 and
an Increase of $70,500 from the 1981 appropriations respectively. The increase supports
the program to control direct and indirect additives to drinking water. Under this
activity, protocols to evaluate the potential hazards of products and substances, and
toxicological opinions on additives will be developed. In addition, the program will
focus on controlling synthetic organic and other toxic chemicals in drinking water as
a means of controlling a significant route of human exposure. As such, E^A will
promulgate maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for six to ten contaminants most frequently
found in ground water, oversee compliance with trihalemethane (THM) standards and expand
its effort to issue formal health effect guidances for unregulated contaminants.
These funds will support the promulgation of comprehensive revised primary drinking
water regulations including MCLs for microbiological, inorganic, pesticide and radio-
nuclide contaminants, and corrosion control procedures; national oversight of both the
public water system supervision and the underground injection control programs; and
guidance on the Ground Water Protection Strategy.
Program Description
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requires EPA: 1) to set standards for drinking
water quality which specify maximum permissible levels of contamination and minimum
monitoring frequencies; 2) to protect sole or principal sources of drinking water from
contamination by Federally assisted projects, 3) to protect underground drinking water
sources from contamination through underground injection: 4) to establish regulatory
programs for assuring compliance with these standards and criteria; 5) to ensure proper
implementation of these programs, either through oversight and technical assistance to
State programs or, if necessary, through direct implementation; 6) to provide
financial assistance to States in their implementation of programs; and 7) to
better understand the current state of drinking water quality by collecting and
analyzing information about nationwide drinking water supplies and drinking water
sources.
OW-11
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The drinking water program's principal regulatory mechanism is the National
Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR). These regulations specify the maximum
permissible levels of contamination that may be present in drinking water to protect
public health considering economic feasibility. These maximum contaminant levels
(MCLs) have been established for bacteriological, microbiological, and radiological
quality; and for specific organic and inorganic chemical contaminants. The NPDHRs
also specify monitoring frequencies and methods. Alternatively, treatment criteria
may be specified which provide effective general protection without specifying
MCLs for specific substances.
Interim Primary Drinking Water Pvegulations which cover a limited number of
bacteriological, turbidity, inorganic chemical, pesticide and radionuclide
contaminants have been in effect since 1977. Amendments were promulgated in 1980
setting MCLs for trihalomethanes (THMs) to limit the presence of unwanted disinfectant
by-products in drinking water. Maximum contaminant levels for six to ten additional
man-made organic chemicals (mostly carcinogenic) will be proposed in 1981. In 1982,
the priority is the proposal of revised primary drinking water Regulations including
new contaminants of concern, synthetic organic contaminants (mostly carcinogenic)
and the reassessment of traditional standards.
In order to support the problems of spills and migration of hazardous wastes
into drinking water sources, EPA will expand its capacity to provide health effects
guidance documents on previously unregulated contaminants. This is necessary to
facilitate responses to the growing number of ground water contamination instances
being detected. In addition, programs to control direct and indirect additives to
drinking water will be developed to limit these sources of harmful organic contaminants
in drinking water.
The SDWA's mandate for the program places primary responsibility for implementation
and enforcement of standards with the States. EPA regulations, which set minimum
requirements for States seeking delegations, are intended to be reasonable and flexible
in order to accommodate varying State and local conditions.
In addition to developing drinking water standards, the Criteria, Standards and
Guidelines program is responsible for developing the underground injection control (UIC)
program requirements to ensure that the underground sources of drinking water are
protected from contamination from injection wells.
The UIC program complements the sole source aquifer program. Section 1424(e) of
the SDWA provides for protection of aquifers designated as sole or principal sources
of drinking water by EPA. Any project receiving Federal financial assistance may have
those funds denied if it is determined that the project poses a significant contamination
threat to the aquifer. EPA designated 8 sole source aquifers, and expects 5 new
petitions for designation to be reviewed in 1982.
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
1980 Accomplishments
During 1930, obligations totalled "19,4.24,300, of which $4,521,300 was for the Sa
and Expenses appropriation, and $4,903,000 was for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. Significant strides have been achieved in the drinking water program
since the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations became effective in 1977.
In 1969, 64% of the 19,?00 public water systems met chemical and bacteriological standards.
Currently 86% of the 62,000 community systems are in compliance. The organic contamination
problem resulting in the formulation of trihalomethanes, a human carcinogen, was addrfisse^
by regulations which were promulgated in November 1979.
EPA continues to build a strong, cooperative relationship with its counterpart'State
agencies. Forty-nine States have assumed primary enforcement responsibility for the
public water system supervision program.
DM-12
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EPA has increased Its effort to reduce the number of violations which involve
immediate health threats: gastrointestinal illnesses, giardiasis, gastroenteritis and
other serious diseases. The majority of these violations occur among a small number of
syste-ns, EPA developed a Small Systems Strategy which sets forth an action plan for
States to set priorities in dealing with systems out of compliance and to bring such
systems into compliance wherever feasible.
EPA and the Food and Drug Administration signed an agreement under which EPA will
be responsible for evaluating the safety of direct additives (those mixed into the
water during treatment) and indirect additives (those which leach into the water from
paints and coatings used in pipes, storage tanks, etc.)* EPA initiated a program
that is examining the use and potential health risks of additives and their alternatives.
To further ground water protection, the Agency initiated the development of an
Agency ground water protection strategy. The strategy is intended to marshal the
authorities of all environmental statutes including RCRA and Superfund into a coherent,
integrated attack on the pollution of ground water. As an integral part of this effort,
the underground injection control regulations were promulgated in June 1990. These
regulations set forth minimum requirements for State,programs to prevent injection
through wells that endangers drinking water supplies. These regulations will become
effective in March 1981.
Other program accomplishments include the completion of the study of the reaction
of chlorine and humic acids, and the effects of the resulting contaminants on the public
health; national oversight of the implemention of the public water system supervision
program through regional and State evaluations; completion of the national study of
the ground water contamination potential of surface impoundments; administration and
development of data management activities relating to the public water system and under-
ground injection control programs; completion of public hearings on the underground
injection control regulations; and development of program guidance documents on program
implementation. In addition, EPA devoted considerable attention to defending the THM
regulation under court challenge by the American Water Works Association.
1981 program
In 1981 the Agency has allocated a total of $9,248,900 to this program of which
$5,491,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,757,300 is for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. The program will focus on the development of maximum contaminant
levels for some of the most prevalent ground water contaminants, and the review of
the basis for some of the traditional contaminants covered by existing regulations.
Concurrently, guidance documents on unregulated contaminants will be developed
to provide the States with scientific advice to help deal with detected instances
of contamination. Work is being initiated to revise the drinking water standards
on radiation. As part of this effort a uranium criteria document will be developed,
data on radiotoxicity of radium will be evaluated, existing policies will be
reassessed and revisions to the drinking water standards will be prepared.
Extramural funds will provide assistance in performing assessments of the
occurrence of contaminants in drinking water, including a determination of the
applicability of technology, costs and economic impact of proposed regulations;
in maintaining data management activities; and in the development of technical
guidance.
National activities relating to the public water system supervision program will
be directed at program oversight to ensure that regions and States are implementing
delegated programs. Oversight and guidance activities will emphasize addressing
noncotnpliance problems, particularly in small systems. A compliance strategy
which integrates previously issued policies relating to enforcement, noncommunity
and small systems will be developed to integrate State compliance actions.
OW-13
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To further the Agency's ground water protection program, the ground water
protection strategy will be completed. A joint EPA-State ground water monitoring
survey is being undertaken to determine the presence of volatile and aromatic organic
chemicals in drinking water derived from ground water.
The requirements of Underground Injection Control regulations will become
effective in March 1981. Guidance documents on EPA implementation of UIC programs
in nonprimacy States and on Indian lands will be issued; primacy applications
for an estimated 11 States will be reviewed; data management systems will be
developed and administered; and a public awareness/participation program will be
initiated. The final report on the assessment of surface impoundments will be
completed.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $46,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $25,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$13,000 ws applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by 53.3 million; a
decrease of 550,400 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $80,100 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$91,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $243,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $28,300 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $9,356,100 for this program, of which $6,038,300 is
for the Salaries and Expenses appropropriation and 53,827,800 is for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. The Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will
be used to support development of regulations, to conduct economic analysis of regulations,
to support assessment of state programs, and to provide analytical services for ground-
water related projects.
The drinking water program activities will focus on expanding public health pro-
tection. Efforts to control synthetic organic contaminants and other toxic contaminants
primarily found in underground drinking water sources will be continued. Maximum con-
taminant levels for six to ten solvents will be promulgated. Revised °rimary Orinking
Water Regulations including the establishment of MCLs for chloroform, turbidity, inorganics
and pesticides, organic chemicals and disinfectants, and corrosion control and radionuclides
will be proposed. In addition, in order to assist State and local officials in dealing
with the growing incidences of detected contamination of drinking water sources, the
program for providing guidance on health effects for unregulated contaminants will be
DW-14
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accelerated. A technical rationale will be developed for wastewater reuse criteria and
implementation of the critical elements of the groundwater strategy as-well-as coordi-
nation this strategy with other Federal programs. Studies and analyses to be conducted
during 1982 include the completion of the groundwater monitoring survey directed at the
evaluation of the occurrence of organic contaminants in groundwater, and evaluation and
analysis of organic contaminants and the development of additional MCLs if necessary,
continued analysis of the causes of groundwater contamination, and economic analysis in •
support of regulation development. In addition, EPA will continue implementation of the
program to evalaute direct and indirect additives to drinking water. This will include
promulgation of test protocols to evaluate the toxicity of additives in drinking water
and the periodic revision of these protocols, issuance of new toxicological opinions and
the review of past informal toxicological opinions, compilation and analyses of existing
toxicological data, and maintenance of an information retrieval system on various additives.
Guidance documents to promote compliance with new standards such as the organics
MCLs will be prepared. Activities in the PWS program will include the continued over-
sight and management of the public water system supervision program which will include
ten Regional evaluations and monitoring of State program grants. Other activities will
include monitoring of the Regional implementation'of the small systems strategy to increase
compliance with the NPDWR, continued monitoring and technical assistance in support of
program regulation development activities, implementation of THM regulations, and providing
ADP support for data management.
In the Ground Water Protection program major program emphasis will be on Federal
implementation of the underground injection control program in nonprimacy States. EPA,
however, will continue to promote delegation for the underground injection control program.
An estimated 13 primacy applications will be reviewed; guidance on priority activities
to be included in UIC grants will be developed; national policy direction to assist the
Regions in addressing unique problems in non-cooperating UIC States on a case-by-case
basis will be provided; and an evaluation of regional implementation activities on Indian
lands and nonprimacy States will be conducted. In addition, an estimated five sole
source aquifer petitions will be reviewed. Data management support will continue to be
provided.
-------
DRINKING WATER
State Program Resource Assistance
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
PuDlic Water Systems Supervision
Program Grants:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance $30,779 $29,450 $29,450 $29,450
Underground Injection Control
Grants:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance . 9,823 ' 8,574 6,574 8,574 +2,000
Special Studies, Demonstrations,
and Training:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 799 1.550 1.657 1.500 -157
Total:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 41,401 39,574 37,681 39,524 +1,343
Permanent Positions.
Full-time Equivalency ... ... ... ... ...
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of 539,524,500 in 1982 for Abatement, Control and Compliance,
an increase of $1,843,200 from 1981. The increase to the underground injection control
grants will provide additional support to States to increase their efforts to assume primary
enforcement responsibility for the program. The request also includes funds for State
public water system supervision programs, as well as State rural water associations that
provide assistance to small systems.
Program Description
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, (SDWA) the States are encouraged to assume primary
responsibility for implementing and enforcing the public water system supervision and
underground injection control regulations. In recognition of State financial needs in
implementing these regulatory requirements, grants are provided to support State programs
that meet minimum program requirements designed to protect the public from potential health
threats caused by unsafe drinking water, and to protect underground sources of drinking
water from contamination resulting from underground injection practices. In both the
public water system supervision and underground injection control programs, only those
States which have assumed primary enforcement responsibility (primacy) for these programs
are eligible for grants. In the underground injection control program, should a State not
elect to assume primacy, EPA may use the grant funds for its UIC implementation activities
which includes permit review, on-site visits, data processing, etc.
Financial assistance is extended to State rural water associations to provide
additional assistance to small systems in their efforts to achieve compliance with
existing regulations covering the traditional drinking water contaminants -bacteria,
turbidity, ten inorganic contaminants, six pesticides and radiation.
DW-16
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PUSL 1C JjATER SYSTEM SUPER VI SI ON PROGRAM GRANTS
1980 AccornpTishrnents
In 1980, the Agency obligated $30,779,400 for public water system supervision grants.
Grants were awarded to 49 States that had assumed prinacy. The States used these funds to
establish, implement and maintain public water systems supervision programs; implement the
trihalomethanes regulation; process compliance and monitoring data; enforce the National
Interim Prinary Drinking Water Regulations, implement public participation, public notifi-
cation and public awareness activities and conduct training programs for State personnel.
1981 Program
Grants total linn $29,450,000 will be awarded to 51 States for the continuous main-
tenance and implementation of State public water systems supervision programs. In 1981,
State grants will emphasize the expansion of non-conpliance follow-up activities including
enforcement programs, implementation of the small systems strategy, assistance to communities
in locating potential Federal and State funding sources for improvements to public water
sys*e is and implementation of the regulations on trihalomethanes, and radionuclides.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
There is no change in this activity.
The Agency is requesting a total of 329,450,000 in 1982 to provide continued support
to States with primary responsibility for the implementation and enforcement of the public
water system supervision program. Continued emphasis will be placed on non-compliance
followup activities. State activities directed at ensuring compliance by small systems
serving a population of 2,500 or less are expected to increase. The States will improve
their ability to respond to contamination incidents, especially those involving organic
compounds in ground water.
STATE PROGRAM RESOURCE ASSISTANCE - UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM - (DIG)
A total of $9,822,600 was obligated in 1980 to 41 States. In those 11 States which
did not elect to apply for grants, EPA used the funds to initiate required activities.
During these first years of the grant program, the States have applied their grant dollars
to onetime data collection activities such as the identification of aquifers; inventory
of injection wells; identification and assessment of Class IV and V injection wells;
establishment of areas of review and identification and investigation of polluted aquifers.
These represent basic activities essential to the development and implementation of UIC
programs.
1981 Program
In 1981, $6,574,500 is available to all 57 States and territories to assist then in
developing and administering their underground, injection control programs. EPA will use
the funds earmarked for those States failing to participate and for Indian lands to develop
and implement a program. State activities that will lead to the establishment of institu-
tional and administrative frameworks for implementing primary enforcement responsibility
for the program will be funded. While many States will be pursuing the completion of the
one-time data collection activities, the primary emphasis will be on recruiting qualified
personnel to enable State program implementation, developing permit procedures, increasing
their data management capabilities, preparing primacy applications and conducting public
hearings on their proposed UIC program,
DW-17
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The Congress reduced this activity by S2 minion.
19S2 Program
The Agency requests a total of $8,574,500 to support State or EPA implementation of
underground injection control programs. Both EPA and State activities will focus on program
implementation which will include such activities as review of permit applications for new
Class II wells and existing Class I, II, III wells; compliance inspections on regulatory
schemes; and regulation of a limited number of wells by rule, etc. EPA will use part of
these funds to collect and evaluate data necessary for permit review, to conduct on-site
technical reviews on injection facilities, and to train State personnel.
SPECIAL STUDIES, DEMONSTRATIONS AND TRAINING
1980 Program
Grants totalling $798,700 were awarded in this program during 1980. Of this total,
$400,000 was awarded to State rural water assocations, to maintain their current program of
providing technical assistance, training, and public awareness activities for owners/operators
of small rural water systems. Also, 104 fellowships and university grants totalling $398,700
were awarded to increase State expertise relating to drinking water and ground water technology
and management.
1981 Program
A total of $1,656,800 supports continued maintenance of the current rural water assistance
programs in 24 States. In addition to continuing technical assistance and training programs
for local operators, interested citizens and owners/operators of rural water systems, the
associations will focus on compliance problems of small systems.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
- The Congress increased the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation by $1
million to support academic training. An increase of $106,800 was applied to this activity.
1982 Program
The Agency requests a total of SI,500,000 for 1982 to fund programs in 23 State rural
water associations, a decrease of $156,800 from 1981. Technical assistance in the fora of
workshops, printed material, training programs, reporting systems, and coordination with
other rural programs will emphasize methods by which the small systems may achieve compliance
with standards for the traditional contaminants found in drinking water e.g., bacteria,
turbidity, and inorganic chemicals.
DW-18
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Management
Appropriation
Public Water Systems:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance..... ..
Underground Injection
Control:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Total
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance
Grand Total,
Permanent Positions
Public Water Systems..
Underground Injection
Control
Total.
Full-time Equivalency
Public Water Systems..
Underground Injection
Control..............
Actual
1980
$5,702
936
1,137
72
6,839
1,008
7,847
197
40
237
216
42
258
Budget
Estimate
1981
$6,199
1,208
2,383
35
8,582
1,243
9,825
209
61
270
232
67
299
Current
Estimate
1981
(dollars in
$6,334
1,141
1,928
35
8,262
1,176
9,438
201
63
264
225
69
294
Estimate
1982
thousands}
$5,996
1,027
3,826
35
9,822
1,062
10,884
177
83
260
198
111
309
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-$338
-114
+1,898
• • ••
+1,560
-114
+1,446
-24
+20
-4
-27
+42
+15
Total... ,
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,883,700 for 1982, an increase of $1,445,400 from
1981. Included in this total are $9,822,200 for Salaries and Expenses and SI,061,500
for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The figures represent an increase of $1,560,200
and a decrease of $114,800 respectively. The increase is for regional activities in the
ground water protection program which will focus on encouraging State assumption of
primary enforcement responsibility for the underground injection control program as well
as fulfilling EPA's implementation responsibilities for the program.
Drinking Water Management-Public Water Systems activities performed in the regions
will emphasize compliance with existing and new standards. The regions will work with
the States to implement the THM regulations and to apply the small systems strategy to
increase compliance by the small systems with traditional standards, e.g., turbidity,
bacteria, inorganic chemicals. Oversight of States with primary enforcement responsibility
for the public water system program will be conducted to assure that the Federal mandate
is being implemented.
DW-19
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DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT -PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMSUPERVISION
1980Accomplishments
During 1980 a total of $6,638,600 was obligated of which $936,400 was used for
extramural purposes. EPA successfully worked to assist five States to assume primary
enforcement responsibility, thus making a total of 49 primacy States. EPA also implemented
a program in 8 States and on 25 Indian lands. The Regions worked with the States to
promote compliance with the existing standards. Examples of region-specific activities
included assistance in the Bucks and Montgomery Counties (PA) emergencies involving
trichloroethylene, investigating and providing advice to the States on the leaching of
tetrachloroethylene from vinyl lined pipes, and technical assistance in the Manassas/
Fredericksburg (VA) oil spill which threatened local drinking water supplies.
1981 Program
The Agency has been allocated a total of $7,475,500 of which $6,334,200 is for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,141,300 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Two additional States and territories are expected to achieve
primacy for the public water system supervision program, for a total of 51; the Regions
will continue to implement programs in the remaining 6 States and on Indian lands.
Because most States have achieved primacy, program emphasis will shift from program
implementation in non-primacy States to oversight of program implementation in primacy
States to ensure full compliance with the requirements of the SOWA. The regions will
continue to provide guidance and technical assistance to the States in implementing the
THM and other standards, will ensure that necessary revisions are made by the States to
their legislation and regulations to meet the new requirements, and will conduct evaluations
of State programs. In non-primacy States and Indian lands, EPA Regions will Include the
conduct of sanitary surveys, issuance of public notifications for violations of the
primary drinking water regulations; recordkeeplng; data management and the review of
exemption requests. Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation funds will support
these activities in the non-primacy States and Indian lands.
1981 Explanatipn of Change fro§ Bjjdget Estimate
The net increase of $68,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $38,200.
I
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $12,300
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $64,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000;
a decrease of $4,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $394,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a net transfer of $265,900 to stationary source enforcement ($28,400); to
State programs regulations and guidelines ($51,800); to ocean disposal permits ($34,500);
to environmental emergency response and prevention ($22,200); to municipal waste treatment
facility construction ($102,400); to waste treatment operations and maintenance ($3,000);
to Water Quality manpower planning and training ($4,100);. to regional counsel ($3,700);
to Water Quality permit issuance ($300); to drinking water enforcement ($23,600); to
hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation ($16,400) and to pesticides
use management ($6,100), and from UIC Program ($23,100); and from regional management
($7,500).
DW-20
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- Transfer $20,000 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to realign contract funds.
- Transfer $32,000 from ambient air quality monitoring to realign contract funds.
- Transfer $5,200 to State programs and guidelines to fund the intragency agreement
for a Soil Conservation expert.
.- Transfer $125,800 from underground injection control program to cover necessary
lab support contracts.
- Transfer $73,200 to toxic substances enforcement for PCB compliance inspections
and PCB and asbestos lab analysis.
1982 Program
The Agency requests a total of $7,023,300 of which $5,996,300 will be used for
Salaries and Expenses and $1,027,000 will be used for Abatement, Control and Com-
pliance. The Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will be used to support regional
efforts in training, general program augmentation and activities in non-primacy States
and on Indian lands. ADP funds totalling $415,800-will be used for operation of MSIS
and to enter annual Reproting Data into the Federal Reporting Data System. In primacy
States, the regions will provide oversight of the 51 State programs. This oversight
will highlight State compliance programs such as public notification requirements and
compliance with MCL standards and monitoring and reporting requirements, and activities
associated with the requirements of the THM regulations. The objectives of this oversight
activity are to ensure that grant funds are being utilized in the most effective manner,
that States are actively ensuring compliance and implementing the small systems strategy,
and that required changes have been made to State regulations and States emergency response
plans.
Activities in non-primacy States and on Indian lands will include the establishment
of a cooperative effort with the Indian Health Service to develop a coordinated surveil-
lance program to meet monitoring and reporting requirements of the Safe Drinking Water
Act. The regions will also conduct sanitary surveys; maintain an inventory of systems
and catalogue of compliance standings; issue notices of violations of MCLs and monitoring
requirements; establish an emergency response plan; and follow up activities for MCL
violations. In non-primacy States, the regions plan to emphasize the surveillance and
compliance portions of the public water system supervision program which will include
the conduct of sanitary surveys; issuance of public notices for MCL violations and of
monitoring and reporting requirements. Also, regional staffs will begin implementing
the THM regulations and provide technical advice and input for emergencies involving
water supplies.
DRINKING UATER MANAGEMENT- UNDERGROUND INJECTIONCONTROL PROGRAM(UIC).
1980 Accom£l i snments
During 1980, a total of $1,209,800 was obligated, of which $71,600 was used for extramural
purposes. In 1980, the program vigorously encouraged State assumption of primary responsi-
bility for the implementation and enforcement of underground injection control programs.
Priority was given to regional efforts directed at assisting States in building and expanding
their existing institutional framework for the regulation of underground injection.
Accomplishments included the completion of the assessment of surface impoundments; awards
of grants to States (or EPA use of funds in those State not electing to receive grants);
and review of five petitions for the designations of sole source aquifers. For those
States in which EPA used the UIC grant funds (because the State declined to take a grant)
to initiate program activities, contracts and/or grants were awarded to initiate the
inventory of injection facilities and identification of exempted aquifers.
1981 Program
In 1981, a total of $1,962,800 has been allocated for this program, of which $1,927,800
is for Salaries and Expenses and $35,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. EPA will
be working with the States in their assumption of primary enforcement responsibility
DW-21
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(primacy) and expects to delegate primacy to 11 States during 1981. The regions will con-
tinue to provide assistance in developing programs to the remaining States that are working
toward primacy. General ground water protection assistance such as emergency response,
advice on ground water contamination problems, consultation on the implementation of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and review of Environmental Impact Statements
will be provided. In addition, the regions will administer the UIC grant program and
continue to develop and implement programs 1n non-primacy States and on Indian lands.
In the sole source aquifer program, five petitions for sole source designations are
being evaluated and the Regions will hold public hearings prior to the designation of
three aquifers.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $455,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted , President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted 1n a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $11,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000, a decrease of $5,900
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $31,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $119,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprograirmings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a net transfer of $311,300 to public systems supervision program assistance ($23,100);
to drinking water enforcement~T-$47,700); to regional counsel ($30,100); to pesticides
enforcement ($68,100); to Water Quality manpower planning and training ($13,100); to
radiation program implementation ($1,600); to EIS review-air ($22,200); and to EIS review
Water Quality ($12,400); and from hazardous waste mangement regulatory strategy implemen-
tation ($11,800); hazardous waste enforcement ($23,200); and from regional management
($39,400).
- Reprogrammings to provide for the printing of EIS statements resulted in transfers
to NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($10,000); and to NEPA compliance/
EIS preparation-new source discharge ($5,000).
--!Reprogrammings to provide support to the hazardous material emergency response
program resulted in a transfer to environmental emergency response- and prevention ($18,800).
- Reprogrammings to cover basic operating costs of ADP support to the Central Regional
Lab resulted in a transfer to quality monitoring ($65,100).
- Reprogrammings to cover travel costs resulted in a transfer to municipal waste
treatment facility construction ($72,300).
- Reprogrammings to cover fixed operating costs of regional lab support resulted in
a transfer to water quality enforcement ($35,900^.
- Reprogrammings to cover required printing of EIS report resulted on a transfer to
NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($49,700).
- Reprogrammings to cover necessary lab support contracts resulted in a transfer-to
public systems supervision program assistance ($125,800).
19.82 program
The Agency requests a total of $3,860,400 for 1982 of which $3,825,900 is for Salaries
and Expenses and $34,500 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The protection of under-
ground drinking water sources from contamination resulting from improper injection practices
DW-22
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will be a high Agency priority. In the underground injection control program, program
delegations to the States will be pursued. EPA will continue to work with cooperating
States by reviewing the adequacy of existing programs, legislation and regulations and by
providing assistance in emergency responses in an effort to promote delegation of the
program in the future. The regions will implement programs on Indian lands and in all
States that were unwilling or unable to assume primacy. In non-primacy States and on
Indian lands, EPA will (1) prescribe individual programs taking into consideration any
existing programs, geologic and hydrologic conditions; (2) review permits for Class II
wells; (3) issue violation notifications; and (4) evaluate Class I (waste disposal),
Class II (oil and gas production and storage) and Class III (mining and special process)
injection wells.
The regions will provide the leadership in the implementation of coordinated
ground water protection programs. States will be encouraged to develop comprehensive
plans for addressing ground water contamination problems including the use of the State
authorities to deal with sources of pollution not covered by Federal programs.
nw-23•.
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
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Page Intentionally Blank
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Enforcement
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses..........
Abatement, Control
and Compliance....
Budget Current " Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
TdolTars iri thousands)
Total...
Permanent Positions
Ful 11-Time Equi valency
$655
47
702
18
23
$755
9
764
28
32
$866
• * *
866
' 28
31
$971
* * •
971
28
32
+$105
* «.«
+105
• * •
+1
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $970,900 for 1982, an increase of $105,100 from 1981.
This total is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The 28 permanent positions re-
quested for 1982 reflects no change from the level requested in 1981.
Program Pescrij)tioji
The Safe Drinking Water Act(SDWA) of 1974, as amended, provides the statutory require-
ments for a Federal/State drinking water program. The Act ensures the safety of drinking
water through two mechanisms: the establishment and enforcement of Primary Drinking Water
Regulations, which specify the maximum allowable levels of drinking water contaminants, and
Underground Injection Control (UIC) regulations for protection of underground drinking water
supplies.
The SDWA provides for State assumption of the drinking water program, and requires EPA
to implement the program in States that have not been delegated enforcement responsibility.
The Public Water System (PWS) program encompasses the following enforcement activities: in-
vesliigate violations and take legal action against violators of the Primary Drinking Water
Regulations in primacy States which request such assistance and in all non-primacy areas;
review variances and exemptions granted by primacy State to assure compliance with the regu-
lations; issue variances and exemptions in non-primacy areas; and where necessary initiate
emergency enforcement actions.
The UIC program requires that EPA designate States which can assume the UIC program.
It is projected that all programs will be delegated to the States by 1985. Enforcement pro-
gram activities will include approval of the enforcement sections of primacy applications for
State UIC programs, issuance of UIC permits in non-primacy states, preparation for implemen-
tation of UIC permits, investigations and initiation of enforcement actions against violators
of the regulations and response to emergencies when necessary.
1980 Accpmplishments
In 1980, a total of $702,500 was obligated of which $655,400 was used for Salaries-and
Expenses and $47,100 for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. Included in this amount was $10,000 for purchase of a mobile microbiologic
laboratory to support investigations where long travel time prevents microbiologic samples
from reaching the regular laboratory within the recommended holding time.
DW-24
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During 1980, six civil'actlons for violations of the SDWA were initiated by the Agency,
Three of these actions were subsequently referred to the Department of Justice (DQJ) for
filing and prosecution. The remaining three actions are presently under review at head-
quarters prior to being forwarded to DOJ. These actions represent a significant increase
from the 2 cases Initiated in 1979 and Indicate that the Regions will now use the judicial
enforcement option in cases that cannot be resolved administratively.
Drinking water enforcement activities also included oversight responsibility in 49 primacy
States and territories, enforcement responsibility in 8 non-primacy States and territories and
review of the enforcement aspects of 2 State primacy applications. In addition, an overall
enforcement strategy for PWS was developed. Implementation of the strategy will begin in
1981.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated $855,800 to this program, all of which is for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
During 1981, the highest priority of the drinking water enforcement program will be
response to emergency drinking water situations that involve imminent and substantial
hazards to public health and safety. Drinking water enforcement wfll also focus on two
programs: PWS implementation and l/IC. For the PWS implementation program, activities
will include overview of drinking water enforcement programs in primacy States, providing
legal support for variance and exemption activities in non-primacy States, support for
the initiation of 23 new enforcement actions, and continued support for enforcement pro-
ceedings initiated in 1980. Activities will also include issuance of Notices of Violation
to primacy States that have not adequately enforced provisions of the Act. Implementation
of the UIC program will begin in 198].. The implementation plan includes legal and technical
support for overview of 11 States by the end of 1981, and compliance monitoring and enforce-
ment activities in non-primacy States. If necessary, a limited number of UIC permits will
be issued by EPA in non-primacy States.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $10,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million of EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $4,900.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,800 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a
decrease of $4,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $58,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramnings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a net transfer of $62,600 from drinking water standards and regulations implementation
($71,400); financial management ($6,700); and to Water Quality Environmental Emergency
Response and Prevention ($29,900).
A transfer of $9,300 to Toxic Substances Enforcement for PCB Compliance Inspection
and PCB and Asbestos Lab Analysis.
DW-25
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1982 Plan
In 1982, the Agency requests a total of $970,900 for this program, all of which is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The request for 28 permanent workyears is the same
as the level requested in 1981. During 1982, the highest priority of the drinking water
enforcement program will continue to be in response to emergency drinking water situations
that involve imminent and substantial hazards to public health and safety. Prinking Water
Enforcement will continue to focus on two programs: PWS and UIC. PWS activities will
focus on support for enforcement actions in non-primacy States. UIC activities will increase
with a reprogramming of 21 workyears of effort from PWS enforcement activities to the Issuance
of UIC permits. A total of 210 UIC permits will be issued in 1982.
Enforcement program activities for 1982 will also include review and approval of the
enforcement sections of primacy applications for both PWS and UIC programs and overview of
UIC enforcement programs in delegated States.
DW-26
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
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Page Intentionally Blank
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water - Non-Energy
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate
JLg80_ 1981* 1981
(dollars in thousands)
. Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Appropriation
Energy Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.. $ 237 $ 238
Research and
Development 2 14
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses.. 760 875
Research and
Development 423 433
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.. 2,719 3,054
Research and
Development...... 8,624 9,380
Environmental Engineering:
and Technology
Salaries and Expenses.. 2,353 2,958
Research and
Development 5,955 9,221
Environmental Processes
and Effects: .
Salaries and Expenses.. 738 799
Research and
Development........... 1,207 1,721
Totaij *___
Salaries and Expenses.. 6,807 7,924
Research and
Development 16,211 20,769
Total, Research
and Development
Programs:
$ 247 $ 241
14 14
901
318
3,099
8,242
2,925
8,471
937
1,620
1,083
735
3,045
8,961
3,274
8,040
1,296
3,738
8,109
18,665
8.939
21,488
-$6
-t 182
+ 417
- 54
* 719
•*• 34?
- 431
+ 359
+ 2,118
830
2,823
23,018 28,693
26,774 30,427
3,653
DW-27
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Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981*
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
17
58
16
52
16
47
17
46
48
17
62
19
60
19
60
26
'+7
21
83
61
19
20
73-
83
21
20
68
81
22
21
67
81
28
+1
-1
...
+6
Permanent Positions
Technical Information
and Liaison.........
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance..
Health Effects...........
Environmental Engineering
and Technology...
Environmental Processes..
Full-time Equivalency
Technical Information
and Liaison
Monitoring Systems
and Qutuity Assurance-
Health Effects
Environmental Engineering
and Technology...
Environmental Processes..
* January 1980 President's Buedget as adjusted by the ORD restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $30,426,000 and 153 permanent positions for
this program of which $8,939,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $21,487,500 is for the Research and Development appropriation. This
represents an increase of $6,653,000 and 7 position; $830,000 respectively.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Drinking Water
Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or subprograms) of the
program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce
outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The Drinking Water program 1) identifies substances that occur in drinking
vyater supplies at a sufficient number of locations to warrant regulations; 2)
defines drinking watr contamination effects on human health;- 3) establishes
analytical procedures to monitor contaminants; and 4) decribes changes in
treatment processes or new treatment technologies to minimize contaminant
formation or reduce concentration levels. The contaminants addressed her fall
+1
+1
ON-28
-------
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $8,800 results from several actions, as follows;
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,400.
- An increase of $10,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $255,500 for this sub-program, of which
$241,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $14.400 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $5,600 reflecting diminished need for technical
information services.
Specific activities planned for 1982:
The development and production of technical information products to insure
that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the
environmental decision-making community.
Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be
developed.
Support to managing systems which track . ORD's research projects and
resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of
a similar nature to that conducted in 1981.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,183,200 for this sub-program, of
which $759,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $423,300 was for extramural
research activities.
- Studies to optimize the liquid-liquid extraction method for volatile
halides were completed; a total organic halide analyzer was developed;
and a simple, rapid field test for visible detection of trihalomethanes
was developed.
- Methodology was developed and provided in support of Drinking Water
programs. This included methodology for chlorine dioxide and low levels
of total organic carbon (TOO monitoring for use by water supply
laboratories.
- Quality assurance support for the Drinking Water Laboratory
Certification Program included; (a) semi-annual performance evaluation
studies of 700 EPA. State and local laboratories for trace metals,
nitrates, fluoride, pesticides, herbicides, trihalomethanes, turbidity,
and residual chlorine measurements; (b) distribution of 10,000 quality
control check samples; and (c) formal interlaboratory method validation
studies conducted for organic compounds in the Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA) regulations.
DW-29
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- A repository for toxic and hazardous reference materials was established.
- Twenty-two alternate test procedures applications were processed.
- Laboratory certification actions were completed for Regions tt, VI, VII and X.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,219,500 to this sub-program, of
which $901,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $318,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
- Standard samples and reference materials are being distributed to water supply
laboratories.
- Methods validation and performance evaluation studies for EPA, State and local
laboratories are being conducted.
- Sampling and analytical methodology and quality control guidelines and manuals
to support the Agency's Drinking Water Program are being developed.
- On-site evaluations are being conducted for three Regional Surveillance and
Analysis Laboratories for certification as water supply laboratories.
- Quality control and performance evaluation samples for the water supply
laboratory certification program are being produced and distributed.
- Methods validation studies are being conducted for organic compounds in support
of the SDWA regulations.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $88,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294}*, these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $5,100.
- An increase of $37,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation,
- A transfer of $120,700 to solid waste monitoring and quality
assurance/uncontrolled sites to support efforts in Love Canal.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,817,800 for this sub-program, of which $1,082,700
is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $735,100 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $598,300. This increase will accelerate the development
of sampling procedures and equipment for groundwater analysis and augment the
development of procedures to document pollutant concentration and migration in drinking
water sources.
DW-30
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- Procedures for measurement of radionuclides in drinking water will be
evaluated and improved.
- Alternative membrane filter media will be developed for the analysis of
total conforms in public drinking water supply.
- Sample holding times will be evaluated for microbiological analyses of
public drinking water supplies.
- Deficiencies in measurement of coliform group in drinking water samples
will be corrected.
- Evaluation of alternate test procedures to meet requirements of Safe
Drinking Water Act will be continued.
- Quality control and performance evaluation samples for water supply
laboratory certification program will be produced and distributed.
- On-site evaluation of EPA regional laboratories for the Drinking Water
Certification Program will be conducted.
- A repository of 1,500 radioactive standards and reference samples will
be maintained and distributed to Federal, state and local laboratories.
- Twenty laboratory performance studies will be conducted for
radiochemical analysis of public drinking water. These studies will
include up to ten on-site inspections and performance evaluations for
principal State and other laboratories making radiochemical measurements
of public drinking water.
- The following areas for groundwater research will be investigated:
o Modify well sampling equipment to control contamination.
o Demonstrate operational sampling procedures for ground water analysis.
o Locate abandoned wells nationally.
o Determine movement of fluids in injected wells.
o Develop optional sampling for 15 aquifer types.
o Determine monitoring schemes condensing aquifer, soil and climatic
characteristics.
Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical
guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have
environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for the EPA needs.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $11,342,700 for this sub-program, of
which $2,719,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $8,623,700 was for extramural
research activities.
- The data from two clinical studies of humans were found to indicate that
the ingestion of as few as ten virus particles caused infections
OW-31
-------
in a significant portion of the exposed population. Similar studies of
pigs indicated that infection may also occur when lower numbers of
viruses are fed to pigs over a longer period of time. These data may be
important in determining the role of disinfection in the drinking water
treatment process and in developing potable reuse treatment criteria.
- An epidemiologies! study found a statistically significant correlation
between water chlorination and cancer in the gastrointestinal and
urinary tracts. This finding will be useful in reevaluating water
treatment processes, particularly chlorination.
- The first conference on algal toxins successfully brought together world
scientists for the exchange of information and ideas, and for discussion
of problems encountered in case studies and labortory research. The
conference was extremely useful in conveying EPA's expertise, e.g., the
States of Pennsylvania and South Dakota requested assistance in
investigating such illnesses.
- Several waterborne disease outbreaks were investigated for
municipalities and the causative agents were sucessfully isolated.
Appropriate improvements were also recommended to alleviate the problem.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $11,341,500 to this sub-
program, of which $3,099,400 is for the Salaries end Expenses Appropriation and
$8,242,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
Health effects research on drinking water continues to focus on organic
contaminants and is concentrated on carcinogens. Epidemiological, chemical, and
toxicological data will be used by the Agency to provide guidelines for setting
preliminary limits for selected chemicals that are known to be carcinogens and/or
toxic. The results of chemical analyses and biological screening tests will
potentially provide the data base for the establishment of maximum contaminant
levels of several widely occurring carcinogens in drinking water.
Screening tests based upon mutagenic effects are being developed to predict
carcinogenic activity for various organics found in drinking water at very low
levels (i.e., part per billion). These tests supplement the current bioassay
tests which have limitations. Development of methods devoted to the preparation
of organic concen trates and identification of biologically active fractions
will continue. Key compounds such as benzene; 2,4, dichlorophenol and 1,1-
dichloroethylene will be the subject of long-term toxicologic study to determine
the carcinogenic risk of these organic contaminants.
Research on the health effects of inorganic contaminants in drinking water
includes epidemiological studies to establish the relationship of hypertension
to sodium and barium levels in drinking water and the relationship of heart
attack rates to magnesium levels in drinking water. Also, the effects of using
home water softeners are being examined since many of these devices increase the
level of sodium. Toxicological studies on the impact of various combinations of
DW-32
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calcium, magnesium, lead, cadmium, sodium and other chemical substances found in
drinking water are long-term ongoing studies to provide data for verifying the preliminary
observations. Other toxicological studies are being continued to determine whether blood
lead levels, which are currently considered to be in the normal range, delay central
nervous system development in children. Epidemiological studies which examine the
incidence of cancer are being completed to determine whether asbestos occurring in
drinking water from natural erosion, mining operations, and asbestos-cement pipe is a
contributing factor to increased cancer rates. This research will provide the necessary
data base for deciding if a treatment technique is necessary to reduce leaching of
asbestos fibers from pipes.
Efforts which support the assessment of alternative practices for disinfecting
drinking water are being completed. Both the epidemiologies! studies of the carcinogenic
effects from by-products of disinfectants and the studies on comparative toxicity of
organic reaction products of ehloramines, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone
disinfection are included here.
In collaboration with the Center for Disease Control, EPA is continuing to provide
technical assistance on microbiological contaminants in drinking water and investigates
ongoing water-borne disease outbreaks. In addition, -the health effects research is
continuing to examine waterborne outbreaks of infectious diseases to determine the
causative agent.
•Work is continuing on improving methods for the concentration and identification of
viruses found in drinking water which are known to be associated with waterborne disease
outbreaks. These improvements will permit a more accurate assessment of the
significance to health of viruses in drinking water.
Studies on the potential health effects associated with the reuse of highly treated
wastewater are being continued. This is part of a ten year program to develop a data base
sufficient to set reasonable criteria for reuse standards. Criteria will be developed by
1985 for reuse of treated wastewater in emergency situations.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net deerease of $1,092,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a deerease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $13,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,800
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $25,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and
Development appropriation; a decrease of $938,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agenoywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$20,000 was applied to this activity.
DWT33
-------
- An increase of $105,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $197,800 to solid waste monitoring and quality
assurance/uncontrolled sites to support efforts in Love Canal.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $12,006,400 for this sub-program, of which
$3,045,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,961,300 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $664,900. This increase will provide for
conduct of mulitple stress studies to more closely approximate . real world
exposure to complex mixtures and expanded efforts to correlate in vivo and in
vitro short-term tests to quantitatively predict health endpoints when more
expensive long-term tests are now in use.
The drinking water health effects research program will continue to focus on
five areas: organic contaminants, inorganic contaminants, microbiological
contaminants, alternative disinfectants, and the reuse of highly treated
wastewater. Research performed in the organic contaminants area will address the
occurrence and related health effects of specific organic drinking water
contaminants that have been identified by the Office of Drinking Water as being
important with regard to health problems. Compounds which have been identified
include the chlorinated ethanes, eth'ylenes, and ' benzenes; disinfection by-
products such as gasoline and kerosene. lexicological tests will be performed to
determine the carcinogenic, reproductive and teratogenic human health effects
resulting from consumption of water contaminated with these compounds. Further
lexicological testing will investigate the effects of complex mixtures of
organics extracted from actual drinking water samples taken before and after
treatment with granular activated carbon to determine whether this technology is
effective in protecting humans.
Research on inorganic contaminants in drinking water is primarily concerned
with .disease of two health endpoints; cardiovascular and neurological. Studies
on the effects which various levels and combinations of inorganic compounds such
as sodium, magnesium and calcium have on the development of cardiovascular
disease will continue.
The role of toxic metals and viruses as etiological agents of certain
neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis will also be investigated.
Research of microbiological contaminants in drinking water will continue to be
concerned with investigating waterborne outbreaks of infectious diseases by
identifying the causative agents in drinking water, determining route of entry
and recommending corrective action.
Research on the health impact of alternative disinfectants and direct and
indirect additives will be conducted. The program includes the completion of a
study to assess the effectiveness of alternative disinfectants and the impact of
the by-products resulting from their use. Data, from this work will be useful in
the assessment of disinfection techniques other than chlorination which may be
used by water suppliers.
DW-34
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TEqHKQLQGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1P80, the Agency used a total of $8,308,000 for this sub-program, of
which $2,353,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,954,600 was for extramural
research activities. Accomplishments under the program include:
- A state-of-the-art report on trihalomethane treatment techniques and of
the impact of trihalomethane control on the mierobiologic quality of the
treated water has been written. This report will be used by the water
utility industry, and by State and local water supply agencies in meeting
the trihalomethane standard.
- A second report was made available that describes the results of full
scale studies at several utilities in the Ohio River Valley to control
trihalomethane levels by treatment plant modifications or changes in
plant operations.
- An electric furnace was evaluated to test the cost and effectiveness of
reactivating granular carbon. The exhausted carbon was restored to
near-virgin conditions and the costs were competitive with fossil fuel
furnaces.
- A report on the removal of barium and radium from drinking water has been
published and a report on sodium removal has been prepared for
publication. These documents are being used as treatment guides by the
water utilities, and by State and local water supply agencies.
- A seminar entitled "Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems" was
attended by approximately 120 researchers and covered topics such as
measurement techniques, control strategies, health effects and cost.
The seminar defined the present state of knowledge on corrosion control.
- The first generation of a Master Analytical Scheme, a scheme to allow
measurement of organic compounds which are difficult to detect, was
developed and made available to an initial user community.
1981Program ' •
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $11,395,200 to this sub-
program, of which $2,924,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$8,470,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation*
- A major effort is focused specifically on the needs of small drinking
water systems (serving a population of 10,000 and under), which comprise
80 to 90 percent of all drinking water systems and which regularly serve
approximately 20 percent of the U.S. population. Research is needed to
develop and evaluate information on cost-effective technology and
illustrate the use of cooperative arrangements for small systems. This
type of data will enable these systems to meet national and state
drinking water standards established to protect public health.
DW-35
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- The program is continuing to provide information on economical treatment
processes to control specific contaminants of health concern which are
discharged to, and are found in, our drinking water sources. Work on
specific synthetic organics is being emphasized and includes development
of improved analytical methods. Efforts are also being made to produce,
evaluate and bring together information on the performance of existing
units producing drinking water from questionable or suspect sources.
The evaluations will include cost data and information on the effects of
treatment and treatment changes on microbiological quality.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $784,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 . million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is
126,100.
- The Congress reduced agenoywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$5,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $8,400 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $909,900 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$20,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $136,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A net transfer of $49,200 from environmental processes and effects
($149,900) which affected the Research and Development appropriation and
to environmental processes and effects ($100,700) which affeced the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation to realign contract funds with
operating costs.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $11,313,700 for this sub-program, of which
$3,274,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,039,600 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $81,500. This decrease reflects as slight
reduction in drinking water reserch which does not directly suport the regulatory
program.
DW-36
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Various surveys have shown that certain organic compounds of health concern
retain their form through rivers, reservoirs, treatment, and distribution
systems. They also demonstrated that other organic compounds formed during water
treatment are equally persistent. However, data from pilot plant activities and
modular and full scale field evaluations have illustrated that by modifying
disinfeetion/ehlorination and treatment practices, a considerable reduction in
certain organic ohlorination by-products can be attained. Currently under study
are the organic halogen compounds which are of health concern that occur widely
where chlorination is practiced. Research will investigate the influence that
factors such as precursor concentration, disinfectant dose, temperature, pH, and
time have on the rate and quantity of organic halogen material formed. In
addition, large-scale pilot plant and full-scale plant evaluations will be
conducted to determine the fate of various organics, not only during: water
treatment but throughout the entire system-from source to tap. The objective of
the projects will be to provide more ecomical and efficient treatment methods.
Field-scale pilot projects will be conducted in cooperation with drinking
water utilities and local and state governments to determine how effectively and
at what cost certain experimental treatment processes remove specific
environmental contaminants. These research projects are necessary to determine
how these technologies will perform under actual operating conditions.
Furthermore, the results of these studies will facilitate our ability to describe
water treatment methods when a health risk from organics is suggested and
monitoring is not practical.
Chlorination has been the primary method used in this country to destroy
microbes in drinking water. But, though this disinfection process has proved to
be highly successful in reducing waterborne disease, there is concern about the
microbiological contaminants in drinking water, particularly in light of the use
of alternate disinfectants and possible changes in treatment processes. This
concern has been deepened by the discovery of disinfectant-resistant pathogens
and because in widespread areas of America only limited treatment is applied to
purify water.
Pilot and field-scale studies will determine whether changes in treatment
processes bring about new microbiological problems. These studies will examine
such changes as shifts in the location of disinfectant application, the use of
alternative disinfectants, eoversion of rapid sand filters to granular activated
carbon filters, and use of biologically activated carbon as a treatment unit
process and any other methods used to reduce undesirable by-products. Field
studies are planned to evaluate how water turbidity effects the efficiency of
microbiologie disinfectants. Also to be studied are the physical, chemical, and
microbial characteristics that permit the growth of microbes in water
distribution systems with inadequate treatment practices, such as poor pipe
corrosion control.
Also, treating water for the removal of inorganics can present
technological problems, particularly for small communities. To alleviate these
problems, EPA will improve treatment technologies. Field and pilot-scale
studies will examine a number of treatment processes for their effectiveness in
removing arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, flouride, lead, mercury, nitrate-
nitrogen, selenium and radionuclides. The effort will include investigations of
those polymers that may be used to improve coagulation or filtration.
Analytical methods for the measurement of the toxic species of arsenic,
selenium, and chromium will be developed as will measurement methods for
DW-37
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monitoring the removal of specific inorganic contaminants by treatment systems. |
The work will focus on applying technology to small communities. Several studies .• :
will provide cost data for technologies capable of removing one or a combination
of contaminants from a variety of source waters. Field testing and cost analysis
of full-scale facilities will be a necessary aspect of this future work. EPA is
examining existing package plant systems being used by small communities to
determine the effectiveness of the systems in • removing contaminants from a
variety of surface waters; a technical evaluation of the package plants will be
provided to allow more widespread application of effective systems by small
utlities. Methods to minimize costs of successful treatment technologies will be
emphasized. The relative value of regionalization of several water utilities is
being examined as are the parameters for determining whether or not this approach
will solve some of the small system water quality problems.
This program also identifies critical water stabilization factors and will
develop cost-effective treatment methods to prevent corrosion of metal or
asbestos-cement pipes. Difficulties in drinking water distribution systems and
effects of these systems on water quality will likely demand increased attention
in the future.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,944,700 for this sub-program, of
which $737,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,206,800 was for extramural
research activities.
- A book was published describing indicators which can potentially be used
in groundwater investigations to detect biochemical contamination.
- Workshops were held for the grondwater protection community (Federal,
State, and local managers, consultants, researchers) on the state-of-
the-art of groundwster modeling.
- An article was published describing the behavior of arsenic in the
subsurface.
* A geohydrologic study was begun at Love Canal to assess the extent of the
imminent hazard resulting from the disposal of hazardous wastes at that
site.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,557,200 to this sub-program,
of which $937,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,620,000
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The 1981 program is concentrating on assessing surface methods for
detecting subsurface pollution, completing the Love Canal geohydrologic study,
determining the mobility of selected organic chemicals in poundwater in
DW-38
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different soil regimes, publishing a manual (in cooperation with the municipal
technology program) describing how State and local groundwater managers can
j protect groundwater from pollution by septic tanks, determining the natural
' microbial populations in groundwater, and publishing a manual on groundwater
sampling practices. Technical assistance will continue to be provided on the
development of an Agency graundwater strategy, implementation of the UIC
regulations, and assessment and remedy of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Additional resources in the Solid Waste program will allow development of methods
for approximating the subsurface mobility of hazardous wastes and predicting
their environmental movement. In addition, field evaluation of these methods
will begin.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $37,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $3,900 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $93,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A net transfer of $0 from toxic substances monitoring systems and quality
assurance ($49,200) and to solid waste monitoring and quality
assurance/uncontrolled sites ($49,200) to realign support to all
programs supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds.
* A net transfer of $49,200 to environmental engineering and technology
($149,900) which affected the Research and Development appropriation and
from environmental engineering and technology ($100,700) which affected
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to realign contract funds with
operating costs.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $5,033,500 for this sub-program, of which
$1,296,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,737,400 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $2,476,300. This increase is directed toward
expanded research on transport and fate of pollutants in groundwater.
DW-39
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In 1982, the groundwater research program will, with additional resources
described in the solid waste area, concentrate on _ developing models for
predicting the movement and transformation of trace organic chemicals in the
subsurface environment. Of great improtanee to the success of this effort is the
characterization of geologic materials in terms of their effects on processes in
groundwater. Work will also continue to characterize the pollutants of concern
in groundwater from specific polluting sources. The development of methods for
conducting groundwater pollution investigations remains a high priority, as does
technical assistance for groundwater investigations and development of state-of-
knowledge documents.
The program will provide (1) the capability to develop a first-generation
classification of subsurface geological materials a step beyond
characterization , (2) accelerated transport and fate research which can be
applied in various hydrogeological regimes, (3) guidance for translating quality
requirements into source control plans, and (4) quality requirement documents
for unregulated groundwater pollutants as well as for non-drinking uses of
groundwater.
DW-40
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Solid Waste
SECTION TAB
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Page Intentionally Blank
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SOLID WASTE
Appropriation
.Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Abatement, Control and
Compl i a nee
Total
Permanent Workyears .....
Full-time Equivalency...
Outl ays ••••••«•••«••••••
Authorization Levels....
PROGRAM JHISHLIGHTS
Solid Waste Non-Energy(RCRA):
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total , Research and
Development Program....
Waste Management Regulations,
Gui del i nes and Pol ices :
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Financial Assistance:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control and
Waste Management Strategies
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Technical Assistance:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Sites:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Total , Abatement and
Actual
1980
$19,760
11,224
78,791
109,775
484
617
77,533
130,243
1,889
11,224
13,113
5,111
9,997
.* * *
45,992
4,401
108
1,695
5,482
1,271
16,567
12,478
78,146
90.624
Budget
Estimate
1981*
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
(dollars in thousands)
$33,133 $37,017 $35,324
22,674 25,059 23,432
91,991 92,639 84,580
147,798
778
994
125,500
166,446
4,122
22,674
26,796
6,369
18,637
48,000
10,130
3,033
1,600
5,094
1,736
16,570
19,835
91,334
111.169
154,715
855
1,080
79,612
166,446
. *
4,505
25,059
29,564
7,288
16,941
* * •
42,000
8,118
4,009
1,601
5,081
; 4,216
21,661
21 ,223
89,692
110.915
143,336
713
1,037
83,802
150.000
8,536
23,432
31,968
7,114
21,833
• * •
54,300
8,627
2,973
1,929
4,994
* * •
17,670
84,100
101 .770
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs 1981
-$1,693
- 1,627
- 8,059
-11,379
-142
-43
+4,190
+4,031
-1,627
+2,404
-174
+4,892
ft * *
+12,300
+509
-1,036
+328
-87
-4,216
-21,661
-3,553
-5,592
-9.145
Page
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Budget Currant Increase +
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Sites:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Hazardous Waste Permit
Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Hazardous Waste Enforce-
ment:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Total -.
Abatement, Control and
Total , Enforcement
Permanent Positions
Solid Waste Non-Energy(RCRA).
Total, Research and
Devel opment "rogram. . . .
Waste Management Regulations,
Guidelines and Policies*.
Waste Management Strategies
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Sites
Total, Abatement, and
Control Programs......
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Wa ste Si tas .»....»»... » . .
Hazardous Waste Permit
Hazardous Waste
Total , Enforcement
Actual
1980
2,711
2
187
* * *
2,495
643
5,393
645
6,038
33
33
112
* a *
138
33
•23
306
71
8
66
145
Estimate
1981*
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
{dollars in thousands)
1,925 4,313 . ...
2,271
4,090 4.039 4,981
25 24 25
3,161 2,937 4,137
632 652 455
9,176 11,289 9,118
657 2,947 480
9,833
73
73
140
* * *
262
27
19
448
53
121
83
257
14,236
78
78
133
* « •
253
25
65
476
103
114
84
301
9,598
105
105
133
* • •
220
27
* • •
380
» * •
135
93
228
Decrease -
1982 vs 1981 Paqe
-4,313
-2,271
+942
+1
+1,200
-197
-2,171
-2,467
-4,638
+27
+27
* a *
» * *
-33
+2
-65
-96
-103
+21
+9
-73
SW-43
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SW-43
SW-53
SW-12
SW-22
SW-27
SW-34
SW-40
SW-43
SW-43
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Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981*
Current
Estimate
1981
(do!Tars In thousands)"
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs 1981
64
64
145
* • *
160
44
105
105
197
* • *
313
34
109
109
187
* * *
301
32
' 155
155
187
9D
272
34
+46
+46
• * *
+90
-29
+2
28
19
67
377
ion-£nergy{RCRA) .
Total, Research and
Development Program......
Waste Management Regulations,
Guidelines and Policies...
Financial Assistance.......
Waste Management Strategies
Imp! emen tat ion, .......... ,
Technical Assistance. ......
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Sites....... ....... .
Total , Abatement and
Control Program ........
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Sites..... ..........
Hazardous Waste Permit
Enf orcement ...............
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement. ..... ... ......
Total » Enforcement
Program _____ ...... ..... . 176 326 384
January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the ORD's restructuring.
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Despite recent legislative and regulatory achievements, hazardous waste
management remains the major environmental problem facing the nation. The
extent to which the new Federal efforts under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental P.esponse, Compensation,
and Liability Act of 1980 ("Superfund") will effectively bring under control the
problems caused by decades of improper management depends on strong implemen-
tation and enforcement programs in the near-term. Without a concerted Federal
and State commitment, as reflected by the resource levels featured in this budget
request, thousands of American communities face the possible risk of public
health and environmental damages from poor hazardous waste management practices.
Incidents at Love Canal , Valley of the Drums and Toone, Tennessee have already
demonstrated the high cost to health, quality of life and environment, as well
as public dollars, of insufficient governmental attention to industrial waste
practices.
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Page
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298
-86
Approximately 500 million metric tons of municipal and industrial, wastes
are generated each year in the United States. This amount is growing steadily.
In 1981, an estimated 41 million metric tons;will be classified as hazardous,
Including toxic organic chemicals, pesticides, acids, caustics, flammables and
explosives. EPA estimates that approximately 20 percent of this amount is speci-
fically included in the promulgated lists of hazardous wastes. Another 50 percent
can be identified as hazardous by the four RCRA §3001 characteristics of ignita-
bility, corrosivity, reactivity and EP (Extraction Procedure) toxicity. The
remaining industrial wastes cannot be identified with enough specificity for
inclusion in the hazardous waste system.
Existing coverage of the RCRA hazardous waste program is incomplete. For
example, many organic chemical wastes, which are highly toxic, are not covered
by the toxicity characteristics. If they are not specifically listed — and many
are not — they will not be covered by the RCRA hazardous waste program."
This incomplete coverage must be added to the fact that only 10 percent of
previously generated hazardous wastes were disposed of safely. The remainder
found their way into municipal or insecure dumpsites, waterways and community
sewers. Many thousands of waste dumpsites may already be contaminated by
hazardous wastes; EPA estimates 1,200-2,000 sites may pose significant threats to
public health and environmental quality in the vicinity.
SW-3
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EPA's program is to attack the national waste management problem on two
fronts: initially, by continuing to develop and administer a regulatory program
under RCRA for the current and future management of hazardous wastes-, and more
recently, by implementing a strategy to identify, investigate, evaluate and, as
necessary, respond to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in anticipation of full
administration of new SUperfund authorities.
Hazardous/Solid Waste Regulatory Program
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), as amended, establishes
the first national program to protect public health and the environment from
damages caused by Improper waste management operations. To handle prospective
hazardous waste problems, EPA will continue to develop and initiate, on a priority
basis, the regulatory program outlined by RCRA to reduce risks from improper
hazardous waste management practices.
EPA established a phased schedule for issuance of hazardous waste regulations
which, in accordance with promulgation commitments made to the Federal District
Court, put the core regulatory program in place during 1980:
Phase I
February 1980
Section 3002
Section 3003
Hay 1980
Standards for Generators of Hazardous Waste
Standards for Transporters of Hazardous Waste
Section 3001 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes
Section 3005/6 Consolidated Permit Regulations
Section 3004 Interim Status Standards
July 1980
Section 3001
Phase II
November 1980
Section 3001
January 1981
Section 3004
Additional Listing of Hazardous Wastes
Additional Listing of Hazardous Wastes
Technical Performance Standards (BEJ) for tanks, pilas,
containers, site selection, incineration and (proposed)
landfills
Section 3004 Financial Responsibility Requirements
The Phase I regulations signaled initial implementation of the hazardous
waste program. Since November 19, eight States have already been granted interim
authorization. EPA anticipates that 39 States will be granted interim authorization
by FY 1982. Interim authorization allows States to administer their hazardous
waste program for two years while continuing to work toward final authorization.
SW-4
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To be eligible for final authorization, the State program must be fully equivalent
with that of the Federal government. EPA will also negotiate Cooperative Arrangements
(CA's). Through Cooperative Arrangements States are encouraged to work toward
qualifying for authorization, and to operate selected delegated aspects of the
Federal hazardous waste regulatory program as EPA's agent; however, EPA maintains
overall responsibility for administering the program until the State achieves
interim or final authorization. Under this alternative financial assistance
program, States will receive federal funds commensurate with the elements of the
Federal hazardous waste program they administer as EPA's agent.
1982 will be the first full year of RCRA permitting against the §3004 Best
Engineering Judgement (BEJ) Standards issued during Phase II. The six-year
strategy for EPA and State permitting of the estimated 30,000 hazardous waste
management facilities nationwide concentrates 1982 efforts on permitting new
facilities, the best facilities, and the worst facilities in order to
minimize health and environmental threats while increasing disposal capacity.
•
Permit issuance will require legal review, administrative processing and
technical evaluation of individual permit applications against the technical
performance standards for treatment, storage and disposal facilities. In un-
authorized States, where EPA will issue facility permits, the Regional Abatement
and Control and Enforcement Offices will share responsibility for developing the
permit conditions and issuing the permits.
The limited scope of the May and July §3001 promulgations and the general
nature of the BEJ technical performance standards now being finalized demand that
extensive regulatory efforts (Phase III) continue through the decade* These
efforts will be directed toward extending RCRA coverage and tailoring management
guidance or standards to specific hazardous wastes or industries.
The solid waste enforcement program has been developed to assure that all
affected parties comply with standards established under the Resource Conserva-
tion and Recovery Act regulating generation, transportation, treatment, storage,
and disposal of hazardous wastes.
RCRA enforcement will take place through the permitting of hazardous waste
management 'acilities and subsequent monitoring of those facilities to verify
compliance. Permitting and compliance monitoring programs will regulate not only
the generators of hazardous wastes, but treatment, storage, and disposal facili-
ties as well. A separate enforcement mechanism, the hazardous waste manifest
system, will monitor hazardous waste transporters to ensure that waste transported
from a generator to a treatment, storage, or disposal facility actually reach the
intended destination.
The enforcement activities will center upon the administrative and public
hearing requirements of permit issuance, and upon compliance monitoring activi-
ties in those States which do not assume responsibility for hazardous waste
management. The enforcement program "is responsible for developing enforcement
provisions of the regulations; mechanisms for Regional oversight of authorized
States and enforcement programs in unauthorized States; and mechanisms for
taking enforcement or prosecutory actions, ,and negotiating enforcement agree-
ments. During 1982, Regions will have established compliance monitoring
programs in unauthorized States. In these Stastes, EPA will conduct site
inspections; initiate enforcement actions, {Compliance Orders, Civil and
Criminal Actions) where generators, transporters, and storage, treatment and
disposal facilities fail to comply with the interim status standards or permit
requirements, and operate ADP tracking systems to maintain and monitor manifest,
inspection, and enforcement Information. For authorized states, EPA will
conduct oversight activities, including joint inspections with the States, to
determine whether or not States are adequately enforcing PvCRA requirements.
Additionally, a new initiative to identify and investigate suspected illegal
activities will be established.
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The Resource Conservation and Reccovery Act complements the extensive hazardous
waste control program with programs for managing other-than-hazardous solid waste
and encouraging resource conservation and recovery. In 1932, States will
be implementing their comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plans and continuing
their Open Dump Inventories. Through EPA's resource recovery activities the
Federal government will continue to encourage and cooperate with local governments
and private enterprise to establish the necessary national momentum towards
resource recovery as a self-sustaining, preferred solid waste management tech-
nique. The Local Resource Recovery Grant Progam, extended only through 1982,
will assure a nationally visible level of resource recovery implementation.
Financial and technical assistance will continue to be provided to assist the
States in implementing their responsibilities under RCRA, Assistance to Federal,
State and local agencies is provided 1n all areas of waste management through
Technical Assistance Panels of expert contractors, experienced public administra-
tors and EPA staff. Grants to States are awarded annually for the development
and operation of State hazardous and solid waste programs. Subtitle D grants are
being phased out over five years (1980-1984) as self-sufficiency of State non-
hazardous waste programs improves.
Research And Development
The focus of ORD's solid waste research has shifted from non-hazardous waste
to hazardous waste to provide support for implementation of the hazardous waste
management regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the
newly enacted Superfund legislation. Research in the area of non-hazardous waste,
including resource recovery, was for the most part phased out in FY 1981.
One of the top priority activities in FY 1982 and a key component of the solid
waste research will be the continuation of a program to develop new or improved
sampling and analytical methodologies and validation procedures for identification
of hazardous waste. Another top priority activity will be the creation of a
quality assurance program to ensure the validity of all data generated. Efforts
will continue on incineration and land disposal research for hazardous wastes
in FY 1982. This effort will provide useful technical data to EPA permit
writers for hazardous waste treatment, disposal and storage. Empahsis will
be placed on the thermal decompositon and containment of hazardous wastes.
Attention will also be directed to research in the hazardous waste risk
assessment area, both for health and ecological effects and pollutants trans-
port and fate. Health effects efforts are directed toward development and application
of screening techniques, identification of bioassay methods and evaluation of
relative risk of exposure to complex mixtures from hazardous waste sites. Health
hazard profiles and exposure analyses and guidance will be developed in support
of waste management regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
and Superfund activities. A new initiative will be undertaken to develop techniques
for assessing ecological damage and bioenviromental stress arising from disposal
of hazardous wastes. These results can also be used for detecting and evaluating
uncontrolled sites and determining the potential for entry of mismanaged hazardous
wastes into the human food chain. In the pollutant transport and fate area,
efforts will continue to develop methods and models for predicting the movement
of hazardous wastes through the subsurface environmental and a new Start will
adapt existing environmental assessment models for use in hazardous waste mismanage-
ment scenarios.
Purpose - Research and Development '
The solid waste research and-development program, consistent with the goals
of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), is directed to the
development of technologies, methodologies, and the scientific data base necessary
to achieve environmentally acceptable, cost-effective solid and hazardous waste
management from generation through disposal.
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The research program provides the scientific bases which will allow the
private and public sector to (1) reduce the quantities of waste, especially
hazardous waste, requiring disposal through process change, waste recycling and
reuse, or waste treatment, (2) ensure the environmentally sound disposal or
destruction of the future wastes and (3) correct the past mismanagement practices.
The major objective is to support the regulatory and enforcement offices: in
the identification and listing of hazardous wastes, hazardous waste streams from
industry and "polluting" hazardous waste disposal sites; in the development
and revision of regulations for disposal of wastes by land disposal, thermal
destruction or chemical, biological or physical treatment; in the evaluation of
permit applications; and in the assessment of risk from hazardous waste pro-
duction and mismanagement.
Purpose-Abatement and Control Program
The solid waste abatement and control budget activity is comprised of
activities for promoting the protection of public health and the environment
through improved solid and hazardous waste management practices. These activities
include developing and promulgating regulations under Subtitles C and D of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); promoting resource conservation
and recovery as the preferred solid waste management approach; providing technical
and policy guidance to accompany these activities; assisting and encouraging
State programs; providing technical assistance as mandated by RCRA; managing
the local resource recovery grant program; and, for hazardous waste management,
implementing a Federal program in unauthorized States.
States have the primary role in implementing the RCRA. The authorization
of State hazardous waste management programs is of primary importance to the
successful implementation of Subtitle C of RCRA. Federal financial assistance
will be available to help States carry out this responsibility. However, the
Federal government, along with the States, has a mandated responsibility to
protect public health and the environment from improper hazardous waste
management practices. Therefore, a Federal program will be operated in States
not seeking or denied authorization; Cooperative Arrangements will provide funds
to State governments operating aspects of the Federal program on EPA's behalf.
EPA strongly encourages States to Implement their responsibilities outlined
in Subtitle D of the Act for non-hazardous solid waste, and will provide finan-
cial and technical assistance to do so. Federal Subtitle D grant assistance is
being phased out over a 5-year period, with States expected to move towards
self-supporting non-hazardous waste regulatory programs.
EPA has the primary role in establishing national standards and programs to
ensure proper management, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of
hazardous waste; proper disposal of waste not classified as hazardous and prono-
tion of resource conservation and recovery as the preferred solid waste management
approach.
For hazardous waste, this responsibility includes developing a list and
criteria for determining what constitutes ;a hazardous waste; developing
standards for handlers of hazardous waste, including generators, transporters,
and owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal
facilities; implementing procedures for notification of hazardous waste activi-
ties; developing technical standards for permitting hazardous waste facilities
using "Best Engineering Judgment" and determining requirements for authorization
of State hazardous waste programs. For waste not classified as hazardous,
EPA must promulgate criteria defining a sanitary landfill, conduct an inventory
of all land disposal sites and provide national guidelines for State Solid Waste
Management 3lans.
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EPA is also responsible for providing technical and other guidance for
implementing the regulations. The RCRA mandated Technical Assistance Panels
program will provide an avenue for delivery of expertise to State and local
governments encountering problens in waste management.
The Abatement and Control activities are categorized under the following
subactivities:
Waste Management Regulations, Guidel ines and Poli cies; This subactivity involves
(1) the development and promulgation of hazardous and solid waste regulations and
guidelines; (2) the development of technical and policy guidance for implementing
the regulations; (3) the conduct of engineering, design, environmental and economic
evaluations and assessments of solid waste management technologies and practices;
and (4) national management and oversight of regional program implementation
activities.
Fi nanci alAssi stance: This subactivity provides grants (1) to States for
the development and operation of hazardous waste management programs under
Subtitle C of RCRA; (2) to States for the development of State solid waste
regulatory programs and conduct of the RCRA mandated land disposal site inventory
under Subtitle D of RCRA; and (3) to local governments for feasibility studies
and other project development activities leading to the implementation of resource
and energy recovery systems.
Waste ManagementStrategies and Implementation; This subactivity involves:
(1) oversight of authorized States that are developing and implementing hazardous
waste programs; (2) conduct of a Federal Subtitle C program either directly or
through States as EPA agents, for unauthorized States, including technical review
of permits to hazardous waste facilities using "Best Engineering Judgment";
(3) direct support and oversight for implementation of the solid waste management
planning and land disposal site inventory requirements under Subtitle D; and
(4) management of grants to local governments for resource and energy recovery
projects under the Local Resource Recovery Program.
Technical Assistance: This subactivity provides for (1) national management
of the Technical Assistance Panels program; (Z) technical assistance to State and
local governments on all aspects of solid waste management; (3) public participa-
tion and education progams; and (4) the development and distribution of public
and technical information materials.
Purpose •* Enforcement Program
The goals of the solid waste enforcement program are to see that all affected
parties comply with standards, established under the Resources Conservation and
Recovery Act, regulating generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and
disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, and to take legal action to co^pal
responsible parties to take remedial steps regarding uncontrolled sites
posing an imminent and substantive hazard to health and the environnmeit.
To achieve these goals, EPA has established three program elements: (1) the
hazardous waste permit Issuance program, (2) the hazardous waste enforcement
program, and (3) the uncontrolled hazardous waste site enforcement program.
SW-8
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Solid waste enforcement provisions were enacted largely as a result of
wide scale, historical mismanagement of hazardous wastes, and are designed
to prevent similar mismanagement from occurring in the future. Regulation
will take place through the permitting of hazardous waste management facilities
and subsequent monitoring of those facilities to verify compliance. Permitting
and compliance monitoring programs will regulate not only the generators of
hazardous wastes, but treatment, storage, and disposal facilities as well.
A separate enforcement mechanism, the hazardous waste manifest system, will
monitor hazardous waste transporters to ensure that wastes transported from
a generator to a treatment, storage, or disposal facility actually reach the
intended destination.
tinder the provisions of RCRA, States may assume the responsibility for
operating permit and enforcement programs. In cases where a State has interim
or final authorization to conduct such programs, EPA is available to assist
in State efforts, and will overview authorized programs for adequacy. The Agency
will also provide training for State and Regional personnel in the procedures
of hazardous waste permitting.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars)
1981 Solid Waste Program $154,715
Salaries and Expenses..., -1,693
The net decrease is primarily related to
the decreased workyears.
Research and Development................. -1,627
The net decrease is primarily related to
a reduced monitoring effort at the Love
Canal hazardous waste site, coupled with
a reduction to the scientific assessments
program.
Abatement, Control and Compliance..... -3,059
The net decreases are primarily in State
solid waste management planning grants,
resources recovery grants and regional
implementation and/or oversight of
hazardous waste programs and the transfer
of resources to "Superfund". These decreases
are offset by increases for regulatory
support under Subtitle C of RCRA and State
grants for hazardous waste management.
1982 Solid Waste Program... , 143,336
SW-9
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SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE
1. Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $143,336,300 is requested in 1982. Tnis request,
by appropriation account is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses , $35,323,700
Research and Development , 23,432,200
Abatement, Control and Compliance.. ' 84,580,400
This represents a decreases of $11,378,600 over the 1981 level. This is
due to several actions: $1.6 million for monitoring efforts at the Love Canal
hazardous waste site; - $.1 million for scientific assessments; - $2,0 million
for a 5-year phase out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle D of
RCRA; - $21.7 million to transfer uncontrolled hazardous waste site resources
to "Superfund; - $1.0 million for hazardous waste management regulatory strategies
implementation; -$2.3 million to transfer uncontrolled hazardous waste site
enforcement resources to "Superfund." These decreases are partially offset by
the following: +$11.7 for States applying for second stage of Phase II authoriza-
tion and for permitting of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities under
hazardous waste management finanical assistance; +$2.6 million to fulfill the
commitment made in the resource recovery local finanical assistance program;
+$4,6 million for regulatory support under Subtitle C of RCRA;
2- Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 Estimate $147,798
Congressional increase/decrease:
Resource recovery grants............... -6,000
Travel.. ... -91
Consulting Services...,. ,. -333
ADP services........................... -143
Abatement, Control and Compliance
general reduction -1,433
Research and Development
general reduction..... -2,200
Senior Executive Services bonuses...... -15
Presidential reduction of $7 million
(House Document 96-294) -178
Proposed hazardous waste amendment........ +12,718
Proposed supplemental for 1980 pay raise +1,687
Miscellaneous reprogramming actions....... +2,905
Current 1981 estimate.. 154,715
Congressional decreases to the solid waste media request included a reduction
of $6,000,000 to resource recovery grants; and $850 thousand decrease to travel
resulting in a reduction of $91,100; a $3.8 million decrease to consulting
services resulting in a decrease of $333,400; a $2 million decrease to ADP
services resulting in a reduction of $143,100; a general reduction of $7.5
million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation resulting in a
decrease of $1,433,400; a $12.2 million general reduction to the Research and
Development appropriation resulting in a decrease .of $2,200,000; and, a S750
thousand decrease to senior executive service bonuses resulting in a reduction
of $14,500.
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A supplemental is proposed to fund the October 1930 pay raise and Includes
$1,686,800 for this media.
The 1981 hazardous waste amendment submitted to the Congress resulted in
an increase of $12,718,000 to this media.
A Presidential reduction of $7 million (House Document 96-294) to the Agency's
request for Salaries and Expenses resulted in a decrease of $178,000 to this media.
Miscellaneous reprogrammi ngs result In an increase of $2,905,600 to this media.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
(in thousands of dollars!
Prior year obligations $109,775 $152,970
Effect of congressional changes -6,215
Pay raise supplemental +1,687
Reprogrammi ngs +2,905
Proposed Hazardous Waste Amendment........... +12,718
Presidential reduction in Salaries and
Expenses........... -178
Changes in amount of carryover funds
available -8,122 +1,746
Program increase...... +31,099 -7,954
Change in rate of obligation................. +9.301 ...
Total estimated obligations. 152,970 146,762
{From new obligation authority) (146,721) (138,767)
(From prior year-funds)..,......... (6,249) (7,995)
EXPLANATION OF INCRESES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Congressional changes discussed 1n the previous section are expected to result
in a decrease of $6,215,000 to obligations. The effect of the proposed supplemental
for funding of the October 1980 pay raise results in an increase of $1,686,800.
Reprogrammings result in an increase of $2,905,600 to obligations. The proposed
hazardous waste amendment will increase obligations by $12,718,000. The Presidential
reduction to salaries and expenses will decrease obligations by $178,000.
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1981 is $6,249,300,a decrease
of $8,121,900 from the 1980 level. In 1982, it is estimated that $7,995,000 of
carryover funds will be obligated, an increase of $1,745,700 from the 1931 level.
The increase in budget authoritiy in 1981 was previously estimated to decrease
obligations by $31 million. In 1982, the program change will increase obligations
by $7,954,000
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Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
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Page Intentionally Blank
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SOLID WASTE
Uaste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies
Appropriation
Regulations, G'r'delines
and Policies/Hazardous
Waste:
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Solid Waste:
Salaries and Expenses ..
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ...
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Resource
Recovery
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
.Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grand Total
Permanent Positions
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Hazardous
Waste
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Solid
Waste
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Resource
Recovery
Total
Fu 11-1jme Egirj va1 ency
R egulat i on s, Gui del ines
and Policies/Hazardous
Haste
Reflations, Guidelines
and Policies/Solid
Waste :
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies/Resource
Recovery
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate' Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 v.s. 1981
$3,815
8,484
920
963
376
550
5,111
9,997
15,108
75
28
9
112
98
33
14
54,994
17,726
740
600
635
311
6,369
18,637
25,006
119
13
8
140
151
23
23
(dollars
S&.396
15,680
517
425
375
836
7,288
. 16,941
24,229
112
13
8
133
158
17
12
in thousands)
$6,134 -S262
20,247 +4,567
594 +77
453 +28
386 +11
1,133 +297
7,114 -174
21,833 +4,892
28,947 +4,713
112
13
P.
133
158
17
12
Total
145
197
187
187
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Budget Request
The Agency request is 133 permanent workyears and $28,947,200 which includes
?7,113,900 for t^e Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 521,833,600 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. An increase of $4;S92,300 is provided for 1982
extramural resources to support regulatory refinement of the hazardous waste program
under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Program Description
The Agency's regulatory, guidance and policy-making activities are carried out
under the hazardous waste, solid waste and resource recovery program elements described
below.
Regulations, Guidelines. Policies/Hazardous Waste
This progran orovides for management of the national RCRA Subtitle C Hazardous Waste
program. Included are the promulgation, implementation and refinement of the criteria
and regulations for identification, management and disposal of hazardous wastes and
supportive analyses and assessments of management approaches and technologies. Further,
guidance to the regions and States for nationally consistent implementation of the
Subtitle C regulations is provided.
Regulations, Guidelines, Policies/Solid Waste
This program provides for national management of the RCRA Subtitle D program.
Activities include guidelines upon which development and approval of comprehensive solid
waste management plans are based and guidance on implementation of the criteria for
classification of sanitary landfills and conducting the Open Dump inventory.
Regulations. Guidelines, Policies/Resource Recovery
This program provides continued national management and evaluation of the Urban
Policy Local resource recovery grant program; development of guidelines for Federal
procurement of products containing recycled materials, evaluation of resource recovery
technologies and promotion of resource recovery as an alternative solid waste manage-
ment technique in Federal, State and local waste program and planning activities.
REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, POLICIES/HAZARDOUS WASTE
1980 Accomplishments
Obligations for 1930 totaled $12,299,000. The Agency, in agreencnt with a schedule
approved by the Federal District court, promulgated regulations in February 1930 under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) covering standards for generators of
hazardous waste (Section 3002); standards for transporters of hazarc.-.is waste (Section
3002} and a notice on notification requirements (Section 3010). In Vay 1930, the
Agency promulgated additional regulations covering the criteria for identification and
listing of hazardous waste (section 3001); interim status standards for ov/ners and
operators of treatment, storage and disposal facilities (Section 3004); and requirements
for authorization of State programs and permit issuance as part of the Consolidated
Permit regulations (Section 3005/6). These Phase I regulations represent the core
Subtitle C regulatory program to which initial implementation is geared.
Since May 1980 fifty-one petitions have been filed by trade associations, individual
companies, environmental groups and a State to review the regulations. Resolution of
issues arising from these suits will lead to further refinement of the regulations
through the issuance of amendments.
Successful implementation of the hazardous waste program depends upon the avail-
ability of sites at which sufficient capacity will be created to safely treat, store
and dispose of hazardous wastes. Intense opposition on the part of the local public
is the principal difficulty in creating new disposal sites. To address this issue the
Agency formed a Siting Policy Committee. The result was Agency policy to encourage
private sector solutions to the problem of establishing sites. In cases where govern-
mental involvement is necessary, the States will have the prime responsibility for the
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establishment of adequate capacity. EPA will asssist States in seeing that adequate
capacity is available. To this end EPA developed goals and criteria for assessing
proposed siting policies, conducted a preliminary investigation into the use of the
ADP system to monitor the status of the hazardous waste disposal industry and began
initial efforts toward the development of handbooks to outline possible approaches to
siting and State regulatory and legislative differences.
In late 1980 EPA initiated an extensive industrial waste evaluation program
to yield data and information to support the future regulatory development needs of
the hazardous waste program:
- assessments of industry-specific treatment and disposal practices and
impact? to support issuance of permits against Section 3004 performance
standards;
- prompt response to petitions to remove a hazardous waste from the initial
section 3001 list;
- justification of additional listings under Section 3001; and
- identification of candidate wastestreams for reuse and recovery activities.
The Agency developed a basic strategy for the industry studies program which will be
reflected in the development of future programs and regulations under §3001 and §3004 of
RCRA. The focus of this strategy is nn the development of waste listings and waste or
industry-specific standards or guidance that carry the program beyond the more generic
standards promulgated in 1980. Based upon the criteria of volume, degree of hazard,
economic impact and need to list identified in this early strategy, the Agency identified,
in priority order, those industries and wastestreams that should come under Federal
regulations.
Further, the Office of Solid Waste began an industry assistance program. Public
notice of this program appeared in the May 1980 Federal Register. Under this program the
agency will identify industry and community RCRA compliance problems and coordinate
assistance activities with the States or other Federal agencies. In 1980 the industry
assistance hotline to answer public inquiries on the RCRA regulations was planned.
Additionally, an electroplating seminar Series was held to discuss impact of RCRA regu-
lations on the electroplating industry.
Initial national strategy and guidance on implementing the regulations was developed
and issued to prepare for effective implementation.
With contractor assistance, the Agency undertook analysis of inplementation issues
such as state authorization and permitting procedures; refinement of ADP systems to
facilitate implementation and reporting requirements; ^nd development of the Consolidated
Permit ADP System. Publication of the public notice for notification was completed and
mailing of notification packages to all candidate individuals and firms was managed. As
of September 3.0, 198P, EPA had received approximately 59,000 notifications.
Prngram
The current estimate for this program is 112 permanent workyears and S22, 075,900 of
which 56,396,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,679,800 is for Abatement, Control
"and Compliance.
In 1981, EPA will promulgate Phase II of the Subtitle C core regulations to
include an additional list of hazardous waste (Section 3001), Best Engineering Judgneit
(BEJ) technical performance standards (Section 3004) including REJ standards for tanks,
piles, containers, site selection, incineration and landfills. Also rcech;nisns to ensure
adequate closure and post-closure financial responsibility for hazardous waste facilities
will be promulgated.
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'Jrder the BEJ concept, EPA will Issue permits to any facility that uses "best
available technology." As technologies evolve, EPA will translate them into more stringent
standards for facilities. Revising permits to incorporate new technology will ensure the
continued uparading of facilities.
Some refinements to existing RCRA regulations were made in parly 1981: mining and
cenent kiln waste exemptions (Sections 1006, 2002(a) and 3001); small quantity generator
standards and generator waste accumulations amendment (Section 3002); Hazardous Waste
spill response exemption (Section 3004); and clarification of Interim Status recuirements
(Section 3004). Further refinements of regulations will be carried out through issuance of
Regulation Interpretation Memoranda (RIMS) or Technical Amendments to the Regulations
(TARS).
In addition, major efforts are being directed towards the full, second year of the
industrial waste evaluation program to develop wastestream specific information as the
basis for further Section 3001 waste listings and Section 3004 regulations.
Based upon the criteria established for this program to analyze 23 industry segments,
the highest priority industries for analysis and regulation are organic chemicals and
organic chemical products. These will be the focus of EPA's industrial waste work and
contract funding plan.
Activities include:
- conducting special listing studies to provide support for review of delist-
ing petitions, to justify near-term listings, and to provide litigation
support;
- developing of methods, procedures and tests to identify the harmful
contaminants in complex industrial waste streams;
- sampling and analyzing wastestreams to determine their hazardous character-
istics and the seriousness of their hazard; and
- conducting economic impact analysis to cost out the regulatory requirements
for storage, incineration, treatment and land disposal facilities; determine
impact of costs on affected industry; analyze recordkeeping and reporting
burden of the regulations; and develop environmental impact statements
on regulations
In addition, during 1981 a plan will be developed to begin to address one or more of
the other priority industry segments such as inorganic chemicals, agricultural services,
wood preserving, textile mill products, electroplating and metal finishing, and paints and
allied products.
Limited engineering analysis, sampling and analysis, waste management tpchnology
assessment and pollutant fate and effects analysis activities will be continued for mining
and utility wastes.
In support of the synthetic fuels initiative, the Agency will conduct waste management
studies for the developing synfuels industry. These studies will be designed to identify
and characterize all solid wastes generated from synfuel processes (oil shale, coal liqui-
fication/gasification, gasphol and geothermal). An in-depth characterization study will
include tqxicity, corrosivity, reactivity and ignitability tests as outMned in RCSA §3001;
organic analysis to scan for priority pollutants and metals; and chronic and acute bio-
logical tests to identify mutagenic and carcinogenic constituents. Studies to investigate
alternative management practices for the purposes of developing best management standards
for the synfuels industry will be conducted.
To accompany these activities, a full fledged industry assistance program to help
industry comply with. RCRA regulations will be maintained. The RCRA hotline will become
operational early in 1981 and alternatives for dissemination of industry-assistance infor-
mation i.e. workshops or training modules, will be planned.
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Headquarters will also continue to develop and deliver guidance and training on initial
implementation of the regulations. A technical and procedural guidance manual pertaining
to RCRA Section 3005 consolidated permit regulations will be developed and guidance on the
development of State Work Programs covering authorized State programs, cooperative arrange-
rents and allocation of ;rant funds is being issued. Further, training modules covering
RCRA Implementation issues will be continued and Headquarters staff will provide assistance
and guidance to regions in development of quality assurance programs and plans.
An evaluation of initial implementation methods, activities and policies and adequacy
of basic RCRA strategies will be conducted. Overall evaluation of progress in development
and administration of the Subtitle C program will be the basis for enhancing and
strengthening program elements, through refinements to regulations, before final authori-
zation of States, in 1933. Policies affecting national progress in hazardous waste
management such as facility siting, will continue to be defined and analyzed,
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of 5644,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activitly is $.28,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel cost by $850,000; a decrease of 35,000 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $632,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congess reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 miHion; a decrease of 365,500
was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $284,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-boaH needs resulted
in a transfer of 5470,700: from solid waste regulations, guidelines and policies ($179,500);
resource conservation regulations, guidelines and policies ($267,500) and technical
information development ($23,700)
- Reprogramming of ^107,800 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in orrler to reflect
the establishment of the uncontrolled hazardous waste site program.
- Transfer of 555,000 from regulations, guideline's and policies-solid waste, in
order to support industrial waste evaluation program activities.
- Transfer of 3117,000 to program management, nationwide support costs, in order to
meet increased RCRA progratimatic requirements.
- Transfer of $80,600 to personnel administration in order to provide additional
resources to administer the RCRA programmatic increases.
- Offsetting transfers between hazardous waste management regulatory strategies
implementation and regulations, guidelines and policies hazardous waste in order to
realign funds required to support hazardous waste activities. Salaries and Expenses
(+$1,000,000) and Abatement, Control and Compliance (-$1,000,000). The offsetting
transfers are in hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation.
- Transfer of $364,000 to regulations, guidelines and policies/resource conservation
and recovery in order to support the immediate need to begin evaluation of dioxin confami-
nation in the resource recovery plant stacks.
- A transfer of $54,500 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
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1982 Plan
Resources required for this program are 112 permanent workyears and $26,38.1 ..200
of which 56,134,200 is for Salaries and Exoenses and 520,247,000 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will support regulatory refinement
of the hazardous waste program under Subtitle C through the industry study program,
economic and regulatory analysis of the actual and indirect impacts of RCRA regulations
and development of waste disposal guidance for synfuels industries.
The effective development refinement, and implementation of the regulatory program
in the future requires the rapid establishment of an extensive information base on the
generation, composition, management, and ultimate fate of wastes produced by industry.
Due to the large, but unknown number of process streams industry uses to produce
its products and the time and costs involved in studying each process stream, a number
of years will be required for the industry studies to achieve a broad industry coverage.
Thus, it is necessary to continue to focus efforts in 1982 on a few industry segments,
based upon the criteria established to prioritize potential impact of waste from an
industry on public health and the environment. The outputs of these studies, addressing
the organic chemicals industry first, will support the first Phase III Subtitle C regula-
tions through:
- support for and expansion/refinement of the RCRA Section 3001 list of
hazardous wastes.
- development of RCRA Section 3004 industry specific waste management
guidance or renditions in those cases where unique waste properties or
particular environmental impacts necessitate tailored management
requirements.
- accomplishment of a more integrated approach to regulations for an industry
or industry segment under RCRA and other Acts (e.g. Clean Water Act, Clean
Air Act or Toxic Substances Control Act) when significant environmental
or economic benefits are achievable from such an approach*
The synfuels proqram will continue. Identification, characterization and analysis
of solid wastes generated from synfuels processes and investigation of alternative
management practices will be explored. The output of these activities will be the
development of waste disposal guidance for synfuels technologies.
Industry assistance to industries and their trade associations will ^e expanded by
developing technology transfer tools and examining avenues for innovative or cooperative
approaches to hazardous wasta problems. Manuals and implementation projects will be
developed to help affected industries understand Subtitle 7 regulation and how they
apply, in terns meaningful to the concerned industrial sectors.
An important extramural component of the hazardous waste program in 1982 will be
economic and regulatory analyses of the actual and indirect' impacts of the P>CRA regulations
on various economic sectors and geographic areas.
Other Office of Solid Waste activities will include the promulgation and defense
of additional Section 3001 Hazardous Waste listing and delisting regulations :id
evaluation of alternative treatment technologies prior to refinement and development
of Section 3004 regulations. Maintenance and enhancement of the hazardous waste data
management system and continued development of the Consolidated Permit ADP system
will occur. Further, assessment of implementation progress during interim authorization;
provision of guidance to States and Regions on implementation policies and requirements,
particularly for development of facility permits based on Phase II 53004 technical
standards, and oversight of regional implementation of quality assurance plans submitted
in 1981 will take place.
SW-17
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the Urban Policy Program to move into the second phase of their planning for projects
to convert municipal solid waste to useable energy and materials, A contract to
provide a model to assist EPA and grantees in technical project management was completed
and workshops to train grantees in the model's use took place. Headquarters provided
national oversight of regional management of the grants and evaluated the grantees'
use of funds in the first phase.
In 1980 comprehensive evaluation of several resource recovery systems on commercial-
scale facilities, such as evaluation of co-disposal systems; refusefired energy systems
in Europe and small modular incinerators with heat recovery were completed. The evaluations
of the technological, operational, economic, environmental and institutional aspects of
performance of resource recovery systems expanded the knowledge base available to local
decision-makers.
Nine resource recovery seminars and an ongoing Resource Recovery Implementation
Guide supplied information to support technology transfer among State and local public
administrators.
A draft of an interagency 5-year plan for Federal resource conservation and recovery
programs was completed in conjunction with the Departments of Energy and Commerce.
As a result of the discovery of dioxin contamination in a resource recovery plant, a
dioxin risk assessment program, including the development of sampling protocols, was
initiated. The Agency will collect samples from resource recovery plants, analyze samples
for dioxins and other compounds and determine what risk levels are associated with the
compounds found. In 1980 one resource recovery plant was sampled.
1981Program
The 1981 allocation for this program is 8 permanent workyears and SI,211,000 of
which 3374,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $836,500 is for Abatement, Control and
Compliance.
Headquarters vn'll maintain its oversight and evaluation of ongoing regional management
of the Urban Policy grant program to assist selected local governments complete their
feasibility studies, procurement and pre-implementation activities for resource conservation
and recovery projects. This includes providing assistance to the regions in refining
project work plans for the final phase and evaluating the progress of second phase projects.
National management of the final phases of many projects will be continued until their
completion.
Initial Federal procurement guidelines for fly ash as a cement supplement and recycled
paper products and composted sewage sludge under RCRA Section 6002 will be proposed.
The 1980 Amendments to RCRA established an Interagency Coordinating Committee on
Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Activities. This committee is charged with the
responsibility for coordinating all activities dealing with resource conservation and
recovery from solid waste and for submitting a five-year action plan for Federal resource
conservation or recovery activities to Congress in 1981 and annually thereafter.
The Agency will work with the Office of Management and Budget and Departments of
Interior and Treasury to develop the final interagency 5-year plan for resource recovery.
The plan will help systematize long-term planning.
Evaluation will be continued on selected resource recovery systems such as the A?!DCO-
TORAX pyrolysis plant in Frankfurt, Germany and reports will be issued on the design and
performance of state-of-the-art and commercial technologies, particularly in regard to
small-scale usage. This activity will form a contribution to the ongoing recovery seminars
organized by EPA to aid decision-makers and expand resource recovery.
In 1931, the Agency will expand the d-ioxin risk assessment program by publishing
documents which specify risk levels of compounds found in resource recovery plants and
by initiating an Agency olan for a comparative risk analysis of alternative waste
management strategies.
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
- The net decrease of $397,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to the
activity is 34,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of 52,300
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $500 was applied to the activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by S2 million; a decrease of
$500 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $29,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramrm'ngs to realign salary and related costs to meet on-boarrt needs
resulted in a transfer of $179,500 to regulations, guidelines and policies-
hazardous waste. . .
- A transfer of $9,4PO was made to the radiation media in order to support' the
Radiation Policy Council.
- Transfer of $175,000 to regulations quidelines and policies/resource conservation
and recovery in order to support the immediate need to begin evaluation of dioxin
contamination in resource recovery plant stacks.
- Transfer of $55,000 to regulations guidelines and polices/hazardous waste in
order to support industrial waste evaluation program activities.
1982 Plan
For 1982, the Agency requests 13 permanent workyears and $1,047,400, of which
$594,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $453,300 is for Abatement, Control and Compli-
ance. Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will be used to support guidance for
solid waste management in accordance with Federal criteria and State Plans; national
management of the Open Dump Inventory; and development of Clean Water Act, Section 405
regulations.
Through national management and coordination, Headquarters will emphasize States'
implementation of their approved solid waste management plans and States' continued
evaluation of disposal facilities for the Open Dump Inventory. Guidance on technical
and policy issues of solid waste management planning and implementation will continue.
Clean Water Act Section 405 guidelines concerning the marketing and distribution
of sludge will be promulgated. Additional guidelines to satisfy requirements of both
CWA and RCP.A for sludge management will be proposed and finalized for promulgation.
Sludge incineration, energy recovery, landfilling, landspreading anH disposal of sludge
in surface inpoundnents are expected to be covered in promulgations beginning in 19?2.
The Office of Solid Waste will continue to participate in the further development
of the groundwater strategy to include criteria for classifying groundwater.
REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, POLICIES/RESOURCE RECOVERY
1S80 Accomplishments
In 1980, obligations totaled $925,300, of which $549,700 was used for-extramural
purposes. Follow-up funding of $10 million was provided for the 61 urban grantees of
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REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. POLICIES/SOLID HASTE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, obligations totaled $1,833,200, of which $963,100 was used for extramural
purposes. Guidance on implementation of the RCRA §4004 Criteria for Classification of
Sanitary Landfills, such as Landfill Performance Evaluation, and 'on conduct of the
States' disposal site inventory v/as developed and distributed. The §4004 criteria
specified conditions that must be met regarding flood plains, surface water, ground
water, application to land producing food chain crops, disease, air quality and safety
before sites are classified as environmentally acceptable. All non-complying land
disposal facilities are identified and published in the open dump inventory and put on
compliance schedules to either upgrade or close the sites. Approximately 1100-1200
open dumps were identified in 1980, in preparation for the first Inventory publication.
Work continued on development of Clean Water Act (CWA) §405 regulations on municipal
wastewater treatment sludge disposal and utilization, particularly for the distribution
and marketing, (such as give-away or sale) of processed sludge.
Additionally, EPA conducted studies on ground water monitoring, landfill, land
spreading and surface impoundment design and operation to support refinement of technical
guidance for States and regions on solid waste disposal. A final report on landfill
methane recovery was issued.
The Office of Solid Waste participated in the development of the Agency Groundwater
Strategy that would use existing laws and programs in a better coordinated, more effective
manner to protect the quality of United States groundwater.
1981 Program
. In 1981, the Apency has allocated 13 permanent workyears and $942,200 to this program,
of which $517,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $425,000 is for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. The Headquarters program will continue to concentrate on national
management of the Open Dump Inventory, and publication of the first installment of the
Inventory. States will evaluate the accuracy of this data prior to publication of the
first installment of the Inventory in 1981. Additional installments will be published
annually thereafter. A proposed modification to the public participation requirement
for State planning guidelines, to provide more input to owners and operators of facilities,
will be promulgated upon analysis of public comment.
Given the broad scope of the State solid waste management plans and the number of
?tate agencies and organizations to be involved, EPA will continue to provide comprehensive
guidance on implementation as States' plans are approved by EPA in 1981.
Regulations concerning the distribution and marketing of sewage sludge products
under Section 405 of the Clean Water Act will be proposed in 1981. The objective of the
regulation is to protect the public from toxic substances and pathogens that may be
present in some sludges and to encourage resource recovery through the beneficial use of
sludge as a fertilizer or soil conditioner. A sludge characterization study will supply
information for use in development of further sljidge management regulations.
As a result of the 1981 proposed groundwater strategy and ongoing groundwater
monitoring and protection technology evaluations, the Office of Solid Waste will issue
refinements to the groundwater parts of RCRA regulations.
The Office of Solid Waste will participate with the Food and Drug Administration
and the Department of Agriculture in the development and publication of Solid Waste
Policy Guidance to food processors and growers for use of good quality municipal sludges
for production of fruits and vegetables.
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1981 Explanation of Changefrom Budget Estimate
The net increase of $265,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses
The reduction applied to this activity is $4,200.
- The Congress reduced angencywide travel cost by $850,000, a decrease of
52,30.0 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywfde consulting service by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $1,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance approprtaiton; a decrease of $13,500 was applied to
this activity.
- The Cong-3ss reduced agencywide AQP services by $2 million; a decrease
of $6,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $21,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
* Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $267,500 to regulations guidelines and policies/
hazardous waste.
- Transfers resulted in a decrease of $539,000 from regulations, guidelines
and polices/solid waste ($175,000) and from regulations, guidelines and policies/
hazardous waste ($364.000) to support the immediate need to begin evaluation
of dioxin contamination in resource recovery plant stacks.
1982 Plan
The 1932 resources requested for the program are 8 permanent workyears and
SI,518,900, of which $385,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,133,300 is for
Abatement, Control and Compliance. The Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will
be used to analyze the environmental impact of resource recovery systems and dioxin
contamination in resource recovery facilities.
EPA will continue to carry out national management, oversight and evaluation
activities for the final phase of the remaining local resource recovery grant projects.
Funding to the outstanding urban grant projects will be allocated and management
of the close-out of the 61 cooperative agreements will begin in order to terminate the
Federal role in the grant program in FY 1982. Many of the projects will proceed to
construction within several years. Aside from the potentially benefitting population
and the capital construction expenditures, the projects are enhancing the waste management
decision-making capabilities of municipal officials, indicating a high likelihood for
successful resource recovery system implementation.
An annual update of the Interagency 5-year Resource Recovery Plan will be prepared
for submission to Congress. Further development of RCRA Section 6002 guidelines specifying
the recycled content in federally procured office paper, highway construction materials
and compost will occur prior to promulgation in 1982. Resource recovery seminars to
support information and technology transfer to local decision makers will continue to
be designed and sponsored.
In 1982, the dioxin risk assessment program will be further expanded by evaluation
of operating characteristics and environmental impacts of commercial scale resource
recovery facilities, with emphasis on facility wastes' contamination by dioxin or
other toxic substances, and preparation of a report which will identify conclusions
including impact on the concept of resource recovery.
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SOLID WASTE
Financial Assistance
Budget Current Increase *
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropri at 1 on
Hazardous Waste Manage-
ment Financial Assistance
to States:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance...,.,., $18,082 $30,000 $30,000 $41,700 +$11,700
Solid Waste Management
Financial Assistance
to States:
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 14,011 8,000 8,000 6,000 -2,000
Resource Recovery Local
Financial Assistance;
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 13.899 10.000 4.000 6.600 +2.600
Total
Abatement, Control and
Compliance............. 45,992 48,000 42,000 54,300 +12,300
Permanent Positions ... ... ... ... ...
Full-time Equivalency ... ... .... 90 +90- -
Budget Request
The Agency request for this budget subactivity is $54,300,000 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of $12,300,000. This reflects a
decrease of $2,000,000 for solid waste management grants to States due to the 5-year
phase out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle 0 of RCRA,- An increase of
$11,700,000 is requested for hazardous waste management grants to States for Subtitle
C implementation. $6,600,000 is requested in local resource recovery financial
assistance to complete funding of the 61 projects initiated in 1979. This resource
recovery financial assistance reflects an increase of $2,600,000 from the 1981 level.
Program Description
This subactivity provides financial assistance to State governments for developing
and implementing hazardous and non-hazardous waste management programs under Subtitles
C and 0 of RCRA. Under this subactivity financial assistance is also currently provided
to local government grantees for resource and energy recovery projects consistent with
§4002(a)(2) of RCRA.
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Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance
This program provides financial assistance to States in developing, implementing and
enforcing programs to control hazardous wastes from "cradle to grave" including storage,
treatment, transportation and disposal. States awarded grants must either be operating
a "substantially equivalent" hazardous waste program under interim authorization, or
working toward interim authorization through a cooperative arrangement. Grant targets
are allocated on a formula basis which accounts for a State's population, area, number'
of hazardous waste generators, amount of hazardous waste, and the portion of the Federal
program the State is operating.
Solid Waste Management Financial Assistance to States
This program provides grants to State solid waste management agencies under Subtitle
D of RCRA. Grants are awarded on the basis of State population. The grants support
State solid waste activities under RCRA including the inventory of all solid waste
land disposal sites, completion of State solid waste management plans, and implementa-
tion of State regulatory programs for the management of nonhazardous waste.
Local Resource Recovery Financial Assistance
This program provides assistance, as part of the Urban Policy Program initiated in
1979, to 61 grantees undertaking a three-phase project leading to implementation of
resource and energy recovery systems in their communities. This program is planned
for funding through 1982.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
1980 Accompli shments
Grants totalling $18,082,200 were awarded in 1980. Financial assistance was allocated
to all States for use in developing a substantially equivalent hazardous waste program
eligible for interim authorization. States worked to establish legislative and regulatory
powers required to operate a program which regulates the same wastes, manages the same
aspects of hazardous waste operations (generation, transportation, treatment, storage and
disposal), and provides substantially equivalent protection to human health and the
environment as the Federal program. Phase I interim authorization is keyed to the RCRA
Phase I regulatory program and applies to the States generator and transporter requirements
and preliminary facility standards. States also continued to hire and/or train staff,
within their resource constraints, capable to develop and implement a hazardous waste
management program.
In 1980 States prepared to apply for Phase I interim authorization status. To receive
interim authorization - Phase I or Phase II - a State program is required to have:
- legislative authority adequate for the State to carry out its responsi-
bility for that phase;
- regulations in effect necessary to implement the requirements of that phase;
- control over a substantial majority of hazardous wastes generated, transported,
treated, stored and disposed of in the State;
- capacity to inspect, monitor, and require record keeping, reporting and monitoring
iri order to determine compliance with the requirements of that phase;
- enforcement capabilities adequate to ensure compliance with the requirements
of that phase; and
- adequate resources to administer and enforce the requirements of that phase.
1981 Program
The total current estimate for this program is $30,000,000 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. This reflects an increase of $11,917,800 over the 1980 obligated
level reflecting the priority status afforded the management of hazardous waste.
These funds will allow States to continue to develop and implement hazardous waste
management programs.
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In early 1981, States will begin to receive interim authorization. Interim
authorized States will be eligible for their full grant allocation established by
formula. Six months after promulgation of the Federal Phase II Standards States
will be eligible to apply for Phase II interim authorization. Phase II authorization
will be granted to those States already authorized for Phase I, and to those States
applying for Phase I and II authorization simultaneously. It is expected that during
the period of interim authorization States will upgrade their programs to qualify
them for final authorization.
States ineligible for interim authorization in 1981 can receive grant funds to
continue developing a program eligible for authorization, and to operate aspects of
the Federal program as negotiated through Cooperative Arrangements, these unauthorized
States will enter into Cooperative Arrangements with EPA in which an application for
financial assistance is combined with a plan for working toward authorization. Funding
of Cooperative Arrangement States will be based on negotiated tasks. Unobligated
funds, after negotiation with Cooperative Arrangement States, will be reprogrammed to
the Regions to support implementation of the federal hazardous waste program.
In 1981 interim authorized States will use funds to begin to implement procedures
for the permitting program, assign priorities for facility permitting and initiate
processing of permit applications from any new or expanded facility.
1981 Explanation_of Change from Budget Estimate
There is no change to this activity.
1982 Plan
EPA requests a total of $41,700,000 in Hazardous Waste Management Financial
Assistance for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This reflects an increase of
$11,700,000 over the 1981 level.
In 1982 most States will be operating under Phase II interim authorization. If
the Phase II regulations are promulgated in two stages, in late 1982 States may apply
for the second stage of Phase II authorization. States will continue to upgrade
their programs to achieve full authorization. —
A primary activity of the States in 1982 will be permitting of treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities. Per EPA policy, priority facilities for permitting include
new and expanding facilities, and those facilities with the greatest potential for
causing severe environmental and public health problems. States will evaluate permits
against EPA promulgated "best engineering judgment" standards; these will require an
extensive case-by-case analysis, which EPA contractors will be available to help
provide.
States with interim authorization, and most States under Cooperative Arrangements,
will also continue to operate the tracking aspects of hazardous waste management.
The manifest program, initiated in 1981, will be the major tool for tracking hazardous
wastes from generation to disposal. States will also process discrepancy/exception
reports filed alerting the State and EPA to lost,, misplaced, or delayed shipments of
waste.
The 1982 request for this grant program includes 90 positions that may be used
for the State Assignee program pending the Administration's final approval of their
use. These positions will be used to quickly and temporarily augment State staff
required to effectively implement the hazardous waste program with federally recruited
personnel.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO STATES
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980 solid waste management financial assistance totaled $14,011,100. States
continued to develop their State comprehensive solid waste management plans consistent
with the requirements of Subtitle D of RCRA. States also established legislative
and regulatory authority, where it had not previously existed, necessary to oversee
and manage non-hazardous waste, and strengthened their capability to assume solid
waste management responsibilities consistent with RCRA.
A major activity in 1980 was the initial inventory of solid waste land disposal
sites. States evaluated sites against the RCRA §4004 Criteria for Classifying Solid
Waste Disposal Facilities. The State strategy 1n site evaluation was to Identify
priority sites and those sites most Hkely to be causing damage to the environment
or public health. The States were responsible for overseeing closing, openings and
upgradings of sanitary landfills under Subtitle 0 of RCRA*
The States, with EPA assistance, continued to work to identify and develop long-term
financial alternatives to support the solid waste management program. The strategy
most suitable for a specific State should be implemented within a five-year period,
to coincide with the phase-out of Federal financial assistance which began in 1980.
1981 Program
The current estimate for this program 1s $8,000,000 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance. This reflects a $6,011,100 decrease over the 1980 obligated level,
reflecting the 5-year phase-out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle D of
RCRA.
The management of the lend disposal site inventory will continue in 1981. Highest
priority sites will be identified and evaluated first, consistent with the strategy
developed in previous years. The States will continue to oversee the closing,
upgradings, and openings of land disposal sites within their jurisdiction. This
State activity will continue to be the primary use of Subtitle D grant funds.
The Solid Waste Management Plans will be completed in early 1981 and submitted
to EPA for review and approval. The States will implement the approved Plans using
their established legislative authority and regulatory powers. To remain eligible
for funds, States will revise and resubmit plans not approved to EPA.
The States will continue to identify and implement alternative funding strategy
to assure an adequate and self supporting solid waste management program by 1985.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
There is no change to this activity.
1982 Plan
EPA requests a total of $6,000,000 under this program for Abatement, Control and
Compliance. This reflects a decrease of $2,000,000 from the 1981 level reflecting
the 5-year phase out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle 0 of RCRA,
In 1982 States will begin to implement the comprehensive Solid Haste Management
Plans approved by EPA in 1981. States will complete revisions of the plans or sections
of the plans as necessary to fully comply with RCRA requirements.
The States will continue to invest at least 60 percent of federal funds in conducting
the inventory of solid waste land disposal sites using the Criteria for Classifying
Solid Waste Disposal -acilities. Major emphasis will continue to be on priority sites.
SW-25
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LOCAL RESOURCE RECOVERY FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
1980 .
1980 obligations totaled 313,899,200. In i960, EPA provided funds to 61 communities
selected a year earlier for resource recovery grants under the Urban Policy Program.
These funds are awarded in as many as three phases -- feasibility analysis (Phase
I), planning procurement (Phase II) and procurement (Phase III), In 1980, 31 projects
were completely funded through Phase II. These activities will improve the probability
of successful implementation of resource and energy recovery systems by the participating
communities. The Federal financial assistance helps overcome a major barrier to
urban resource recovery implementation of inadequate funding for planning activities.
The 61 projects being supported represent nearly 20% of the national municipal solid
waste stream. The projects also represent a potential total construction expenditure
of over $4 billion and will provide over 2,000 permanent jobs.
A preliminary evaluation performed in 1980 indicated thf-s program is establishing
the necessary national momentum towards resource recovery as a preferred solid
waste management technique. Examples include a source separation project in New
Britain, Connecticut in which the community planned and implemented a city-wide curb
side source separation program, and a Hillsboro County, Florida project in which the
county developed regional solid waste authority to implement several large scale
resource recovery projects in the near future.
Federal emphasis on resource and energy recovery, through this financial assistance
program, is crucial to a self-sustaining resource and energy recovery industry and
to community confidence in the availability and operating experience of resource
recovery systems. Federal encouragement, as is currently being provided, is creating
both the technical, financial, legal and management skills and the local community
markets to maintain a nationally visible level of resource recovery implementation.
1 981 Program
The total current estimate for this progam is $4,000,000 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. EPA will continue funding for feasibility studies, procurement
planning, and project development activities to improve the probability of successful
Implementation of resource and energy recovery systems by participating communities.
Seven projects (Portland, Oregon; Central Massachusetts; Virgin Islands; San Francisco;
Baltimore; Bell County, Kentucky; and New York/ New Jersey, Port Authority) in the resource
recovery grant program will be implemented in 1981. These projects will complete the
procurement planning stage and move towards the selling of bonds to finance the actual
procurement of the system.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The Congress applied a reduction of $6,000,000 to resource recovery grants.
1982 Plan
The total current estimate for this program is $6,600,000 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance, which represents an increase of $2,600,000 from the 1981 current
estimate. The resources will be used to fulfill the commitment made to this program
and to fully fund and conclude projects from the original solicitation.
The funding will extend and complete Federal support to the communities for their
remaining activities to fully implement a resource recovery system. Most grant
recipients will be in final project stages such as bid preparation and evaluation,
preparation of contracts to secure markets and waste supply for the system; site
selection; and public participation.
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SOLID WASTE
Waste Management Strategies Implementation
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1931 • 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Hazardous Waste
Management Regulatory
Strategies Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Solid Waste Management
Program Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.........
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.,
Abatement, Control
and Compliance........
$3,092
93
1,309
15
4,401
108
$9,052
3,018
1,078
15
10,130
3,033
$6,973
3,994
1,145
15
8,118
4,009
$7,754
2,958
873
15
8,627
2,973
+$781
-1,036
-272
* * •
+509
-1,036
Grand Total,
4,509
Permanent Po si t i ons—
Hazardous Waste Management
Regulatory Strategies
Implementation
Solid Waste Management
Program Implementation ..
Total,
Full-time Equivalency
Hazardous Waste Management
Regulatory Strategies
Implementation ..........
Solid Waste Management
Program Implementation...
138
Total
160
Budget Request
13,163
12,127 11,600
-527
98
40
227
35
219
34
195
25
-24
-9
262
253
220
-33
112
48
275
38
265
36
244
28
-21
-8
313
301
272
-29
The resources requested for this budget subactivity are $11,599,300 and 220
permanent workyears allocated to national hazardous and solid waste management
as follows.
The resources requested for hazardous waste are $10,711,700 and 195 perma-
nent workyears. This includes a total of $7,753,600 for Salaries and Expenses
and 52,953,100 for Abatement, Control and Compl 1ance-an increase of 5780,900 In
Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $1,036,000 in Abatement, Control and
r.-yipliance. The net change is a decrease of $255,100. Permanent workyears
decrease by 24. The continued availability of the permit assistance contract
from 1981 lessens the need for Abatement, Control and Compliance resources for
1982.
The Solid Waste resource request totals $887,600 and 25 permanent workyears,
of rfhich 3372,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,000 is for Abatement,
Control and Compliance. This represents a decrease of 9 permanent workyears and
5272,900, resulting from a lessening of support requirements stemming from a
reduced level of Subtitle D grant resources. .
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Program Description
Hazardous Waste Management
The Hazardous Waste Management Regulatory Strategies Implementation program
incorporates the regional activities necessary to oversee and operate when required,
the RCRA mandated hazardous waste program. Under Subtitle C.of RCRA, regions
assist States in developing substantially equivalent hazardous waste management
programs to qualify for interim authorization, and equivalent programs to qualify
for final authorization when applicable. The regions' responsibility includes
administration of the program (day-to-day management and special problem solving),
and either operation of programs In lieu of delegated State responsibility or
oversight of State operation. Major activities include the manifest system,
technical review of permits, quality control, and programs to assure compliance
with RCRA hazardous waste regulations.
Solid Waste Implementation
The Solid Waste Management Program Implementation program includes regional
activities that increase the ability of States to implement solid waste management
programs under Subtitle D of RCRA. The EPA regions oversee State procedures for
conducting the Solid Waste disposal site inventory required under Subtitle D of
RCRA; assist States in developing their comprehensive Solid Waste Management
Plans and in developing and implementing the non-hazardous waste regulatory
program; manage the Urban Policy Resource Recovery grants within their Region;
and negotiate grant-funded solid waste activities with the States.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1980Accomplishments
In 1980, obligations totaled $3,185,300, of which $93,200 was used for
extramural purposes. The major activity of the regions was support to the States
to develop and implement programs qualifying them for interim authorization.
Regions assisted the States in developing legislative authority, regulatory
powers, and program strategy required to implement a substantially equivalent
hazardous waste program, and assisted States prepare the Phase I Interim Author-
ization application packages.
In 1980, the regions were responsible for the negotiation, award, and over-
sight of State hazardous waste grants to assist States in continuing to develop
hazardous waste management programs. The regions also negotiated the hazardous
waste portion of the State/EPA agreements with other participating programs.
The regions were integrally Involved in the notification process. They
responded to information requests from candidate hazardous waste handlers,
assisted notifiers in completing the forms, and provided various procedural and
public education support activities. As of September 30, 1980, 59,000 notifica-
tions had been received.
The regions strengthened their own capabilities to implement a Federal
hazardous waste program in unauthorized States. Activities critical to implemen-
tation of the program include technical review of permit applications. They
also enhanced their capability to operate other RCRA required hazardous waste
programs including manifest systems, and Agency quality assurance programs.
The regions also began advising facility owners and operators on application
procedures for RCRA hazardous waste permits, processing approximately 25,000
initial requests for Part A permit application packages in 1980, and assisting
applicants in the completion of the application when difficulties arose.
By filing a Part A application, consisting of general information-concerning
the facility and a hazardous waste permit application, the facility is entitled
to interim status. The regions processed Part A applications, as submitted,
beginning in late 1980.
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1981 Program
The total current estimate for this program is 219 permanent workyears and
$10,965,800 of which $6,972,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,994,100 is
for Abatement, Control and Compliance.
In 19S1 the regions will continue to negotiate, award and administer the
State hazardous waste grants, and coordinate the hazardous waste portion of the
annual State/EPA agreements with other participating programs. In States not
achieving interim authorization but desiring to operate elements of the hazard-
ous waste program, the regions will negotiate specific portions of the hazardous
waste program for which the States will be responsible. The grants awarded to
these Cooperative Arrangement States will reflect these negotiations. With the
approval of the Administrator, the Agency will reprogram unobligated grant funds
to defray the costs of operating a Federal program in unauthorized and non-parti-
cipating States. These reprogrammed funds will supplement the regions'
contractor support funds.
In 1931, the regions will work extensively with States applying for interim
authorization. The regions assist States in preparing a draft plan for submission
to EPA for review and comment and subsequent revision by the States as necessary.
After receiving the States' revised packages, the regions review the application
for completeness and initiate the 30-day public comment proceedings. Regions
review and respond to the comments received and issue an approval/ disapproval
of Phase I Interim authorization. The regions anticipate that 24 States will
achieve interim authorization during 1981.
During 1Q81 the regions are responsible for overseeing interim-authorized
States' work toward Phase II and final authorization. Regions will assist States
applying for Phase II interim authorization in late 1981. The regional over-
sight activities in 19S1 include technical guidance to both States and hazardous
waste management facilities on operation of the manifest system and review of
exception/discrepancy reports; monitoring the States' program authorization
status; ensuring consistent implementation of interim standards; and identifica-
tion and resolution of problems that occur during implementation.
The implementation of hazardous waste management programs in unauthorized
States is also the regions' responsibility. Regional activities include the
implementation and operation of the manifest system and handling exception/
discrepancy -eports; providing review and technical evaluation of facility permits;
and responding to questions and resolving problems of generators, transporters
and facility owners regarding the hazardous waste regulations. The regions will
operate the Federal hazardous waste program until the States achieve interim or
final authorization. Reprogrammed State hazardous waste grant funds will help
support regional operation of the federal program.
During early 1981 regions will continue to process Part A pemit requests.
Sased upon the permit priority system giving priority to new, model and potentially
dangerous facilities, the regions will begin calling for Part B applications.
Permitting will be initiated for these on-site and off-site treatment and disposal
facilities in late 1931. Regions will use Best Engineering Judgment (3EJ) standards
to begin to develop oermits for facilities in unauthorized States, and oversee
technical permitting activities in interim authorized States. Permit applications
will require a case-by-case evaluation and technical review. The evaluation and
review techniques developed in 1981 will be the basis for modifying strategy to
carry on extensive permitting in 1982. The extramural resources in 1981 fund
contractor support to the regions and the States by providing technical support
in evaluating individual permit applications and enhancing regional technical
permitting oversight activities for interim authorized States.
In early 1981, the regions will continue to process notification fonns as
late and new hazardous waste handlers notify. The regions also will be responsi-
ble for handling new notifications required as EPA promulgates additions to
the P»CRA 53001 listing regulations.
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $1,103,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $48,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel cost by $850,000; a decrease of $14,100
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $100,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $47,200 was applied to this activity,
- An increase of $426,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Preprogramming* to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a net transfer of -$990,500: from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
(+$11,100); public systems supervision program assistance(+$16,400); and to water
quality environmental emergency response and prevention(-$8,100); dredge and fill
(-$19,900); ambient water quality monitoring(-$178,300); municipal waste treatment
facility construction(-$453,600); manpower planning and training(-$4,100); NEPA
compliance-municipal waste facility construction(-$26,QOQ); solid waste uncon-
trolled hazardous waste sites(-$26,900); solid waste technical assistance delivery^.
headquarters(-$3,200); solid waste technical assistance delivery-regions(-$12,500);
solid waste management program implementation(-S8,300); drinking water underground
injection control program(-$ll,800); pesticides use management(-$18,800); pesticides
enforcement(-$67,600); radiation program implementation(-$2,500); noise regional
program implementation(-$13,700); interdisciplinary EIS review-air(-$5,000); EIS
review-water quality(-$7,500); energy review and permittfng(-$3,100); toxics
management(-$35,OOQ); and to program management regional counsel (-$32,900),
regional management{-$65,000), and regional personnel management(-$14,200).
- Transfer of $3,900 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in order to cover
necessary supplies and materials.
- Transfer of $22,900 from ambient air quality monitoring in order to provide for
sample analysis of hazardous materials.
- Transfer of $50,000 to hazardous waste permit enforcement in order to support an
ADP contract for RCRA notification Part A, to establish and complete the inital program
registry and data base.
- Tranfer of $13,700 to hazardous waste enforcement in order to provide basic lab
support.
- Transfer of $12,000 to solid waste management program implementation in order to
provide additional support to hold the public hearing mandated as part of the State
plan approval process.
- Transfer of $1,800 to radiation program implementation in order to cover the
cost of procuring a lead brick shield and sodium-iodide crystal for the regional
radiation measurement chamber.
- Transfer of $7,700 to planning, evaluation and analysis in order to provide
minimum support to the regional analytic center.
- Transfer $3,200 from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in order to reallocate
travel funds.
- A transfer of $13,600 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to
provide additional resources to that Office.
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- Transfer of $253,000 to the Office of General Counsel in order to provide for
the legal services workload associated with hazardous program implementation.
- Offsetting transfers between hazardous waste management regulatory strategies
implementation and regulations, guidelines and policies hazardous waste in order to
realign funds required to support hazardous waste activities. Salaries and Expenses
(-$1,000,000) and Abatement Control and Compliance (+$1,000,000). The offsetting
transfers are in hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation.
1982 Plan
EPA requests a total of 195 permanent workyears and $10,771,700, of which
$7,753,600 1s for Salaries and Expenses and $2,958,100 is for Abatement, Control
and Compliance. This reflects a decrease of 24 permanent workyears and a decrease
of $255,100 from the 1981 current estimate.
Regions in 1982 will negotiate the State hazardous waste grants to interim
authorized and Cooperative Arrangement States. In Cooperative Arrangement States,
the regions will operate those aspects of the Federal program not delegated to the
States through negotiations including the technical evaluation required in the
permitting process. Functions operated by the region will be specified in State-EPA
grant negotiations. Funds not awarded to the States will be reprogrammed to the
Agency to help finance operation of the Federal program in unauthorized States.
As in 1981, State Assignees will be included in the hazardous waste grant negotia-
tions.
Resources in 1932 allow regions to continue to administer the hazardous
waste program, and assist the States in moving toward final authorization. EPA
regions will continue the interim authorization process, working with those
unauthorized States to develop and strengthen their programs, and ensuring that
all authorized programs meet the "substantial equivalence" requirements.
Regions will assist States still lacking Phase II interim authorization
construct the authorization packages, as they did for Phase I authorization. If
the Phase II regulations are promulgated in two stages, regions will assist all
the State apply for the second stage of Phase II authorization during 1982.
Permitting of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities will be a focus of
the regions in 1982. Target facilities include new and expanding facilities to
ensure availability of adequate disposal capacity, and those facilities with
potential to cause the most severe environmental and public health problems.
The permits will be based on "Best Engineering Judgment" (BEJ) and issued to
facilities using the best available technology. Facilities will have to be
evaluated, therefore, on a case-by-case basis with extensive analysis to ensure
compliance with BEJ standards. The regional technical staff also will be
responsible for participating in response to public comment, and in public hear-
ings as required by RCRA before issuing a permit.
The Abatement, Control and Compliance resources requested in this program
fund the support of contractors required to provide in-depth technical review
and evaluation of the permit applications and; individual facility evaluations
against the BEJ standards. These resources will allow EPA to meet the first
year plan of the six year permitting strategy. The initial BEJ permits may need
to be revised as BEJ standards are refined and national standards are promulgated.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980 obligations totaled $1,323,800 of which $15,000 was used for extramural
purposes. The regions were responsible for the negotiation, award, and oversight
of State solid waste grants to assist States in continuing to develop solid waste
management plans and fund other RCRA Subtitle D programs. The regions-also negotiate,
award and administer the solid waste portion of the State/EPA agreements.
SW-31
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The regions continued to assist the States in assuming respondibiltiy for their
solid waste management programs required by Subtitle D of RCRA. Regions provided
advice to States concerning development and implementation of State legislative
authority and regulatory powers required to manage the non-hazardous waste within
the State, and provided assistance to States as they worked toward completing their
comprehensive solid waste management plans for developing and implementing program
for disposal of all non-hazardous wastes.
Another major activity within this program element is the management of the
land disposal site inventory process initiated in 1980. Regions ensure that
States concentrate their inventory and evaluation efforts on the highest priority
land disposal sites. The regional activities included management of the inventory
process; oversight of site closings, openings, and upgradings; and the conduct
of public participation activities, hearings, and other support functions.
Under the Urban Policy program, the regions adminstered and managed the 61
local resource recovery grants.
198,1 Program
The current estimate for this program is 34 permanent workyears and $1,160,500
of which $1,145,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,000 is for Abatement,
Control and Compliance.
In 1981, the regions will continue to negotiate award and administer the State
solid waste grants, and coordinate the solid waste portion of the annual State/EPA
agreements with other participating programs.
In consideration of the currently mandated phase-out of Federal Subtitle D
financial assistance, the regions will continue to assist the States work
toward finalizing their solid waste management plans and establishing and
implementing adequate and self-supporting non-hazardous waste programs. Regions'
activities in this regard include assisting States complete their solid waste
management plan for submission to EPA by January 31, 1981, review and approval
of the plans and advising States oh legislation and Implementation of required
regulations. The regions will also assist the States Investigate alternative
funding strategies to support the State solid waste management program.
The management of the land disposal site inventory will continue in 1981,
identifying and evaluating sites of highest priority and overseeing the closings,
openings and upgradings of sites. The inventory information will be coordinated
with EPA Headquarters by the regions for inclusion in the annual national
inventory of land disposal sites.
The regions will continue to manage and provide support to local resource
recovery grantees, as they complete their feasibility studies and move into
Phase II, procurement planning, and Phase III, procurement, of their systems.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $67,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $6,800.
- An increase of $71,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
SW-32
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- Rsprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a net,transfer of -$22,200: from hazardous waste management regulatory
strategies implementation ($8,300); from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($26,300);
from hazardous waste enforcement ($6,300); from planning, evaluation and analysis
($4,500); from regional financial management ($900); and to regional management
($5,400); regional counsel ($200); energy review and permitting ($1,900); uncon-
trolled hazardous waste site ($24,300); and municipal waste treatment facility
construction ($36,700).
- Transfer of $24,500: from solid waste technical assistance delivery-regions
($12,500) and from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation
($12,000) in order to provide additional support to hold the public hearing man-
dated as part of the State plan approval process.
1982 Plan
EPA requests a total of 25 permanent workyears and S887.SOO of which $872,600
is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This reflects a decrease of 9 permanent workyears and $272,900
from 1981,
As the State Solid Waste Management Plans, submitted in January 1981, are
approved regions will assist States Implement the plans. The regions will also
work with the States to revise those plans, or sections of the plans not approved
within the initial review period. These revised plans will be resubmitted to
EPA for approval and subsequent State implementation.
In 1982 the regions will play a reduced role In negotiating and awarding
of the State Solid Waste grants, considering the work elements of the State
Solid Waste Management Plans. Regions will minimally oversee these programs to
ensure proper implementation by the States.
Regions will continue to assist States in establishing alternative funding
strategies to support the non-hazardous waste management program in conjunction
with the EPA phase-out of Federal financial assistance for solid waste programs.
The land disposal inventory will continue 1n 1982, and be managed by the
regions. Activities will Include oversight of site closings, openings and up-
gradings; conduct and management of public participation requirements; and
coordination with headquarters and State support activities.
The regions will manage the completion of the procurement planning and pro-
curement phases of the resource recovery grants under the Urban Policy Program.
It is anticipated that these projects will be completed in 1932.
SW-33
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SOLID WASTE
Technical Assistance
Agpr-pprlatign
Technical In?ormat i on
Development:
Salaries and Expenses... $1,078 $1,094
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ... 1,332 600
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/
Regions:
Salaries and Expenses... 463 386
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/
Headquarters:
Salaries and Expenses... 154 120
Abatement, Control and
Compliance , 4.150 4.494
Total:
Salaries and Expenses. 1,695 1,600
Abatement, Control and
Compliance. 5.482 5,094
Grand Total........ 7,177 6,694
Permanent Positions
Technical" Information
Development 11 11
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/
Regions .. 18 13
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/
Headquarters...... 4 L 3
Total 33 27
Ful1-time Equi valency
Tecnln f cart Info rmat i 6 n
Development. 22 16
Solid Waste Technical
Assistance Delivery/Head-
quarters..... 4 3
Solid Waste Technical
Assi stance Deli very/
Regions 18 15
Total 44 34
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1380 19811981 ,. ,1.982, 1982 vs. 1981
"" fiollars In thousands)
$1,026
587
459
116
4.494
1,601
5,081
6,682
10
12
25
15
14
$1,279 +$253
600 +13
416
234
4,394
1,929
4.994
6,923
11
13
27
16
15
-43
+118
-100
+328
-87
+241
+2
32
34
+2
SW-34
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3udget_
In 1982, the Agency requests 27 permanent workyears and $6,923,200, of which
$1,92°, 400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $4,993,800 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance. These resources will fund technical assistance at the $5 million level,
as required under the 1980 Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act. The request is an increase of $240,700 over 1981 with an increase of $328,300
in the Salaries and Expenses apropriation and a decrease of $87,600 in the Abatement,
Compliance and Control appropriation. The increase in Salaries and Expenses is for
printing and composition costs for RCRA rule-making and background documents.
Reprogramming to support ad hoc technical assistance meetings to explain RCRA
regulations to regional. State and local officials increased Salaries and Expenses
while decreasing Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Program Description
Funding under this subactivity enables EPA to provide State and local governments,
as well as Federal agencies, with comprehensive technical assistance on solid and
hazardous waste management and resource conservation and recovery. EPA is also able
to manage a participatory public education and information program, as well as
develop and provide technical information concerning implementation of RCRA regulations,
policies and programs. Section 2006(b) of RCRA mandates EPA to establish Technical
Assistance Panels for the purpose of providing technical assistance to States,
local governments, and Federal agencies upon request, these panels consist of
experts from EPA, State and local officials (under the peer matching progam), consultants
under contract to EPA, or any other individuals serving voluntarily. Peer matching
uses officials from one community to help another community solve a problem with
which they have had similar experience. This subactivity includes the following
programs:
Technicali jJJP^MloJ-.De-ygTognjen^ *- This program includes the management of hearings,
meet i ngs a i rid I other • pi^lic part ici pat i on activities mandated by Section 7004(5) in
the development of all regulations, guidelines and programs under RCRA. Management
of RCRA orientation courses for Federal and State employees will be provided.
EPA's management of a participatory public education and information program on
solid and hazardous waste management technical issues, and preparation, publication
and dissemination of reports to Congress and the President and other publications
are also included, as mandated by RCRA Sections 2005 and Subtitle H.
Technical Assistance - Regional Offices — This program includes regional management
of the technical assistance panels program for State and local governments and
delivery of technical assistance by regional personnel.
Technical Assistance -. Headquarters -- This program provides national program management
to include EPA Headquarters establishment of regional level-of-effort contracts
for technical assistance and management of an evaluation reporting system of
technical assistance provided. Administration and monitoring of peer matching
technical assistance grants is also included.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT
1 980 Accompli shments
Obligations for 1980 totaled $2,409,900, of which $1,33J,500 was used for
extramural purposes. The second year of the public education program on RCRA imple-
mentation, Waste Alerts continued in 1980. The initial two years focused on identi-
fying and educating citizen leaders, developing proposals for implementing public
participation under RCRA at the State level, planning for State Waste Alert! confer-
ences, and identifying State action groups for participation in such conferences.
Six citizen education grants were awarded through which grantees developed, organized,
and managed four Regional Waste Alert! conferences,
SW-35
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In response to approximately 31,000 information requests from the public,
approximately 1,300,000 technical and public information documents, including 400,000
copies of the RCRA regulations, were distributed in 1980. EPA prepared and published
151 new titles, including reports to Congress, technical reports, manuals, fact
sheets and graphic presentations.
Initial orientation courses were held for Regional personnel on the imple-
mentation of the RCRA regulations, and three universities developed innovative
model courses on hazardous waste management. In addition, twenty public hearings
and meetings were held on RCRA regulations, guidelines, and programs.
1981 Program
The total current estimate for this program is 10 permanent workyears and
$1,613,100 of which $1,025,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $587,600 is for
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
Provision for public participation 1n RCRA programs will continue in 1981,
including public hearings and meetings on implementation of RCRA regulations,
guidelines, and programs. Management of the RCRA regulations orientation
workshops will continue to be provided, including the periodic updating of
course material such as training manuals.
The public education program, Waste Alert! will continue into its third
year. Waste Alert! conferences willbegin forming coalitions and serve as a
corps to help citizens at the local level understand solid waste management
projects and issues, such as treatment, storage and disposal facilities siting,
resource recovery and the problems of abandoned waste sites. Citizens in all 56
States and Territories will ultimately be involved in shaping national, State
and local programs and policies concerning waste management.
Under the technical information program, the preparation, publication and
distribution of information documents and reports will continue and additional
regional conferences, for EPA personnel involved in RCRA implementation, will
be held.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $80,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $3,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$3,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $48,800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $12,400 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $12 million; a decrease of
$7,500 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $24,800 results from the cost of the-October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $27,900: to regulations, guidelines and polices/hazardous
waste ($23,700) and solid waste technical assistance delivery-headquarters ($4,200).
- A transfer of $2,100 was made to the radiation media in order to support the
Radiation Policy Council.
SW-36
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1982 Plan
EPA requests a total of 11 permanent workyears and $1,878,900 of which $1,278,900
is for Salaries and Expenses and $600,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance.
The public education program on RCRA implementation, Maste Alert!. will
continue in 1982. The fourth year's program will focus increasingly on gaining
constructive public involvement in siting treatment, storage and disposal facili-
ties and other support for State funded Subtitle C programs. To this end, regional
and State conferences and the development of technical information materials will
continue. Public meetings and hearings associated with the development of regulations
will be continued.
The Agency will continue its development and distribution of public and
technical information materials as well as its response to public inquiries.
Publishing support, including an annual report to Congress on RCRA activities,
an(* Federal Register publication of regulations, disseminating staff and contrac-
tor reports, technical newsletters and other information will continue in FY 1982.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DELIVERY ^REGIONALOFFICES
1980 Accomplishments
Obligations for 1980 totaled $463,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation,
EPA regional offices continued operation of the Technical Assistance (TA) Panels
program mandated under Section 2003 of RCRA. Individual consultant contracts
were managed at each regional office. This support and the other technical assistance
services enabled each Region to maintain comprehensive coverage of its jurisdiction's
needs.
These technical assistance services act as a catalyst for States and local
governments as they begin to implement their responsibilities under Subtitles C —*-•••
and D of RCRA, such as the inventory of solid waste disposal sites and State
hazardous waste management programs.
The assignment of primary responsibility for provision of technical assistance
to the regions has become increasingly significant, as unique regional, State,
and local differences and needs have been encountered. The regions are most
familiar with the specific waste management problems in their jurisdictions and can
better integrate the TA Panels program with the development of RCRA regulatory
programs.
The regional offices responded to 348 requests for technical assistance in
1980, an increase of 21% over the previous fiscal year, through peer matching,
consultants or directly by EPA regional personnel. 42X of these requests were
for resource recovery and waste reduction.
1981 Program
EPA requests a total of 12 permanent workyears and $459,200 under this
program for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
The resources will enable EPA regions to continue coordinating and adminis-
tering the delivery of technical assistance through the RCRA-mandated TA panels
program. This will include receiving and responding to minor technical assistance
inquiries, reviewing and evaluating requests for assistance, selecting modes of
assistance and developing work scopes. Technical assistance will continue to be
provided through contractor, peer matching and EPA regional personnel.
SW-37
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The regions will begin using Senior Environmental Employees in 1981. They
will visit client communities, attend meetings, initiate new projects, monitor
on-going projects and supervise and coordinate with consultant contractors.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $72,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $2,500.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $28,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a net transfer of $68,800: from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
($18,300); uncontrolled hazardous waste sites enforcement ($16,700); hazardous
waste enforcement ($35,400); hazardous waste management regulatory strategies
implementation ($12,500); and, to municipal waste treatment facility construction
($4,200); regional management ($1,300); regional financial management ($6,800);
and regional counsel ($1,800).
- Transfer of $12,500 to solid waste management program implementation to
provide additional support to hold the public hearing mandated as part of the
State plan approval process.
1982 Plan
EPA requests 13 permanent workyears and $416,600 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation.
The regions will continue to receive and respond to minor technical assist-
ance inquiries, review and evaluate requests for major assistance and select
modes of assistance and develop workscopes. With the implementation of the
Subtitle C regulations, EPA expects requests for technical assistance to focus
on hazardous waste program development and implementation questions.
The regional staff will participate in the management and actual delivery
of technical assistance.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DELIV ERY-HEADQUARTERS
1980 Accomplishments
Obligations for 1980 totaled $4,303,900, of which $4,150,200 was used for
extramural purposes. To carry out the RCRA mandated Technical Assistance Panels
Programs, EPA headquarters awarded funds to 10 regional contractors and 7 public
interest groups for peer matching services. The Office of Solid Waste continued
to provide national management of this program to ensure overall consistency
among the Regions, provide a mechanism for the development and distribution of
general policy and guidance documents, and provide the Regions with a central
contact point for shaping the program.
EPA developed and issued a summary report of the 1980 Technical Assistance
Panels program activities.
SW-38
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I
1981 Program
EPA requests a total of 3 permanent workyears and $4,610,200 under this
program, of which $116,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $4,493,800 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1981, national management of the Technical Assistance Panels program will
be provided. This will include negotiating, awarding and monitoring consultant
contracts and public interest group peer matching grants; conducting reporting
and record keeping activities; and evaluating the overall program to enable EPA
to ascertain the effectiveness and responsiveness of the various technical
assistance provided.
1981 Ex pi an ati on of Chan ge from Budget Estmate
The net decrease of $3,300 results from several actions, as follows;
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $700.
- An increase of $6,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $3,200 from hazardous waste management regulatory strate-
gies implementation.
- A transfer of $12,000 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests 3 permanent workyears and $4,627,700 under this program
of which $233,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $4,393,800 Is for Abatement,
Control and Compliance. The Abatement, Control and Compliance resources will
fund the technical assistance panels.
National management of the Technical Assistance Panels program will be
provided at the same levels as in prior years. This management activity includes
negotiating, awarding and monitoring contracts and grants for delivery of technical
assistance and conducting recordkeeping and reporting activities related to the
overall program. Annual evaluation of the program will also be performed, enabling
the Agency to ascertain the effectiveness and responsiveness of technical assistance
provided.
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SOLID WASTE
Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites
Budget Current . Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1892 vs. 1981
(dollars In thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and
Expenses $1,271 $1,736 $4,216 ... -$4,216
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 16.567 16,570 21,661 -21.661
Total 17,838 18,306 25,877 ... -25,877
Permanent Positions 23 19 65 ... -65
Full-time Equivalency 28 19 67 ... -67
Budget Request
The Agency requests no appropriation in 1982 for this budget activity under the-
"Salaries"and"Expenses and Abatement,Control and Compliance appropriations. All activities
previously funded under this budget activity will be funded under the appropriation for the
Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund created by the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund).
Program Description
The Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site program is currently an interim program, to address
hazardous substance release problems In a limited way before passage of "Superfund".
The major goal of the program Is to address the worst known problems associated with
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The interim strategy encompasses site discovery actions,
investigations to determine the most serious sites, emergency assistance at those sites
eligible under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act of 1977, and development of enforcement
cases. The interim program will bridge the gap until the "Superfund" program is fully
implemented. Superfund will provide the necessary funding and authority to intensify current
efforts and to begin undertaking engineering planning and design, containment measures.
The primary objective of the program Is to eliminate threats to public health and welfare
and ecologically sensitive areas from hazardous substance releases from uncontrolled waste
sites. Preliminary estimates reveal that there may be 30,000 to 50,000 sites containing
hazardous waste, of which 1,200 to 2,000 may present potentially significant problems. Over
7,000 waste sites have been inventoried, but the extent of the risks posed by them is in most
cases still unknown.
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency obligated a total of $17,837,900 and 23 permanent workyears for the
the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site program, of which $1,271,100 was for Salaries and
Expenses, and $16,566,800 was for extramural contracts under the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Additional resources for this program were provided under enforcement
and research and development budget activities.
SW-40
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During 1980, the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site program began to implement the interim
strategy as directed by the EPA Deputy Adiministrator in 1979. This strategy was based on
the policies established during 1979, and includes site identification and discovery, field
investigations, emergency response, and enforcement actions.
The 1980 program relied extensively on contractor support included in this subactivity
to provide 147 dedicated contractor field investigation personnel to the Regions for site
identification, investigation, and enforcement case preparation. The contractor also provided
other non-dedicated services such as drilling sample wells, retaining expert consultants, and
procuring engineering services to determine remedial measures. The $16,000,000 in contracts
included approximately $8,000,000 for the Field Investigation Team (FIT) contract, awarded in
February 1980, and a $5,000,000 series of chemical analysis contracts for analyzing samples
obtained during site investigations. An additional contract was awarded to manage and control
the shipment of samples to and from the regional offices and laboratories. Contract funds
of $1,000,000 were used for support of emergency response to sites. The remaining $2,000,000
was used to fund contracts for remedial technology evaluations, aerial surveillance, and
regional training programs.
Over 7,600 potential hazardous waste site problems are currently identified on regional
logs. Of this total, 4,560 sites underwent preliminary assessment and 1,650 site inspections
were completed. Tentative dispositions were made on 1,305 sites. These activities have
supported 61 emergency response actions under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act and the
filing of 51 EPA-initaited enforcement cases.
1981 Program
In 1981 the Agency has allocated a total of $25,876,600 and 65 permanent workyears to
this program, of which $4,216,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $21,660,400 is for extramural
purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Of this total, $8,200,000
and 40 permanent workyears were appropriated in a 1981 budget amendment for Superfund planning
and implementation activities.
Contract funding of $21,660,400 will be used to provide major technical assistance and
support to EPA efforts. The $10,600,000 field Investigation team contract will provide the
Regions with 180 dedicated field personnel to assist with preliminary assessments, site
inspections, and enforcement case preparation. $3,400,000 will fund a series of chemical
analysis contracts in support of site investigations. $2,600,000 will be used for contracted
design plans and engineering studies for remedial action at 5-10 sites. $2,900,000 will fund
contracts for support of Headquarters efforts in developing and implementing Superfund
strategies. $200,000 will be used for assessment of remedial measures taken at Love Canal.
The remaining $2,000,000 in contracts will fund aerial surveillance, a national toll-free
telephone notification system, and technical support for emergency response to sites.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $7,570,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $3,800.
- A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities was
submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increase of $2,651,000 for this
activity under Salaries and Expenses and $5,505,000 under Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $11,200
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$30,500 was applied to this activity.
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- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $645,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $6,400
was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $59,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprograimnngs to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a decrease of $215,700: to water quality ambient water quality monitoring ($39,500);
waste treatment operations and maintenance ($25,200); municipal waste treatment facility
construction (513,700); ocean disposal permits ($9,000); permit issuance ($12,400); solid
waste hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($11,100); solid
waste implementation ($26,300); solid waste technical assistance delivery ($18,300);
pesticides use management ($6,100); interdisciplinary EIS reviews-water quality
($13,800); energy review and permitting ($14,200); and toxic substances enforcement
($26,100).
- Reprogramming of $107,800 from the regulations, guidelines and policies-hazardous
waste in order to reflect the establishment of uncontrolled hazardous waste site program.
- Transfer of $71,300 to hazardous waste permit enforcement in order to provide ADP
support for the permit process.
- Transfer of $3,900 from hazardous waste management strategies implementation in g
order to support the necessary supplies and materials.
- Transfers resulted in an Increase of $230,700: from public systems supervision
program assistance ($20,000); NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction
($1,200); state programs regulations and guidelines ($104,100); municipal waste
treatment facility construction ($45,400); water quality permit issuance ($13,200);
energy review and permitting ($12,300); air quality management implementation ($39,500);
and to NEPA compliance/EIS preparation new source discharge permit ($5,000) to realign
contract funds.
- Reprogrammings resulted in a decrease of $3,600: to hazardous waste management
regulatory strategies implementation ($3,200); uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($400)
reflecting a reallocation of travel funds.
1982 Plan
In 1982, the activities previously funded under this budget subactivity will be funded
under the appropriation for Superfund.
SM-42
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
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Page Intentionally Blank
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SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste Enforcement
Appropriation
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses •
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ..,
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste:
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Hazardous Waste
permit Issuance:
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
Compliance <
Grand Total:
Permanent Positions
Ha zardbus Waste
Enforcement
Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste
Hazardous Waste
Permit Issuance ..
Total.
Fun-time Equivalency
HazardousWaste
Enforcement
Uncontrolled Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Permit Issuance ......
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
198JD 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
$2,495 $3,161 $2,937 $4,137 +$1,200
643 632 652 455 -197
2,711
2
$187
« » *
5,393
645
6,038
66
71
8
145
78
88
10
1,925
• * *
$4,090
25
9,176
657
9,833
83
53
121
257
98
53
175
4,313
2,271
$4,039
24
11,289
2,947
14,236
84
103 '
114
301
101
111
172
* • *
• * *
$4,981
25
9,118
480
9,598
!
93
• * »
135
228
109
* * *
189
-4,313
-2,271
+$942
+1
-2,171
-2,467
-4,638
+9
-103
+21
-73
+3
-111
+17
Total.
176
326
384
298
-86
SW-43
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Budget Request
In 1982, the Agency requests 228 permanent workyears and a total of $9,597,600,
a decrease of 73 permanent workyears and $4,638,400 from 1981. Included In this total
is $9,117,700 for Salaries and Expenses and $479,900 for Abatement, Control .and Com-
pliance.
Program Description
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) provides for comprehen-
sive control over the handling of solid and hazardous wastes. The Act authorizes EPA
to promulgate regulations to control hazardous wastes from the point of generation
to the point of final disposal.
The solid waste enforcement program is at thfs time organized into three major,
separate components: (1) hazardous waste enforcement program, (2) uncontrolled
hazardous waste program, and (3) hazardous waste permit issuance program. In July of
1979, EPA determined that the clean-up by responsible parties of hazardous waste dump-
sites threatening public health would be given "highest Agency priority" and established
an agency-wide Hazardous Waste Enforcement and Emergency Response System. Consequently,
a "National Hazardous Waste Enforcement Task Force" (Task Force) was established to
coordinate and manage the imminent hazard cases initiated under Section 7003 of RCRA,
Section 1431 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, Section 504 of the Clean Water Act, and the
Toxic Substances Control Act. Since its Inception, the Task Force has been active in
evaluating potential hazards at sites known to contain hazardous waste and in assist-
ing in legal action and emergency Federal actions to contain the spread of
contaminants where existing local authority and funding is Insufficient. The Task
Force was established as a separate component to expedite handling of uncontrolled
hazardous waste site cases in conjunction with a newly-formed Hazardous Waste Section
in the Department of Justice. (Task Force functions and activities are discussed
under the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site Enforcement justification).
The hazardous waste enforcement program is responsible for development of an
overall enforcement strategy, and implementation of a monitoring program designed to
ensure compliance with RCRA Subtitle C regulations. The regulations will require
generators and tranporters of hazardous waste to comply with certain procedural stan-
dards, such as record-keeping, reporting, and proper containerization, and will also
require that all transported hazardous wastes be accompanied by a manifest document,
and additionally, that such wastes be taken only to permitted hazardous waste manage-
ment facilities. Facilities which manage hazardous wastes will be required to notify
EPA, qualify for interim status by completing a Part A application and obtain a per-
mit from EPA or a State with an authorized RCRA program. Procedures for routine
inspection and sampling of facilities which generate, transport, treat, store, or
dispose of hazardous waste will be developed. Guidelines will be promulgated
establishing standards of evidence needed to support enforcement actions in cases of
interim status standards violations and permit violations. RCRA enforcement will
also be responsible for promulgating rules governing the issuance of compliance
orders and hearings conducted to either assess administrative penalties and/or suspend
or revoke permits.
The hazardous waste permit program is part of the comprehensive effort required by the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to manage hazardous waste. The Act prohibits
treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous waste except in accordance with an EPA or
approved State-issued permit. RCRA permits provide a mechanism for controlling hazardous
waste by imposing performance standards on treatment, storage, and disposal facilities.
These standards, set by the hazardous waste management program will ensure that hazardous
waste is managed according to environmentally acceptable practices. EPA estimates there
are a total of 30,000 sites that will require permits, 7,500 of which will be issued by
EPA. The remaining 22,500 permits will be issued by States with approved RCRA programs.
SW-44
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Development of adequate State hazardous waste permit programs is another significant
aspect of the permit issuance program. RCRA places great emphasis on approving State
programs, encouraging them to issue permits with either temporary "interim authorization"
or full authorization if they meet RCRA's requirements. EPA's role in the State author-
ization process is twofold. First, EPA will support State efforts to develop adequate
permit program by providing technical, legal, and administrative assistance. Secondly,
EPA will oversee approved programs to ensure that State permits are issued in conformance
with National program policies. EPA's success in authorizing State programs will affect
the volume of permitting done by the Agency.
As part of its continuing efforts to improve the regulatory process, EPA has con-
solidated permit issuance procedures for five permit programs: the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), the hazardous waste permit program, the Underg-
ground Injection Control (UIC) program, the Dredge of Fill program, and the prevention
of significant deterioration (PSD) program. Coordination and consolidation of the
permitting process will benefit both the public and the Agency by reducing delay and
simplifying permitting procedures.
HAZARDOUSHASTE ENFORCEMENT
1980 Acomplishments
Obligations in 1980 totaled $3,138,100, of which contract funds totaling $642,600
were expended in 1980 for five purposes: development of the overall enforcement strat-
egy, development of an inspection manual for verification of compliance with interim
status standards; support of non-notlfier enforcement activities; assistance to the
Office of Solid Waste in developing an ADP system to meet anticipated program needs;
and development of a RCRA penalty policy for administrative, civil and criminal pro-
ceedings.
Program activities in 1980 focused on efforts to formulate a comprehensive
strategy for implementation of a hazardous waste enforcement program in the beginning
of 1981, and to review State plans for interim authorization. The program also pro-
vided extensive assistance and support to the Office of Solid Waste in the
development of draft regulations and guidelines under RCRA. The Agency completed a
second draft of a "Case Proceedings Manual" for use in enforcement action.
A rewrite of the initial draft was necessary because of the extensive changes made to
the RCRA regulations. Also completed in 1980 was a "General Inspections Manual" to
be used to inspect permitted sites and facilities for compliance with interim status
standards. Training plans for conducting interim status inspections were completed.
Inspection training courses are scheduled to be given to the Regions in 1931. The
purpose of the manual is to provide guidance needed to properly conduct inspections
of hazardous waste facilities.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,589,300 to this program, of
which 52,937,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $652,100 for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. Permanent workyeaVs allocated in 1981 total 34 an
increase of 18 over the 1980 program level.
The highest priority for the 1981 hazardous waste enforcement program is initiat-
ing enforcement actions using all available legal authority, in situations involving
substantial threats to health or the environment. In addition, assistance will be
given to the Office of Solid Waste in the development and completion of final RCRA
regulations. Other significant activities conducted by the Regions in 1981 include
the establishment and conducting of compliance monitoring and enforcement programs
for all States not granted interim or final authorization and the conducting of
enforcement activities in States operating programs under Cooperative Arrangements.
As the authorized States begin implementing their program, EPA will provide legal
and technical assistance, as requested, and evaluate the adequacy of State enforce-
ment programs. Regions will be responsible for maintaining management information
systems to track notification, manifest, compliance monitoring, inspection, and
enforcement activities in States without RCRA program authorization.
SW-45
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $203,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $17,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide trayel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$25,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $13,300 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$47,400 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $169,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in transfers of $501,300 to other activities: to municipal waste treatment
facility construction ($1,600); solid waste technical assistance deli very-regions
($12,000); pesticides enforcement ($32,500); uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
enforcement ($120,600); to regional management ($9,800); to underground Injection
control program ($23,300); hazardous waste permit enforcement ($19,800); solid waste
management program implementation ($6,300); solid waste technical assistance delivery-
regions ($23,400); pesticides use management ($37,000); pesticides enforcement
($33,000);to ElS-review-air ($2,500); to EIS review-water quality ($39,900); to toxic
substances enforcement ($13,900); to regional counsel ($39,000); to regional per-
sonnel management ($13,200); to regional administrative management ($37,500); to
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites enforcement ($8,000); to radiation program
implementation ($8,800); to noise regional program implementation ($9,200); and to
drinking water enforcement ($10,000).
- Transfer of $216,900: from water quality enforcement ($165,800) and from air
mobiles source enforcement ($51,100) to provide additional support for hazardous
waste enforcement and provide a level of funding consistent with prior years
experience.
- Transfer of $13,700 from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies
implementation to provide basic lab support.
- Transfer of $23,200 from water quality enforcement to support the costs of
providing expert witnesses and case support for hearings and/or trials.
- Transfer of $10,000 from air quality management implementation to realign
contract funds.
- Transfer of $1,800 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites enforcement in order
to reallocate travel funds.
- Transfer of $22,000 to nationwide support costs in order to provide additional
support services resources to meet increased RCRA programmatic requirements.
- Transfer of $7,700 to personnel administration to provide additional resources
in order to administer RCRA programmatic increases.
SW-46
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,591,700 for this program, of which $4,136,500
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $455,200 for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation, for an increase of $1,002,400. A .total of 93 permanent
workyears will be available to the program in 1982, an increase of 9 over the 1981
level.
The 1982 program will consist of the following activities. Regions will conduct
compliance monitoring and enforcement programs in States not granted interim or final
authorization. Review of final and amended interim State hazardous waste management
plans will be provided as well as legal and technical support for preparation of
enforcement actions. Additionally, an initiative to investigate suspected criminal
activity will be established. The Regions will also maintain management information
systems for tracking of manifest, inspection, and enforcement activities.
Contract funds totaling $455,200 will be used for the following purposes:
to support ADP system design improvements; to provide support for the up-date
of existing training manuals covering compliance inspection and case development
procedures; to evaluate the effectiveness of the manifest system in controlling the
flow of hazardous waste; and to support case development.
UNCONTROLLED HAZARDOUSHASTE
198QAccomplishments
The Agency allocated a total of $2,712,500 to this program for 1980, of which
$2,710,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,000 for Abatement, Control and Com-
pliance. A total of 71 permanent workyears were allocated for 1980.
During 1980, the newly-established hazardous waste site enforcement program
focused on enforcement actions against uncontrolled hazardous waste sites that posed
threats to public health and safety and to the environment.
Using "imminent hazard" authorities contained in the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) and other environmental statutes —- as well as common law
provisions — the Agency was able to file 51 cases during 1980 at sites that posed
imminent hazards to health and the environment. An additional 200 sites were examined
as possible targets for enforcement action. While some of these Federal cases involved
the recovery of fines as "secondary" relief, they primarily utilized injunctive authori-
ties to require responsible parties to abate hazards posed by sites and to undertake
cleanup actions at their own expense. By the end of 1980 eight of these cases had been
favorably resolved, with no negative decisions.
The Hazardous Waste Site Tracking System — managed by the Office of Enforce-
ment -— was fully implemented during 1980. This system provides the Agency with an
inventory and assessment of potential hazardous waste sites. The information entered
and stored in this system has been used to help determine what enforcement or
remedial actions may be required to neutralize any current or potential danger pre-
sented by these sites. By the end of 1980, 7,600 potential sites were listed in
the system and new sites were being added to the list at approximately 400 per
month. The Agency had conducted about 4,600 preliminary assessments and 2,000
site inspections to determine the seriousness of listed sites.
A number of training sessions with Headquarters, the Department of Justice,
Regional, and State personnel on topics such as site investigations, groundwater
characteristics, use of the safety manual, chain of custody and document control
and case development were provided during 1980. In addition, Task Force per-
sonnel participated in the development and management of several nationwide
conferences on the subject of hazardous waste.
SW-47
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1981Program
In 1981, the Agecny allocated $6,583,700 to this program, of which $4,312,700
is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,271,000 is for extramural purposes under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The allocation, of 103 permanent
workyears represents an increase of 32 from 1980.
The 1930 passage of "Superfund"* and major amendments to the Resource Conser-
vation and Recovery Act significantly expanded EPA's hazardous waste enforcement
responsibilities and authorities. Previous Injunctive "imminent hazard" authority
has been butressed by judicial actions to recover Superfund expenditures, admini-
strative orders to force cleanup by responsible parties, punitive damage provisions,
and authority to order and enforce monitoring, testing and analysis requirements.
While the goal of protecting public health and safety from threats posed by
hazardous waste sites and spills will remain unchanged, the new Federal response
options will modify the Agency's previous strategy which necessarily relied on
Iraninent hazard injunctive actions and Section 311 emergency response and con-
tainment under the Clean Water Act. The Office of Enforcement will play a major
role in the implementation of hazardous waste authorities, providing enforcement
response to dangerous sites and spills, pursuing judical "recovery" actions where
Superfund monies have been used to achieve full site cleanup, combining "recovery"
actions and actions to force responsible parties to complete remedial action where
Superfund expenditures are limited to interim or partial site cleanup and contain-
ment, and using enforcement actions to generate privately financed cleanup and
remedial activities at a signficant percentage of site where Superfund remedial
monies will not be used at all. Recovery actions will protect the integrity of
the Fund and preserve Superfund resources for use at truly abandoned or insolvent
sites where no recovery will be possible. Enforcement activities and actions to
generate privately financed cleanup where the Fund is not involved will maximize
available Superfund resources, lessen the appropriations and tax burdens associated
with the fund, and increase the overall percentage of cleanup costs borne by
directly culpable parties.
The highest priorities during 1981 will be the initiation and management of
enforcement activities and judicial actions involving hazardous waste sites and
spills that present imminent and substantial hazards to public health and the environ-
ment. During 1981 an increasing percentage of Task Force time will be devoted to
litigation support activities as previously filed cases come to trial. The program,
working with the Headquarters Program Office, Regions, and States will also concen-
trate on the investigation and assessment of presently known and newly discovered
sites and the development of new enforcement actions.
Headquarters operations will be concerned to a much larger degree with the pre-
paration of enforcement guidance required by CERCLA and the new RCRA amendments as
well as participation with other program offices in the regulations and guidance de-
velopment process. Headquarters will also continue to provide technical and legal
support to the States to augment their hazardous waste enforcement efforts and assist
them in enhancing their enforcement capabilities1.
*Tne Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
(CERCLA).
SW-48
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1981 Explanation of Chancie from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $4,658,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $9,900.
- A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities
was submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increase of
$1,922,000 to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,340,000 in the Abate-
ment, Control and Compliance appropriation for this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$6,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $3,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $69,000 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$2,300 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $148,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed, supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in an increase of $123,400; to solid waste techical assistance delivery
(535,300); environmental emergency response and prevention ($24,900); air station-
ary source enforcement ($20,000); toxic substances enforcement ($15,100); regional
counsel ($10,600); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implemen-
tation ($26,900); solid waste management program implementation ($24,300);
hazardous waste enforcement ($128,600); water quality enforcement ($18,300); and
hazardous waste permit enforcement ($31,200).
- Transfer of $204,900 from air stationary source enforcement in order to pro-
vide support for hazardous waste enforcement and provide funding consistent with
prior year's experience.
- Reprograranings resulted in an increase of $11,000: from uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites ($400); state programs regulations and guidelines ($2,000); air quality
management implementation ($4,000); hazardous waste enforcement ($2,800); and hazardous
waste permit enforcement ($1,800) reflecting a reallocation of travel funds.
1982 Plan 's
In 1982, the activities previously funded under this budget subactivity will be
funded under the appropriation for Superfund.
HAZARDOUS WASTE PERMIT ISSUANCE
1980Accomplishments
Obligations in 1980 totaled $187,200. Final hazardous waste and consolidated
permit regulations were issued in May 1980 after a lengthy and intensive process
which included agency reviews, public meetings, a comment period, and consideration
of public comments. The regulations include permitting procedures and standards
for State hazardous waste program submissions.
SW-49
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Permitting priorities and guidance were developed to assist State and Regional
offices in establishing hazardous waste pennitting programs. New Permit writing
units were established in the Regions and staffing patterns were developed to
provide the organization necessary to handle the new permitting program. EPA also
held meetings with State and local officials, industry representatives, and environ-
mental and other public interest groups to explain the regulations and ensure
notifications by the August 19 deadline.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated $4,053,000 for the hazardous waste permitting
program, of which $4,039 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $24,000 is
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contract support will provide
training for pennitting personnel.
The 1981 hazardous waste permitting program is emphasizing the review and approval
of State submissions for authorization under Section 3006 of RCRA. Final applications
for interim status programs have already been received by EPA from 23 States and 5
State programs have received interim authorization. This program will provide partici-
pating States with the authority to manage portions of their hazardous waste management
programs pending the development of programs eligible for final authorization.
EPA is continuing to develop strategy for and provide assistance to States and
Regional offices. A series of workshops will be held to provide State and Regional
permitting personnel with guidance of hazardous waste permitting policy and procedures.
During 1981 EPA is also beginning the process of writing permits to the highest
priority facilities. New and especially hazardous treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities will receive first consideration. Permits will then be processed for
innovative facilities and those where permit consolidation is a possibility. This
strategy is designed to maintain the largest capacity for the safe management of
hazardous waste while protecting public health and the environment.
1931 Expl anatlAn^,^Changje_ from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $51,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $27,300.
- Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,000
was applied to this activity.
- Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $59,000 was applied to this activity.
- Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $700 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$1,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $254,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Raprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a decrease of $348,300: from hazardous waste enforcement ($19,800);
and, to regional management ($78,300); to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
enforcement ($31,200); to regional counsel ($56,600); to regional financial manage-
ment ($4,200); to drinking water enforcement ($4,400); to pesticides use management
($900); to municipal waste treatment facility construction ($80,000); and to regional
administrative management ($112,500).
SW-50
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- Transfer of $169,500 from water quality enforcement to provide additional support
for hazardous waste enforcement and to provide a level of funding consistent with
prior year's experience.
- Transfer of $54,900 from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to provide ADP
support for the permit process.
- Transfer of $50,000 from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies
implementation to support an ADP contract for RCRA notification, Part A, to
establish and complete the initial program registry and data base.
- Transfer of $116,000 to the Office of the General Counsel to support the
legal services workload associated with hazardous waste program implementation.
- Transfers resulted in a decrease of $23,000: to personnel administration
($10,200) and to civil rights investigations ($12,800) in order to provide
additional staff and related costs in order to administer RCRA programmatic in-
creases.
1982 Plan
The Angency requests a total of $5,005,900 for hazardous waste permitting, of
which $4,981,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $24,700 is for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an annual
increase of 5942,900. Of the 135 permanent workyears requested, 21 is an increase
from the 1981 current estimate.
In 1982, EPA will fully implement its program to permit facilities that treat,
store, or dispose of hazardous waste. Approximately 400 facilities will receive
permits during the year in accordance with priorities established in EPA's per-
mitting strategy. Appeals to the terms and conditions of these permits will require
additional effort in order to ensure that effective control of hazardous waste can
be achieved.
Thirty-nine States are expected to receive interim authorization by the end of
1982. EPA intends to provide the States with legal, technical, and administrative
assistance to enable them to develop permit programs that qualify for full author-
ization. Contract support of $24,700 will provide for preparation of guidance and
training of personnel in RCRA permit procedures.
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste - Non-Energy (RCRA)
Appropriation
Scientific Assessments:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Development...........
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development...........
Health Effects:
.Salaries and Expanses....
Research and
Development...........
Environmental Engineering
and Technology!
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Deveiopm ent ...........
Grand Total
Actual
1980
$ 102
17*
178
2
366
262
—
-—
1,180
10,373
63
413
1,889
11, 22$
13.113
Budget
Estimate
1981*
(dollars in
,$ 172
370
176
12
9*0
3,63S
114
730
2,530
17,070
190
85*
4,122
22t674
26.796
Current
Estimate
1981
thousands)
$ 126
393
183
12
999
7,978
10*
735
2,913
15,083
180
858
4,505
25,059
29.56*
Estimate
1982
$ 561
261
179
12
3,178
4,982
74
1,168
2,969
15,311
1,575
1,698
8,536
23,432
31.968
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
$ +435
- 132
-4
-*-
+2,179
-2,996
-30
+433
+56
+228
+1,395
+840
+4,031
-1,627
+2.40*
EW-52
-------
Budget* Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
Scientific Assessments*,. 24 2 11 +9
Technical Information
and Liaison „ 33 33 —
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance... 6 18 18 30 +12
Health Effects..... —2 22 -—
Environmental Engineering
and Technology.......... 21 M 49 35 -1ft
Environmental Processes
and Effects , 1 3 4 24 +20
Total. .... 33 73 78 105 +27
Full-Time Equivalency
Scientific Assessments,... 3( 3 .6 3 17 +14
Technical Information *
and Liaison............. 4 5 5 5 —
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance... 24 26 28 39 +11
Health Effects... ..3 2 2 —
Environmental Engineering
and Technology 31 61 67 53 -14
Environmental Processes
and Effects 2 4 4 39 +35
Total.... -, 64 105 109 155 +46
*January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring,
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $31,968,700 and 105 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of
$2,405,300 from 1981. Included in this total is $8,536,500 for Salaries and Expenses and $23,432,200 for
Research and Development, with an increase of $4,032,100 and a decrease of $1,626,800 respectively.
Program Description
The solid waste research and development program, consistent with the goals of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), is'directed to the development of technologies,
methodologies, and the scientific data base necessary to achieve environ mentally acceptable, cost-
effective solid and hazardous waste management from generation through disposal.
SM-53
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The research program provides the scientific bases which will allow the private and
public section to (1) reduce the quantities of waste, especially hazardous waste, requiring
disposal through process change, waste recycle and reuse or waste treatment, (2) ensure
environmentally sound disposal or destruction of the future wastes and (3) correct the past
mismanagement practices. The major objective is to support the regulatory and enforcement
offices in (a) the identification and listing of hazardous wastes, hazardous waste streams
from industry and "polluting" hazardous waste disposal sites; (b) development and revision of
regulations for disposal of wastes by land disposal, thermal destruction or chemical, biolog-
ical or physical treatment; (c) evaluation of permit applications; (d) development and evalua-
tion of remedial action engineering for uncontrolled polluting waste disposal sites; and (e)
the assessment of risk from hazardous waste production and mismanagement.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $275,600 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $101,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $173,900 was for extramural
research activities.
A list of carcinogenic chemicals was compiled which was used" by the Office of Solid Waste
in defining which waste streams should be considered hazardous for regulation under
Section 3001 of RCRA.
A procedure was developed, based on risk assessment methodology, for determining safe
emission rates of carcinogenic substances from hazardous waste incinerators. This proce-
dure will result in regulations being promulgated in 1981.
Three-hundred summary health effects reports were prepared to support the unexpected
needs of the Agency's solid waste program.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $518,500 and 2 permanent workyears to this
sub-program, of which $125,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $393,000 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The scientific assessment program is providing a range of assessment services to the
Agency abatement and control programs dealing with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). Comprehensive health effect profiles for forty chemicals, started in 1980 will be
completed while up to 150 new profiles are being started to support listing/deiisting needs
under Section 3001 of RCRA. The profiles will also be used to provide background scientific
justification for Regional enforcement cases and RCRA policy development. Exposure
assessement consultation, guidance and reports are being provided to address the
listing/deiisting needs of Section 3001, RCRA to provide predictive criteria for estimating
exposure potential for dump siting and to provide guidance and methodology in the evaluation
of specific hazardous waste site situations. Carcinogenic „ risk evaluations for specific site
use, control system design or for policy development purposes are being provided. In certain
situations expert testimony and witnesses will present the scientific basis for regional
enforcement cases.
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswai-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $23,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $900.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $800 was
applied to this activity.
An increase of $7,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $52,300 to other activities.
- Transfer of $23,000 from environmental engineering and technology, within this same
subactivity, in order to realign contract funds.
1982Plan
The Agency requests a total of $822,500 and 11 permanent workyears for this sub-program,
of which $561,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $261,100 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $304,000 and 9 permanent workyears from 1981. This increase
will provide for the completion of additional risk assessment evaluations for Section 3001 of
RCRA, Superfund and enforcement activities of the Agency associated with hazardous waste
sites.
The scientific assessment program will continue to provide assistance to the Agency
abatement and control programs dealing with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Comprehensive health hazard profiles will be initiated for 150 chemicals to support the
listing/delisting needs under Section 3001 of RCRA* Health hazard profiles currently prepared
for listing purposes will be upgraded in order to satisfy enforcement requirements. These
profiles will be used to provide background scientific justification for Regional enforcement
cases and RCRA policy development. Also to be provided will be updated exposure evaluation
guidance to 3001 listing activities with exposure scenarios using existing data sources for 75
chemicals. Risk assessments and exposure evaluations will be developed for use in Agency
enforcement actions. These will be for either individual or multi-chemical site situations.
Expert testimony and witnesses will also be available to present scientific basis for enforce-
ment cases.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1.980 Accpmplishm ents
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $180,000 and 3 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $178,100 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,900 was for extramural
research activities.
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The Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the
Research Outlook, Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance and other
general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It also
provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research
projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Solid Waste included:
The preparation and dissemination of information on hazardous waste technologies and on
techniques for evaluating facility designs and potential performance. This information
was used to assist permit officials in reviewing permit applications and to describe
technologies which can be used to control potential adverse effects from hazardous waste
landfills, surface impoundments, and land treatment facilities.
The publication of seven project reports.
The Regional Services Staff provided for effective communications between ORD and the
regions. Specifically, they:
Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System.
Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance.
Conducted ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings.
Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations.
The activities supported by this part of the program also helped enable ORD to communica-
te its research information to EPA's regional offices and to government officials and others
who need the information both within and outside of EPA. Further, they assisted in making
better coordination between ORD and the regions possible, allowing each to meet the needs of
the Agency and the public more efficiently.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $194,3.00 and 3 permanent workyears to this
sub-program, of which $132,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $11,500 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation,
This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries,
decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee
requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this
research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop
these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also
being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources.
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities
will:
Continue the Regional Support tWanageme'nt Information System.
Conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to provide techn-
ical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and
policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and
technical assistance requirements.
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Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local
government in the ORD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net inrrease of $6,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $800.
- An increase of $6,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $400 from other activities.
1982 P.lan
The Agency requests a total of $190,500 and 3 permanent work years for this sub-program,
of which $179,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $11,500 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation, This reflects a decrease of $3,800
from 1981.
This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in
1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to
insure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental
decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee
will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of a similar nature
to that conducted in 1981.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ;
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $628,700 and 6 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $366,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $262,100 was for extramural
research activities.
A Methods Manual for Physical/Chemical Analysis of Hazardous Waste was completed and
distributed.
A Hazardous Waste Quality Assurance Program was initiated.
The Hazardous Waste Monitoring Systems Plan, 1980-1984, was published. The plan provides
a program of research, development, and technical assistance for measurement monitoring
and quality assurance that will yield multimedia methodology and monitoring systems for
management and disposal of hazardous wastes in response to the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976.
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19S1 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,977,700 and 18 permanent workyears to
this sub-program, of which $999,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$7,978,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
An extensive effort is being undertaken in hazardous waste monitoring and quality
assurance to establish techniques that will provide a sound scientific and legal basis for the
data required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations and the
uncontrolled hazardous waste site program. Major activities include:
Developing and evaluating protocol precedures for obtaining hazardous waste samples to
support the Office of Solid Waste (OSW) for section 3001 of RCRA.
Completing a problem definition study for air monitoring at various hazardous waste sites
on analytical techniques.
Evaluating methods for analysis of samples to support enforcement of Section 3001 of
RCRA.
Completing a manual using best available methology for analysis of samples and approved
for obtaining data to satisfy the requirements of 40CFR Part 261, Identification and
Listing of Hazardous Waste.
Evaluating bioaccumulation test procedures in the proposed regulation (Section 3001)
that characterize exposure to complex waste mixtures and are applicable to hazardous
waste monitoring.
Providing analytical methods for characterization of wastes listed in the RCRA (Section
3001), for OSW, in order to document toxic chemical hazards associated with them.
Initiating intercomparison studies in support of RCRA (Section 3004) on performance of
contract laboratories providing support for enforcement of regulations.
Providing additional reference materials on soil and sludge, to add to existing
repository of standard compounds for the organic priority pollutants.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $4,339,700 results from several actions, as follows:
*; Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $4,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $10,000 was
applied to this activity.
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The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $3,600
was applied to this activity.
The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development
appropriation; a decrease of $400,000 was applied to this activity.
The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million} a decrease of $1,000 was
applied to this activity.
An increase "of $32,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is inicuded
in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet pn-board needs resulted in a
transfer of $35,800 from other activities.
A transfer of $4,400 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation
Policy Council.
Transfers resulted in an increase of $200,000; from interdiscipiinary/non-energy
($134,000); from toxic substances toxic chemicals testing and assessment ($16,800); and
from drinking water/non-energy ($49,200), in order to realign support to all programs
supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds.
Transfers of $4^600 to management and support, nationwide support costs, to provide for
additional support services required to meet increased RCRA programmatic requirements.
Transfer of $4,585,300 from all Office of Research and Development activities to support
efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island activities. The transfers, by media, were
from energy ($3,146,000), water quality ($445,000), air ($479,300), toxic substance
($200,000), and drinking water ($315,000).
Offsetting transfer of $155,200 were made to realign contract funds — $155,200 was
transferred within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to monitoring and quality
assurance in this same subactivity; $155,200 was transferred within the Research and
Development appropriation from monitoring and quality assurance in this same
subactivity.
Transfer $25,700 to management and support, contracts management, inorder 'to provide the
Office of Program Management with addditional resources to administer RCRA programmatic
increases.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $8,160,800 and 30 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $3,178,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,982,400 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
These reflects a decrease of $816,900 and an increase of 12 permanent workyears from
1981. This decrease reflects a reduced monitoring effort at the Love Canal hazardous waste
site coupled with increases in the development of monitoring systems and quality assurance
procedures for determining precision and accuracy of hazardous waste monitoring data.
This major monitoring and quality assurance activities for 1982 are as follows:
Continue studies to evaluate and improve regulatory monitoring procedures and quality
assurance under Section 3001 of RCRA. ,
Publish interim guideline document for conducting exposure assessment determination at
hazardous waste sites in response to the RCRA 3004 for hazardous waste operators.
Develop innovative portable field testing equipment for onsite analysis of hazardous
waste samples for hazardous waste site screening methodologies needed by Office of Solid
Waste.
S
Conduct laboratory tests on groundwater samples to detect traces of hazardous waste
leachates, and to determine migration from sites in drinking waters.
Evaluate and improve existing methods, techniques and instruments and research new
methods for the unambiguous identification of hazardous substances.
Evaluate and improve bioindicator techniques of hazardous waste samples for providing
exposure assessment information for health effects research program.
Field test methods deemed most suitable for unsaturated zone groundwater monitoring.
Test new and improved remote sensing, techniques on visible and buried hazardous waste
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sites for Office of Solid Waste.
Add additional standard references to repository materials for conducting hazardous
waste analytical tests in Quality Assurance program. /
Add additional standard references to repository materials for conducting hazardous
waste analytical tests in Quality Assurance programs.
Provide additional types of intercomparison samples for contractor laboratories and
conduct on-site laboratory evaluations.
Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical guidance,
support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known
quality that are appropriate for the EPA needs.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accom plishments
Since 1981 is the first year in which health effects research is being supported in this
category, there are no 1980 accomplishments to report.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $838,300 and 2 permanent workyears to this
sub-program, of which $103,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $734,700 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Highlights of the 1981 health research program include:
Development of a neonatal growth and organ system function assay for the lexicological
screening and identification of a waste as hazardous or non-hazardous in support of RCRA
Section 3001.
Assessment of the feasibility of using the trapping of chemical carcinogens by hemoglobin
as a dose monitor in animals exposed to hazardous wastes.
Development of a neurotoxicological test system to measure the adverse effects of
exposure to hazardous wastes.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column-are derived from "cross wal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $5,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $600.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $600 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$1,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $4,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $4,100 to other activities.
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- Transfer $4,100 to management and support, nationwide support costs, to provide for
additional support services required to meet increased RACA programmatic
requirements.
- Transfer $4,700 from environmental engineering and technology, within this ame
subactivity, in order to realign contract funds.
- Transfer $3,200 to management and support, contracts management, to provide the OPM
with additional resources in order to administer RCRA programmatic increases.
1982Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,2*2,000 for this sub-program, of which $74,000 is for
the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,168,000 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $403,700 from 1981. This increase provides for the develop-
ment and application of biological screening techniques, identification of bioassay methods
and evaluation of relative risk of exposure to complex mixtures from hazardous waste sites.
The research planned in 1982 is a continuation of projects initiated in FY 1981. A
screening and identification test system developed in 1981 to measure the effect of hazardous
wastes on growth and organ system function in neonatal animals wll be applied to the testing of
actual hazardous waste mixtures. In addition, developmental work will be continued on the
hemoglobin adduct assay by comparing the formation of major hemoglobin adducts formed in
animals exposed to hazardous wastes to those observed in human populations for use in risk
assessment. Finally, the development of a neurological testing battery for human populations
will be completed.
The above described research program is designed to provide EPA and other concerned
agencies with an increased understanding of the biological consequences of exposure to hazard-
ous wastes. This health-related research in conjunction with other research in the Solid
Waste Research Program directly supports EPA's efforts to deal with hazardous waste generation
and disposal.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1580, the Agency used a total of $11,552,900 for this sub-program, of which $1,180,000
was for Salaries and Expenses and $10,372,900 was for extramural research activities.
Hazardous Waste Identification By Engineering Analysis
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Initiated detailed process engineering studies to identify and characterize hazardous
waste sources in the chemical industry. These studies provide the technical basis for
listing wastes as hazardous under Section 3001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act. Currently, the synthetic organic chemicals industry, organic dyes and pigments
industry and the pestcides industries are being studied.
Hazardous Waste Landfill and Surface Impoundment
Conducted the background research1 and prepared eight draft technical documents at the
request of the Office of Solid Waste (EPA) to aid the permitting official when implement-
ing hazardous waste regulations promulgated under Section 300ft of the Resource Conservat-
ion and Recovery Act. These manuals will assist the official in arriving at logical and
well-defined decisions and will document the scientific logic necessary to backup the
decision and reduce the number of unnecessary appeals.
A technical resource manual entitled "The Design and Management of Hazardous Waste Land
Treatment Facilities" was prepared for use by the Office of Solid Waste. This important
document will support activities associated with regulations promulgated under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Completed pilot-scale studies on the physical and chemical stability performance of 13
liner materials which were exposed to 10 hazardous wastes.
Published a report on the design of soil covers for landfills to limit vapor movement
from hexachiorobenzene (HCB) wastes. Also described are procedures for using a soil
cover to control volatile emissions from other organic materials in hazardous waste
landfills.
Published a report on how current disposal practices may be affected by the adsorption,
movement, and biological degradation of large concentrations of selected pesticides in
soils. It was shown that the low-concentration agricultural data base is often not
adequate for predicting behavior of pesticides in disposal facilities.
Developed a report on hazardous waste compatibility which provides a simplified matrix-
chart for linking a variety of waste groups to their potential hazards, according to
individual characteristics including heat generation, toxic gas generation, explosion,
and other factors.
Hazardous Waste Incineration
A comprehensive hazardous waste incineration research program was developed and
implementation initiated. The primary objective of this program is to develop the data
base necessary to assure the reasonableness of the incineration regulations under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The data base will also be used to assist in
incinerator permit decisions and in developing adequate sampling and quality assurance
methodologies.
Two "Best Engineering Judgement" manuals, on hazardous waste incineration have been
developed in support of regulations promulgated under section 3006 of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act. The first is a "Guidance Manual for Evaluating Permit
Applications for the Operation of Incinerator Units" which is designed specifically for
use by permit writers in EPA regional offices or by state environmental agencies. The
second manual is an "Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration." This manual
is intended for use as a more detailed technical reference document in support of the
first manual, or as guidance to toiowledgeable engineers in evaluating difficult or unique
permit applications. Both manuals have undergone considerable extramural peer review and
agency policy review. The effectiveness of the documents was also tested in a trial run
evaluation of two permit applications held in Cincinnati in 3uly 1980. The dry run
involved state, regional office, and EPA personnel. Both manuals will be published by
OSW for distribution with the final draft Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulat-
ions in the fall of 1980.
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Obtained the necessary permits and public approval necessary to locate a versatile
Demonstration Combustion Research Facility on the grounds of the National Center for
.Toxicology Research in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Also, secured all the necessary Agency and
Congressional approval to construct the facility.
Developed the final report of the Interagency Committee for the Chemical Waste Incinerat-
or Ship Program. This comprehensive report is composed of preliminary designs for the
ship, the incineration equipment, and shore-side facilities including recommendations,
conclusions, funding options, and environmental aspects.
Remedial Action for Hazardous Waste
Completed a study on the use of remote sensing technologies to be used in a systematic
investigation of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to determine waste drum location.
Resistivity, seismic refraction, metal detection, and ground piercing radar equipment
were evaluated at the Conventry, Rhode Island landfill.
Conducted research which led to the support of remedial action schemes being proposed for
various uncontrolled landfill sites. This work directly supported the Office of Enforce-
ment and EPA Regions I, II, VII and IX.
High Volume Waste
Initiated a mineral waste research study at 10 mine sites concentrating on uranium mining
wastes, phosphate mining and beneficiation waste, and wastes from seven selected ore
mining industries (copper, iron, lead, molybdenum, silver, gold, and zinc). Included
have been investigations of various waste management practices currently in use for waste
rock, overburden, low-gra.de ore, tailings, milling wastes, and sludges from treatment and
processing plants. This study was initiated at ID mine sites but, because of the
diversity of mining operations, an expansion to between 20 and 30 sites is planned.
Municipal Wastes
Completed a 9-year field investigation of municipal solid waste landfilling. The results
of this study were used in formulating the Extraction Procedures (EP) used to identify
hazardous wastes. More importantly, the results have provided a data base for
formulating leachate forecasting techniques and understanding of the decomposition of
municipal solid waste in a landfill environment.
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Completed an evaluation of the impacts which may result from landfilling of baled,
shredded, or unprocessed refuse. A definitive data base clearly established that baling
does not prevent groundwater pollution by leaching or reduce the danger caused by methane
accumulation and explosion. Baled waste placed in a saturated environment will have the
same affect on groundwater quality as unprocessed refuse. Shredding tends to accentuate
the adverse effect, but the duration of that effect is shortened as a result of more rapid
decomposition of the smaller refuse particles.
Verified on a pilot scale the concept of controlling waste degradation in a landfill by
controlled recirculation of leachate. Methane production was accomplished in a short,
controlled period of time, indicating the possibility of management of methane production
from stored energy sources such as landfilled municipal solid waste or other microbially
degraded carbohydrate waste.
Municipal Resource Recovery
Supported the development of three American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
standards for secondary materials recovered from municipal solid waste (glass, aluminum,
and refuse derived fuel). Approximately 20 related procedures are in various phases of
development as ASTM standards.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $17,996,300 and 49 permanent workyears to
this sub-program, of which $2,913,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$J 5,082,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Hazardous Waste Landfill and Surface Impoundment
In support of the Office of Solid Waste's permit program, as mandated under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, eight technical Resource Documents will be noticed in the
Federal Register and published in final form. The documents will be the primary
technical reference material used by permit writers when evaluating and issuing permits
to applicants. The documents will provide the basis for uniform procedures in assessing
applications and should result in a reduction of the number of unnecessary appeals. The
documents will cover the topic of:
Evaluating Cover Systems for Solid and Hazardous Wastes
- Closure of Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundments
- Hydrologic Simulation on Solid Waste Disposal Sites
- Guide to the Disposal of Chemically Stabilized and Solidified wastes
- Landfill and Surface Impoundment Performance Evaluation
- Lining of Waste Impoundment and Disposal Facilities
- Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate
- The Design and Management of Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Facilities
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Training programs will be developed jointly with the Office of Solid Waste to assure
uniform use and application of the eight Technical Resource Documents. These training
programs will be made available to both federal (EPA) and state permit writers.
New manuals on volatile emissions from landfills and surface impoundments and on predict-
ing pollution migration in soil will be initiated. Also novel concepts for early
detection and repair of landfill and surface impoundment liner failures will be
investigated.
Studies ongoing at the end of 1980 relating to bench, pilot scale, and lysimeter studies
of rates of leachate and gas production, gas and leachate migration, leachate attenuation
in various soils, characteristics of natural and synthetic liners, and development of
technology for the treatment of leachate and gas from hazardous waste landfills will be
executed.
The three major objective$ of the land treatment for hazardous wastes are to; determine
environmental effects of land treatment sites and their monitoring requirements; to
determine land treatment site closure requirements, post-closure monitoring
requirements, and related environmental aspects; and to develop the basic knowledge
required to fully understand land treatment of hazardous waste. Studies ongoing at the
end of 1980 will continue. Sixteen projects were begun dealing with various aspects of
monitoring, environmental performance, closure, site design and operations, waste
characterization, and others. The research program is being conducted with cooperation
and input from several EPA organizations; the United States Department of Agriculture,
several universities, and industry organizations.
Some new projects dealing with energy related hazardous waste, field verifications of
hazardous organic waste, and others will be initiated during FY 81. The comprehensive
manual developed in late FY 80 will be updated to include new information as it becomes
available in the last part of 1981. Additional technical assistance will be provided to
further support the Office of Solid Waste, and the training of permitting officials and
others involved in the regulatory process.
Incineration
Research will be conducted on thermal decomposition. Although there is a shortage of
knowledge on best operating conditions on which to base incinerator regulations, it is
recognized that it is in the interest of the Agency to issue permits to incineration
facilities. Therefore, regulations will be designed to get new and existing incinerators
in compliance using a combination of "best engineering judgement" and trial burns. The
R&D program covers the two most important needs expressed by the Office of Solid Waste,
to develop and verify sampling protocols for incinerator trial burns and to develop
combustion data for hazardous waste streams and incineration technology combinations.
The following projects are being continued:
- Develop and verify interim sampling protocols for incinerator test burns.
- Develop methods for evaluating incinerators with minimum use of trial burns. These
methods will be especially useful in facilitating the assessing of permit appli
cations.
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- Develop laboratory, pilot, and field-scale, combustion data for hazardous waste
streams, correlate the data to allow extrapolation from one situation to another.
- Develop a sound data base on destruction, efficiencies versus temperature, residence
time, turbulence and other important operating parameters.
- Identify and evaluate industrial thermal processes (e.g., boilers, cement kilns) that
can be used to destroy certain hazardous wastes.
Engineering Analysis
During 1981 Phase I process engineering analysis is being applied to survey and rank
potential hazardous waste producing processes in the Industrial Organic Chemicals
Sector, the Organic Dyes and Pigments Sector and the Pesticide Manufacturing Sector. The
ranking will include a list of candidates for listing under RCRA 3001 and recommendations
for follow-on field verification sampling and analysis.
Detailed engineering analyses of toluene diisocyanate production and methyl methacrylate
production processes are to be completed as "pilot" efforts in mid-1981.
Hazardous Waste Treatment
In 1981 an in-house process engineering analysis expertise will be established which will
develop guidance for the permitting program to evaluate applications for hazardous waste
treatment approaches. Treatment refers to any technology which is not containment or
thermal destruction and includes process modifications, add-on technology, and off-site
processes which reduce, concentrate, modify, detoxify, recycle, recover or reuse the
hazardous wastes.
Remedial Action
Field studies were begun on existing hazardous spill control equipment for emergency
response actions at uncontrolled sites. This equipment will include:
- Mobile incineration system for the on-site detoxification of soils, lagoon scrums,
debris, and other solid or liquid materials that have been contaminated with hazardous
chemicals;
- Mobile physical/chemical treatment systems utilizing both powdered and granular
activated carbon for concentrating wastes and leachates;
- Mobile system for the on-site thermal regeneration of granular activated carbon used
in site cleanup operations;
- Mobile system for diverting surface water flow around hazardous sites.
Also, in 1981, a manual will be prpared on the safe handling and disposal of
leaking/damaged drums which have been stored at uncontrolled sites.
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Long-term field validation on the performance of remedial actions schemes will be
continued. This verification includes studies at hazardous waste landfills and surface
impoundment sites. Also evaluation of leachate treatment technique and a survey to
verify the technical and cost aspects associated with completed remedial action schemes
is being continued. New starts will include development of a model to be used in
selecting the best remedial action scheme for specific site conditions. Work will also
be initiated in the area of in situ stabilization to minimize leachate release from waste
disposal sites.
Municipal Solid Waste
The research program in the non-hazardous waste area is limited to concluding and monito-
ring previously funded activities. The non-hazardous waste program was greatly reduced
in 1980 and is expected to be terminated in 1981.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $1,603,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $12,600.
- A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities was
submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increase of $300,000 to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywjde travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $5,000 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by. $3.8 million; a decrease of
$73,400 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a
decrease of $14,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and
Development appropriation; a decrease of $1,800,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $3,900 was
applied to this activity.
- An increase of $103,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $28,700 from other activities.
- Offsetting transfer of $155,200 were made to realign contract funds —$155,200 was
transferred within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to monitoring and quality
assurance in this same subactivity; $155,200 was transferred within the Research and
Development appropriation from monitoring and quality assurance in this same subacti-
vity.
SW-67
-------
- Transfers resulted in a decrease of $27,700: -to scientific assessments ($23,000) and
to health effects ($fr,700) within this same subactivity, in order to realign contract
funds.
- Transfer resulted in a decrease of $56,100: to management and support, nationwide
support costs, to provide for additional support services required to meet increased
RCRA programmatic requirements.
- Offsetting transfer of $
-------
Research will also continue on the determination of the magnitude of volatile organic
emissions from land disposal facilities, including surface impoundments, landfills, and
land treatment. The release of volatiles into the atmosphere from disposal facilities is
not generally well understood. If the measurement of the • emissions in FY 1981 proves
that volatile releases are substantial studies will be initiated which will investigate
technology to predict and control them. This work will improve the information base and
allow volatiles to be covered in the regulations.
Research will be initiated to produce a manual on hazardous waste landfill siting,
design, and operations. Field evaluations into land treatment of hazardous wastes will
continue, including the update of the permit program guidance manuals. These efforts
will ultimately form the basis for performance standards for land disposal facilities as
part of the updated regulations.
Another project will provide information to assist development of guidelines for the
encapsulation of high-hazard waste. Information available is based upon laboratory and
limited pilot scale research of unique resin fusion processes using polyethylene,
polybutadiene, and similar materials. These efforts also include studies of advanced
liner designs, including emerging synthetic materials and the use of nonpetrpleum-based
materials (such as sulfur/hydrocarbon) compounds in place of asphalt.
Incineration
Development of better sampling and analysis protocols or analyzers will be continued for
use during enforcement inspections to routinely test incinerators to ensure that they
maintain their destruction efficiency. The program includes efforts to standardize
measurement methods for wastes and stack emissions. In developing the protocols, special
attention will be given 'to on-line, hot-zone sampling techniques. These techniques will
be studied, modified, and verified during field-scale test burns, under the permit
program. Protocols will be updated as appropriate for use in full-scale test burns and
compliance monitoring for each major class of waste stream.
The operation of field-scale rotary-kiln and liquid injection incinerators will be used
to pre-evaluate full-scale test conditions using sophisticated monitoring and combustion
process control equipment. Detailed test burns will be conducted for hazardous wastes
from waste streams listed in Section 3001 (e.g., chlorinated hydrocarbons).
A companion program Will continue to use a highly sophisticated, laboratory-scale thermal
decomposition analytical system (TDAS) to screen combustion conditions for each waste to
be tested and to study the formation of combustion daughter products that are potentially
hazardous.
During field-scale testing, high priority will also be given to monitoring the
performance of conventional air pollution control technology in controlling emissions
from hazardous waste incineration. Of particular concern are fine particles, volatile
metal oxides, and compounds containing arsenic, beryllium, mercury, and halogens. The
data will be used, for example, in developing performance standards for scrubbers.
The plan calls for continuation of the effort to develop criteria for comparing data
taken on small (pilot) incinerators and applying the results to full-scale systems.
Scaling criteria are being developed that will be used to design and build a reduced-
scale model of a full-sized, industrial waste incinerator. The model test incinerator
will include both rotary kiln and liquid injection units which will share a common
afterburner chamber. The model will be used to verify and refine the scaling parameters
for incinerator design. The pilot unit will be used to model the conditions in other
full-sized hazardous waste incinerators by incorporating performance data from hazardous
waste incinerators already in commercial operation.
SW-69
-------
Performance evaluation of advanced incineration technologies will be initiated. Of
particular interest are two-stage fluldized bed incinerators and molten salt reactors.
These technologies are potentially more cost effective than existing incineration techn-
ology.
Hazardous Waste Treatment
In 1982 an inhouse industrial process engineering analysis capability will be maintained
to assist in permit evaluations of hazardous waste treatment systems for specific hazard-
ous waste streams.
In addition, engineering analysis will be used to target performance evaluations of
inplace hazardous waste treatment systems for wastes generated in the wood preserving,
specialty chemicals, pesticides manufacturing and metal finishing industry. Where
existing treatment incineration or landfill practices are ineffective, research into
improved control technology will be initiated on a waste stream specific basis.
Phase I process engineering analysis efforts for the Industrial Organic Chemicals and
Pesticide Manufacturing Sectors will be completed and detailed engineering analysis and
field sampling will be initiated for ranked process waste streams.
An industrial production data base and Phase I engineering analysis will be completed for
the Organic Dyes and Pigments Sector, leading to field sampling and analysis in late 1982
for ranked process wastes.
REMEDIAL ACTION
In 1982, short term response activities will continue in evaluating control equipment for
emergency response action. In this respect, the mobile incineration system for on- site--
detoxification and the concentration and separation techniques will be field tested.
Emergency response situation assessment and analytical support will continue to be
provided on an as needed basis. Also, new activities will be initiated in the areas of
personnel safety and drum removal and reburial.
In 1982, long-term monitoring to validate performance of in place remedial action schemes
will be continued at a hazardous waste site and a surface impoundment site. Also, the
survey, assessment and cost studies wil be updated. Pilot and bench studies for
hydrogeologic models, concentration leachate treatment techniques and reactivity of
construction materials will be hazardous waste will be initiated.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $476,000 and 1 permanent workyear for this sub-
program, of which $62,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $413,300 for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
SW-70
-------
This was the first year in which funds were obligated in this program category. A
cooperative agreement was initiated to improve the technology of Land Treatment of hazardous
organic materials. The results will aid permit reviewers in evaluating the environmental
acceptability of permit applications and improve the capability to safely dispose of these
wastes.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,038,300 and *f permanent workyears to this
sub-program, of which $179,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $858,500 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This program is adding to the research on groundwatef in the drinking water area to
provide specific outputs designed for developing regulations that identify hazardous wastes
and that protect groundwater from the improper disposal of hazardous wastes. A method for
approximating the subsurface mobility of chemicals will be developed} model development for
the prediction of the movement of hazardous wastes in the subsurface will begin; and two
hazardous waste sites will be selected for field evaluation of the methods of models.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $5,700 -results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $900.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million} a decrease of
$900 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $7,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $900 from other activities.
- Transfer $1,600 to management and support, nationwide support costs, to provide for
additional support services required to meet increased RCRA programmatic
requirements.
SW-71
-------
- Transfer $10,300 to manangement and support, contracts management, in order to provide
the Office of Program Management with additional resources to administer RCRA program-
matic increases.
- Offsetting transfers of $4,500 were made to realign contract funds —$4,500 was
transferred within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to monitoring and quality
assurance in this same subactivity; $4,500 was transferred within the Research and
Development appropriation from monitoring and quality assurance in this same subacti-
vity.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,273,400 and 24 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $1,575,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,698,4000 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $2,235,100 and 20 permanent workyears from 1981. This
increase provides for the development of techniques for assessing ecological damage and
bioenvironmental stress arising from disposal of hazardous wastes and for development of
methods and models to predict movement of hazardous wastes through the subsurface environment.
This program will expand from addressing only the processes and effects in the subsurface
environment to providing scientific data for assessing the entire scope of environmental
impacts of hazardous waste disposal. Work will continue to add to the research on groundwater
in the drinking water area by concentrating on predictive model development and field evaluat-
ion of both the models under development and the method for approximating subsurface mobility
developed in 1981. New activities in ecological effects and environmental assessment modeling
will expand on knowledge gained in other research areas (water quality and toxic chemicals)
and adapt methods for use in evaluating hazardous waste disposal. Specifically, the expansion
provides for adapting and developing techniques for assessing ecological damage from disposal
of hazardous wastes and their entry into the food chain, relating ecological effect parameters
to potential effects on humans, developing protocols for damage assessment, and determining
the relationship of bioassay techniques to real ecological impacts. Finally, expanded
environmental assessment modeling activities will provide tools for evaluating the relative
environmental impacts of various disposal methods.
SW-72
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Pesticides
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
PESTICIDES
Budget Current • Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page
Appropriation
Salaries and and Expenses... . .
Abatement, Control and
Total
Authorization levels..........
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Pesticides Non-Energy:
Research and Development....
Total , Research and
Registration and Tolerances:
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance .................
Standards Setting and RPAR:
Abatement, Control and
Federal and State Program
Support:
Salaries and Expenses.......
Abatement, Control and
Total :
Salaries and Expenses.......
Abatement, Control and
Total Abatement and Control
$34,567
6,015
29,931
70,513
1,017
1,150
67,709
81 ,798
6,916
6,015
12,931
10,650
606
11,401
16,789
2,172
3,643
24,223
21 ,038
45.261
(dollars in
$31,427 $33,638
3,898 4,617
39,292 31,249
74,617
925
1 ,050
63,000
86,935
6,155
3,898
10,053
10,593
1,148
10,070
27,112
420'
* * *
21 ,083
28,260
49.343
thousands)
$35,459 +$1 ,821
1,042 -3,575
35,633 +4,384
69,504 72,134
912 874
1 ,026 994
64,823 68,919
86,935 *
* Authorization pending
6,241 6,420
4,617 1,042
10,858
11,363
1,148
10,683
19,072
649
* * »
22,695
20,220
42.915
7,462
12,388
45
'11,207
24,274
541
51
24,136
24,370
48.506
+2,630
-38
-32
+4,096
*
+179
-3,575
-3,396
+1 ,025
-1,103
+524
+5,202
-108
+51
+1 ,441
+4,150
+5.591
P-31
P-ll
P-18
P-24
P-l
-------
Compl 1 ance
Total, Enforcement Program....
Permanent Positions
Pesticides, Non-Energy,
Total Research and
Development Program..
Registration and Tolerances...
Standards Setting and RPAR....
Federal and State Program
Support
Total, Abatement and Control
Program
Pesticides Enforcement, Total
Enforcement Program
Full-time Equivalency
Pesticides, Non-Energy, Total
Research and Development
Program.
Registration ana Tolerances...
Standards Setting and RPAR....
Federal and State Program
Support......
Total( Abatement and Control
Program...*..................
Pesticides Enforcement, Total
Enforcement Program
Budget Current Inrease +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease »
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page
P-27
3,428
8,893
12,321
148
378
318
68
764
105
204
401
354
74
4,189
11,032
15,221
114
341
315
17
673
138
159
381
336
20
4,702
11,029
15,731
114
350
296
17
663
135
164
381
310
20
4,903
11,263
16,166
109
334
281
14
629
136
152
374
301
16
+201
+234
+435
-5
-16
-15
-3
-34
+1
-12
-7
-9 _
-4
829
117
737
154
711
151
69T
151
-20
P-31
P-ll
P-18
P-24
P-27
P-31
P-11
P-18
P-24
P-27
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research
and Development restructuring.
P-2
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OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Since 1970, annual pesticide production and application has increased by
70%, to 1.7 billion pounds. There are approximately 40,000 products on the
market which are being used both commercially and privately. These products
create major societal benefits such as increased agricultural productivity,
lower domestic food prices, more favorable balance of payments due to increased
exports of agricultural products, and control of human disease vectors such as
mosquitoes. On the other hand, pesticides, by their very nature, are designed
to be injurious to living organisms and are deliberately introduced into the
environment for this purpose. Furthermore, the bulk of these products is used
on human or animal food crops wherein human exposure is unavoidable. It is
imperative, therefore, that the resources requested herein be provided and
emphasis be placed on pesticide programs to protect public health and prevent
unreasonable adverse effects to the environment.
The major objectives of the pesticide program are to protect the public
health and the environment from unreasonable pesticide risks and permit the
use of necessary pest control technologies. These objectives are pursued
through four principal means: (.1) review of existing and new pesticide products,
(2) use management, (3) enforcement, and (4) research and development.
ReviJew of Existing and New Products
EPA reviews and registers new pesticide products upon a finding that these
products will not pose unreasonable risks to humans or the environment, taking
into consideration the economic, social and environmental costs and benefits
stemming from use of the pesticide. Risk is often quantified in terms of the
number or probability of certain health effects in a given population, while
benefits are most often stated in dollar valuations of such effects as increased
crop yields, lower food costs-, reduced chance of disease or the cost savings
with respect to the use of alternative control measures. Prior to any
registration, the benefits of a particular pesticide must be demonstrated to
exceed the risk. The review and reregi strati on of all federally and State
registered products now on the market are required by the 1972 Amendments to
the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Approximately
80%-90% of existing products were originally registered before the chronic
effects (e.g. cancer, birth defects, gene mutations, etc.) of exposure to toxic
chemicals were well understood. Their reregi strati on will thus require more
thorough and consequently more resource intensive reviews of all test data for
both acute and chronic effects and in many cases, the collection of the basic
data itself.
The Federal Pesticide Act of 1978, which amended FIFRA, endorsed the
regulatory reforms requested by EPA that would streamline the review process and
allow the Agency to increase and improve its regulatory decision making options.
Major changes approved in the review and registration approach include pesticide
registration according to registration standards, conditional registration, and
elimination of certain legal obstacles that were severely hindering the regis-
tration process and blocking the entry of new products into the market.
In the past, registration entailed an examination of risk for each product,
one at a time. However, registration of pesticides according to generic
standards entails a single, comprehensive evaluation of risks and benefits of
the active ingredient chemicals common to numerous products, based on all data
relevant to the registration decision. For every pesticide chemical and its
formulations, performance standards and safety criteria will be set, to which
registrants must adhere, in order to register and reregister products. In
addition, standards for registration will state tolerable levels of exposure
for food, consumers, field workers, applicators, and other persons and organisms
unintentionally exposed to pesticides.
P-3
-------
In the past, registration entailed an examination of risk for each product,
one at a time. However, registration of pesticides according to generic
standards entails a single, comprehensive evaluation of risks and benefits of
the active ingredient chemicals common to numerous products, based on all data
relevant to the registration decision. For every pesticide chemical and its
formulations, performance standards and safety criteria will be set, to which
registrants must adhere, in order to register and reregister products. In
addition, standards for registration will state tolerable levels of exposure
for food, consumers, field workers, applicators, and other persons and organisms
unintentionally exposed to pesticides.
The generic approach was implemented because of the opportunity it presents
for increased economy and efficiency in the pesticides registration process.
This approach (The Registration Standards Program) provides an opportunity to
broaden and validate the data base the Agency uses in decision making to review
systematically, earlier-submitted data and decisions, to encourage and permit
fuller public participation in the regulatory process, and to document the
rationale employed at each step in the process. Continuing will be efforts to
eliminate inconsistency in label directions and warnings for similar products,
permit fuller participation in the regulatory process, and to document the
rationale employed at each step in the process. We will continue efforts to
eliminate inconsistency in label directions and warnings for similar products,
assure that pesticide products previously registered for intrastate use meet
Federal safety standards, reassess tolerances, and restrict use of products
that are considered hazardous.
The program will directly affect public health and the quality of the
environment through the imposition of a variety of regulatory restrictions.
EPA's regulatory options range from cancellation of all uses to unconditional
registration. Where unreasonable adverse effects are identified, the Agency
may initiate rebuttable presumption against registration (P.PAR) proceedings,
in which we subject suspect chemicals to careful risk/benefit assessment and
the use of alternative chemicals, so as not to impair agricultural productivity.
In cases where a lesser degree of hazard may exist, the Agency may consider
such risk-reducing measures as precautionary labeling, childproof packaging,
restriction to use by certified applicators, and mandated use of protective
clothing.
Key elements of the program to review pesticide products include the
fol 1 owi ng:
Registration enables new products to enter the market. Under this program,
new pesticide products are registered and current registrations are amended for
new uses and/or new formulations. Priority will be given to environmentally
protective pesticides and innovative technologies. We expect registration
activity to increase because the 1978 FIFRA amendments clarified the Act's
trade secret provisions and implemented conditional registration authority.
This assumes that current litigations are resolved 1n EPA's favor. Registration
activity is presently hindered by the fact that 1/3 of all active ingredients
are currently involved in litigation over the trade secret and "cite all"
provisions of FIFRA as amended^ Conditional registration allows the Agency
to process applications for registration of new products which are like ones
already registered and thus permit such products to enter the market on an
equal footing. This will in turn provide consumers with a wider range of
comparable products. Ultimately, all products will be reviewed comprehensively
when reregistered under generic pesticide registration standards. The Agency
will continue to issue conditional registrations of new chemicals if the public
interest will be served by a registration and if risks, during the period
required to complete and submit additional studies, are not deemed to be
unreasonable.
P-4
-------
Special Registration covers all activities relating to the issuance of
experimental use permits under Section 5 of FIFRA to generate data for
registration, the issuance of emergency exemptions under Section 18, and the
issuance of Section ?4(c) special local need registrations, the latter of which
are handled largely by the States with Federal oversight. Special registration
provides the flexibility to deal with unexpected situations and pesticide needs
when a decision is needed rapidly.
Tolerances are pesticide residue limits on food and animal feed crops
under authority of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFOCA). Deter-
minations are based on a careful review and evaluation of residue chemistry
and toxicology data to ensure that maximum residue levels likely to be -Found
in foods are safe for human consumption". Included in this consideration is
the cumulative effect of the same pesticide chemical and other related substances
with the same physiological activity,
Use Management
Pesticide use management assists coordination of all pesticide programs
through consultation and the exchange of information and technical advice among
Agency headquarters and Regional Offices, and Federal, State and local officials,
and by the provision of assistance and information on pesticide policies, programs
and procedures to pesticide users, registrants, farmers, farmworkers and the
general public. This activity includes assistance to the States in dealing
with pesticide incidents which may affect public health,and other special
problems, coordination of Federal/State responsibilities for special registra-
tions, provision of information on current regulatory actions, and the referral
of issues to appropriate headquarters for consideration and action. Advice
and assistance is provided to registrants to facilitate compliance with regulatory
requirements, and farmworker safety and the implementation of integrated pest
management (IPM) technologies are promoted by the selective dissemination of
information.
Enforcement
The pesticides enforcement program is designed to support the objectives
of regulating pesticide supply and use. The program emphasizes increased
State involvement through Federal/State cooperative enforcement grants. Through
such grants, the States are able to support comprehensive enforcement programs
and bring local expertise into national regulatory effort. In 1982, EPA will
continue its efforts to involve all of the States and territories in this program.
Enforcement activities, either carried out by participating States, ,or by EPA
in States not having grants, will focus on the general areas of insuring
user compliance with label directions, and industry compliance with regis-
tration, classification, and labeling requirements. Criminal investigations
will continue on alleged data fraud in private testing laboratories.
Enforcement resources will be used in 1982 to operate Federal certification
and training programs in Colorado and Nebraska, to provide grants in support of
State certification programs and to fund applicator training conducted by the
Department of Agriculture Extension Service. This provides a programmatic
linkage between the certification and training program and the State enforcement
programs, and re-emphasizes the priority of implementing certification and
training programs in Colorado and Nebraska along with increased enforcement in
these same States. Training materials are continuing to be upgraded to the
12th grade level and will emphasize the risks associated with pesticides.
The pesticides abatement and control and pesticides enforcement programs
will share in the performance of the laboratory audit functions beginning in 1982.
P-5
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Research and Development
Research and Development activities provide scientific data to support the
pesticides program by means of Health Research, Environmental Processes and
Effects Research, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance activities, and
Scientific Assessments.
Exposure assessment data provide a means for identification of overall
populations at risk due to the registered uses of pesticides. And, even
though registrants are required to submit data on the health and ecological
effects of pesticides.there is a continuing need for this exposure assessment
data, especially for new compounds.
The Health Effects research program will address both the health effects
and exposure areas. The major thrust will be to document human exposure
testing protocols, develop exposure assessment techniques for agricultural
worker reentry, test protective gear for applicators, and provide data on
placenta! transport and fetal deposition of pesticide compounds.
Environmental Processes and Effects research will include an ecological
effects program, environmental exposure assessment program and an Integrated
Pest Management program. The ecological effects program will determine
the cumulative ecological and biological impacts of acute and chronic
effects of pesticides, singly, and 1n combination, 0n target and non-target
organisms in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The environmental exposure
program will provide solutions to some critical needs of OPP In the area
of exposure assessment and testing of pesticides. The resources will be
used to develop methodologies for exposure assessment and carry out exposure
analyses on designated compounds in freshwater, marine water, air, and
terrestrial environments. Work will also be carried out to provide improved
and standardized protocols on a few fate tests for possible incorporation into
Pesticide Registration Guidelines. The Integrated Pest Management Program
will focus on research to control urban pests.
Scientific Assessments will provide cancer assessments and mutagenicity
and reproductive toxicity reviews for RPAR and registration standards to faci-
litate OPP decisions and regulations.
Technical Information and Liaison activities will support the Pesticides
Research Committee through the project milestone tracking system, offering
assistance in expediting technology transfer through major publications such as
the "Research Outlook", and offering assistance in identifying Regional needs
for research and technical assistance.
The Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance program's major objectives
include provision of standardized analytical measurement systems which are
capable of generating data of prescribed quality, and to provide quality control
materials which assure that these same measurement systems continue to perform
within acceptable limits. A repository of calibration materials is maintained
to service the analytical community within and outside of the Agency. The
program is the focal point for implementation of the Agency-wide quality assurance
program for measurement of pesticides.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(In thousands of dollars)
1981 Pesticides Program............ $69,504
Salaries and Expenses +1,821
The net increase results from increases
to pesticides non-energy activities
($.2 million); registration and tolerances
SI .0 million); standards setting and RPAR
$.5 million); pesticides enforcement
(S.2 million); and a decrease to pesticides
use management (-.$.1 million).
P-6
-------
Research and Development................... -3.575
The decrease results from reductions to
pesticides non-energy activities, parti-
cularly environmental processes and
effects (-$3.3 minion).
Abatement, Control and Compliance.......... +4,384
The net Increase Is for standards setting
and RPAR ($5.2 million); pesticides use
management ($.1 million); and pesticides en-
forcement grants ($.2 million) as offset by
a reduction in registration and tolerances
(-$1.1 million).
1982 Pesticides Program. , 72,134
SUWARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE
!• Summary of Budget Estimate
An appropriation of $72,133,700 is requested for 1982. This request by
appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses...... $35,458,700 i
Research and Development.............. 1,041,900
Abatement, Control and Compliance...... 15,633,100
This represents an increase of $2,630,100 from the 1981 level. Increased .
funding in the amount of $5,726,100 for standards setting and RPAR will provide for
the continued development of pesticide registration standards, which will improve
the efficiency of future pesticide registration and reregistratlon activities,
and for the continuation of rebuttable presumption against registration (RPAR) actions
which assess the risks and benefits of compounds suspected flf causing unreasonable
adverse health effects.
The registration and tolerances activities 1s being decreased by $78,100.
The pesticides enforcement program is being Increased by $436,100, with an increase
of $733,700 for the grant program and a decrease of $297,600 to other enforcement
activities. The pesticides use management activity Is being decreased by $57,700,
primarily to reflect the elimination of activities related to pesticide application
technology and certification and training program evaluation.
The environmental processes and effects activity is decreased by S3.4
million as a result of the elimination of agricultrual integrated pest mangement
activities, which will, henceforth, be conducted by to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
P-7
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2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate
Changes from the Budget are as follows:
(In thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 estimate.. $74,617
Congressional increases/decreases:
Presidential reduction of $7M
(H. Doc. 96-294).. -171
Travel.... -41
AOP -101
Consulting services -254
SES bonuses.. -51
$7.5M reduction to A,C5C....... .... -1,004
$5.OH reduction to Pesticides... -5,000
Aquatic weed research..... +620
Proposed pay raise supplemental........ +2,008
Reprogrammings for salary and related
costs +805
Transfer to Administrative Law Judges.. -12
Transfer to Toxic Substances to repay
"borrowed" Si!vex funds............... -2,000
Transfer to Office of Inspector General -76
Implementation of Federal pesticides
program +27
Support for pesticides enforcement
grant activity....... +124
Contract funds realignment.........!,... +13
Current estimate 1981 69,504
The Congress reduced Agency salary and travel costs by S7 million and
$850,000, respectively, resulting in decreases of $171,000 and $41,000. A
congressional reduction of $2 million to AOP costs created a decrease of
5101,000 to this media. The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services
by $3.8 million and SES bonuses by $750,000, resulting In decreases to this
media of $254,000 and $51,000, respectively. A congressional reduction of $7.5
million to the Agency's A.CSC appropriation resulted in a decrease of $1,004,000.
In addition, Congress reduced the pesticides media by $5,000,000.
Congressional increases to this media include $620,000 for aquatic weed
research, $2,008,000 for the proposed supplemental to fund the October 1980
pay raise, and reprogrammi ngs 1n the amount of $805,000 for salary and related
costs.
Reprogrammings to other media resulted in a decrease of $2,088,000 and
from other media, an increase of $164,000.
P-8
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ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations ,
Effect of congressional changes
Effect of pay raise supplemental
Change in amount of carryover funds available
Program changes
Effect .of reprogrammings..
Change in rate .of obligations................
Total estimated obligations.......
(From new obligation authority),
(Fran prior year funds)
$70,513
-6,002
+2,008
+1,436
-1,924
+805
+2.306
$9,142
(66,451)
(2,691)
569,142
+361
+3,622
73,125
(70,073)
(3,052)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The congressional changes referred to in the previous section are estimated to
decrease obligations by $6,002,000. The funding of the October 1980 pay raise
through a proposed supplemental is expected to increase obligations by $2,008,000.
The amount of carryover funds estimated to be obligated in 1981 is $2,691,000,
an increase of $1,436,000 from the 1980 level. In 1982, it is estimated that
$3,052,000 will be obligated from carryover funds, an Increase of $361,000 over
the 1981 level.
The program change in 1981 is estimated to result 1n a decrease of $1,924,000.
In 1982, the program iricrease is expected to increase obligations by $3,622,000.
P-9
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PESTICIDES
PROGRAM LEVELS
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Registration Standards
Registration Standards
Compl eted
RPAR Pecisions:
'Final:""R"PA"R"'Oe'ci sions.
Lab Audits
Registration
new Chemical and Biorational
Regi strations.
Old Chemical Applications...
Amendments and Supplemental.
Appl ications
Registrations.....
Special Registration
Emergency Exemptions
Experimental Use Permits...
24(c) State Registrations..
Tolerances:
Tolerance Petitions
Amendments
Inert Ingredient Requests..
Enforcement:
Establishment Inspections...
Use/Reentry and Experimental
Use Observations...........
Market Place Investigations.
Import Investigations
18
17
101
7,388
21,286
446
365
1,649
325
**
54
2,599
15,881
14,105
494
20-40
350
240
1,200
160
150
40
4,300
3,350
10,600
200
13
275
190
1,100
140
145
10
4,300
8,350
10,600
542
13*
15 12(9-13) 12(9-15)
25-35 21(20-35) 21(20-35)
96
5,300
!2,240
0,000
65
5,300
22.200
450
75-95
5,300
22,200
2,000
350
240
1,200
160
150
40
4,700
9,200
11,500
200
+10
• • *
+1,550
+75
+50
+100
+20
+5
+30
+400
+850
+900
-342
* The thirteen standards projected for completion in 1982 are predicated upon continuing
the present registration standards process. However, 1981 will be devoted to effecting
productivity improvements which, if successful, are expected to result in the completion
of more than 13 standards in 1982. If the Agency is unable to accomplish such productivity
improvements in 1981, the registration standards program will be reevaluatert and redesigned
as necessary to increase its pace of operations.
** Amendments processed are included in the total for tolerance petitions.
P.-10
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Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Appropriation
Registration:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Special Registration:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance
Tolerances:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance •.
Grand Total,
Permanent Positions
Registration...."..........
Special Registration
Tolerances.......
Total
Full-time Equivalency
Regi strati on .....
Special Registration
Tol erances •
PESTICIDES
Registration and Tolerances
Actual
1980
$6,403
525
2,135
19
2,112
62
10,650
606
11,256
229
77
' 72
378
243
80
78
Budget
Estimate
1981
(dol
$6,876
709
1,869
273
1,848
166
10,593
1,148
11,741
222
62
57
341
245
69
67
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982.
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
lars in thousands)
$7,357
709
2,014
273
1,992
166
11,363
1,148
12,511
228
64
58
350
245
69
67
$7,923
• » •
2,291
45
2,174
• • •
12,388
45
12,433
215
62
57
334
238
69
67
+$566
-709
+277
-228
+182
-166
+1,025
-1,103
-78
-13
-2
-1
-16
-7
• • •
• • *
Total,
401
381
381
374
-7
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $12,432,500 and 334 permanent workyears for 1982,
a decrease of $78,100 and 16 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is
$12,387,800 for Salaries and Expenses and $44,700; for Abatement, Control and Compliance,
an increase of $1,025,500 and a decrease of $1,103,600, respectively. The increase in
Salaries and Expenses will be used to respond to increases in registration as well as
to. associated support costs for the Federal Register.
Program Description
The focus of this program is on the registration and special registration of
pesticides and on the establishment of residue tolerances for each registered product.
Under the Registration program, new pesticide products are registered and current
P-ll
-------
registrations are amended for new uses and/or new formulations. Accordingly, the
program is driven by the following mandates: (1) effectively screen applications for
pesticide product registration to assure that use of the products will not result in
unreasonable adverse effects to man and the environment and to assure that such products
a-e reasonably effective for the proposed uses where public health is concerned;
(2) limit the risks associated with the use of pesticides through effective label
precautions, use classification, use directions and restrictions; (3) expeditiously
process all environmentally protective pesticides ("biorationals") -and also new products
which are substitutes for products that have serious impact on man and his environment.
These mandates are achieved by processing in a timely manner applications for new
chemicals, new products containing previously registered pesticides, new uses, formula
changes, labeling changes and supplemental registrations, in addition to reregistrations,
and assuring product uses will not result in unreasonable adverse effects. In addition,
the Registration program has the ongoing task of upgrading label precautions, format,
use directions and precautions with emphasis on non target exposures, field workers,
and application safety and pesticide container disposal.
The Speci a1 Re gi strat ion of pesticides encompasses: (a) the issuance of experimental
use permits under Section 5 of FIFRA to generate data for registration, (b) establishment
of temporary tolerances to cover safe levels of pesticide residues in food and feed from
pesticide application for experimental purposes, (c) granting of emergency exemptions
under Section 18 of FIFRA to permit the temporary use of unregistered pesticides,
(d) issuance of Section 24(c) special local need registrations, largely handled by the
States with Federal oversight, and (e) issuance of pesticide registrations for use on
minor crops, often after liaison with public interest user-oriented groups.
Congress has provided the authority to issue Experimental Use Permits (EUP's) to
allow large scale experimentation necessary for the development of data for new pesticides
or new uses of currently registered pesticides. These data are necessary to allow the
Agency to evaluate the potential hazards to man and the environment when application
is made for registration of the new chemical. Because of the importance of biorationals
and other innovative third-generation pesticides to integrated pest management programs,
special efforts are made to process Experimental Use Permit (EUP) applications for these
pesticides so that data gathered may be used to allow them to enter the registration
system rapidly.
These efforts are particularly important if the proposed use is on a food or feed
crop, since testing under an EUP usually involves thousands of acres of valuable food or
feed crops. In such cases, destruction of the crop is not economically feasible or
desirable; thus the Agency must establish temporary tolerances for residues of the pesti-
cide which may remain on the food or feed commodity, thereby allowing for safe marketing
and consumption of the commodity. Sufficient data must be submitted to allow the Agency
to determine that the residue levels of the pesticide which result from its use are
limited to protect the welfare of the consumer.
When application of registered pesticides or other control measures are not adequate
to control unexpected pest outbreaks, emergency situations may develop. The Agency, under
FIFRA, issues emergency exemptions authorizing the use of pesticides for unregistered
uses, when appropriate, to alleviate the emergency.
Individual states often have special local conditions requiring pesticides that are
not registered Federally for such purposes. FIFRA permits State agencies to issue
pesticide registrations when the pesticide will be distributed and used only within the
registering State. At the same time, Congress provided that EPA should have overview
authority concerning these regulations, including the right to disapprove or identify
invalid registrations that would have a harmful effect on public health or the environment
or which are not consistent with Congressional restrictions. These usually involve food
and feed uses for which tolerances have not been established, or uses of pesticides which
have been suspended or cancelled by the Agency.
States also have special needs to issue experimental use permits on occasion. Such
permits are usually needed to allow an interested pesticide producer to conduct the
experimentation that will be needed to support a later State registration for a particular
purpose. Congress has provided that States may issue such experimental use permits,
subject to EPA overview, in the same manner as for the state registration.
P-12
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Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (FFDCA), the Agency
establishes tolerance levels and exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance for
pesticide residues in or on raw agricultural commodities and processed foods. These
tolerance levels protect the public health while giving.appropriate consideration to the
necessity for the production of an adequate, wholesome, and econonical food supply.
Determination of tolerances involves careful review and evaluation of residue chemistry
and toxicology data to ensure that the maximum residue levels likely to be found in foods
are safe for human consumption. Included in this consideration is the cumulative effect
of the same pesticide chemical and other related substances with the same physiological
activity. Analytical methods are tested to ensure that adequate enforcement of the
established tolerance can be achieved.
EPA has implemented more flexible minor use tolerance data review procedures involving
data requirements and scientific decision making. This parallels conditional registration
and other newly authorized aspects of EPA's pesticide registration program.
Current operations give high priority to tolerance petitions, innovative pesticide
chemicals and biologically integrated alternatives for pest control. Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) techniques reduce the amount of conventional pesticide chemicals applied
and significantly reduce environmental and human risk. In addition, normal fee requirements
for petitions for tolerances are adjusted or waived. Processing of tolerance petitions is
the only pesticide action for which a fee is charged.
REGISTRATION
198Q Jccqinpl i s hments
In 1980, resources spent for the registration process totaled $6,928,400 which
included $6,402,900 for Salaries.and Expenses, and $525,500 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance activities.
In 1980, the Agency processed applications for new chemicals on a priority basis
while giving special attention to new chemicals that offer an extra measure of protection
to the environment. Tasks completed during 1980 were the processing of: 101 applications
for the registration of products that contain new chemicals both for food uses and
non-food uses, 7,388 applications for the registration of new products that contain old
chemicals, but are identical or substantially similar to those that are currently
registered, 218 applications to amend current pesticide product labels to add uses
(food and non-food), 18,689 applications for administrative amendments and supplemental
registrations, and 2,379 minor amendments. Additional tasks included the follow-up on
submission and review of adverse effects data submitted under Section 6(a)(2) of the
FIFRA.
A plan for the upgrading of labeling on currently registered products was completed
and implemented. Development of the guidelines for biorationals was completed and will
be proposed in 1981 for public comment. Environmentally protective pesticide products
and other items with review priority, were processed more rapidly than in the prior year.
In 1980, development of an automated system was initiated to permit tracking of
applications in the registration process flow. A series of simplified instructions to
help registrants apply for registration was prepared, in order to reduce the number of
applications returned to registrants for additional information before the Agency can
either register or deny an application. Finally, during 1980, most of the sections of
the Registration Guidelines were prepared for publication as either proposed or final
documents.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,066,300 to this program, of which
$7,357,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $709,200 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
P-13
-------
Applications will be processed for registration of new chemicals on a priority
basis while giving special attention to new chemicals that provide an additional measure
of protection to the environment. Under the provisions for conditional registration, the
Agency will process applications for registration of new products, new uses, and
supplemental and amended registration. Review time and the number of review cycles
needed to reach a regulatory decision will be reduced as review staffs become experienced
in making the incremental risk assessments mandated under conditional registration. As
reregistration packages, final RPAR decisions or other administrative orders are established,
the Agency will continue to upgrade pesticide product labels to give the user guidance
and directions to apply pesticides safely.
Continuing efforts will include direct dissemination of Information to farmworker
and other representative groups at the Federal, State and local level, and improved
product labeling and monitoring techniques.
In 1981 the Agency expects to process the following number of applications: new
chemical (food use) registrations 25, new chemical (non-food use) registrations 30, new
biorational (food use) 5, new biorational (non-food use) 5, old chemical with minor
changes TOO, and old chemical with similar use 5,200. The number of amended registrations
to be processed are: new food uses 200, new non-food uses 200, minor amendments 1,800,
administrative amendments 4000, and supplemental registrations 16,000. Thirteen £13)
reregi strati on call-in packages will be developed from the registration standards and
approximately 450 products associated with the call-in packages will be reregistered.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net increase of $481,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $42,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $10,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million;
a decrease of $60,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease
of $50,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $463,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and in included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in transfers of $180,900 from toxic substances testing and
evaluation ($144,600) and from chemical control ($36,300)*
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $7,923,200 and 215 permanent workyears for this
program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This represents
an increase of $566,100 and a decrease of 13 permanent workyears to the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, and a decrease of $709,200 to the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency has no control over the number of submissions (applications for
registration) that the pesticide industry may submit. The numbers listed are estimates
based upon previous experience. In 1982, the Registration program will process all new
chemical and biorational applications (30-40 food and 45-55, non-food uses) through
scientific and regulatory review, 100 applications for conditional registration of
products containing previously registered chemicals that involve significant variations
in formulation from those currently registered, 5200 applications for conditional
P-14
-------
registration that are identical or substantially similar to currently registered products,
200 applications for conditional registration of new food uses, and 200 new non-food uses
by making incremental risk assessments, 1800 minor amendments, and 4,000 administrative
amendments. Also processed will be all adverse effects data (25 submissions) submitted
under Section 6(a)(2) within three weeks of receipt, and all applications for supplemental
registrations (16,000) within two weeks of receipt* There will be follow-up on 200
applications for which conditions were attached to the registration. Thirteen (13)
reregi strati on call-in packages will be developed from the registration standards and
approximately 2,000 products associated with the.call-in packages will be reregistered.
Labeling will be upgraded through the label improvement program to enhance the safe use
of all pesticide products. Direct dissemination of information to farmworkers will
continue. Guidelines will be developed and product labeling will be improved in order
to give guidance to farmworkers on hazards associated with the use of pesticides and
ways to reduce worker exposure through use of clothing, gloves, respirators, and worker
re-entry intervals. Although the farmworker safety program is identified in the
Registration section, its importance is such that additional supporting activities are
included in the Standards Setting and RPAR as well as in the Federal and State Program
sections.
SPECIAL REGISTRATION
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, resources spent on the special registration process totaled $2,154,400,
of which $2,135,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $19,000 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance activities.
The Agency continued the special registration program by (a) issuing experimental
use permits to support registration data requirements, (b) establishing temporary
tolerances to cover safe levels of pesticide residues, (c) granting emergency exemptions
to allow the use of unregistered pesticides and (d) providing guidance and directions
to States which issue pesticide registrations and experimental use permits to meet
special local needs. The Agency processed 355 experimental use permits, 85 temporary
tolerance petitions, and 446 emergency exemptions, and reviewed 1,649 State registrations.
No experimental use permits were issued by the States in 1980.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,286,700 to this program, of which
$2,013,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $273,100 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency expects to process about 190 experimental use permits, 40 temporary
tolerance petitions, and 275 emergency exemptions, and review 1,100 State registrations.
Agency oversight and guidance will be provided for an estimated 80 State-issued experimental
use permits.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $144,300 results from several actions, as follows;
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $11,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $20,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $126,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $49,300 from toxic substances testing and evaluation.
P-15
-------
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,335,700 and 62 permanent workyears for this
program, of which 52,291,000 Is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and 544,700
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase
of S277.400 and a decrease of 2 permanent workyears to the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation, and a decrease of 5228,400 to the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
During 1982, the Special Registration program will evaluate, in terms of risks and
benefits, an expected three hundred and fifty emergency exemption requests to allow
pesticides to be used to control unexpected agricultural or public health pest outbreaks,
and to either grant or deny such requests as expeditiously as possible. Approximately
two hundred and forty applications for experimental use permits will be evaluated, each
within the statutory limit of 120 days. This will allow pesticide research and development
to continue for new pesticides and for new uses of currently registered pesticides.
Biorational and other Innovative pesticides will be given special attention; an attempt
will be made to process these within 100 days. An estimated 55 petitions for temporary
tolerances, and 80 resubmissions supporting experimental use permits, will be evaluated*
The Agency will review an estimated 1,200 Section 24(c) State registrations which
provide for the use of a pesticide in a special local need situation within a given State,
and 100 Section 5(f) State experimental use permits to allow continuing research and
development of pesticides to meet special local needs.
TOLERANCES
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, resources spent for the tolerance setting process totaled $2,173,800,
which included $2,112,000 for Salaries and Expenses, and $61,800 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance activities.
Accomplishments during 1980 included the processing of 325 petitions and 54 inert
Ingredient requests.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total $2,157,600 to this program, of which
$1,991,600 is for Salaries and Expenses, and $166,000 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
These resources will permit the Agency to review all incoming tolerance actions to
establish residue levels that will protect human health, and provide written replies
(acknowledgements) to tolerance petitions within two weeks. An estimated 140 new
petitions, 145 amendments, and 10 inert ingredient requests will be processed. This
processing includes administrative handling, coordination, scientific review of data,
regulatory decision making, and preparation of Federal Register notices.
1981 Explanationof Changes fromBudgetEstimates
The net increase of $144,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimates was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 9.6-294); these revisions resulted
in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $11,600.
- An increase of $125,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
Resrogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $48,600 from toxic substances testing and evaluation.
P-16
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1982 flan
The Agency requests a total of $2,173,600 and 57 permanent wbrkyears for this
program all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This amount
represents an increase of $182,000, and a decrease of 1 permanent workyear for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and a decrease of $166,000 to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
These resources will enable the Agency to evaluate carefully, chemistry and
metabolism data for 160 petitions to determine the nature and level of pesticide residues
expected to remain in or on food crops when used according to the proposed label direction.
Toxicology data will be evaluated to determine If foods containing these residue levels
are safe for human consumption. These evaluations will also take into account the
cumulative effect of the tolerances already established for the pesticide chemical and
other pesticide chemicals with related pharmacological activity. Specific analytical
methods will be evaluated to determine their suitability for enforcement of proposed
tolerances. Also, 150 amendments and 40 inert ingredient requests will be processed.
P-17
-------
PESTICIDES
Standards Setting and RPAR
Appropriation
Registration Standards:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
RPAR Reviews:
Salaries and Expenses ,
Abatement, Control and
Compliance ..........
EIS Preparation:
Salaries and Expenses.
Total:
Salaries and Expenses .
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Grand Total
Permanent Positions
Registration Standards
RPAR Reviews
EIS Preparation .......
Total
Ful |-time Equ i va1ency
Registration Standards
RPA° Reviews
EIS Preparation..
Total
Budget Current • Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 19^1 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981
85
166
149
3
318
354
(dollars in thousands)
$5,631 $5,592 $5,929
5,345 11,846 9,647
5,685 4,394 4,662
11,444 15,266 9,425
84
92
$5,406
9,400
5,696
14,874
105
167
145
3
151
142
3
137
141
3
315
296
281
336
310
301
-$523
-247
+1,034
+5,449
+13
11,401
16,789
28,190
10,070
27,112
37,182
10,683
19,072
29,755
11,207
24,274
35,481
+524
+5,202
+5,726
-14
-1
-15
183
168
3
181
152
3
161
146
3
151
147
' 3
-ID
+1
...
BudgetRequest
The Agency requests a total of $35,481,300 and 281 permanent workyears for 1982, an
increase of 35,726,100 and a decrease of 15 workyears from 1981. Included in this "^tal
is $11,207,200 for Salaries and Expenses and $24,274,100 for Abatement, Control and C/vi-
pliance, an increase of $523,800 and $5,202,300 respectively. The increase in abatement
and control provides additional exposure analysis, and other analyses associated with
risk/benefit assessment of suspect chemicals or groups of suspected chemicals under RPAR
review. This level of funding will provide for the continued development of pesticide
registration standards, which are crucial to improve the efficiency of future pesticide
registration and reregistration activities, and farmworker safety, integrated pest nanage-
ment and groundwater monitoring activities. The budget will also permit the continuation
of rebuttable presumption against registration (RPAR) actions which are necessary to pro-
perly assess the risks and benefits of compounds and to implement restrictions on compounds
suspected of causing unreasonable adverse health effects. The pesticides abatement and
control and pesticides enforcement programs v/ill share in the performance of the laboratory
audtt functions beginning in 1982.
P-18
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Program Description
In order to use resources efficiently, the Agency developed a new approach to re-
registration which was ratified by Congress—developing registration standards for each
of the active ingredient chemicals currently used in pesticide products. This approach,
however, is currently the subject of litigation which could cause redirection or major
changes in the program. The uncertainties caused by this litigation and its possible
impacts are described later in this section. EPA will concentrate its efforts on the
approximately 600 chemicals or chemical groups currently used as active ingredients,
which will permit decisions on the reregistrati on of all existing products. Many of
the approximately 1,400 separate chemicals orginally identified as discrete active
ingredients are not in production or have chemical forms that allow them to be judged
in groups rather than one-by-one.
The Agency is proposing to review these chemicals based on a specific ordering pro-
cess by developing chemical clusters and ranking them for review. Under this system,
chemicals that have the same major uses will be grouped together in clusters. The ad-
vantages of clustering include equity to the registrant (all chemicals within the same
cluster will be reviewed at the same approximate time), flexibility to the user in
selecting products (alternative treatments for a common pest problem would receive
simultaneous review) and consistent regulatory positions on groups of chemicals.
The development of a registration standard is divided into three phases: (1)
data gathering, (2) data evaluation, and (3) development and issuance of the registra-
tion standard. Pesticide residue tolerances, already established under authority of
the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, are reviewed anc1 respecified for each of the
food or animal crops to which the chemical is applied. (The establishment of new
residue tolerances is funded under the registration and tolerances subactivity). All
pesticide products that use the chemical as an active ingredient and meet the specifica-
tions of the standard will be reregistered. (Reregistration, as distinguished from
standards production, is funded under the registration and tolerances subactivity as
are resources for new product registrations and amendments to existing registrations).
Current litigation challenges the constitutionality of basic FIFRA data use and dis-
closure provisions. While EPA believes that the legal underpinnings of the program are
fundamentally sound, an unfavorable ruling would require major changes and redirection
in the standards setting process. If the court rulings are not favorable to EPA, the
Agency will return to the Authorization and Appropriations Committees for guidance.
Special reviews of pesticide products that are candidates for rebuttable presump-
tions are carried out under a program established to scrutinize chemicals which are
suspected of causing undue hazards. The decision to cancel the use of any chemical or
family of chemicals requires a risk/benefit determination after an in-depth review of
potential hazards on a use-by-use basis. Public hearings are conducted, if necessary,
to reach final determinations. The RPAR process includes analysis of the exposure of
humans and the environment to the pesticide, including environmental impact analysis;
analysis of risks, including oncogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity risks;
review of the benefits of the pesticide's uses; review of the possible substitutes for
the chemicals; and assessment of the possible regulatory options. The pesticides abate-
ment and control and pesticides enforcement programs will share in the performance of
the laboratory audit functions beginning in 1982.
REGISTRATION STANDARDS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, a total of $10,975,800 was spent, including $5,345,300 in Abatement, Control
and Compliance for information services, scientific data review, and other contracts. The
extramural resources are for information service and scientific data review contracts to
support the development of registration standards. These resources are used to gather and
P-19
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analyze chemical data, to gather pesticide use and usage information, to perform economic
impact analyses of various regulatory recommendations, to support toxicology and chemistry
data evaluations, to evaluate health effects, and fund various groundwater monitoring,
farmworker safety, and integrated pest management projects.
In 1980, detailed internal operating procedures were developed,"major policy issues
were identified and resolved, and alternatives for increasing productivity and improving
operating effectiveness were evaluated. The data gathering phase was initiated for 45
active ingredients, and was completed for 29. Data evaluations were initiated on 24
chemicals and completed on 11. Six registration standards were completed.
Special emphasis was placed on the following activities. Monitoring of groundwater
and well water was conducted on Long Island for Aldicarb and in California for DECP.
Farmworker safety conferences were held in various parts of the country and an interagency
agreement was signed with the Department of Labor to conduct a large scale epidemiological
study of farmworker youth. Various interagency and cooperative agreements were signed
to continue and initiate integrated pest management activities.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $15,575,800 to this program, of which
$5,929,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $9,646,500 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources are used to gather
and analyze chemical data, to gather pesticide use and usage information, to perform
economic impact analyses of various regulatory recommendations, to support toxicology
and chenistry data evaluations, to evaluate health effects, and fund various ground-
water monitoring, farmworker safety, and integrated pest management projects.
During 1981, the emphasis will be on standards production. Using a chemical
priority system, work is expected to he initiated on an additional 20 standards, and
at least 13 registration standards are expected to be completed. Extramural resources
will be used extensively to gather, evaluate and analyze scientific data. Internal
procedures and productivity improvements developed in 1980 will be implemented. Farm-
worker safety and integrated pest management activities initiated in 1980 will be
continued. In 1981, development and implementation of a groundwater monitoring
strategy will be emphasized, working in conjunction with other EPA programs. c-pray
drift technology will be reviewed and appropriate information will be disseminated
to reduce involuntary exposure of farmworkers and others.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $1,862,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans-
mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in
a decrease of of 57 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $35,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by 5750,000; a
decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity,
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $16,100
was applied to the activity.
. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 mil lion; a decrease
df $30,000 was applied to the activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $999,900 was applied to the activity.
- The Congress made a general reduction to pesticides activities of 55 million; a
decrease of $1,200,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $49,000
was applied to this activity.
P-ZO
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- An increase of $364,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of 5113,400 from toxic substances chemical control.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 314,806,800 and 137 permanent workyears for
this program of which $5,406,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $9,400,400 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation for information
services and scientific data review contracts.
These resources are expected to permit the completion of 13 standards and the
initiation of an additional 20 standards in 1982. The thirteen standards projected for
completion in 1982 is predicated upon continuing the present registration standards
process. However, 1981 will be devoted to effecting productivity improvements which,
if successful, are expected to result in the completion of more than 13 standards in
1982. If the Agency is unable to accomplish such productivity improvements in 1981,
the registration standards program will be reevaluated and redesigned as necessary to
increase its pace of operations. Extramural resources will continue to be used to
gather, evaluate, and analyze scientific data and support farmworker safety and ground-
water monitoring activities. The emphasis in integrated pest management will be on
urban control of pests. If court rulings concerning the constitutionality of basic
FIFRA data use and disclosure provisions are unfavorable, EPA will nonetheless continue
the process of systematically reviewing the data base upon which registration of current
pesticides is based. In addition, however, the Agency will probably find it necessary
to return to the Authorization and Appropriations Committees for guidance.
REBUTTABLE .PRESUMPTION AGAINST-REGISTRATION (RPAR) AND EIS PREPARATION
1980 Accomplishments ~
A total of $17,214,200 was spent for this program, including EIS preparation;
$11,443,900 was. spent for contracts for information services, site/pest information,
use analyses, scientific exposure/hazard assessments and risk/benefit information.
In 1980, fumigant and fungicide RPAR cluster reviews were begun and the Agency
reached final resolutions on 18 chemicals including Dimethoate, Pronamide, Silvex,
and 2,4,5-T, although some administrative and appellate proceedings could run on for
some years. A special effort was placed on the development of proposed and final
resolutions. A pilot study was initiated on forest use pesticides and their alterna-
tives in order to provide guidance to producers and users of such products. Major con-
tracts for risk and benefit analytical expertise were utilized in 1980. The contrators,
both private and public organizations, supplemented the Agency's limited inhouse
specialists, e.g. toxicologists, entomologists, etc. Support was provided for two
hearings which resulted from RPAR decisions.
Seventeen (17) lab audits were performed. The lab audit program shifted from a
surveillance mode to a compliance mode in which labs were audited only as problems arose.
The results of the lab audit program were fed back into the RPAR and registration pro-
cesses with a view toward identifying data gaps and the need for revised decisions.
After emergency suspension of Silvex in 1979, agreements were reached with roajor
registrants of Silvex in which they agreed to request voluntary cancellation of their
products and EPA agreed to arrange for disposal. The Agency continued actions to in-
vestigate and determine the legal requirements for, and quantities, location, and nature
of products to be disposed. Some major contracts for the disposal of the chemical were
issued in 1980.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $14,179,400 to this program, including
EIS preparation, of which $4,754,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $9,425,300 is for
P-21
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extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The ex-
tramural resources are for information services, site/pest info "-mat ion, use analyses,
scientific exposure/hazard assessments and risk/benefit information.
The fumigant and fungicide cluster reviews begun in 1980 will continue and final
resolutions are projected on 12 chemicals; 6-12 chemicals are expected to begin review
under the RPAR process. In 1981, the emphasis will be on the later phases of RPAR action.
Support will be provided for 2 to 4 hearings resulting from RPAR decisions. Major con-
tractural efforts will continue, and new procedures and management review processes will
be implemented as the result of reviews of the RPAR process initiated in earlier years.
The forest use products study begun in 1980, will continue. During 1981, the emphasis
will continue on the development of ecological effects laboratory audit procedures and
21(20-35) laboratory audits are projected. Agency activities initiated in 1980 concern-
ing Si 1 vex disposal will continue.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $5,564,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans-
mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in
a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is 528,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywitle Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000;
a decrease of $9,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress made a general reduction to pesticides activities of S5 million; a
decrease of $3,800,000 was applied to the activity.
- An increase of 5297,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropiration.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $101,300 from toxic substances chemical control.
- A transfer of $71,000 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to
provide additional resources to that Office, of which $30,400 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $40,600 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
- A transfer of $2,000,000 was made to toxics management to repay the Office of
Of Pesticides and Toxic Substances for Silvex funds "borrowed" in FY 1980.
- A transfer of 39,600 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide add-
itional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties
under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
The Agency requests a total of $20,674,500 and 144 permanent workyears for this
program, including EIS preparation, of which $5,800,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $14,873,700 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
for contracts for information services, use analyses, scientific exposure/hazard assess-
ment and risk/benefit and site/pest information. This increase in extramural resources
will be devoted to mission contracts to provide additional exposure analysis, benefit
analysis, and other analysis associated with risk/benefit assessments of suspect chemicals
or groups of suspect chemical s..
P-22
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At this level of resources, final resolutions are expected on approximately 12(9-15)
chemicals; some chemicals may be identified for review under the RPAR process as a result
of the registration standard reviews. The fumigant and fungicide reviews begun in prior
years will continue. Final resolutions are expected on most of the original RPAR reviews
and high risk referrals. Regulatory positions will be developed for chemicals found to
exceed RPAR triggers while under standards review. The process will continue to rely
heavily on contractors in 1982 to supplement Agency resources including the development
of preliminary risk assessments by contract. Technical support is expected to be provided
to 3-4 hearings resulting from RPAR decisions. Twenty-one (ZQ-35) laboratory audits are
projected In 1982 and the pesticides abatement and control and pesticides enforcement
programs will share in the performance of the laboratory audit fuctions.
P-23
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PESTICIDES
Federal and State Program Support
Appropriation
Pesticide USe Management:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control and
Cotnpl i ance
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1932
Increase +
Hficrease -
1982 vs. 1981
(do1lars in thousands)
$2,172
3,643
$420
* • *
$649
• * * «
$541
51
-SI 08
+ 51
Total
Permanent Positions.
Full-time Equivalency...,
5,815
68
74
420
17
20
649
17
20
592
14
16
- 57
- 3
- 4
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $591,700 14 permanent workyears for 1982,
a decrease of $57,700 and three permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this
request is $540,900 for Salaries and Expenses, and $50,800 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance, a decrease of $108,500 and an increase of $50,800 respectively.
The decrease in Salaries and Expenses is primarily related to the elimination of
activities related to pesticide application technology, pesticide applicator
certification and training program evaluation. The increase in Abatement, Control,
and Compliance is to support promotion of integrated pest management and farmworker
safety activities.
Program Description
Nationwide coordination of all pesticide programs is enhanced by consultation
and the exchange of information and technical advice among Agency headquarters
and Regional Offices, and Federal, State and local officials, and by the provision
of assistance and information on pesticide policies, programs and procedures to
pesticide users, registrants, farmers, farmworkers and the general public. This
activity includes assistance to the States in dealing with pesticide incidents
which may affect public health, and other special problems, coordination of
Federal/State responsibilities for special registrations, information on current
regulatory actions, and the referral of issues to appropriate headquarters units
for consideration and action. Advice and assistance is provided to registrants
to facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements, and farmworker safety and
the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) technologies are promoted
by the selective dissemination of information. Use Management also includes
review and advice on pesticide programs by contract with the Association of
American Pesticide Control Officials (AAPCO). Following the phase-out of the
regional component of the Use Management activity at the end of 1982, the above
functions will be carried out from headquarters.
P-24
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PES-TICIDE USE .MANAGEMENT
I960 Accomplishments
In 1980, 55,814,400 was spent for pesticide use management activities of
which $2,171,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $3,642,600 was for Abatement*
Control and Compliance. Of the latter amount, $1,366,000 was transferred to the
Department of Agriculture Extension Service for the applicator training program.
EPA has approved 47 State Certification plans which have been fully implemented.
Federal certification plans have been implemented in Colorado and Nebraska and one
Federal certification plan (DOD), was approved. Fifty-four (54) State training
plans have been funded through USOA and are now operating. Indian certification
policy was developed and approved. A grant was awarded to the Association of
American Pesticide Control Officials (AAPCO) to maintain the State FIFRA Issues
Research and Evaluation Group (SFIREG). Under a contract with the General Services
Administration, all EPA pesticide mailing lists were consolidated and computerized.
In addition to supporting the nationwide certification and training of applicators,
regional pesticide offices provided assistance to pesticide manufacturers, formulators,
and distributors on all aspects of registration requirements. Tney assisted States
in the development of, and evaluated, emergency use exemptions and local use re-
gistrations, and supported public health and safety needs by providing assistance
with pesticide spills and fires, farmworker safety programs, poison control centers,
hospitals, and worker clinics. The regions conducted pesticide accident investigations,
which resulted in improved data on pesticide accidents and misuse and which will in
turn be used to support registration decisions and label improvements. Technical
assistance was provided to EPA's water quality programs to improve pesticide use
practices around water, and information regarding the full range of Agency policies
and programs was provided to governmental and private entities. Finally, the regions
responded to Congressional, public, press, and FOI requests for information.
These activities have had several major positive impacts. The certification
and training program, by reaching over 1.5 million applicators, contributes to
the lessening of the incidence of pesticide misuse and accidents. The presence
of the pesticide classification/applicator certification program as a viable,
alternative to cancellation of risky pesticides has protected agricultural
production costs from further upward pressure. Finally, the information outreach
program has broadened State and public understanding of pesticide issues, and
has thereby facilitated implementation of FIFRA.
Support to State certification and training programs was transferred to
the enforcement program at the end of 1980, in order to consolidate guidance
and assistance to the States as they assume increased responsibilities in the
area of pesticide enforcement.
1981 Program
In T931 the Agency has allocated a total ,of 5649,400 for Salaries and
Expenses to provide consultation, technical advice, information and referral
services and educational material to government officials, pesticide users and
applicants, fanners, farmworkers and the general public, In support of Federal/
State program coordination, emergency response to pesticide incidents, registration
actions and the promotion of safe and innovative pesticide use.
P-25
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1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The nat increase of $229,400 results from several actions, as follows:
* Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $2,600.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease
of $1,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $39,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
Transfer of $27,100 from air quality management implementation to support
the implementation of a Federal pesticides program.
- Preprogramming s to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in transfers of $166,900 from drinking water public systems
supervision program assistance ($6,100); solid waste uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites ($6,100), hazardous waste permit enforcement ($900), hazardous
waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($18,80(1), hazardous
waste enforcement ($39,200); pesticides enforcement ($7,900); noise regional
program implementation ($13,000); interdisciplinary NEPA compl i ance/E IS
preparation - new source discharge permits ($2,100); toxic subtances testing
and evaluation ($7,500); toxics management ($40,100); and management and
support - regional management $6,600), financial management ($13,200) and
personnel management ($5,400).
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $591,700 and 14 permanent workyears for
this program, of which $540,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $50,800 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance.
This level of funding will enable the Agency to maintain regional liaison
with State and local officials and the public, provide information on pesticide
regulatory policies and programs and provide advice and assistance with respect
to pesticide incidents. Federal assistance will also be provided on special
registration actions by the States, and individual problems of registrants.
Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will provide Headquarters support of
development and dissemination of information and educational materials on farm-
worker safety and integrated pest management (IPM) techniques.
P-26
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
PESTICIDES
Pesticides Enforcement
PestTades Enforcement;
Salaries and Expenses•
Abatement, Control
and Compliance........
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants Support:
Salaries and Expenses.
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants:
Abatement, Control,
and Compliance........
Pesticides Certification
and Training Grants:
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control
and Compliance...
Grand Total.
PermanentPositions
Pesticides Enforcement.
Grants Support.........
Total,
Full-time
.Pest fc Ides Enforcement!
Grants Support .........
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1931 1982 1982 vs 1981
402
Tdollars in thousands)
$3,026 $3,752 $4,113
156 112 109
437
8,737 7,920
3.000
589
7,920
3.000
$4,363
61
540
8,702
2.500
+$250
-48
-49
+782
-500
3,428
8,893
12.321
94
11
105
104
13
4,189
11,032
15,221
122
16
138
137
17
4,702
11,029
15,731
119
16
135
134
17
4,903
11,263
15,166
120
16
136
134
17
+201
+234
+435
Ti
.» * w
+1
...
Total,
117
154
151
151
Budget Request
A total of $16,166,200 and 136 permanent workyears is requested for the 1982
pesticides enforcement program. Included in this total is $4,902.700 for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $11,263,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The total amount for both resource areas reflects an overall increase
of $436,100. There is an increase of one permanent workyear from 1981.
P-27
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Program Description
The EPA pesticides enforcement program, covering approximately 10,000 firms in-
volved in the production of pesticides sold and distributed in the United States and
millions of persons using those pesticides, is administered pursuant to the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, as amended (FIFRA). The first priority
of the program is initiating enforcement actions in emergency situations involving
substantial threats to public health and safety. The program emphasizes compliance
on the part of the pesticide industry with registration, classification, and labeling
requirements, and compliance by users and applicators of pesticides in observing proper
label directions for use. As a result of Federal/State enforcement agreements, the
program is conducted largely by cooperating State agencies. Included in the overall
program are: observation of pesticide applications; sampling and label checks of
pesticides at production sites and in the marketplace; registration of pesticide-
producing establishments; and initiation of enforcement actions including civil
penalties, criminal prosecutions, seizures, stop sales, and Injunctive actions. In
addition, the pesticides enforcement program in 1982 includes the administration
and oversight of the applicator certification and training program. This responsibil-
ity includes the funding of State certification and training programs, EPA oversight
of such programs, administration and enforcement of Federal certification and training
programs in Colorado and Nebraska, and administration of certification and training
programs among Indian tribes.
EPA is committed to ensuring that State governments participate to the maximum
extent in the national pesticides enforcement program. The Agency has worked with
the States in the implementation of cooperative Federal/State programs, particularly
in establishing cooperative enforcement grants and applicator certification and train-
ing programs. With State participation, the breadth and effectiveness of the enforce-
ment program have been greatly enhanced, the control over the use of pesticides has
improved, and increased responsiveness to local needs has been realized.
1980 AccpmplIshments
Total obligations for this program in 1980 was $12,320,400 of which $3,427,900 for
Salaries and Expenses and 58,892,500 was for extramural purposes under the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. • The extramural funds included $155,500 for con-
tracts (including an evaluation of the effectiveness of the State grant program, train-
ing for the laboratory inspection program, and ADP support), and $8,737,000 for support
of cooperative enforcement grants with 49 States and Territories,
In 1980, the Agency developed cooperative enforcement grants-in-aid in 49 States
and Territories. Under the these agreements, States conducted 15,322 use and reentry
inspections, 2,315 inspections of pesticidp-producing establishments, and 13,785 market-
place inspections.
During 1980, the EPA program accomplished the following; 284 inspections of
pesticide-producing establishments; 559 use and reentry inspections; 494 inspections
at ports of entry; and 320 marketplace inspections. As a result of these efforts,
the Agency issued 193 civil actions for product/producer/use violations; 803 notices
of warning for product/producer violations; and 113 stop sale, use or removal Triers*
Notices of Judgment were also published by the Agency detailing the legal disposition
of those civil and criminal actions instituted under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide
and Rodenticide Act, as amended.
1981 Program
In 1931, the Agency has allocated a total of $15,730,100 to this program of which
54,701,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $11,028,500 is for extramural purposes under
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contract funds !n the amount of
$108,500 will be used for the specialized training of pesticides enforcement personnel
in the laboratory inspection program and for ADP support. A total of $7,920,000 will
be used to fund cooperative enforcement grants, and $3,000,000 will be used to fund
certification and training grants.
P-28
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The 1981 pesticides enforcement program will have as its first priority, at both
headquarters and in the regions, the initiation of enforcement actions in emergencies
involving substantial threats to public health and safety. Other programwirfe respon-
sibilities include emphasis upon enforcement of pesticide use and application, improve-
ment of enforcement methods through greater cooperation with States, and development of
cases of national or regional significance* Other important activities, Including
establishment of cooperative enforcement grants and applicator certification and train-
ing grants with the States, will be continued. The enforcement grants will provide for
participation by approximately 57 States and Territories in all areas of pesticides
enforcement* Certification and training grants will provide for the training and certi-
fication of pesticides applicators in the use of restricted use pesticides. As in pre-
vious years, the pesticides enforcement program will be directed toward the general ob-
jectives of ensuring user compliance with label directions for use, and ensuring adher-
ence to product requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.
Federal pesticides enforcement activities wil1 focus on those States not partici-
pating in the grant program and those States having programs which do not adequately
address EPA's enforcement concerns within resource limits. EPA user compliance act-
ivities will include 392 use, reentry, and experimental use inspections. Product and
producer compliance activities conducted by EPA will include 200 establishment inspec-
tions, 155 marketplace inspections, and 542 inspections at ports of entry. Additional
use, establishment, and marketplace inspections will be conducted by State agencies
under the terms of cooperative enforcement grants.
1981 Explanation of Changefrom BudgetEstimates
The net increase of $509,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $25,600.
- A transfer of $4,700 was made to the Office of the Inspector General in order to
to provide additional resources to the office.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of 314,500
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $16,800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $4,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a
decrease of $5,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $308,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation*
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs re-
sulted in a net transfer of $148,100: from solid waste hazardous waste mangement
regulatory strategies implementation ($67,600); hazardous waste enforcement ($65,500);
drinking water underground injection control program ($68,100); noise regional program
implementation ($5,000); and to water quality muncipal waste treatment facility con-
struction ($4,400); waste treatment operations and maintenance ($6,600); pesticides.
use management ($7,900); and management and support-regional counsel ($13,100); and
financial management ($26,100).
- Transfer of $123,500 within the Office of Enforcement from air stationary source
enforcenent to support pesticides enforcement grant activities.
P-29
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a, total of 516,166,200 and 136 permanent workyears for this
program, of which 34,902,700 is for Salaries and Expenses, and $11,263,500 for Abatement,
Control and Compliance. The total reflects an overall increase of $436,100. Of the
total budget, $8,."."'1,900 is available for the support of 57 cooperative enforcement
grants with States and Territories. An additional 52,500,000 in grant funds will
be available to support the administration, enforcement, and oversight of applicator
certification and training programs.* Contract funds will total $61,600 and will
be used for specialized training for pesticides enforcement personnel in performing
laboratory data inspections and subsequent enforcement case development. The
pesticides enforcement and pesticides abatement and control programs will share in
the performance of the laboratory audit functions beginning in 1982.
In 1982, the pesticides enforcement program has as its first priority the initia-
tion of enforcement actions in emergencies involving substantial threats to public
health and safety. Emphasis will also be placed upon enforcement of pesticide use
and application, upon improvement of enforcement methods through greater cooperation
with States, and upon the development of cases of national or regional significance.
Plans for 1982 are to include the participation of all Territories and States
in the enforcement grant program. State activities will include use, reentry, and
experimental use inspections, establishment inspections, and marketplace inspections.
As a consequence of this enhanced State role in the overall program, the Federal
role will continue to be that of program management, oversight, and training. In
States without grants, and in States having programs which do not adequately address
certain enforcement concerns, Federal enforcement activities will continue within
resource limits. In addition, the enforcement program will include the funding
of State applicator certification and training programs, oversight of such State
programs, administration and enforcement of Federal applicator certification and
training programs in Colorado and Nebraska, and administration of certification
and training programs among Indian Tribes.
* OMB and the Agency are jointly developing proposed legislation authorizing user
fees for commercial applicators.
P-30
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
PESTICIDES
Pesticides - Non-Energy
Appropriation
Scientific Assessments:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development..
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.........
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development..
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.........
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.........
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.........
Grand Total............
Actual
1980
25
83
—
432
48
3,763
1,781
2,200
4,161
6,916
6J51
12,931
Budget
Estimate
1981*
(dollars in
$438
39
87
4
517
48
2,439
396
2,699
3,411
6,155
3,898
10,053
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
thousands)
$413 $326
139 —
92 SS
3 3
543 694
48 60
2,453 2,478
396 227
2,827 2,731
I
4,031 752
6,241 6,420
4,617 ljQ42
10,858 7,462
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
$429
- 139
- 4
—
+ 151
+ 12
+ 25
- 169
- 96
- 3,279
+• 179
- 3,575
- 3,396
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
Scientific Assessment.... 899 9 •—
Technical Information
and Liaison 22 22 —
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance... 10 12 12 12 —
Health Effects... 73 31 31 31 —
Environmental Processes
and Effects . 55 60 60 55 5
Total.............. 148 114 .11* 109 - 5
Full-time Equivalency
Scientific Assessments... 11 1* 1* 1* —-
Technical Information
and Liaison 22 22 —
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance... 12 14 1* 1* —
Health Effects...... • 101 43 43 43 —
Environmental Processes
and Effects 78 86 J>1 - 79 —
Total 204 159 164 152 - 12
*3anuary 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $7,462,000 and 109 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of
$3,396,300 and 5 workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $6,420.100 for Salaries and Expenses and
$1,041,900 for Research and Development, with an increase of $179,300 and a decrease of $3,575,600,
respectively.
ProgramDescription
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Pesticides Research Committee, The
overall program develops, validates and documents procedures for measuring or predicting human and
environmental exposures to pesticides and their effects under various environmental circumstances and
pesticide usages. The program provides quality assurance support for Agency measurements involving
pesticides as well as providing resources for developing, validating, and documenting cost-effective
alternate integrated pest control strategies for urban environments. The disciplinary components (or
sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs
clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program develops, validates and documents procedures for measuring or predicting
human and environmental exposures to pesticides and their effects under various environmental
circumstances and pesticide usages. Another facet provides quality assurance support for Agency
measurements involving pesticides as well as providing resources for developing, validating, and
documenting cost-effective alternate integrated pest control strategies for urban environments.
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SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
19SO Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $462,900 for this sub-program, of which $437,700 was
for Salaries and Expenses and $25,200 was for extramural research activities.
The arsenic exposure assessment data verification was initiated at the request of the
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances for use in the Agency's Position Documents 2, 3
and 4 leading to regulatory action for arsenic as a wood preservative.
Guidelines were formulated by which the Agency will conduct mutagenicity risk
assessments. These Guidelines which will be published in the Federal Register in FY 1981
will benefit all Agency programs by providing the mechanisms whereby chemical mutagens
can be regulated.
A mutagenicity evaluation was performed for the chemical carbaryl and testimony was
provided before the Science Advisory Panel relative to its possible regulation under
FIFRA.
A Workgroup on Reproductive Effects was organized to provide background documents to be
used to write reproductive effects risk assessment guidelines. Drafts from this
Workgroup have been prepared on female reproductive effects, male reproductive effects
and developmental effects. These Guidelines, when developed, will serve to regulate
reproductive toxicants.
Responses were made to rebuttal comments and quantitative risk assessments for inorganic
arsenic and coal tar/creosote were completed. Also completed were quantitative risk
assessments on diaUate, lindane and ethylene dibromide. These activities are in support
of the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR) review for registered pestici-
des.
Expert witness testimony was provided in the cancellation hearings on 2,4,5-T. This
testimony was based on an extensive report on the carcinogenicity of the chemical and its
contaminants as well as a review of pathology slides.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $465,100 to this sub-program, of which
$326,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $138,800 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The scientific assessment program will provide continuing support to the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances in the form of technical assistance, oversight, evaluation, or
preparation of risk and exposure assessments for pesticide chemicals considered to be possible
carcinogens, or mutagens or having other reproductive toxicity effects. The program also
participates in the Pesticide Chemical Review Committee to review all RPAR documents. Expert
witness testimony at Science Advisory Panel reviews .will also be provided on chemicals which
have been evaluated by the program. These activities are in support of the Rebuttable
Presumption Against Registration review which is conducted for all registered pesticide chemi-
cals that have shown a potential for unreasonable adverse effects as defined in the
Federal Register (C.F.R. 40, Part 162) and Sections 3 and 25 of FIFRA. The scientific
assessment program will also provide an oversight review function for the re-registration of
all pesticides as required by Section 6 of FIFRA. A limited oversight will be available on
pesticide exposure assessments using the new exposure guideline concepts.
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. the details
of the restructuring of the research and development. program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $13,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29
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In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of
the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance and
other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It also
provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research
projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Pesticides included the
publication and dissemination of:
Reports on Integrated Pest Management.
A guide for the Assessment of Human Exposure to Airborne Pesticides.
The Regional Services Staff provided for effective communications between ORD and the
regions. Specifically, they:
Developed and implemented the Regional support Management Information System.
Carried out regional liaison activities to insure technical assistance.
The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable QRD to communicate its
research information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making
community. Further, they assisted in making better coordination between ORD and the regions
possible, allowing each to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $95,300 to this sub-program, of which
$91,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,500 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries,
decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee
requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this
Research effort have been prepared. Thoughout the year, support will be provided to develop
these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also
being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources.
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities
will:
i
continue the Regional Support Management Information System.
conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to provide techn-
ical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and
policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and
technical assistance requirements.
develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local
government in the ORD planning process.
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $5,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1881 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction
applied to this activity is $100.
- An increase of $5,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $91,300 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of
which $87,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,500 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $4,000
in the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation.
This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in
1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to
ensure the research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental
decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee
will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and
resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of a similar nature
to that conducted in 1981.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980[Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $479,900 for this sub-program, of which $431.900 was
for Salaries and Expenses and $48,000 was for extramural research activities.
Pesticide reference materials were furnished to nearly 1,100 EPA and other Federal,
State, local, industrial, academic and foreign laboratories. Approximately 28,000 samp-
les were distributed from the 850 reference compounds currently stocked. These samples
were used for quality assurance testing and quality control purposes to ensure
intercomparability of data from different laboratories.
Interlaboratory collaborative quality assurance studies were carried out between
volunteering laboratories.
The quality control of analytical supplies was maintained through a rigorous acceptance
testing program prior to distribution to other laboratories.
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $990,500 to this sub-program, of which
$542,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $48,000 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development Appropriation.
A major effort is the maintenance of a repository of pesticide calibration materials
which will be distributed to over 1,100 EPA, Federal, State, local, academic, industrial,
and foreign laboratories. These materials are used by the laboratories to maintain
internal quality control to ensure that their data are accurate, precise, and
reproducible. In addition, the program serves as a central supply of special reference
materials used in gas chromatographic analyses by the Office of Pesticides Programs'
cooperative epidemiology laboratories to improve consistency of analyses.
Repair and calibration services for specific instruments used in these epidemiology
laboratories are provided to ensure that comparable results are obtained by each
laboratory. An analytical standards manual is also provided biannually to provide up-to-
date information to all laboratories.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "erosswal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $25,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $2,800.
- An increase of $25,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings: to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $2,800 from other activities.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $754,200 and 12 permanent workyears for this sub-program,
of which $694,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $60,000 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of
$163,700, $151,700 and $12,000, respectively.
The increases will support the Pesticides repository which distributes standard analyti-
cal reference samples to EPA co-operator laboratories plus support for the Agency-wide
mandatory quality assurance program.
P-36
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The emphasis in the monitoring systems and quality assurance program will continue to be
upon improving the quality of data obtained in support of pesticide activities through these
efforts:
The major effort under this program will be the maintenance of a repository of high
priority pesticide calibration materials which will be distributed to over 1,100 EPA,
Federal, State, local, academic, industrial, and foreign laboratories. These materials
are used by the laboratories to maintain internal quality control to ensure that their
data are accurate, precise, and reproducible. In addition, the program serves as a
central supply of special reference material used in the gas chromatographic analyses by
the Office of Pesticides Programs cooperative epidemology laboratories to improve consi-
stency of analyses.
Repair and calibration services for specific instruments used in their epidemiology
laboratories will be provided to ensure that comparable results are obtained by each
laboratory. An analytical standards manual is also provided biannually to provide up-to-
date information to all laboratories.
Support to the Mandatory Quality Assurance Program will provide technical guidance,
support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known
quality that are appropriate for the EPA needs.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used, a total of $5,543,900 for this sub-program, of which $3,763,400
was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,780,500 was for extramural research activities.
A specific and highly sensitive analytical chemical procedure was developed for determin-
ing residues of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzodioxin (TCDD) in human and animal tissue and
in environmental media. The method is capable of detecting TCDD and related dioxin
isomers at levels as low as fractions of a part per trillion. The method has been applied
to a wide range of substrates, including human milk and environmental samples, and is
currently being used in the regulatory program.
Groundwater and well water from Long Island, New York, were tested for residues of the
carbamate pesticides aldicarb and carbofuran. A toxicologic study for possible potentia-
tion between these two highly toxic pesticides was carried out. This study assisted the
Agency in determining the potential danger to people who use the well water for bathing
and drinking purposes.
Tests were carried out in mice and rabbits to evaluate the potential hazard of Nosema
looustae to human health if this protozoan parasite is used as a biological control for
grasshoppers on rangelands and grain fields. The tests were designed to expose the
experimental animals to quantities of organisms through various routes of infection that
would provide maximum opportunity for Nosema locustae to behave as a mammalian pathogen.
The data collected in this study was considered during the registration of this
biological agent.
Further studies on the neurotoxic effects of EPN (an organophosphate insecticide) and two
cotton defoliants (DEF and merphase) were conducted to define the hazardous dose in acute
and subacute dosing. An in vitro test, neurotoxic esterase, was evaluated as a possible
screening procedure for delayed neurotoxicity.
P-37
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Procedures for evaluating human exposure to pesticides have been developed, validated,
and compiled into guideline format for inclusion into the Agency's registration
requirements.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,849,000 to this sub-program, of which
$2,452,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $396,300 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Highlights of the program include:
Validation of methodology for measuring effects of human exposure to pesticides during
home and garden application situations. Measurements will be made for three
representative compounds.
Evaluation of the efficiency of new and existing devices for sampling pesticides in air.
Development and application of high performance liquid and gas liquid
chromatography/mass spectrometric methods for assessment of human exposure to
pesticides, metabolites, and impurities, including dioxins, in human and environmental
samples.
Health aspects of biorational pesticides with emphasis on genetic stability and interact-
ion of baculoviruses.
Provision of toxicokinetic data on absorption, metabolism, distribution, and storage of
pesticides following oral,' dermal, or respiratory exposure to facilitate correlation
between exposure and effects studies.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal-
king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $13,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter- transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $8,400.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $2,300 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$55,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $2,200 was
applied to this activity.
- An increase of $82,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
P-38
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,704,600 and 31 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $2,478,1.00 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $226,500 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an
increase of $25,400 and a decrease of $169,800, respectively.
The planned program will;
Validate metabolite excretion tests as an index of human exposure and provide technical
support documentation to the Office of Pesticide Programs.
Measure actual exposures of applicators of agricultural pesticides and recommend method-
ology to the Office of Pesticide Programs.
Determine the comparative methodology/pharmacokinetics of pesticides tinder typical agri-
cultural worker re-entry exposures and develop residue analysis and toxicological techn-
iques for eventual indirect assessment of human exposures.
Develop and validate animal model for assessing human exposure to inhaled participate
pesticides.
Develop methods for identification and detection of baculoviruses.
Conduct toxicological evaluation of selected biological agents.
Determine the potential of specific pesticides for inducing adverse perinatal, including
behavioral effects in the offspring of animals exposed during gestation.
Determine critical embryonic period for production of supernumerary ribs and effects of
maternal stress in rodents.
Determine effects of chemical administration during critical development periods on
sexual dimorphisms in rodents.
Elucidate the basic developmental mechanisms responsible for perinatal dysfunction as
demonstrated in rats.
Determine if epididymal sperm counts and morphology are more sensitive reproductive
parameters than the fertility index or fetal/neonatal observations.
Determine the placenta! transport and fetal deposition of compounds that are models of
their class in different mammalian species.
Provide rapid responses to requests from the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) for
hazard and risk assessment.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $6,361,400 for this sub-program, of which $2,200,400
was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,161,000 was for extramural research activities.
The report "Fate of Selected Herbicides in a Terrestrial Laboratory Microcosm" was
published providing transport and metabolism data on Simazine, Bromacil, Trifluralin and
2,4,5, - T in comparison to standard reference compound in experimental terrestrial
microcosm chambers. The studies reported on whether the compounds degrade as they move
through ecosystems.
Studies were conducted to determine the transport and effects of wood preservatives in
terrestrial systems and creosote, pentachlorophenol and tributyl tinoxide were examined
in a simulated ecosystem. This research supports the RPAR process concerning creosote.
P-39
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Acute and/or chronic toxieity evaluations in freshwater fish and invertebrate organisms
provided effects data for nine pesticide compounds specified by OPP, Testing to compare
the toxieity and persistence of three pesticides in encapsulated and non-encapsulated
formulations showed increasing toxieity with age and degradation for two of the
compounds. Such studies contribute to hazard evaluations*
A field test was completed in which diazinon was applied to two freshwater outdoor
streams and analysis of the data collected is under way. A comparison of these results to
laboratory generated data is expected to enhance scientific knowledge on which aquatic
ecosystem hazard evaluations are made.
The long term sublethal effects of the herbicide, Trifluralin, on an estuarine fish were
investigated. Results hsoed effects on the vertebral column.
A tiered, but simple, biodegradation testing program was developed for pesticides. This
program will be used by Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances to provides (1) data
for pesticide registration and control, and (2) methods for the implementation of TSCA,
Existing estuarine test methods were evaluated and improved for the Atlantic silverside
fish.
Studies specific to the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) have also been accomplished in
1980. These include:
The third year of a 4-year study on "IPM Systems for Corn Soil Insects" has been
completed. Research using cutworm pheromone traps has given corn growers a means to
predict cutworm populations in seedling corn.
Root worm sampling and predicting techniques have been developed and include the influence
of tillage and corp residues on the efficacy of insecticides.
A wireworm larval sampling technique (bait station) has been developed that will—aid
farmer, researchers, and pest control consultants in timing applications of insecti-
cides.
Urban and Suburban IPM programs produced computerized data on biological control strateg-
ies for shade tree pests and urban/suburban residential pests, and their predators and a
Technical Assistance Center which will disseminate pest control information.
The "15-University IPM Consortium" project initiated in 1978 to develop IPM strategies
for cotton, alfalfa, apples, and soybeans produced results which helped significantly
reduce the amount of insecticide used in a southwestern area.
The "Riceland-mosquito IPM Consortium" project, initiated in 1979, developed
techniques which permit point-specific pesticide application as opposed to wide-spread
spraying and which can thereby reduce the quantity cf pesticide used.
An Integrated Aquatic Weed Management (IAWM) research program was initiated,
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $6,858,400 to this sub-program, of which
$2,827,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,030,900 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The 1981 ecological effects portion of the research program is studying particular
pesticides of interest to the Agency's regulatory and enforcement offices. This research
encompasses investigations on acute, chronic and sublethal pesticide effects on both biotic
and abiotic components ranging from single species impacts and increasing in complexity to
populations and community impacts and interactions. The scope of this program extends the
evaluations through the three major media habitat types; estuarine/marine, freshwater and
P-40
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terrestrial. Methods development, standardization, validation and toxicity testing receive
major emphasis to provide testing protocols. Effects assessments include studies to determine
the transport and fate of pesticides within ecosystems. Laboratory, microcosm and simulated
natural field systems are being used in generating information and in support of modeling
efforts as appropriate, to form a basis for predicting potential adverse effects from a wide
array of pesticide types including conventional formulations, encapsulated agents and biorat-
ionals.
The exposure assessment area conducts studies to determine the consequences of environmen-
tal exposure to pesticides and to support risk/hazard assessments. This research Incorporates
a team approach to develop predictive assessment models, both individual media and multimedia
to elucidate exposure concentrations on target or non-target organisms in aquatic or ter-
restrial systems including subsurface environments and in air. This approach is designed to
also provide expertise and technical assistance to support the Agency's regulatory process. A
base research program supports the above activities through methods and testing development,
determination of pesticide movement and final disposition. Investigations include appli-
cation methods, duration and timing of exposures, critical exposure stages, pioaccumulation
potentials, degradation, volatilization, photolysis, hydrolysis and sorption characteristics.
The Integrated Pest Management Program continues as a research program aimed at reducing
the use and dependence upon chemical pesticides by providing economically acceptable and
environmentally sound alternatives for controlling agricultural, aquatic and urban pests. The
program design couples biological and environmental data with delivery systems to users and
promotes the application of 1PM practices to prevent insect and plant pest populations from
reaching damaging levels in selected major crops and in domestic oriented situations.
The following are representative activites for 1981 to support mandates of FIFRA, which
the Agency applies to regulate pesticides use and to promulgate policy guidelines for testing
protocols. All the research developed in concert with the Office of Pesticide Programs, helps
the decision making processes.
New or improved bioassay methods and other techniques are being developed to measure and
quantify ecological effects and exposure impacts of pesticides.
Toxicity tests and testing protocols and data are being generated, Jor determining acute,
chronic and sublethal responses of representative non-target organisms in aquatic and
terrestrial habitats.
A study is being conducted and a report will be prepared on the biochemical induction of
mixed function oxidase in selected marine aniamals.
The pathobiological effects of chemical pesticides and biological control agents on
marine organisms is being determined.
Field evaluation of laboratory findings is continuing, using semi-natural stream chan-
nels to correlate and corroborate effects data.
The interactions between agricultural chemicals and pesticides and soil mieroflora and
the resultant effects on insecticide degradation are being examined.
The effects of environmental conditions ort the penetration, translocation and metabolism
of insecticides in selected crop species are being investigated.
Studies on the effects and the biological and chemical fate of 2,4,D are being conducted
and data incorporated into a predictive model.
Techniques are being developed to determine pesticide/partieulates relationships, bio-
logical acitvity interactions and to assess bioaccumulation of pesticides in freshwater
fish.
Data are being generated on the sorption/desorption kinetics and biodegradation rates of
toxic organics in marine systems.
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The establishment and execution of operational and coordination procedures of the Pesti-
cide Exposure Assessment Team (PEEAT) and the adjunct support system is being initiated.
Projected planning functions, technical assistance, research guidance, workshops and
training for improving exposure assessments and to provide expertise, consultation and
other technical support to client offices are being provided.
Under the auspices of the 15-University Consortium, the IPM activity is developing and
improving methods for using chemical pesticides in a more selective manner; developing
computerized integrating models for optimizing control practices and crop management;
and managing IPM demonstration areas, provide training and distributing information to
farmers.
Joint coordination efforts with USDA is continuing to insure that IPM research, implemen-
tation, extension and education programs are integrated.
The Mosquito/Riceland Consortium is developing alternative non-chemical control methods
for mosquitoes.
The development of control strategies for major urban pests including structural pests,
lawn and garden pests, park trees and right-of-way pest is continuing.
Demonstration studies are being carried out in cooperation with USDA on multi-crop,
multi-pest regional IPM strategies. These studies are to demonstrate IPM enhancement to
producers and users including the environmental benefits and potential for reducing human
exposures.
A comprehensive Integrated Aquatic Weed Management (IAWM) research program is being
developed to investigate the efficacy of biological agents and chemical herbicides to
control aquatic weeds. The effects, interactions and other impacts on non-target species
are being assessed.
An organizational structure for an expanded IPM information delivery system and for a
field scouting program is being developed. A comprehensive approach that is scien-
tifically defensible and field validated as a useful guide for states and other users of
IPM is being documented.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross-
walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new
structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details
of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of
resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $748,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $5,200 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$5,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,00; a
decrease of $14,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress directed a reprogramming of funds to support aquatic weed research;
$620,000 is transferred from energy-hazardous pollutants ($75,000), and from water
quality non-energy ($545,000).
- An increase of $158,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
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- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $200 to other activities.
1982 Plan ' -
The Agency requests a total of $3,483,300 and 55 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $2,731,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $751,900 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $3,375,100 and 5 workyears; $96,100 and $3,279,000, respec-
tively. This reduction primarily reflects a reduction in environmental processes research and
in agricultural Integrated Pest Management research to which, henceforth, will be funded
solely by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The 1982 ecological effects portion of the research program will continue to make assess-
ments to determine the adverse or potential adverse impacts of pesticides on aquatic and
terrestrial non-target organisms, on physical, chemical and biological processes and on inter-
actions between the various environmental components and biota. Investigations will deal with
commonly used pesticides and/or pesticides involved in the registration/reregistration pro-
cess, registration standards process, in the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration
(RPAR) process and with new or alternative pest control agents (e.g. biorationals) which have
been designated as high priority research needs by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP).
The ecological effects program will focus on three major areas; determination of the
effects, the transportation and the fate of pesticides in coastal waters, freshwater and
terrestrial environments. This will include methods development and toxicity testing and data
generation regarding dose/response of organisms. Testing protocols will be provided to be
used by OPP or the public and private sector. Other parameters that will be studied include
bioaccumulation, pathobiological and physiological effects, movement of pesticides through
the ecosystems and the final disposition which includes residue or degradation problems in
waters, soils or sediments.
Laboratory studies will incorporate bioassays and microcosm research under contolled
regimes in both static and flow-through systems. Verification studies will be carried out in
semi-natural systems and field validation experiments will be conducted in natural habitats.
Present plans call for more emphasis on research using biological control agents and an
increase in field oriented effects validations.
Predictive modeling efforts will be an integral part of the above activities as appro-
priate to support hazard evaluations. Analytical chemical support for the program and tech-
nical assistance, coupled with the information generated represents essential elements in the
Agency's decision making processes.
The exposure assessment portion of this program will continue to evaluate pesticide
exposure concentrations and define through research studies and modeling activities the actual
or potential perturbations caused in the environment. Information generated from these
activities will be used within the Agency's regulatory process to determine environmental risk
and thereby forms the basis for regulatory action. This information may also form the basis
for, or supplement the development of, guidelines to be used by industry in their experimental
testing programs, as required by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.
Four Environmental Research Laboratories will participate in a cooperative approach
through a newley established Pesticide Environmental Exposure Assessment Team (PEEAT) to
provide data supportive to predictive model development. Specific laboratories will conduct
Others studies to generate data and other information concerning exposure concentrations in
marine, freshwater and terrestrial systems.
P-43
-------
Activities will include methods and protocol development, tier testing schemes, tran-
sport and fate research which quantifies rates, routes of movement, relationships between
laboratory and field findings and the extent and capacities of various degradative processes
to control or alter various pesticide concentrations. The duration, timing, application
techniques, kinetics of sorption characteristics, bioaccumulation and other environmental
variables will be considered in the evaluations.
The PEEAT will also calibrate, refine and validate as extensively as possible compre-
hensive mathematical models to ' carry out the exposure concentration-duraction estimate
assessments. Models will be developed for single and multi-media evaluations on pesticides
specified by OPP in soil, water, sediments and in subsurface and air components. The program
will include quality assurance and technical assistance to OPP.
During 1982 the EPA will develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for the
urban environment. The "Urban IPM" program will concentrate on the prevention of human
exposure to pesticides. Urban IPM research will be directed towards the following areas:
residential, commercial, industrial, governmental, and institutional. The EPA will develop
first generation IPM strategies for urban household pests, shade trees and turf grasses. This
is a followup on the "Urban and Suburban Residential IPM" project that began in 1979. The goal
of this program is to demonstrate IPM monitoring, decision making and implementing techniques.
P-44
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Radiation
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
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RADIATION
Budget Current Increase -
Actual
1980
Estimate*
1981
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Decrease
1982 vs.
+
1981 Pa<
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses. • •
Research and Development
Abatement - Control
Total
Permanent Positions.....
Full-time Equivalency...
Out! ays. ................
Authorization Levels....
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Non-ionizing Radiation:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Devel opment ..........
Total :
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Total, Research and
Devel opment Program. ....
Radiation Policy
Council :
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Complaince. ......
Criteria, Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Coropl iance* ••••»••
Environmental Impact
Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control
$9,057
841
5,431
15,329
191
221
11,638
2,930
*
2,078
841
2,078
841
2,919
t » •
2,243
2,102
4,145
3.329
$8 ,£28
1,435
7,797
17,860
267
309
15,100
3,181
Authorization
1,824
1,435
1,824
1,435
3,259
* * •
2,342
4,735
-
3,861
3.062
$9,576
1,437
8,173
19,185
218
254
14,776
3,181
Pending
1,835
1,437
1,835
1,437
3,272
979
2,707
4,713
3,803
3.062
$11.408
825
4,737
16,969
206
242
1 7 , 082
*
2,329
825
2,329
825
3,154
981
3,359
3,425
4,634
820
+$1,832
-612
-3,436
-2,216
-12
-12
+2,306
•(•494
-612
+494
-612
-118
+2
+652
-1,288
+826
-2.242
R-18
R-8
R-10
R-14
R-l ,
-------
Budget Current Increase -
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease +
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page
Radiation Program
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses....
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total, Abatement and
Control Program
Permanent Positions
Non-ionizing Radiation,
Research and
Development Program,.....
Radiation Policy
Council
Radiation Criteria,
Standards, and Guideline
Environmental Impact
Assessment
Radiation Program
Implementation.
Total, Abatement and
Control Program..........
Full-time Equivalency
Non-ionizing Radiat ion,
Research and
Development Program.....
Radiation Policy
Council
Radiation Criteria,
Standards, and Guideline
Environmental Impact
Assessments....
Radiation Program
Implementation
Total, Abatement and
Control Program
(dollars in thousands)
591 601 . 644 596
• *• ••'* *** • • »
6,979 6,804 8,138 9,570
5,431 7,797 7,775 4,245
12,410 14,601 15,913 13,815
29 85 32 31
• •• ••• 73 y
54 60 59 56
93 106 102 35
15 16 16 15
162 182 186 175
37 100 38 37
12 12
60 73 70 79
105 118 116 97
19 18 18 17
-48
* • •
+•1,432
-3,530
-2,098
-1
• • a
+7
-17
-1
-11
-1
« * .<•
+9
-19
-1
R-12
R-18
R-8
R-10
R-12
R-14
R-18
R-8
R-10
R-14
R-12
184
209
216
205
-11
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
R-2
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TO STRATEGY
Exposure to ionizing radiation results from naturally occurring sources, medical and
industrial applications of x-rays and radioactive materials, and from various aspects of
nuclear power. EPA accepts, as a prudent public health assumption, the concept that any
radiation exposure results in some adverse health effects. While some public exposure to
radiation is inevitable, no avoidable risk attributable to radiation exposure should occur to
individuals or to the environment without offsetting benefits.
Exposure to man-made non-ionizing radiation at radio and microwave frequencies, which was
negligible prior to World War II, has increased with both the number and power of transmitting
sources. This trend is expected to continue, and EPA is evaluating and acting on the associat-
ed risks.
EPA's mandate to protect the public health and environment from adverse effects of
radiation exposure derives from: (1) the Federal guidance and general environmental standard
authorities under the Atomic Energy Act, transferred to EPA by Reorganization Plan #3 of 1970;
(2) the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 which provide authority to regulate radioactive air
pollutants through the Act's standard setting authorities; (3) the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) which charge
EPA with providing standards for protection from waste materials with radioactive content, and
(4) other authorities contained in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Marine Protec-
tion Research and Sanctuaries Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Public Health Service
Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act.
These legislative authorities generally prescribe an environmental assessment, technology
assessment, and standard setting role for EPA. In some cases enforcement responsibilities are
given to other agencies, notably the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. In these instances EPA
performs some oversight functions to insure that established standards and guidance are
implemented.
Within the framework of the applicable legislation, the Radiation program strategy is to:
Emphasize the application of regulatory controls to those areas which promise
the greatest reduction in potential adverse health effects and environmental
impacts from radiation,
Maintain a capability for environmental and technology assessment to quantify
the nature of existing and emerging radiation problems and the potential
impact of technologies while still in the planning stages;
Respond to issues of serious public concern, utilizing EPA's expertise to
evaluate these concerns and, if necessary, point out the need to control
those situations where the corrective actions required are the responsibility
of other Agencies;
Assist in the development and testing of State, local, and Federal plans to
respond to emergency situations involving nuclear events or large, unexpected
releases of radioactivity. This activity has taken on increased importance
following the incident at Three Mile Island.
Within this general strategy, highest priorities have been given to activities man-
dated by the Clean Air Act of 1977, activities associated with radioactive waste manage-
ment, revision of federal guides for occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, efforts
to characterize the problem of indoor radon and the review and testing of State radiological
emergency response plans.
The emphasis on the Clean Air Act activities is consistent with general public concern
over radiation and the existence of a significant number of poorly defined and uncontrolled
sources which e-nit radioactive air pollutants. The 1981 and 1982 Clean Air Act effort will
concentrate on developing regulations for elemental phosphorus plants and uranium mines.
Work will also continue on characterizing radionuclide emission from coal combustion.
R-3
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EPA's role in the control of radioactive waste disposal is prescribed in the report of
the Interagency Review Group on Nuclear Waste Management (IRG). This report was endorsed by
the President in February of 1980. EPA's 1981 and 1982 effort on radioactive waste will
include the proposal and promlugation of standards for high level waste, the proposal of the
first of several standards to address low level waste and the continuation of work on ocean
waste packaging criteria.
During 1981 EPA will propose revised federal guidance for general occupational exposures
to ionizing radiation. In 1982 this guidance will be finalized and work will be initiated
on revision of Federal guidance for radon exposure to uranium miners.
A substantial effort to identify and characterize the problem of indoor radon was
initiated in 1980 and continued 1n 1981. The new emphasis placed upon this area stems from
recognition that the indoor radon represents a potential environmental health problem and
one which could become significantly worse through improperly applied energy conservation
practices. In 1982 primary responsibility for this work has been shifted to EPA's Office of
Research and Development and to the Department of Energy.
EPA's radiation research and development program stresses the identification and evalua-
tion of health effects of chronic low-level exposures to non-ionizing radiation. This research
serves to fill gaps in Federal research on radiation and is necessary for the establishment of
any required Federal guidance for acceptable environmental levels of radiation. Health risks
will be addressed by research clearly establishing dose-response and threshold data for
biological effects in animal model systems. The monitoring program will assess the populat-
ion exposure to man-made radioactive materials by conducting a comprehensive radiological
surveillance study of various nuclear test sites and will provide quality assurance guidance
for radiological chemical analysis.
Purpose, Research and Development Program
Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 transferred to the Administrator the authority,
under provisions of the Public Health Service Act, to conduct research as necessary to
provide scientific data needed for the formulation of standards. EPA is conducting
research on the potential health effects associated with those frequencies of non-ionizing
radiation most commonly found in the general environment.
Purpose, Abatement and Control Program
The radiation program's abatement and control activities concentrate primarily on the
establishment of specific criteria and standards for environmental radiation protection
programs. Complementing the criteria and standards setting effort, EPA conducts programs of
surveillance and monitoring to determine levels of environmental radiation; reviews federally
supported or licensed projects which may be sources of environmental radiation, and provides
technical assistance to other governmental agencies.
Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to the development of environ-
mental standards and Federal radiation guidelines for protection of the public health and
environment from radiation exposures from nuclear energy applications, naturally-occurring
radioactive materials, medical and occupational radiation, and non-iorv'zing radiation.
Development of these standards and guidelines involves evaluation of health effects data,
radiation measurements, technological and non-technological control measures, and the economics
of control measures.
Environmental Impact Assessment
This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to (1) developing the support
information and documentation necessary for the preparation of standards and guidelines; (2)
ensuring that environmental radiation considerations are properly treated in major Federal
decisions through the NEPA process; (3) responding to unplanned contaminating events, and
(4) assisting other Federal agencies and States on specific environmental problems and radia-
tion control actions.
R-4
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Specific activities include reviewing other agencies' environmental impact statements,
monitoring for radiation in the environment including laboratory analysis of the resulting
samples, evaluating new and emerging technologies, developing methods for determining enviro-
nmental pathways and identifying and locating specific sources emitting radioactive materials
into air or water.
Radiation Program Implementation
This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to providing regional support to
States in the implementation of their radiation control programs. It also includes the review
of environmental impact statements for existing technologies and assistance to States and
other Federal agencies on specific environmental problems and radiation control actions.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of do!1ars)
1981 Radiation Program... $19,185
Salaries and Expenses...... +1,926
The net increase relates primarily to the
health effects, criteria, standards and
guidelines and monitoring and analysis
programs.
Research and Development. -61Z
The net decrease results from health
effects and monitoring systems and
quality assurance programs.
Abatement, Control and Compliance -3,530
The net decrease results primarily to
the environmental standards, monitoring
and analysis and technology assessment
programs. • «-_^_
1982 Radiation Program..... 16,969
SUMMARY OF BUDGETESTIMATES
^• Summary of Budget Request
7T total o* $16,969,900 is requested in 1982. This request .by appropriation account,
is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $11,407,700
Research and Development....... 825,000
Abatement, Control and Compliance.... 4,737,200
This represents a decrease of $2,216,000 from the 1981 level. The Salaries and Expenses
appropriation; repreents an increase of $1,832,000 over 1981. Included in the next increase
is an increase of $.5 million wich will support the health effects research laboratory in
order for research to continue in the broad areas of animal toxicology, mechanisms, and
epidemiology as well as supportive research on dosimetry - energy absorption and exposure
system instrumentation. An increase of $.3 million will provide for the continued support
to standards setting, particularly as they relate to the Clean Air Act. Also the increase
provides for continued operation of the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System
and the National Radium Repository. An increase of $.5 million for the criteria, standards
and guidelines program efforts will continue to emphasize management of radioactive waste,
development of Federal radiation guidance and control of airborne radionuclides under the
Clean Air Act.
R-5
-------
The Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation represents a decrease of $3,436,000.
Included in the net decrease is $1.3 million in criteria, standards and guidelines, $1.1
million for monitoring and analysis and $1.1 for technology assessment.
The Research and Development appropriation represents a decrease of $612,000. Included
in the net decrease is 5.1 million in monitoring systems and quality assurance and $.5
million for health effects. This decrease is the result of a functional transfer for the
Three Mile Island monitoring surveillance activities and associated responsibilities.
2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 estimate ' $777350
Congressional increases/decreases:
Travel -11
Consulting services... -6
General reduction to Abatement, Control
and Compl iance .. -80
Transfer to support Office of Inspector General.. -11
Reprogramming for authorized workyears -6
Reprogramming from other areas to establish
the Radiation Policy Council..... +887
Transfer from air to support Three Mile Island... +83
Proposed pay raise supplemental +526
Miscessaneous reprogrammings -57
Current 1981 estimate.......... 19,185
The Congressional changes to the radiation media include a reduction of $11,000 to
travel costs, $6,000 to consulting services and $80,000 as a result of a general Abatement,
Control and Compliance reduction.
A reprogramming of $11,000 was made to the management and support media to provide
additional support for the Office of Inspector General.
An overall reprogramming of $887,300 throughout the Agency to support the Radia^'on
Policy Council was made from the air media, $162,600; from water quality, $119,800;
from drinking water, $28,300; from solid waste, $82,400; from pesticides, $70 000;
from noise, $18,400; from interdisciplinary, $4,800; from toxic substances, $129,000;
and management and support, $272,000.
A reprogramming of $82,700 was made from various media for support of Three Mile
Island activities.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings to other media resulted in a decrease in radiation
activitis of $57,000. ,
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to redistribute salary funds to
coyer authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $6,00,0 to this media. The proposed
supplemental for partial funding of the October 1980 pay raise will increase the radiation
media by $526,000.
R-6
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ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 T982
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations ........ $15,329 $19,186
Congressional changes -97 ...
Proposed pay raise supplemental...... +526 ...
Reprogrammings...., -57 ...
Change in amount of carryover
funds available -845
Program changes +2,531 -2,216
Change in rate of obligation +1,799 ...
Total estimated obligations 19,186 16,970
(From new obligation authority) (19,186) (16,970)
(From prior year funds) ...
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASESTO OBLIGATIONS
The items discussed in the previous section — congressional changes, pay raise
supplemental, and reprogrammings — result in a net increase of $372,000 to obligations.
The increase in budget authority in 1981 is estimated to increase obligations by
$2,531,000; in 1982 the program is expected to decrease obligations by $2,216,000.
R-7
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Page Intentionally Blank
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RADIATION POLICY COUNCIL
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS.
Budget Current Increase*
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1980_ 1981 1932 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Radiation Policy Council
Appropriation............ ... ... $979 $981 +$2
Permanent Positions.. ... 9 9
Full-time Equivalency ... 12 12
Outlays.........
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $980,900 for 1982, an increase, of $1,500
from 1981. Included in this total is ^488,900 in the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $492,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation.
Program Pescrlption
The Radiation Policy Council coordinates the formulation and implementation
of Federal policies relating to radiation protection. In addition, the Council
provides liaison with the States and Congress and serves as a forum for public
participation and comment on Federal radiation protection issues. The Council
is chaired by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and Consists
of representatives at the Assistant Secretary level or higher from the thirteen
member agencies. The Council's administrative support, fun^ls and staff are to
be provided by EPA.
1980 Accomp]ishments
The Radiation Policy Council, a relatively new office, has been concerned
with planning and preliminary functions to date. Various meetings held throughout
1980 resulted in decisions to: (1) seek .widespread, systematic involvement of the
public in Council activities (As a first step toward accomplishing this policy,
five public meetings were held at which the public presented papers or statements
regarding issues they believed the Council should address. Based on these public
meetings, written statements from the public, and a review of agency needs, the
Council's Working Group prepared a draft long-term agenda for the Council's
approval); (2) undertake an extensive solicitation of views in preparing its
long-term (three-years) agenda; and (3) prepare a directory or guide to Federal
radiation activities.
1981 Program
The Radiation Policy Council will conduct a review of occupation exposure
standards and establish a Federal Policy on tow-level radioactive waste disposal.
Additionally, the Council will consider a series of actions and projects recommended
by the Working Grn ;p and special task forces.
R-8
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1981 Explanationof Changes fromBudget Estimate
The net increse of $979,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $350,000; a decrease of
$1,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $38,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Transfers from various media totalling $942,000 were made to support the
Radiation Policy Council, of which $545,100 was to the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and 3396,100 was to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appro-
priation.
1982Plan
The Radiation Policy Council will continue to seek widespread, systematic
involvement of the public in Council activities. The Council will conduct
additional projects including:
Accomplish four tasks on the Council's agenda of major activities.
Handle requests for information and assistance by the public.
Conduct seven major background or special studies.
Conduct six meetings with the public on issues being
considered by the Council.
Conduct ten reviews on member agencies' radiation protection actions*
Resolve three disputes between agencies.
Keep the Congress and the States Informed of key Federal
radiation policy activities and seek State involvement in
Council activities.
Contracts
Radiation Policy Council
1981 1982 Change
(dWlars in thousands)
389
492
+103
Conduct background
and special studies
and analyses on
radiation issues,
such as review
of occupational
exposure standards
and the establishment
of a Federal policy on
low-level radioactive
waste disposal.
R-9
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RADIATION
Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
Appropriation
Environmental Standards
and Guidelines:
Salaries and
Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance.......
Total.....
Permanent Positions
Full-time Equivalency .....
Actual
1980
4,345
54
60
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate Estimate
1981
1981
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs 1981
(dollars in. Thousands)
$2,243
2,102
$2,342
4,735
$2,707
4,713
$3,359
3,425
+$6.52
-1,288
7,077
60
73
7,420
59
70
.. 6,784'
66
79
-636
+7
+9
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,784,800 and 66 permanent workyears for 1982,
a decrease of $635,700 from 1981. Included in this total is $3,359,400 for Salaries
and Expenses and $3,425,400 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase
of $652,300 and a decrease of $1,288.000 respectively. The increases in salaries an
expenses is associated in part with an increase of 7 permanent work years over 1981.
The reduction in extramural expenses is accomplished through a decrease in contract
support needed for Clean Air Act and radioactive waste stand-arris.
Program Description
Environmental standards and guidelines are developed and promulgated under this
subactivity. These standards and guidelines protect the public health and the environ-
ment by minimizing risk from radiation exposures from nuclear energy applications,
naturally occuring radioactive materials, medical and occupational radiation exposure
and nonionizing radiation.
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ANDGUIDELINES
1980 Accomplishments
19CO obligations totalled $4,344,800 which included $2,102,300 in extramural support.
These funds were used for the development of standards and guidelines for limiting exposure
to radiation. Major accomplishments for 1980 included the determination and listing of
radionuclides as hazardous air pollutants. This action initiates the regulatory regulatory
processes for the development of hazardous air pollution standards for rad:onucTides under
Section 112 of the Clean Air Act An additional 1980 accomplishment was the proposal of a
property clean up standard for inactive uranium mill tailings sites.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $343,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted
in a decrease of S7 n'llion to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $14,200.
R-10
-------
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $7,600
was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $158,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
-. Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $228,500 from radiation technology assessment.
- A transfer of $21,700 was made within the radiation media in order to support the
Radiation Policy Council.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of 57,420,500 and 59 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $2,707,100 is for salaries and expenses and $4,713,400 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement> Control and Compliance appropriation. 1981
program efforts are focused on three regulatory areas: radioactive waste disposal,
Federal Guidance, and control of airborne radionuclides under the Clean Air Act. Planned
radioactive waste activities include proposal of standards for the disposal of uranium
mill tailings from inactive sites and disposal of high level radioactive wastes. Add-
itional areas under development include a uranium mill tailings standard for active
sites, standards for ocean and land disposal of low level wastes and decommissioning
standards for nuclear facilities.
Federal Guidance activities for 1981 will include the proposal • of guidance on general
occupational exposure. Actions under development include a protective action guide
(PAG) for accidental airborne release, a PAG for exposure via food pathways, and guidance
for general exposure to nom'onizing radiation in the FM radio frequency. Occupation
guidance for special groups of workers is also being pursued. Pursuant to the authority
of the Clean Air Act, regulatory development is being concentrated on the radionuclides
hazards of mineral extraction processes and on large scale coal combustion. It is
anticipated that this effort will lead to the proposal of the first set of standards
during 1982.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 56,784,800 and 66 permanent wnrkyears for this program,
of which $3,359,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,425,400 for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance. The 1982 program efforts will continue to emphasize
management of radioactive waste, development of federal radiation guidance and the control
of airborne radionuclides under the Clean Air Act. Planned radioactive waste activities
include promulgation of standards for the disposal of high level radioactive waste an-
promulgation of standards for the management of inactive mill tailings sites. Additionally
standards for nanaging active mill tailing sites will be proposed. Greater emphasis
will be placed in 1982 on the development of standards for disposal of low level radio-
active wastes. This effort should result in the proposal of at least one standard each
in 1982 and 1983 and provide the bases for additional standards in the future. Also,
planned for 1982 is the proposal of standards for the decommission of nuclear facilities.
Federal guidance activities for 1982 will include the completion of guidance for
general occupational exposure and the proposal of revised guidance for radon exposure
to uranium miners. A protective action guide (PAG) for airborne exposure to accidental
release will be proposed as well as guidance limiting exposure to nonioninzing radiation
in the FM Broadcast range. Clean Air Act activities will result in the proposal of
standards limiting emissions from uranium mines and elemental phosphates plants. Inves-
tigation will be completed on the airborne radionuclides hazards of coal combustion and
a decision made as to the need for additional regulation.
R-ll
-------
RADIATION
Radiation Program Implementation
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
RadTation Program
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses $591 $601 $644 $596 -$48
Abatement, Control and
Compliance................. ... ... ... ...
Total:
Salaries and Expenses 591 601 644 596 -48
Abatement, Control and
Compliance... ... ... ... ... ' ...
Grand Total 591 601 644 596 -48
Permanent Positions
RadTation Program
Implementation...... 15 16 16 :15 -1
Total . 15 16 16 15 -1
Full-time Equivalency
Radiation Program
Implementation... 19 18 18 17 -l^
Total...... , 19 18 18 17 -1
BudgetRequest
The Agency requests a total of $596,300 and 15 permanent workyears for 1982, a
decrease of $47,400 from 1981. The full request is within the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and the decrease in requested funds reflect the reduction of one permanent
workyear over the 1981 level.
Program Description
This subactivity supports activities related to EPA's regional offices including:
reviewing routine environmental impact statements (e.q., lightwater reactors and cranium
mining and milling); providing the public with technical information; providing direct
assistance to State and local governments with special radiation problems of a short-tern
natural anr* ilie reviewing and testing of State e>ner
-------
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $643,700 and 16 permanent workyears to
this program, all of which is for Salaries and Expenses. In 1981 emphasis remains on
radiological emergency response plans. However, with more plans completed and approved,
the testing of these plans will receive greater attention, since testing of plans on a
regular basis provides the best chance for their successful execution in time of emergency.
Other activities in 1981 will include the review of EIS's, assistance to the drinking
water and hazardous waste program, and technical assistance to States.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $42,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this act-
ivity is $3,800,
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $300 was
applied to this activity.
- An increase of $41,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramminf]s to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a net transfer of $3,600: from drinking water underground injection control program
($1,600); solid waste hazardous waste managment regulatory strategies implementation
($1,800); hazardous waste enforcement ($8,800); manag^nent and support - regional manage-
ment ($4,600); and ^£ air quality management implementation ($6,900); water quality
waste treatment operations and maintenance ($500); and management and support - Admini-
strative mangement ($5,800).
- A transfer of $1,800 from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies im-
plementation was to cover the cost of procuring a lead brick shield and sodiun-iodide
crystal for the regional measurement chamber.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $596,300 and 15 permanent workyears for this program,
all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. EPA participation in the
review and testing of emergency response plans will continue to he a high priority for
EPA's regional radiation program. As in previous years, EIS review and technical assis-
tance to States will also be a significant element of regional ;ronram activities. Also
receiving prominence will be the provision of technical assistance to other E?A regional
programs such as drinking water and hazardous and solid waste.
R-13
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RADIATION
Environmental Impact Assessment
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 ' 1982 1982 vs 1981
Appropriation
Monitoring and Analysis:
Salaries and Expenses..
Abatement, Control
and Compl i ance
Technology Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Grand Total
Permanent Positions
Monitoring and
Analysis
Technology Assess-
ment
Total,
Fu 11-1 ime Eguiya1 ency
Monitoring and
Analysis
Technology Assessment.
$2,703
2,215
1,442
1,114
4,145
3,329
7,474
59
34
• 93
68
37
$2,496
1,900
1,365
1,162
3,861
3,062
6,923
67
39
106
71
47
(dollars m
$3,437
1,900
371
1,162
3,808
3,062
6,870
92
10
102
105
11
thousands)
$4,246
795
388
25
4,634
820
5,454
75
10
85
86
11
+$809
-1,105
+17
-1,137
+826
-2,242
-1,416
-17
-
-17
-19
• • •
Total
Budget Request
105
118
116
97
-19
The Agency requests a total of $5,453,600 and 8.5 permanent workyears for 1982,
a decrease of $1,416,700 from 1981. Included in this total is $4,633,800 for Salaries
and Expenses and $319,800 for Abatement, Control and Conp-1* 2nce, wi** an Increase of
$ 825,800 and a .decrease of $2,242,500, respectively. This decrease results primarily
from the transfer of responsibility for the evaluation of the indoor radon problem
out of this subactivity.
Program Description
Activities in this area provide the information necessary to identify and analyze
potential radiological health problems having public health impact and to support
the development of standards and guidelines. Also encompassed under this subactivity
is the review of environmental impact statements and the monitoring of environmental
radiation, as well as laboratory analysis, data analysis and technology assessments.
Monitoring and Analysis
This program encompasses activities related to identifying and analyzing radiation
problems for potential coverage by standards and guidelines, supporting technical
review of EIS's, assessing the radiological quality of the environment, and executing
EPA radiological emergency response responsibilities. It also includes environmental
R-14
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monitoring, laboratory analysis of environmental samples, development of monitoring
and analytical procedures, special monitoring studies, the evaluation of data and
subsequent preparation of reports.
Technology Assessment
This program includes activities related to: (1) providing'engineering assessment
of the impact of developing technology on environmental radiation levels; (2) providing
Sfjnd technological bases for EIS review; (3) providing data and information for setting
technologically feasible standards and guidelines; (4) reviewing generic and programmatic
environmental impact statements; and (5) exercising EPA responsibilities in assessing
Federal facilities radiation control activities.
VONITORING AND ANALYSIS
1980Accomplishments
In 1980 obligations totaled $4,918,500 of which $2,215,200 was for extramural support.
Activities supported by these resources included field studies and evaluations conducted
to provide exposure information on a variety of airborne radionuclides sources which might
be regulated under the Clean Air Act. Particular attention was applied to radioactive
emission associated with coal combustion, and resource extraction. Other activities
included completion of the radon in drinking water pilot study, operation of the Environ-
mental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS) and maintenance of a quick response
radiological emergency monitoring capability. EPA emergency teams were deployed in
response *~o v.wo reactor incidents during 1980.
An additional area of emphasis in 1980 affecting this program element has been the
expansion of efforts to determine the nature and magnitude of the health risks associated
with indoor exposure to radon and its progeny.
Also included in the 1980 program was the maintenance of the National Radium
Repository along with the collection of additional sources. A limited amount of
laboratory and analytical support was provided to States with special radiological
problems.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,337,GOO and 92 permanent workyears
to this program, of which $3,437,000 is for salaries and expenses and $1,900,000 is
for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation.
Support to regulatory effort continues to be a major .'•ol» for this program element
with support to the Clean Air Act Regulations taking the lead. Particular emphasis
is being placed upon the investigation of emissions from large scale coal combustion
and resource extraction facilities.
Continued emphasis has been placed upon technical support to the regions and
States in the development, review and testing of radiological emergency response plans.
The Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System has been expanded by bringing
all 65 air sampling sta:ions into full time operation. The radium repository contin:.*;r
to be maintained and new sources collected. The emergency response monitoring capability
will be maintained and improved through the purchase of new equipment. Indoor radon
investigations initiated in 1980 will also be continued.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $941,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $13,700.
R-15
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- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3,8 million; a decrease of
$10,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $196,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $11,100 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to pro-
vide additional resources to that Office.
- A transfer of +$779,500 was made within the Office of Radiation Programs, for tech-
nology assessment, reflecting the creation of the Statistical Analysis Division and pro-
viding the resources for increases in statistical and monitoring analyses.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of S5.041,000 and 75 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $4,246,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $794,800
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance. The major emphasis of this program element
will remain the sai.ie in 1982 with support to standards setting, particularly the Clean
Air Act, receiving highest priority. Also continued will be the operation of the
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System and the National Radium Repository.
A full radiological emergency response capability will be supported in both the Montgomery,
Alabama and Los Vegas, Nevada EPA Radiation Laboratories. In addition, technical
support will be provided to the regions as they carry out their responsibility in the
review and testing of emergency response plans. It is also anticipated that in 1982
this program element will increase the amount of special laboratory analysis it performs
in support of other EPA and State programs. Responsibility for indoor radon studies is
transferred to the research component, Hazardous Air Pollutants - Energy.
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
1980 Accompli shments
1980 obligations of $2,555,600 included $1,113,900 in contract support. Studies
were continued in control technologies available to manage radioactive sources under
the provisions of the Clean Air Act. Assessments of problems associated with nonionizing
radiation, and shallow land and ocean disposal of low level waste were also continued.
An additional area of emphasis in 1980 affecting this program element has been the
expansion of efforts to determine the nature and magnitude of the health risk associated
with indoor exposure to radon and its progeny. Also supported hy this program element
was the review of major environmental Impact statements.
1981Explanatipn of Changefor Budget Estimate
The net Decrease of $994,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans-
mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a
decrease of 57 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied
to this activity is $8,300.
- An increase of $22,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise aid is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $228,500 to radiation environmental standards.
- A transfer of -$779,500 was made within the Office of Radiation Programs, to tech-
nology assessment, reflecting the creation of the Statistical Analysis Division and pro-
viding the resources for increases in statistical and monitoring analyses.
R-16
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,533,300 and 10 permanent workyear$
to this program, cf which $ 371,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and SI,162,300 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The major 1981 activity for this program element is the assessment of control tech-
nology needs for the development of Clean Air Act and radioactive waste standards. Clean
Air Act efforts will focus primarily on resource extraction. Activities in support of
waste standards will address low level land and ocean disposal, waste packaging, and
decommissioning. EIS reviews will continue as will the indoor radon investigation
initiated in 1980.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $412,600 and 10 permanent workyears for this program,
of which $387,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 525,000 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1982, technology assessment support to Clean Air Act Standards will be expanded
to cover a wider variety of sources. Many of these sources will require the determina-
tion of the best available control technology for a variety of radionuclides. The
analyses of control technologies for these sources will constitute a major activity
for this program element in 1982. Additionally, consolidation and integration of data
and findings obtained from the study of ocean and land disposal of low level waste
will receive increased attention in preparation for proposal of standards in 1982 and
1983. The review of major Environmental Impact Statements will also continue.
R-17
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
KADIATION
Non-ionizing Radiation
Appropriation
TechYnc"aYJIn1'format i on
and Liaison:
Sa'aries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Grand Total:
Permanent Positions
TechnicaT InfoSiatl on
and Liaison...
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance...
Health Effects.
Total «
Ful1-time Equivalency
Technical Information
and Liaison
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance...
Health Effects
Total
Actual
1980
$75
1
128
t » •
1,875
840
2,078
841
2,919
1
4
24
29
1
4
32
Budget
Estimate
1981*
(dollars
$76
2
191
• # •
1,557
1 ,433
1,824
1,435
3,259
1
57
28
.86
1
66
32
Current
Estimate
1981
in thousands)
$67
2
198
82
1,570
1,353
1,835
1,437
3,272
1
4
27
32
1
4
33
Estimate
1982
$71
2
93
16
2,165
807
2,329
825
3,154
1
2
28
31
1
3
33
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$4
* * •
-105
-66
+595
-546
+•494
-612
-118
* • *
-2
fl
-1
• • •
-1
M * •
37
100
38
37
-1
*January 1930 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
R-18
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Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,154,300 for 1982, a decrease of $113,100 from 1981,
Included in this total is $2,329,300 for Salaries and Expenses and $825,000 for Reasearch
and Development, with an increase of $494 300 and a decrease of $612,400, respectively.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the radiation research committee.
The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall
research effort designed .to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in
this subject area.
The overall program endeavors to expand knowledge of the health effects and health risks
associated with non-ionizing radiation. Emphasis is on radiation frequencies which are
sources of exposure of the population. Human health risks will be assessed by research to
clearly establish the mechanisms of action of non-ionizing radiation with biological systems,
examining the health status and history of selected exposed human population, and establish-
ing dose-response and threshold data for biological effects in animal model systems.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $75,000 for this sub-program, of which $74 800 was
for Salaries and Expenses and $200 was for extra-mural research activities.
In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication
of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance
and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. -It
also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its
research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of radiation included
preliminary work on several significant reports that are scheduled for publication In 1981.
The Regional Services Staff provided for effective communications between ORD and the
regions. Specifically, they:
- Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations.
- Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System.
- Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance.
The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its
research Information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making
community. Further, they assisted in making better coordination between ORO and the regions
possible, allowing each to better fulfill its role and to meet the needs of the Agency and
the public more efficiently,
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $68,500 to this sub-program, of which
$66,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,700 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development Appropriation,
This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries,
decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee
requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for
this research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to
develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support
is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects
and resources.
R-19
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Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities
will:
- Continue the Regional Support Management Information System.
- Conduct ORD/regional senior staff meetings and other liaison activities to provide
technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and
policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and techni-
cal assistance requirements.
- Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of State and local
government in the ORD planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross-
walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the
new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The
details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the cross-
walk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $9,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $300.
- An increase of $100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $8,800 to other, activities.
- A transfer of $500 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional
resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompllance penalties under
Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $72,900 for this sub-program, of which $71,200 is for
the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,700 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $4,400. The increase will enhance ORD's ability to
develop and disseminate technical information products.
This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in
1931. This includes the development and production of technical information products to
insure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environ-
mental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research
Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research pro-
jects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with regional offices, of a
similar nature to that conducted in 1981.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $128,500 for this sub-program, all was for Salaries
and Expenses.
R-20
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- A monitoring system was developed to measure gaseous emissions that drift off-site
from the Three Mile Island reactor incident. This system was used in the Krypton-85 venting
and is continuing to provide high quality data on airborne emissions.
«• The Public Awareness Program at Three Mile Island was established and is in continuous
operation at the Middletown, Pennsylvania office.
- Quality assurance monitoring was conducted on approximately 200 State, local, and
independent laboratories involved in radiological measurements. This will allow inter-
comparison of data from these laboratories and assurance of the precision and accuracy of
the data used for regulatory purposes.
- The off-site radiological surveillance program was continued at the Nevada Test Site
and other nuclear test sites in accordance with the EPA agreement with the Department of
Energy.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accompli shments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $2,715,600 for this sub-program, of which $1,874,900
was for Salaries and Expenses and $840,700 was for extra-mural research activities.
Major accomplishments are summarized as follows:
- Conducted the first experiments with the newly operational circularly polarized
waveguides, built by staff engineers, to examine the possibility of non-ionizing radiation
acting as a low-level stressor.
- Completed study of the long-term neuropathologic effects in rats exposed daily to
100 megahertz (FM radio) in utero and throughout young adulthood. Results imply that non-
ionizing radiation may impact autonomic functions in the body.
- Completed study of the effects of daily pre-and post-natal exposure to 2450 megahertz
radiation (microwave oven frequency) on infant mortality in squirrel monkeys,
- Developed a mathematical model which reconciles experimental observations on the
interaction of amplitude-modulated (AM) non-ionizing radiation with isolated brain tissue
to produce calcium release from the brain.
- Conceived, designed, and constructed a computer-controlled twin well calorimetry
system which is approximately 10 times more rapid that the system previously used for
determining the non-ionizing radiation energy absorbed by an irradiated animal.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,923,200 to this subprogram, of which
$1,570,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,353,000 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The research program is directed toward providing information on: (1) dose-rate responses,
including the importance of average versus maximum dose rates; (2) relative tissue/organ
system sensitivities'; (3) exposed and susceptible populations; (4) multiple frequency
exposures; (5) intermittent versus continuous exposures, and (6) chronic or long-term
exposures. Dose-response and time-dependency data are developed through application of
varied exposure and experimental regimens.
Laboratory investigations in experimental animals focus on effects on several major.,
biological systems or endpoints teratology and reproduction, immunology, behavior and
neurophysiology, and thermophysiplogy. The latter area of concentration deals generally .
with identification of physiological responses to microwave energy, especially in thermo-
regulatory models more extended parameters such as shielding and reflective characteristics
of common building materials and height from source.
R-21
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1981 Explanation of ChangefromBudget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross-
walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the
new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The
details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the cross-
walk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $89,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $1,200.
- An increase of $9,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramming to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $1,200 to other activities.
Transfer of $82,700 from air-hazardous pollutants/non-energy to support efforts on
Three Mile Island activities,
1982Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,973,100 for this sub-program, of which $2,165,500
is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $807,600 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $49,900 over the 1981 level. This is a redirection to
cover salaries and expenses of employees in Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, N.C.
Research will continue in the broad areas of animal toxicology, mechanisms, and epidem-
iology along with supportive research on dosimetry-energy absorption and exposure system
instrumentation. Studies in animals will continue to define teratologic, reproductive,
immunologic, hematopoietic, behavioral, and neurophysiplogic effects as critical endpoints.
Chronic, lifetime studies at low power levels will receive greater consideration, Thermo-
physiological responses will be addressed in studies on the effects of microwave-related
heat stress, focusing on circulatory and hormonal processes, and on how effects vary by
organ and tissue type in relation to energy deposition and rising temperature. A lifetime
exposure study of late effects of microwave radiation is projected using a rodent species.
Behavioral and clinical effects will be examined in rodents experiencing protracted, low-
level exposures of less than 500 microwatts per square centimeter. Exposure to 970 mega-
hertz will be similarly applied in immunology, teratorlogy, and physiology studies. To
investigate the type of divergent exposure conditions found in the ambient environment,
biological effects will be studied in animals under varying conditions of temperature and
humidity. The equivalence of various exposure systems will be evaluated in terns of
biological effects, energy depositions, and electric and magnetic fields. Studies to
determine the mechanisms which may explain certain know non-ionizing radiation bioeffects
such a microwave hearing, blood-brain barrier permeability, or central nervous system-drug
interactions will continue. Model biological systems will be used to define and predict the
action of non-ionizing radiation frequencies at the molecular level.
A problem definition or pilot epiderniological study will begin for a high risk or high
exposure population and will define the feasibility of launching full-scale epidemiological
investigations. In collaboration with the Office of Radiation Programs, emphasis will
continue on improving assessments and models of non-ionizing radiation exposure in the
general population to determine the frequencies and modulations in the environment which
are of the greatest public health concern and of interest for future Federal protective
guidelines. Near-field properties and far-field vertical patterns for various types of
antennas will be measured and evaluated.
R-22
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Epidemiological studies undertaken last year are continuing. A study is underway
which will evaluate the mortality and morbidity experience of male scientists who worked
at the MIT Radiation Laboratory in the 1940's. These workers were exposed to varied and
relatively high levels of S- and X- band radar in the course of research to develop U.S.
radar capabilities during World War II. This population which disbanded 35 years ago,
presents a unique opportunity to assess the chronic effects of microwave exposure on
humans.
Another area of research is aimed at enhancing our understanding of (1) how non-ionizing
radiation, in general and at specific frequencies, interacts biophysically with living
systems, and (2) the relationship between frequency and energy deposition in tissues,
especially those most sensitive to insult. It is possible that externally imposed electro-
magnetic energy could alter coded electrical signals or conducting materials requiring
brain tissue to respond by performing more work and expending its store of chemical energy.
To investigate this hypothesis, procedures to indicate the amount of energy needed in
various parts of the brain will be used as a primary means to identify sites of microwave-
altered metabolic activity in the brain.
Activities in the area of dosimetry support biological effects research by determining
the relation between incident electromagentic exposure conditions and the distribution of
electric and magnetic fields or adsorbed energy in the body. In addition, effort is
devoted to improving dosimetric techniques for determining non-ionizing radiation energy
adsorption and assuring that state-of-art exposure systems provide reliable, precise dosi-
metric data and better field uniformity. Projects in 1981 are focused on testing and
evaluating recently developed circularly polarized waveguides at 970 megahertz and at
918/2450 megahertz.
Research is also directed toward developing or improving instruments, calibration systems,
and laboratory exposure systems which are required both to characterize or generate
electromagnetic fields or waves and to measure physiological responses of test animals.
Activities are aimed at enhancing coordination of monitoring efforts and health effects
research through establishment of collaborative projects with the Office of Radiation.
Programs and the regions in order to further the Agency goal of determining the extent of
the general population's exposure to non-ionizing radiation. The data obtained will permit
calculation of radio frequency field intensities at ground level where people are at
greatest risk of exposure. An allied project is focused on improving models for estimating
levels of population exposure. Current modeling techniques are rudimentary, based only on
effective irradiated power and techniques are rudimentary, based only on effective irradiated
power and distance of the exposed object from the radiating source. The effort will develop
computer software necessary to incorporate into population exposure.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $280,700 to this subprogram, of which
$198,000 for the Salaries and Expense appropriation and $82,700 is for extramural research
activities.
- This program will continue t: fulfill the obligation to provide a quality assurance
program to document and improve the precision and accuracy of radiation monitoring for
surveillance of existing regulations and development of new regulations. This program has
a national scope in providing expertise to 200 regional, State, local and independent labora-
tories.
- The activities of the Department of Energy at the Nevada Test Site and other nuclear
sites are supported with an extensive off-site monitoring program.
- The Public Awareness Program at Three Mile Island (TMI) is supported by the program
as well as requested off-site monitoring around TMI. •
R-23
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross-
walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the
new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The
details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the cross-
walk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $67,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $6,600.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,500 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of
$6,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Develop-
ment appropriation; a decrease of $80,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $59,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on board needs resulted
in at transfer of $900 from other activities.
- A transfer of $33,000 was made to Abatement and Control radiation in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
- Transfer of $300 to water quality health effects/non-energy in order to realign
contract funds.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $108,300 for this sub-program, of which $92,600 is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $15,700 is for extramural purposes under the
Research and Development appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $172,400. This decrease is the result of a functional
transfer of TMI monitoring surveillance activities and associated responsibilities to
EPA's Office of Radiation Programs.
- The laboratory intercomparison studies will continue with approximately 200 Federal,
State, university, and private monitoring laboratories at a reduced level of effort* This
is an essential part of the radio-activity monitoring program with traceability provided
to the National Bureau of Standards.
- The off-site monitoring program of the Nevada test site and other nuclear sites will
be continued at the request of the Department of Energy. Testing is anticipated at about
the same rate as in 1981.
R-24
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Noise
SECTION TAB
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Page Intentionally Blank
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NOISE
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981 Page
{dollars 1n thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses...... $4,749 $4,575
Abatement, Control and
Compliance. 7.662 8.352
Total. 12,411 12,927
Permanent Workyears........ 97 99
Full-time Equivalency 152 153
Outlays 11,829 11,000
Authorization Levels *
*Authorization pending.
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Environmental Noise
Strategies and Standards:
Salaries and Expenses... 1,945 1,900
Abatement, Control
and Compliance......... 3,902 4,353
Noiss Program Strategies
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses... 1,926 1,959
Abatement, Control
and Compliance. 3,514 3.774
Total:
Salaries and Expenses... 3,871 3,859
Abatement, Control
and Compliance 7,416 8.127
Total, Abatement and
Control Program......... 11,287 11,986
Noise Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses... 878 716
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 24S 225
Total, Enforcement
Program 1,124 941
Permanent Positions
Environmental Noise
Strategies and Standards.. 37 37
Noise Program Strategies
Implementation...... 38 43
Total, Abatement, and
Control Program.......... 75 80
Noise Enforcement, Total
Enforcement Program...... 22 19
$4,545
8.179
12,724
94
147
12,930
2,046
3.711
3,792
7.961
753
218
971
29
46
75
19
55,279
7,480
12,759
94
143
13,356
2,059
3,542
4,178
7.254
11,753 11,432
1,101
226
35
40
75
19
+$734
-699
+35
* * *
-4
+426
1,746 2.119 +373
4,250 3.712 -538
+13
-169
+386
-707
-321
+348
+8
1,327 +356
+6
-6
N-7
N-13
fJ-21
N-7
N-13
N-21
N-]
-------
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 198] 1981 . 1982 1982 vs 1981 Page
(dollars In thousand?]
Ful 1 -time Equiyalency
Environmental Noise
Strategies and Standards... 56 52 . 47 50 +3 N-7
Noise Program Strategies
Implementation 64 ' r66_. .. . .65 vi . 58 •£_ N-13
Total, Abatement, and
Control Program...., 120 118 112 108 -4 N-21
Noise Enforcement, Total
Enforcement Program 32 35 35 35
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Consistent with the policy set forth in the Noise Control Act of 1972, as amended by
the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, the overall objective of the noise program is to achieve
an environment free from noise which jeopardizes public health or welfare. The 1978 Act
provides the opportunity for a more effective and efficient approach to the noise abatement
problem than was offered by the 1972 Act alone. In particular, assistance to State and
local governments has been strengthened. In addition, the 1978 Act provides for the design
and management of a noise health effects research program.
Under the authorities of the legislation, EPA is required to regulate the noise
emissions from newly manufactured products identified as major sources of noise (other than
aircraft). Emission standards must also be set for 1n-use equipment of interstate motor
carriers and in-use equipment and facilities of interstate rail carriers (i.e., on equipment
presently in-use). Noisy products and products sold to control noise may be regulated to
require labeling and thus aid consumers in product selection. EPA also provides both financial
and technical assistance to State and local governments in developing programs for noise
control.
EPA has the responsibility to coordinate Federal noise related research and control
activities. Furthermore, the legislation allows EPA to designate products with low noise
emissions for preferential Federal purchase, thus bringing added marketplace pressure to
bear on the development of quieter equipment.
In developing new product regulations, particular emphasis has been placed on control
of noise from surface transportation and construction. The source emission regulation
development work planned for FY 1981 and FY 1982 concentrates on these types of equipment.
Labeling regulations provide a basis for informed consumer choices with regard to
the noisiness of new products, leading to the opportunity for reduced public exposure with
minimum governmental Intervention. In 1982 EPA will propose or promulgate labeling regulations
for two consumer products.
Effective State and local noise control programs are essential if the Nation is to
reduce noise to levels commensurate with the protection of public health and welfare. EPA
provides technical and financial assistance to both State and local governments to develop
controls over products in use to complement the Federal regulations related to newly
manufactured products. The EPA goal is for the development of programs to provide health
and welfare benefits to 72 million people through 40 active State programs which in turn
will assist in the establishment of 400 active local programs by 1985.
In both 1981 and 1982, EPA is Increasing emphasis on assistance to those State agencies
which in turn will provide extended technical assistance to communities within their
jurisdiction. Ten university-based Technical Assistance Centers also will assist communities,
as will the Each Community Helps Others (ECHO) program. The ECHO program uses local agency
volunteer noise experts to assist other communities, with EPA paying out-of-pocket expenses
but not salaries. ,
N— c.
-------
Through these various types of assistance, it is expected that there will be a
substantial increase in the number of jurisdictions having active programs over the next
five years. Such programs will emphasize abatement of area noise problems from vehicles,
from stationary sources, and from construction site noise. Noise abatement planning (zoning
and land use planning) and public information are additional key functions of local agencies.
In 1982, an expansion is planned in the Noise Health Effects Research Program. In
addition to the animal studies, human experimental and epidemiological studies will be
conducted on the cardiovascular effects of noise.
In 1982, EPA will continue the implementation of the aviation noise strategy being
initiated in 1980-1981. This strategy calls for a study of soundproofing and relocation
alternatives, detailed technical analyses on future design aircraft and flight procedures,
and the delivery of expert technical assistance to airports and airport communities through
the ECHO program.
During 1982, EPA will continue its technology programs to develop and demonstrate
techniques to further reduce noise from surface transportation and other equipment. These
demonstrations will assist EPA in determining the feasibility and costs of applying these
techniques and will substantially aid in the development of new product regulations and
assist local communities in fashioning reasonable regulations.
The EPA noise enforcement program is responsible for Federal enforcement under the
Noise Control Act of 1972 of section 6, new product noise standards and section 8,
informational labeling requirements applicable to new products. Regulated products will
include: buses, truck, air compressors, labeling requirements of hearing protectors,
solid waste compactors, motorcycle replacement exhaust systems and motorcycles. The main
emphasis of the program in FY 1982 will be to focus enforcement efforts on those products
with high rates of non-compliance through product verification reports and Selective
Enforcement Audits (SEA). The in-use surveillance testing program will provide important
information regarding non-complying products and rates of non-compliance. Enforcement
activities will also include development of enforcement strategies and regulations, and
the development of noise enforcement guidance packages for State/local governments.
Purpose of Abatement Control and Compliance Program
The Salaries and Expenses and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations include
noise control strategies and programs designed to protect the public health and welfare
from the adverse effects of noise. These program objectives are pursued through four major
program thrusts. First, emission standards and/or labeling regulations are promulgated on
selected products; second, State, and local noise control efforts are strengthened through
the provision of technical assistance and limited financial assistance through cooperative
agreements; third, Federal activities relating to noise research and abatement and control
are coordinated; and fourth, investigations on noise effects and abatement and control
technology are conducted.
Noise control product regulation includes the identification of major sources of
noise and the subsequent development of emission regulations for newly manufactured products.
These standards are intended to protect the public health and welfare through the application
of the best available noise control technology, taking into account the cost of compliance.
Regulations requiring the labeling of newly manufactured consumer products will be established
for some products which emit noise capable of adversely affecting the public health and
welfare. Labeling will also be required for products which are sold on the basis of their
effectiveness in reducing noise.
Technical assistance as well as limited financial assistance is provided to State
and local governments for the development and implementation of noise control programs,
with special emphasis on in-use enforcement programs for noise sources.
Technical assistance is provided in the form of direct guidance to State and local
agencies on how to carry out environmental assessment in order to define noise problems
and to other Federal Agencies whose programs and activities have noise control.implications.
N-3
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SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of do!1 ars)
1981 Noise Program., 12,724
Salaries and Expenses................. +734
This increase will provide funds for
Federal Register Typesetting, other
printing, cash, and increase per-
sonnel compensation and benefits
due to the 1981 pay raise.
Abatement, Control and Compliance............ -699
This decrease reduces contract support
for airport noise abatement and certain
regulatory development activities to
provide more resources for in-house work.
1982 Noise Program.
12,759
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
!• Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $12,759,300 is requested for 1982. This request, by
appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses 5,279,400
Abatement, Control and .
Compliance...... 7,479,900
This request represents a net increase of $35,200; an Increase of $734,600 for Salaries
and Expenses. A decrease of $699,400 in extramural funds will limit support of the noise
control implementation and evaluation activities to State and local program development
whose emphasis of providing assistance through the Technical Assistance Center, ECHO programs
and demonstration programs. The environmental noise strategies and standards activity is
decreased by $538,600 and the noise enforcement activity is increased by $7,300 each
reflecting a change in extramural support.
2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands dollars)
Original 1981 Estimate... 12,927
Congressional decreases:
Presidential reduction of$7M (H.Doc 96-294).. -27
General reduction to Abatement, Control '-
and Compliance... -159
Consultant services..... -73
Senior Executive bonuses.. -62
Travel -8
Proposed pay raise supplemental..... +257
Radiation Policy Council. -18
Administrative Law Judges.... -11
Reprogramming for salary and related costs... • -43
Miscellaneous reprogramming -59
Current 1981 estimate............................. 12,724
N-4
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This represents a decrease of $202.900 from the 1981 level. The net decrease Is comprised
of many changes:
The $7 million Presidential reduction for Salaries and Expenses resulted in a $27,300
decrease to the noise media. A $850,000 agencywide travel decrease resulted in a $7,800
reduction. The $3,8 million reduction for consultant services decrease this media by
$73,300. The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million 'to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation, a decrease of $158,900; reduced Senior Executive bonuses by
$750,000, a decrease of $62,200 applied to this media.
A supplemental appropriation Is included to fund cost of the October 1980 pay raise,
a $257,000 increase for the noise media. Reprogrammings included salary and related costs,
supportive resources for Radiation Policy Council and Administrative Law Judges, resulting
in decrease $42,600, $10,500 and $18,400 respectively. Other miscellaneous reprogrammings
reduced the noise media by $59,300.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASE AND DECREASE TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
{in thousands of dollars!
Prior year obligations... $12,411 $12,724
Effect of Congressional changes -358
Effect of pay raise supplemental +257
Changes in amount of carryover
funds available....... -69
Program change... ..'. +313 +35
Effect of reprogrammings.. -102 ...
Change in rate of obligations +272 ...
Total estimated obligations 12,724 12,759
{From new obligation authority)...... (12,724) (12,759)
{From prior year funds).........,,... (...) («»•)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASE AND DECREASE TO OBLIGATIONS
The changes discussed in the previous section — congressional, pay raise supplemental,
and reprogrammings — are expected to result in a new decrease of $203,900.
There are no carryover funds to be obligated as the results of a $69,000 decrease
from the 1981 level.
A change in the rate of obligation is expected, thereby increasing obligations by
$272,000,
N-5
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NOISE
Program Levels
Review production
verification reports
Monitor production
verification tests
Conduct Selective
Enforcement Audit Tests
Inspect Manufacturers'
records/facilities
Develop State/local
enforcement guidance
packages
Inspect Manufacturers'
test capability
Review labeling
Verification reports
Monitor labeling veri-
fication tests
Monitor labeling
compliance audits
Actual
1980
700
6
; 11
10
2
8
15
3
0
Budget
Estimate
1981
1,244
12
37
39
3
19
210
10
6
Current
Estimate
1981
1,244
10
15
30
2
12
210
10
6
Estimate
1982
2,500
23
25
30
4
17
210
15
15
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs 1981
+1,256
+13
+10
0
+2
+5
0
+5
+9
N-6
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Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
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NOISE
Environmental Noise Strategies and Standards
Appropriation
Noise Standards Development:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement and Control
and Compliance...........
Noise Control Technology
Assessment and Criteria
Development:
Salaries and Expenses...,.
Abatement, Control
and Compliance ..
Total:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control
and Compliance......
Grand Total
Permanent Positions
Noise Standards Oevelopment.
Noise Control Technology
Assessment and Criteria
Devel opment.
Total,
Full-time Equivalency
Noise Standards Development.
Noise Control Technology
Assessment and Criteria
Development................
Total,
Budget Request
Actual
1980
$1,114
1,822
37
28
28
56
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
(dollars in thousands)
Estimate
1982
$1,233
2,382
37
24
28
52
$880
2,215
29
20
27
47
$955
1,440
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs 1981
+$75
-775
831
2,080
1,945
3,902
5,847
19
18
667
1,971
1,900
4,353
6,253
22
15
866
2,035
1 ,746
4,250
5,996
14
1.5
1,164
2,272
2,119
3,712
5,831
14
21
+298
+237
373
-538
-165
...
+6
35
20
30
+6
+3
The Agency requests a total of $5,831,000 and 35 permanent workyears for 1982, a
decrease of $165,000 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,119,500 for Salaries and
Expenses and $3,711,500 for Abatement, Control and Compliance with an increase of $373,50^
and a decrease of $538,600 respectively. The increase is attributable to PCS8 adjust
-------
Program Description
This program focuses on the development and promulgation of emission and labeling
regulations that will reduce harmful noise emissions from new products. These
regulations are developed through the gathering and analysis of data on noise and
its health effects to determine exposure and levels of noise reduction required for
health and welfare nrotection and for specific regulatory actions. Evaluations of
private and public sector technology development are performed to determine best
available technolgy, and assessments of economic, environmental and health data are
made to ascertain the costs and benefits of regulation. This program also includes
conduct of a noise health and welfare effects Investigation program.
Noise Standards Development
The objective of noise product regulation is to effectively regulate products
which are major contributors to environmental noise exposure. Such regulation Is
necessary to the achievement of overall environmental noise control goals of reducing
environmental levels below Ldn 75 dB as soon as possible and ultimately below Ldn 65 dB.
Sections 6 and 8 of the Noise Control Act require the Environmental Protection
Agency to develop and promulgate regulations for control of noise from products which
are major noise sources through the use of noise emission limitations and/or noise
labeling requirements for newly manufactured products. The analysis leading to and
supporting these regulations includes the preliminary Investigation of potential
products for regulation, economic and technological feasibility and the evaluation of
health, welfare, and other benefits derived from specific product regulation. %her
activities include the preparation of necessary background and supporting material,
such as EIS's and economic assessments, for the promulgation of standards.
Noise Control Technology Assessment end Criteria Development
The objective of this activity is to provide support to EPA for noise product
regulation and State and local control efforts through Investigations and documen*
tation of noise health effects and availability of noise control technology. This
also includes overall strategy development for national noise control efforts.
Specific activities include the development of health and welfare criteria for
the assessment of general exposure to noise; the assessment of the environmental,
economic, social and health impacts of noise abatement options; and the assessment
of advanced and/or future noise control technology for the development and evaluation
of noise abatement options, including coordination and evaluation of noise research
and control conducted by other Federal aqencies. Other activities encompass the
development of an overall noise control strategy and subsequent substrategies, and
the continuation of the noise health effects program.
NOISE STANDARDS DEVELO^'E^T
1980 Accomplishments
1980 resources included $1,821,800 in contract support. These funds were used
for the development of noise emission and labeling regulations. A major accomplishment
for 1980 was the promulgation of the court-ordered Interstate Rail Carrier Revision
{four source standards). In addition, developmental work was completed which will lead
to the promulgation of emission regulations in 1981 for buses and motorcycles. Work
was continued on the Low Noise Emission products regulation and candidate selection
studies for future product labeling. Also, five noise source studies begun in previous
years were completed.
-------
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,095,100 and 14 permanent
workyears to this program, of which $879,800 Is for Salaries and Expenses and
$2,215,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The 1981 program provides for the promulgation of emission regulations
for buses and motorcycles. Other regulatory activities include promulgation of
the court-ordered Interstate Rail Carrier Revision (facility emission standard
and additional source standards) and work leading to the proposal of a labeling
regulation for a yet to be selected consumer product. Work will continue on the
revision of the medium/heavy truck regulation, and work will resume on development
of a final regulation for wheel and crawler tractors.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $519,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease -of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $6,400.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $23,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $41,900 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $22,200 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $38,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $266,100 to noise control technology assess-
ment and criteria development ($161,300); noise strategies implementation
($54,700); and noise Federal agency coordination ($50,000).
- A transfer of $5,300 was made to noise standards development for travel
funds.
- A transfer of $40,000 was made to noise control technology assessment
and criteria development ($5,000); noise strategies implementation (330,000); .
and noise Federal agency coordination ($-5,000) for printing costs.
- 1 transfer of $124,500 to noise control technology assessment and
criteria development ($119,500); and to noise strategies implementation
($5,000), reflecting a decrease in interagency agreements, shifts from
grants to contracts, and realignment of contract funds within accounts.
- A transfer of $18,400 was made to the radiation media in order to
support the Radiation Policy Council.
- A transfer of $10,500 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to
provide additional "esources to support a new program for instituting civil
noncompliance penalties under Section 1H2 of the Clean Air Act.
N-9
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,394,800 and 14 permanent workyears for this
program, of which 3954,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 51,440,000
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance.
During 1982, regulatory activities will include promulgation of the wheel and
crawler tractors regulation, promulgation of a regulation for low Noise Emission
Products, and proposal or promulption of labeling regulations for two yet to be
selected consumer products. Work will continue on revision of the truck and Inter-
state Motor Carrier regulations as well as regulatory follow-up on the railroad
standards. In addition, work will resume on the development of the proposal of
pavement breakers and rock drills.
NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT
1930 Accomplishments
1980 resources included approximately $2,080,400 in contract support. These
funds were used for development of information on health and welfare effects of noise
(both auditory and non-auditory), technology demonstrations, and development of noise
abatement substrategies.
A major accomplishment in 1980 included a report on the University of Miami
primate study which related noise to a 30 percent increase in blood pressure. Other
health effects activities included a report on the longitudinal study on the effects
of noise on children's hearing. After four years of longitudinally tracking the
hearing thresholds of children, the preliminary findings reveal a trend of poorer
thresholds at auditory frequencies associated with exposure to sources such as farm
machinery and power tools. Seven research reports and studies designed to imporove
the understanding of the effects of noise were completed. In addition, a five .year
health effects research plan as well as a detailed cardiovascular research plan were
completed. Also, an updated report on Federal research in noise effects was completed
covering research program of approximately 20 agencies over the past three years.
During 1980, work was initiated on the quiet house program (a project designed
to demonstrate the synergism between energy conservation and noise reduction in
residential buildings), and work continued on the quiet heavy trucks, quiet engines,
and quiet tires technology demonstrations including initiation of a tire/surface
interaction investigation. Technology assessment began on truck cooling systems.
A significant accomplishment in the quiet truck program was the quieting of two
heavy trucks to about 72 dBA,
Five joint technology demonstrations with othe Federal agencies were in process.
These included: quiet propeller {NASA), highway site construction (OOT), shipyard
machinery (NAVY), electric generating plant (TVA), and general construction sits
projects (ARMY). The general construction site demonstration was completed.
* The construction site substrategy was in process.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,901,00 and 15 permanent work-
years to this program, of which $866,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and S2,034,300
is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control Compliance appropriation.
During 1981, eleven auditory and non-auditory health effects studies are in
process with three conpTetions and two annual reports anticipated. The non-auditory
effects of noise are not well quantified (including the contribution to hypertension
and cardiovascular disease); yet research to date suggests very serious health im-
plications. The University of Miami primate study on the cardiovascular effects
of noise will continue with a focus on cardiovascular and biochemical dynamics.
N-10
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Other animal studies will provide systematic replication of the University of Miami
study findings and will examine the interaction of noise with other risk factors.
In addition, an epidemiology feasibility study will be completed. Human experimental
studies of physiological (cardiovascular) response, recovery, and adaptation to noise
will begin. Another study which focuses on human response to engine brake noise will
be completed. Other research studies will begin including a study examining the health
consequences due to noise disrupted sleep and a study on intrusiveness associated with
short duration events. Also, community survey data will be acquired to more accurately
relate human response to construction site noise. The children's longitudinal study
will be continued along with the initiation of a new laboratory study focusing on
hearing threshold shifts in children's hearing due to environmental noise sources.
The quiet house, quiet engines, quiet tires Including tire/surface interaction,
and quiet heavy trucks technology demonstrations will continue. The cooling system
assessment will be completed. The two remaining heavy trucks will be quieted and
placed in operational service, and operational testing will be completed on the first
two heavy trucks. The design phase for the experimental quiet tires will be completed.
Work will be initiated to quiet three medium trucks. The following interagency
demonstrations to determine techniques and technologies for abating noise will be
completed: shipyard machinery, quiet propeller, and highway site construction.
In addition, the construction site substrategy will be continued. During 1981,
work will be initiated on updating the surface transportation substrategy and up-
dating of the National Program Strategy.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $263,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the. budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of 57 million to EPA's request for Salaries and
Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is 54,300.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of 57.5 million to the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $55,200 was
applied to this activity.
- An increase of $51,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- P.eprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of 5161,300 from noise standards develoDment.
- A transfer of 59,200 was made to noise strategies implementation for
travel funds.
- A transfer of $5,000 was made from noise standards development for
printing costs.
- A transfer of $119,500 from noise standards development reflecting
a decrease in interagency agreements, shifts from grants to contracts, and
realignment of contract funds within accounts.
- A transfer of 5295,100 was made from noise strategies implementation
to reflect FTE currently on-board.
- A transfer of 5294,400 was made to noise regional program implementation
to carry out the implementation of the Quiet Communities Act.
N-ll
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,436,200 and 21 permanent workyears for this
program, of which 51,164,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$2,271,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The noise health effects research will continue with primary focus on the
non-auditory effects of noise. Current information including 40 epidemfological
studies indicates that the non-auditory effects of noise probably cause more serious
health problems than has been recognized. To verify these possible health effects,
such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, the 1982 program includes
continuation of two primate studies, a human experimental cardiovascular study, a
longitudinal study on the effects of noise on children, and an intrusiveness
study (short duration events). In addition, the study of the health consequences
due to noise disturbed sleep will be completed. Five studies will be initiated:
ai epidemiologic study of cardiovascular response, an additional primate study, a
community health Impact feasibility study, a study relating annoyance to
physiological response, and a field study to assess the effects of noise on
children's school performance, cognitive development and physiological response.
N-12
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NOISE
Noise Program Strategies Implementation
Actual
1980
Appropriations
Noise Control Implementation
and Evaluation:
Salaries and Expenses...... $992
Abatement, Control and
Compli ance............... 3,283
Federal Agency Coordination:
Salaries and Expenses 332
Abatement, Control and
Compliance...., 202
Noise Regional Program
Implementation:
Salaries and Expenses....... 602
Abatement, Control and
Compliance..... 29
Total:
Salaries and Expenses....... 1,926
Abatement, Control and
Compliance.... 3,514
Grand Total... 5,440
Permanent Positions
Noise Control Implementation
and Evaluation 18
Federal Agency Coordination... 7
Noise Regional Program
Implementation 13
Total........ 38
Full-time Equivalency
Noise Control Implementat i o n
and Evaluation....... 35
Federal Agency Coordination... 8
Noise Regional Program
Implementation 21
Total... 64
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate ' Estimate
1981 1981 1982
fdol lars in thousands)
$1,032
3,321
289
400
638
53
1,959
3.774
5,733
22
8
13
43
37
8
21
$843
3,289
356
382
847
40
2,046
3.711
5,757
22
8
16
46
26
11
28
$853
3,056
352
294
854
192
2,059
3,542
5,601
17
6
17
40
24
8
26
Increase +•
Decrease -
1982 v.s 1981
+S10
-233
-4
-88
+7
+152
+13
-169
-156
-5
-2
-6
-2
-3
66
65
58
-7
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $5,601,500 and 40 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease
of $154,900 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,058,900 for Salaries and Expenses and
53,542,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $13,200 and a decrease of
S168,inn respectively. The increase is a result of PC&B adjustments to cover the 19.81 payraise.
The decrease represents a reduction in contract support for airport noise abatement activities.
This program addresses the mandate of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 to encourage State and
local governments to develop or improve their noise control programs.
N-13
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Program Descri pticn
This program provides assistance to States and localities in the development and
implementation of noise control programs. Effective State and local noise control
programs are essential if the Nation is to reduce noise to levels commensurate with
the protection of public health and welfare. In recognition of this need, the Noise
Control Act, as amended by the Quiet Communities Act, calls for EPA to assist State
and local governments in the development of noise control programs. The objective of
EPA's program is to substantially increase the number of communities having effective
noise control programs with special emphasis on lessening the impact of noise from
motor vehicles (motorcycles, trucks, autos). Assistance is also provided in the areas
of stationary source control (property line standards), construction site noise control,
noise abatement planning (zoning, land use planning, airport planning), and public
education.
This program also includes the review of the implementation of regulatory require-
ments for which the Federal Government has primary responsibility (i.e, the control of
noise emissions at Federal facilities and review of ElS's for noise implications, and
the overall coordination of all Federal programs for noise abatement and control).
The objective of this program is to bring the major noise authorities of other Federal
agencies to bear on the noise problem in a total national effort. Included are such
agencies as the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration,
the Urban Mass Transit Administration, the Department of Housing and Urban Development,
and the Department of Defense.
Noise Control Implementation and Evaluation
The Noise Control Act, as amended by the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, directs
the Environmental Protection Agency to deliver assistance to States and localities
in order to encourage the development of effective noise control, including encouragement
of State and local actions to complement EPA's noise emission regulations, One of the
objectives of this program is to have in place, by 1985, at least 400 active local noise
control programs covering 72 million people and 40 active State programs. EPA has an
additional goal of insuring that 350 of these programs have components to control motor
vehicle noise. Effective State and local programs are needed to complement EPA
regulations for major sources of noise. This will include State and local enforcement
of in-use controls which supplement EPA's manufacturing controls, including Federal
antitampering and recall provisions.
This program provides funding for limited financial assistance through cooperative
agreements to States and localities and the design and administration of assistance
programs for State and local use. Special emphasis is placed on helping States initiate
programs to assist local communities start noise control programs and to strengthen
existing local programs. Other EPA assistance includes the Each Community Helps Other
(ECHO) program (use of local noise control experts to help other communities), develop-
ment of State and local program "tools", e.g., model laws and cortes, administration
of the noise control demonstration and assistance program, and Technical Assistance
Centers located at ten universities.
Federal Agency Coordination
The activities of this program are directed toward assuring that Federal Government
responsibilities for noise control are met. Such activities include assisting other
Federal agencies to consider and include, where appropriate, noise abatement and control
practices in their programs and comply with Federal, State, interstate, and local require-
ments; coordinating noise control programs carried out by Federal agencies; monitoring
the progress of other Federal facilities' noise abatement activities; and reviewing
Federal environmental impact statements insofar as their noise impacts are concerned.
Particular attention is given to carrying out the President's Urban Noise Initiative.
In the aviation area, EPA will continue to develop implementation plans and programs
for a national strategy for aviation noise abatement and control as well as continuing
to review Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) actions and make further recommendations
concerning aviation noise. This includes tracking FAA follow-up to regulations
previously recommended by EPA. Special emphasis will be placed on airport planning
and compatible land use.
N-14
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Noise Regional Implementation
The regional offices occupy a key role in the development of effective State
and local programs.
Specifically, regional offices provide the focal point for interaction with
State and local governments, and the development of State and local government
capabilities to implement noise abatement activities. As such, they provide
technical-financial support to States and localities and oversee the operation
of the ten University-based Technical Assistance Centers.
NOISE CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION
1980 Accompl i shffients
1980 resources included $3,283,200 in extramural support. These funds were
used for the development and delivery of both technical and financial assistance
(cooperative agreements) to State and localities and for demonstration projects
with other Federal agencies.
During 1980, EPA continued to deliver technical assistance to States and
localities in developing noise control programs. Delivery mechanisms included
the ECHO program (a volunteer program where local noise control experts assist
other communities one or two days a month with EPA paying out-of-pocket expenses);
LISTEN (a computer program service which processes attitudlnal/physical survey
data for States and localities); State assignees (temporary government employees
serving in State governments to assist in the development of noise control programs);
Senior Environmental Employee Program; National ECHO (supplementing state efforts);
and community noise counselors program. Other activities included the continuation
of the Kansas City, Missouri, Quiet Communities Program (QCP), a research experiment
designed to develop and demonstrate the best available techniques for community
noise control.
The financial assistance program to States and localities was continued with
the award of 55 cooperative agreements, including State start-up, State ECHO, local
start-ups and problem Hentification, urban demonstrations as addressed in the
President's Urban Noise Initiatives Program, surface transportation noise control
demonstrations, and support for the ten Regional Noise technical Assistance Centers.
These Technical Assistance Centers provided 66 training programs to State and local
officials and provided 101 technical assistance actions to communities to increase
the growth and effectiveness of the State and local programs. These cooperative
agreement awards have greatly enhanced the Agency's efforts to meet its goal of
covering 72 million people by 1985.
A major accomplishment during 1980 was the doubling of State noise capabilities
with a corresponding increase in the number of active local noise programs.
In addition, the airport technical assistance activities were continued. The
Philadelphia Airport Study, a mandate of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, was
completed and forwarded to Congress. The monitoring phase of the National Noise
Assessment, a requirement of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, was initiated.
Also during 1980, two major non-regulatory initiatives in urban noise control
were established. These included the Buy Quiet program which establishes a national
public sector market for quiet products through cooperative arrangements between
State and local government procurement officials and industry, and the soundproofing/
weatherization program which combines soundproofing and weather izat ion activities
as a cost effective measure. General public education orograms were developed and
the State and local grantees were assisted in developing a public education capacity.
N-15
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of 54,132,000 and 22 permanent
workyears to this program, of which $843,200 is for Salaries and Expenses
and S3,286,800 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control Compliance
appropriation.
In 1981, continuing attention is being given to State and local program develop-
ment with emphasis on State programs which will provide assistance to local comnunities
and to the provision of technical support through the Technical Assistance Centers,
ECHO programs, and demonstration programs. Twenty-three (23) States are scheduled
to assume responsibility for running the ECHO program by the end of the fiscal year.
By using this EPA - developed technique of deploying volunteer experts as part of
the State technical assistance "staff" these states will significantly expand their
ability to assist communities in the development of cost-effective programs.
Demonstrations will focus on (1) testing control techniques in the area of motor
vehicle noise for use by State and local governments to make their programs more
cost effective and (2) urban initiatives (the Buy Quiet program will be expanded
to include the private sector and the soundproofing/weatheri ration program will
focus on noise/energy audits in a pilot program). The financial assistance program
to States, localities, and Technical Assistance Centers will be funded at a level
comparable to 1980,
The QCP program in Kansas City, Senior Environmental Employee program, National
ECHO, LISTEN (computer assistance), and community counselors program will also continue.
During 1981, there will also be the development of general public education programs
on the adverse effects of noise on health and welfare as well as self-help techniques
to reduce and/or abate noise. Airport noise abatement projects will continue and
•node! ordinances and training programs will be developed for use by State and local
motorcycle enforcement officials. -The National Noise Assessment begun in 1980 will
continue, and will be expanded to an additional 30-40 communities.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $221,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget {House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $6,900.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $55,200 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by 5750,000;
a decrease of 540,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of 546,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
results in a transfer of 554,700 from noise standards development.
- A transfer of $21,500 was made from noise standards development (55,300);
noise control technology ($9,200) and noise federal agency coordination ($7,100)
for travel funds.
- A transfer of 530,000 was made from noise standards development for
printing costs.
N-16
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- A transfer of $23,000 from noise standards development ($5,000) and noise
federal agency coordination {$18,000} reflecting a decrease in interagency
agreements, shifts from grants to contracts, and realignment of contract funds
within accounts.
- A transfer of $295,100 to noise control technology to reflect FTE
currently on-board.
19-82 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,909,600 and 17 permanent workyears for this
program, of which 5853,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,056,100 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1982, financial and technical assistance to States and localities will continue.
The financial assistance program to States, localities, and Technical Assistance Centers
provided through cooperative agreements will be maintained at its 1981 level. There
will be increasing emphasis on assistance to those State agencies which in turn will
provide extended technical assistance to communities within their jurisdictions. Ten
university-based Technical Assistance Centers also will assist communities, as will
the Each Community Help Others (ECHO) program. Twenty-six (26) States are expected to
continue responsibility for running the ECHO program. The community noise counselors
program, National ECHO and National Noise Assessment will also continue. Limited
airport noise abatement projects will be carried out. Support tools such as model
codes and ordinances will continue to be developed.
1982 will also see the continued development of general public education material
and the printing and dissemination of those materials to the public, with emphasis on
helping to develop private sector funding to meet some of the printing and distribution
needs of State and local programs. In addition, the motor vehicle demonstrations will
focus on the evaluative comparisons of motor vehicle enforcement mechanisms covering
technical, legal, and institutional variations. The Buy Quiet and soundproofing/
weatherization programs will be continued.
FEDERAL AGENCY COORDINATION
1980 Accomplishments
1980 resources included $202,000 in contract support. These funds were used to
support interagency agreements with other Federal agencies. The purpose of this
activity is to Carry out noise control demonstrations and test techniques and
incorporate the results of these demonstrations into the appropriate program of
Federal agencies, including EPA. EPA funds are matched by contributions from other
participating agencies. During 1980, this type of activity included the following
demonstrations: off road vehicles, highway noise mitigation, transit mall planning
and design (phase I and II), vehicle noise diagnostic inspection methods, bus retrofit,
and hearing conservation (model hearing conservation program). Reports were issued in
1980 on off-road vehicles, transit mall planning and design, bus retrofit, and vehicle
noise diagnostic inspection methods.
EPA reviewed and commented on a number of important FAA proposed regulations and
Advisory Circulars. A major accomplishment in the aviation area in 1930 was the
completion of a report on aviation noise which outlined a strategy that could ba
implemented over the next several years.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $738,100 and 8 permanent workyears
to this program, of which 5356,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and 5382,000 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
resources will be used to continue and complete funding for interagency agreements
begun in earlier years to carry out noise abatement demonstrations. A variety of
technology demonstrations will be completed including the highway noise mitigation,
transit mall construction noise mitigation, and model hearing conservation program.
N-17
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In 1981, special emphasis trill be placed on the development of information to
support implementation of alternative strategies to abate and control aviation noise.
Studies will continue on organization of flight procedures, and soundproofing and
relocation, and airport planning. Coordination of Federal noise research will continue.
1981 Explanati on of Change for Budget Est imate
The net increase of 549,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is 51,900.
- An increase of $20,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of 550.100 from noise standards development.
- A transfer of $7,100 was made to noise strategies implementation for travel
funds.
- A transfer of $5,000 was made from noise standards development for printing
costs.
- A transfer of 518,000 to noise strategies implementation reflecting a decrease
in interagency agreements, shifts from grants to contracts, and realignment of
contract funds within accounts.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $646,000 and 6 permanent workyears for this
program of which $351,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $294,300
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1982, EPA will develop and publish an aviation report delineating the several
strategies investigated including recommendations for national implementation and
their resultant costs and benefits. The strategies developed will be based upon
providing soundproofing and relocation options to affected public after Tiinimization
of impact through optimization of flight procedures at the affected carrier airports.
Public participation by affected parties in developing and discussing these
strategies will be encouraged and solicited.
NOISE REGIONAL PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1930 Accomplishments
In 1980 $28,700 was for extramural purposes. Regional accomplishments in 1980
included expanded responsibilities for the management of the cooperative agreement
program. This also included detailed review, award and participation and follow-up
on cooperative agreements with State and local agencies. The Regions also continued
to administer the technical assistance program to State and local governments with
emphasis on the development of the Technical Assistance Centers and State-run ECHO
programs so that these programs can serve as the technical assistance delivery mechanism
to States and localities. Other activities carried out included the management of the
QCP experiment in Kansas City, review of EIS's, the holding of noise abatement workshops
for State and local officials, equipment loans, the providing of direct technical
assistance to local communities and public education on noise abatement and control.
In addition, they continued to manage the EPA ECHO program and assisted some States in
taking over the EPA ECHO program in their States.
N-18
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1981Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $886,300 and 16 permanent
workyears to this program, for which $846,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and
539,900 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
1981 will see a continuation of 1980 activities, with emphasis on the
development and strengthening of the Technical Assistance Centers and a projected
twenty-three £23) State-run ECHO programs so that these programs can more rapidly
serve as the mechanisms for providing technical assistance.
The regions will continue to be responsible for administering the cooperative
agreement program. They will manage the QCP program (Kansas City), review EIS's,
run the equipment loan program and conduct noise control workshops,
1981 ExpTanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $195,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $3,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease'of
$200 was applied to this activity.
- The Conress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $43,900 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of 550,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a net transfer of $42,600 to water quality waste treatment
operations and maintenance ($6,300), permit issuance (S400); pesticides use
management ($13,000), pesticides enforcement ($5,000); management and support -
regional counsel (510,600), regional management ($18,200), administrative
management (512,000); and from solid waste hazardous waste management regulatory
strategies implementation ($13,700), and hazardous waste enforcement ($9,200).
- A transfer of $13,000 was made from water quality NEPA compliance -
municipal waste facility contruction to realign contract funds and support
interagency agreements.
- A transfer of $15,000 was made to noise regional program implementation
to support SIP efforts.
- A transfer of $31,300 was made to ambient air quality monitoring to
support the air quality monitoring program.
- A transfer of $37,900 was made to air quality management to support
SIP activities in the areas of technical review of SIPs, SIP certification
review and docket control.
N-19
-------
- A transfer of $11,900 was made from ambient air quality monitoring
to support the Senior Environmental Employment Program.
- A transfer of $294,400 was made from noise control technology
assessment and criteria development to carry out the implementsion of
the Quiet Communities Act.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,045,900 and 17 permanent workyears for
this program, of which $853,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $192,200 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
1982 will see a continuation of 1981 activities. Regional priority will
continue to be the encouragement of development of active State and local programs.
Emphasis will be placed on utilization of the Regional Noise Technical Assistance
Centers and State-operated ECHO programs as alternate methods for providing
direct assistance. Other activities to be carried out include administering the
cooperative agreement program, implementing the Motorcycle Noise Control National
Emphasis Plan, managing the QPC program, reviewing EIS's, running the equipment loan
program, continuing the Senior Environmental Employee program, and conducting noise
control workshops.
N-20
-------
Enforcement
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
NOISE
Noise Enforcement
Budget Current Increase t
Actual Estimate Estimate 'Estimate Decrease •>
1980 1981 1981 _ 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses $878 $716 $753 $1,10.1 +$348
Abatement, Control
and Compliance _= 246:;::ii: :r 225 218: ::,:T: 226 +8
Total, 1,124 941 971 1,327 +356
Permanent Positions , 22 19 19 19
Full-time Equivalency 32 35 35 35
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $1,326,800 and 35 permanent workyears for 1982, an
increase of $355,200 from 1981. Included in this total is $1,101,000 for Salaries and
Expenses and $225,800 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $347,900
and $7,300 respectively.
Prpgr.am Descri pt ion
The long-range goals and major objectives of the noise enforcement program are to
assure that regulated products distributed in commerce comply with Section 6 and 8 (new
product noise emission standards and information labeling requirements respectively) of the
Noise Control Act of 1972. Additionally, since federal enforcement cannot adequately address
compliance of regulated products in use, assistance is given to State/local governments in the
development of effective noise enforcement programs. The program goal is to integrate Federal,
State, and local noise enforcement activities into a coordinated national program to reduce
levels of environmental noise and to ensure compliance of regulated products.
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the primary emphasis of the noise enforcement program was monitoring compliance
and, where necessary, taking enforcement action under the standards for portable air
compressors and medium and heavy-duty trucks. In addition, preparations were made for
implementation of the informational labeling requirements for hearing protectors and the
standards for truck-mounted solid waste contactors.
Enforcement activities in 1980 included review of 700 production verification reports;
monitoring of 6 production verification tests and 11 selective enforcement audits; inspection
of 10 manufacturers' records/facilities; inspection of 8 manufacturers' test capabilities;
monitoring of 3 labeling verification tests; and conducting 2100 in-use surveillance tests.
Enforcement assistance and guidance was provided to 16 state and local noise enforcement
programs, and 2 State/local guidance packages were developed. Enforcement strategies and
inventories of regulated manufacturers were developed for the hearing protector labeling and
solid waste compactor regulations.
The 1980 resources included $245,500 for contracts which were used to conduct in-use
surveillance tests for portable air compressors and medium and heavy duty trucks, and hearing
protector testing; to assure quality performance by laboratories which conduct compliance
tests uder the new regulations; State and local enforcement guidance development; technical
support; and production verification report review,
N-21
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total $971,600 and 35 permanent workyears to this
program of which 5753,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $218,500 is for
extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural
funds will be used to support the State/local noise enforcement effort; (especially for
anti-tampering and in-use noise control requirements which supplement federal product
regulations) evaluate and summarize production verification reports; acquire products for
investigative testing; provide for engineering and technical support services; continue in-use
surveillance testing of regulated products, and surveillance testing of hearing protectors
subject to labeling requirements.
Current operations of the noise enforcement program include continued enforcement of
Section 6 new product noise emission standards for portable air compressors and medium and
heavy-duty trucks, and the new Section 8 labeling requirements for hearing protectors which
became effective September 27, 1980; initiation of enforcement of Section 6 noise emission
standards for solid waste compactors which became effective October 1, 1980; continued
assistance and guidance to State and local noise enforcement program; and development of
enforcement strategies for additional Section 6 standards and Section 8 labeling requirements.
Planned noise enforcement activities include: review of 1244 production verification
reports; monitoring 10 production verification tests; conducting 15 selective enforcement
audits; inspection of 30 manufacturers' records/facilities; inspection of 12 manufacturers'
test capabilities; review of 210 labeling verification reports; monitoring 10 label
verification tests; conducting 6 labeling compliance audits; conducting 1500 in-use
surveillance tests; conducting 10 surveillance and investigative tests on hearing protectors;
providing 2 State/local enforcement guidance packages; and assisting 12 State/local noise
enforcement programs.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estifnates
The net increase of 530,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity
is $4,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,800
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $6,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $6,600 was applied to this
activity.
- An increase of $49,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,326,800 and 35 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,101,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
5225,800 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds
will be used to conduct in-use tests on products regulated under Section 6 and sur-
veillance and investigative tests on hearing protectors.
N-22
-------
These resources will allow the Agency to increase our review of manufacturers'
noise production verification reports to 2500, review 210 labeling verification
reports, increase our monitoring production verification tests to 23, increase by 10
the nunter of selective enforcement audits, and inspect 30 manufacturers' records/
facilities to insure that only complying products are distributed in commerce.
A program to ensure compliance with the Section 8 labeling requirements is con-
tinued. Also, as necessary, EPA will conduct investigations of alleged noncompliance,
prepare administrative orders, and participate in administrative hearings. EPA will
compare results from manufacturers' noise testing facilities with results from its
noise enforcement facility in Sanusky, Ohio, to assure that proper testing is being
conducted. The noise enforcement program will continue to develop enforcement
strategies and attendant regulations to support the Office of Noise Abatement and Con-
trol's informational labeling program under Section 8 and standard setting activity
under Section 6. Guidance packages will be developed to help assure integration of
State and local enforcement activities with the Federal activities to provide a coor-
dinated national program for in-use as well as new product noise control.
N-23
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Interdisciplinary
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Budget
Actual
1980
Estimate
1981*
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981
(dollars
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses. ....
Research and Development..
Abatement, Control and
Total
Full-time Equivalency.....
$5
v^
4
2
12
27
?5
3&
,929
,014
,252
.19JB1
116
137
,509
.449
* Authorizations are contained within
Pollution Control Act, Clean Air
Fungicide, and Rondenticide Act,
portions by virtue of the
have been proposed for the
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Intermedia Programs:
Salaries and Expenses...
Research and Development
Total , Research and
Development Program.....
Environmental Impact
Statements:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Energy Review and
Permitting:
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
Integrated Environmental
Assistance;
Abatement, Control and
Interdisciplinary
Technical Assistance:
Salaries and Expenses...
Total :
Salaries and Expenses...
Abatement, Control and
$5
•***
3
1
10
23
22,
9
*
*
amount
Act, Solid
499
648
550
697
120
146
200
848
$s
>$iw
3
1
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
in thousands}
9
9
9
199
376
310
10-885
30
?2
9
authorized
Waste
125
151
289
848
for the
Disposal Act,
Safe Drinking Water Act
Appropriation
Research and
3
4
7
2
1
» *
2
2
,664
,014
,678
,199
,883
* • *
369
66
,265
,252
Act,
In
1982,
$6.765
jf\J f r V^X
4,514
^4,732
16,011
144
178
32,822
*
Federal
Federal
• +1
+3
+5
+2
Mater
$566
,138
,422
,126
£ 1 I_W
+19
+27
,533
Insecticide,
, as well as certain
authorizations
Development activities.
2
3
6
2
1
2
1
*
*
»
*
•
»
»
653
648
301
152
400
694
150
• •.*
846
550
3
3
6
2
1
3
1
1
*
»
186
376
562
..399
•
*
•
178
614
132
.*.
013
310
2.561
4,514
7,075
2,401
1 ,384
1 ,803
3,348
...
4,204
4.732
+1
+1
+3
+1
+3
-625
,138
+513
+2
+206
,189
,216
* • *
,191
.422
Page
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
1-1
1-13
I-.6
1-10
-------
Total, Abatement and
Control Program....
Permanent Positions
Env i ronment al Impact
Statements..........
Energy Review and
Permitting .,
Total, Abatement and
Control Program....
Full-time EQUJvalency
Environmental Impact
Statements
Energy Review and
Permitting...........
Total, Abatement and
Control Program...,
Actual
1980
4,517
75
75
79
Budget Current Increase +
Estimate" Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page
(dollars in thousands')
4,396
77
13
90
79
26
4,323
76
12
88
79
24
8,936
77
34
111
79
55
+4,613
+1
+22
1-6
1-10
+23
+31
1-6
1-10
79
105
103
134
+31
OVERVIEW_AND STRATEGY
Many environmental problems can be approached directly through specific media programs,
but effective management sometimes requires cutting across the usual media lines. Often
the problem, skill, or technique involved is not readily assignable to a specific media,
and an interdisciplinary approach is required. This interdisciplinary approach is
consistent with the original concerns of the Agency: the need for an integrated way to
address pollution in all media. EPA employs this intermedia approach several research and
development programs where the problems, tools, and results are multidisciplinary in nature
and must be coalesced into an integrated program. This concept is employed in the Agency's
efforts to forecast future environmental problems and to develop a long-range RSD agenda.
This concept is also applied to those areas of the environmental impact statement program
where' the identification of crosscutting impacts is important. Similarly, a program of
energy review and permitting has been included due to the need for a flexible multi-
disciplinary approach in assuring that the rapid development of new energy facilities is
accomplished in an environmentally sound manner.
Research and Development
Intermedia Programs
Exploratory Research. The major goals of this program are to provide a long-term
perspective to EPA's research and development activities and to enhance the quality
of mission-oriented research carried out by grantees and Office of Research and
Development Research centers. In support of these goals, program activities include
the identification and assessment of future environmental trends and management of
a rigorous peer review system for research grants to ensure that proposed extramural.
research is of high scientific quality. The 1982 forecasting activities in this
sub-program will incorporate trends analysis into the annual update of the Environmental
Outlook report. They will continue work to develop a system of environmental indicators
as a way of flagging changes in future environmental quality and will produce a compre-
hensive report on activities in this area. Improved methods to quantify the benefits
of environmental quality controls will be developed and, using established methods,
economic benefits of improvements in visibility will be estimated. EPA's research
grants and centers program will continue and the peer review system will be administered
to ensure that extramural research is of high quality. The origins of the Exploratory
1-2
-------
Research Program can be traced to recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences
and by the Office of Technology Assessment after they reviewed the Agency's program
planning process. Moreover, the program was established in response to Congressional
direction under Section 6(a) of Public Law 95-155, which requires that 15 percent of
resources for research be devoted to longer-term, anticipatory research.
National EnvironmentalWorkforce. Ensuring the availability of a trained workforce
for federal, state and local environmental agencies is the primary goal of the National
Environmental Workforce Program. In 1982, the Agency's activities will include expanding
the Senior Environmental Employment Corps program to enable more States to benefit from
the expertise of retired environmental professionals.
Minprity In_stitut ions ;5upport. the Minority Institutions Support Program helps
minority cb11eges and uni versit ies to participate in environmental research by awarding
grants to enable them to improve their research capabilities and to compete successfully
for federal research dollars.
Abatement and Control
Envi ronmental Impact Statements. EPA will continue to emphasize scoping in order to
throughly review the environmeritareffects of federal projects. These meetings with
other Federal agencies at the beginning of the environmental review process will expedite
identification and resolution of environmental issues mitigation. New emphasis will be
placed on post draft EIS follow-up to ensure that (nitration measures are developed and
that earlier EPA comments are incorporated. Additional resources will fund increased
scoping for the increased number of Energy project EISs anticipated in 1982.
Energy Review and. Permitting Program. This program provides EPA Regional offices with
additional resources to expedite the environmental review and permitting of energy
facilities. In 1982, resources are provided to augment National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Underground
Injection Control (UI-C). Contract funds will allow EPA to perform technical analyses of
synthetic fuel facilities and to accelerate the preparation of EISs for new source NPDES
permits. EPA will also act as a cooperating agency, assisting other federal agencies
in the preparation of EISs and preparing environmental analyses for energy projects
requiring EPA permits.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of dollars)
1981 Interdisciplinary Program.. $10,885
Salaries and Expenses..., +566
The net increase ($566) in salaries
and expenses is due both to an
increase ($1,189) in the Energy
Review & Permitting D.U. for travel,
to allow attendence at energy '•
scoping meetings and on-site visits,;
and a decrease ($625) in the RSD
intermedia program due to the
transfer of the Minority Institution
Research Support grant program (MIRS)
from SE to extramural R&D.
Research and Development..... •+•'!, 138
The increase ($1,138) contained in
the intermedia program is due to
the transfer of the (MIRS) grants
program ($721) to extramural R&D
and a ($417) increase for both
small scale assessments of emerging
environmental problems and economic
benefit analyses of pollution control
options.
1-3
-------
Abatement, Control and Compliance . +3,422
The increase ($3,422) is largely due
to the Energy Review and Permitting
increase of (S3,216). This increase
provides contract funds for
1) detailed control technology
evaluations, modelling and monitoring
for synthetic fuel permits and
2) environmental analyses.
1982 Interdisciplinary Program...., 16,011
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE
1. Summarypf Budget Request
An appropriation of $16,011,100 is requested for 1982. This request, by
appropriation, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses 6,765,600
Research and Development 4,513,800
Abatement, Control and Compliance 4,731,700
This represents an increase of $5,126,500 from the 1981 level. An increase
for the energy review and permitting program in order to provide additional
resources to the Agency's regional offices to accelerate issuance of Prevention
of Significant Deterioration (PSD); National Pollutant Discharge and Elimination
System_{NPDESh Resourc Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); and Underground
Injection Control (UIC) remits. The regions will also use these resources to
increase the expeditious permitting of critical energy facilities. A net increase
of $720,900 results from minimal changes to each of the subactivities within this
media: intermedia - non-energy (+$512,700); and Environmental Impact Statements
(+$208,200).
2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 estimate $10,697
Congressional Changes:
Travel -26
Consulting Services -45
Senior Executive Services Bonus -3
Abate'nent, Control and Compliance...... -45
Anticipatory Research \ -650
Presidential $7m reduction..... -32
Reprogramming for salary costs. +248
Miscellaneous reprogrammings..., +444
Proposed pay raise Supplemental +297
Current 1932 estimate 10,885
The Congress reduced Agency travel costs by 5850,000, and consulting
services by $3.8 million; which resulted in decreases to the interdisci-
plinary media fo $26,000 and $45,000, respectively. Senior Executive
Service bonuses were reduced by $750,000, resulting in a $3,000 decrease. -
President Carter's $7 million reduction to the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation resulted in a decrease of $32,000 to this media. The
Abatement, Control and Conpliance appropriation was reduced by $7.5
1-4
-------
million, $45,000 was applied to this activity. The anticipatory research
progran was reduced by $2.5 million, resulting 1n a 5650,000 reduction
to this media.
A supplemental is proposed to partially fund the October 1930 pay
raise and included $297,300 for this media. The overall reprogr arming
throughout the Agency for salary costs results in an increase of 5248,000.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings to this medial resulted in a net increase
of $444,-000.
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations.
$12,196
$10,531
Congressional changes.
Effect of reprogramnings............
Pay raise supplemental
Change in amount of carryover funds
av? ilable
Program change......................
Change in rate of obligation...
Total estimated obligations.......
(From new obligation authority).
(From prior year funds)....
-769
+660
+297
+1 ,029
-1,311
-1,571
10,531
(9,134)
0,347)
* * •
* * *
• • *
+353
•1-5,126
-925
15,085
(13,385)
(1,700)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The congressional changes discussed in the previous section are expected
to result in a decrease of $769,000 to obligations. The proposed pay raise
supplemental will increase obligations by 2297,000. Reprogramni ngs will
increase obligations by $660,000.
The amount of carryover funds estimated to be obligated in 1981 is
$1,347,000, an increase of $1,029,000 over the 1980 level. In 1982, it is
estimated that $1,700,000 of carryover funds will be obligated, an increase
of $353,00 over the 198] level.
The program change in 1981 was previously estimated to result in a
decrease of $1,311,000. In 1982, the program change is expected to increase
obligations by $5.1 million.
1-5
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Environmental Impact Statements
Appropriation
EIS Review:
Salaries and Expenses.....
New Source EIS Preparation:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Compl i ance
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
$1,781 $1,834 $2,081 52,041 -$40
419 318 318 360 +42
1,883 1,400 1,178 1,384 +206
2,200
1,883
2,152
1,400
2,399
1,178
2,401
1,384
+2
+206
Grand Total...
Permanent Positions
EIS Review..................
New Source EIS Preparation..
Full-time Equivalency
EIS Revi ew..................
New Source EIS Preparation..
4,083 3,552
60
15
65
12
3,577
65
11
3,785
65
12
+208
+1
64
15
67
12
68
11
67
12
-1
+1
Total,
79
79
79
79
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,784,800 for 1982, an increase of
$208,200 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,401,100 for Salaries and
Expenses and $1,383,700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, representing
increases of $2,100 and $206,100 respectively, from 1981. During 1982,
program activities will focus on the review of other Federal agency environ-
mental impact statements (EISs), regulations and other proposed actions, and
the preparation of new source EISs and findings of no significant impact.
Program Description
Section 309 of the Clean Air Act requires the Agency to review and comment
in writing on the environmental impact of any matter contained in any legis-
lation, proposed regulation, or EIS of other Federal agencies. The review
activity of EPA consists of working with the other Federal agencies to help
them determine the scope of their environmental .assessments, reviewing their
draft EISs to help them find alternative solutions on mitigation measures
for their proposed projects, determining when the unavoidable impacts on
health, welfare, or environmental quality would be unsatisfactory,
informing the public of EPA's findings, and negotiating with the other
agencies and the Council on Environmental Quality to resolve the major
issues and problems.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that all agencies
of the Federal Government prepare detailed EISs on proposals for legislation
and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the
human environment. The new source NEPA compliance activity at EPA includes
complete environmental reviews, preparation of either an EIS or finding of
no significant impact, evaluation of alternatives to proposed actions, and
mitigation measures to prevent adverse environmental impacts.
1-6
-------
EIS REVIEW
1980 Accomplishments
Increased efforts were directed toward improving the effectiveness and
timeliness of reviews. Major emphasis was placed on EPA assistance to other
Federal agencies in order to integrate effective environmental planning with
basic programmatic decision-making processes and to prevent costly and avoidable
errors in the planning and execution of major projects. Emphasis was also
placed on predraft impact statement liaison (scoping) as required by the new
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations. EPA's regulations for
implementation of procedures on the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
were revised and work began on revisions to EPA's EIS/309 review manual to
conform to the new CEQ regulations. Work also began on revising EIS review
guidelines for forest and coastal zone management plans and training EPA's
reviewers in using these guidelines. EPA reviewed approximately 1,000
draft and final EISs as well as more than 100 proposed Federal laws,
regulations, and other actions,
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,081,000 to this program,
all of which is for Salaries and Expenses,
No significant change in the EIS review activity from the current year
is anticipated. The major emphasis will continue to be on the early
identification of significant environmental issues. It is anticipated that
approximately the same number of EISs, proposed Federal agency regulations,
and other proposed Federal actions will be reviewed in 1981 as in 1980.
Revision of EPA's EIS/309 review manual to conform to the new Council on
Environmental Quality's (CEQ) regulations will be completed. EIS review
guidelines for forest and coastal zone management plans will be finalized
and development of a staff education program on these guidelines will be
completed.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates
The net Increase of $246,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and
Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,900.
- The Congress reduced agency wide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease
of $2,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million;
a decrease of $5,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $134,700 resutls from the cost of the October 1980
pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
.needs resulted in transfers of $131,700 from NEPA complinace/EIS preparation-
new source discharge permit ($1,300); from energy review and permitting
($27,000); from hazardous waste enforcement ($42,400); from EIS review-
air ($4,000); from manpower planning and training ($10,500); from hazardous
waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($12,500); from under-
ground injection control ($34,600); from uncontrolled hazardous waste site
($13,800); to EIS reviews-water quality ($2,400); to permit issuance ($3,200);
and to regional counsel ($8,800).
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,041,400 and 65 permanent workyears for this
program, a decrease of $39,600, all of which is for Salaries and Expenses.
T-7
-------
The major emphasis will continue to be on providing EPA assistance to
other Federal agencies and quality review of their documents. New emphasis
will be placed on follow-up to ensure that the agreed upon mitigation
measures are being implemented. It is expected that major efforts will be
required for consolidating and expediting the process of major energy
projects.
NEW SOURCE EIS PREPARATION
1980 Accomplishments
Almost $1.9 million of the 1980 resources was used for extramural funding.
A total of 11 environmental impact statements (EISs) and environmental studies
were initiated on new source industrial projects. A total of 12 draft and final
EISs on new source industrial projects were filed. Technical guidelines on
leather tanning and finishing, coal gasification, petroleum refineries,
non-ferrous smelters, and underground coal mines were finalized. Technical
guidelines for five other industrial categories will be drafted. Guidelines
for assessing induced growth of new source industries were drafted. A
memorandum of understanding between EPA and the Department of Interior,
Office of Surface Mining, setting forth criteria for determining lead agency
and the need for specific or areawide EISs for NPDES permits relating to
surface coal mining was signed.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,495,600 to the program,
of which $318,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,177,600 is for extra-
mural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The issuance of new source performance standards on coal mining will
considerably increase new source National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permit activity. Guidelines for assessing induced growth
of new source industries will be finalized. Technical guidelines for five
industrial categories will be finalized. Approximately ten EISs and environ-
mental studies are expected to be initiated in 1981.
1981 Explantation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $222,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $2,000.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$4,800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3,8 million; a
decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $45,200 was applied to this
activity.
- An increase of 519,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammngs to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in transfers of $7,700 to EIS reviews-water quality ($1,300); water
quality permit issuance ($2,500); pesticides use management ($2,100) and
regional management ($1,800).
1-8
-------
- Transfer of $5,000 from underground injection control program for the
printing of EIS statements.
- Transfer of $5,000 to toxic management to support an interagency
agreement.
- Transfer of $177,200 to State programs regulations and guidelines by
congressional directive to reprogram funds for the Flathead River Basin.
- Transfer of $5,000 from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to reflect
a regional adjustment of contract funds.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,743,400 and 12 permanent workyears
$359,700 is for Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,383,700 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Approximately the same number of EISs and environmental studies are
expected to be initiated as in 1981. It is anticipated that efforts will be
increased relating to expedited permitting of critical energy facilities.
1-9
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Energy Review and Permitting
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs 1931
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Energy Review and
permitting:
Salaries and Expenses ... $694 $614 $1,804 +$1,190
Abatement, Control and
Compliance -.. 150 132 3,348 +3,216
Total ... 844 746 5,152 +4,406
Permanent Positions ... 13 12 34 +22
Full-time Equivalency ... 26 24 55 +31
Budget Request :
The Agency requests a total of $5,151,600 and 34 permanent workyears for 1982, ah
increase of $4,405,600 and 22 permanent workyears form 1981. Included in this total is
$1,803,600 for Salaries and Expenses and $3,348,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance,
increases of $1,189,900 and $3,215,700, respectively.
Program Description
EPA has developed the energy review and permitting program in response to the increased
level of domestic energy development. The Agency's regional offices have already reported
an increase in both conventional and alternative enerny facilities. Each new conventional
facility, such as a coal mine or a power plant, may require EPA issued permits governing
air emissions or effluent discharges, with accompanying modelling and monitoring require-
ments. The Agency may also be required to prepare or review an environmental impact
statement for ?",y of these new facilities.
Alternative energy facilities, such as synthetic fuel plants, pose a special permitting
problem. Because operating experience is sparse, EPA cannot conclude — as a matter of
engineering or as a matter of law — that control technologies have been demonstrated for
synfuels. Therefore, we cannot develop industry-wide standards at this time. As a result
of the impracticality of setting industry-wide standards now, the permitting process will be
the regulatory mechanism through which environmental controls are determined for
the first generation of Mants. Currently, we know of over 150 alternative fuel
projects which are under construction, or al ready ^ope rat ing.
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
1-10
-------
The increased resources in this program element will allow the Agency's regional
offices to fulfill their permitting function adequately in the energy area. More
specifically, these regional resources fund an increase in permit issuancfi for
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD); National Pollutant Discharge and
Elimination System (NPDES); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (PCRA), and re-
lated activities, such as making best available control technology determinations
and reviewing monitoring systems.
Some af The resources will be devoted to preparation and review of Environmental
Impact Statements (EIS). In areas which the Agency has special expertise, we will
assist other agencies in their preparation of Environmental Impact Statements. The
Agency's EIS review workload for energy projects has more than doubled in the last
three years. In order to expedite the environmental review process, the Agency intends
to participate in the early stages of the preparation of Environmental Impact State-
ments by other agencies. EPA's cooperative role should aid in early identification
and resolution of problems that could otherwise delay permit issuance.
1980 Accomplishments
During 1980 the Agency worked to consolidate the various permitting and environ-
mental review requirements applicable to energy facilities. Special priority was
placed on processing energy project permit applications. No resources were specifically
identified in this activity.
198.1 P rogram
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $746,000 to this program of which
$613,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and 5132,300 is for extramural purposes under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The 1981 program includes a tracking
system to monitor the progress "of EPA reviews of priority energy projects. At this
time the Agency is monitoring 60 major energy projects. The Agency expects to use the
resources in this program for reviewing monitoring systems, making best available tech-
nology determinations, assessing the impact of emissions and effluents, or providing
technical assistance to State and local governments.
The Agency anticipates that it will have the lead role in preparing and following
up on EISs for five major energy projects. The regional offices will provide early
assistance to other agencies in the scoping phase of energy EISs to expedite identifica-
tion and resolution of any environmental problems.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
the net decrease of $98,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transnitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is 54,800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel '.costs by $850,000; a decrease of 512,800
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by S3.8 million; a decrease
of S3,700 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $37,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Perr-ogrammings to realign salary and related costs to r>.eet on-boaM needs resulted
in transfers of 567,500 to EIS review-air (58,700); EIS review-water quality (518,100);
administrative management-regions ($10,500); planning, evaluation and analysis (529,500);
1-11
-------
- P.eprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in transfers of $67,500 to EIS review-air ($8,700); EIS review-water quality ($18,100);
administrative management-regions ($10,500); planning, evaluation and analysis ($29,500);
financial mananenent regions ($7,800); and from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
(514,200); hazardous waste management, regulatory strategies implementation ($3,100);
solid waste manapenent program implementation ($1,900); and to ambient air quality
monitoring ($12,100).
- A transfer of $6,000 was niade to the Administrative Law Judges to provide addi-
tional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties
under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
- Transfer of $16,500 to state programs regulations and guidelines to fund the
interagency agreement for a Soil Conservation expert*
- Transfer of $12,300 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites for an analytical con-
tract to expand regional capability to analyze high priority, quick turn-around samples.
- Transfer of 511,100 from ambient air quality monitoring (58,200) and manpower
planning and training ($2,900) to support an interagency agreement for NOAA meteorologist.
- A transfer of $23,300 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to pro-
vide additional resources to that Office.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $5,151,600 and ?4 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $1,803,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$3,348,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. In 1982, the Agency expects
to permit and review an increased number of energy projects. We expect that there will
be a number of conplex synthetic fuels projects. The Agency anticipates having the lead
role in the preparation of EISs for five critical energy facilities, and a cooperating
role in the preparation of 35 other EISs. In areas where the agency has special ex-
pertise (e.g. air and water quality monitoring), we will assist other agencies in
the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements for energy projects. The coopera-
tive role taken by EPA to expedite the environmental review process is expected to
account for a majority of the resources requested in this program. Additionally,
the regional offices will provide assistance in the scoping phase of any energy
EIS to expedite issue identification and resolution.
The Agency will continue to use the resources in this program element to accelerate
issuance of Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD); National Pollutant Elimination
and Discharge System (NPDES); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (P.CPO, and Under-
ground Injection Control ('JIC) permits for new energy facilities. The resources in
this program element may be used for reviewing monitoring systems, making best available
technology determinations, assessing the impact of emissions and effluents, or providing
technical assistance to State and local govenements.
1-12
-------
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Intermedia - Non-Energy
Appropriation
Exploratory Research
Core Program:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Minority Institution
Research Support:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development.......
National Environmental
Workforce:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development.
TOTALs
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development
GRAND TOTAL
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
1980 1981* 1981 1982
(dollars in thousands)
$ 3,412 $ 2,440 $ 2,209 $ 2,221
3,974 3,648 3,376 3,793
S24
123
721
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
$ 12
+ 417
- 701
+ 721
252
40
3,664
4,014
212
» • »
2,653
3,648
153
....
3,186
3,376
217
...
2,561
4,514
+ 64
...
- 625
-1,138
7,678
6,301
6,562
7,075
H- 513
Permanent Positions
Exploratory Research
Core Program ....
Minority Institution
Research Support
National Environmental
Workforce
TOTAL.
31
24
39
30
30
3
4
~5T
24
3
6
IT
-6
+2
-4
1-13
-------
Budget Current • Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Full-time Equivalency
Exploratory Research
Core Program 47 35 40 35 -5
Minority Institution
Research Support — — 3 3 ...
National Environmental
Workforce 9 .7 5 7 +2
TOTAL . 56 42 48 45 -3
*3anuafy 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $7,074,700 for 1982, an increase of $512,700
from 1981. Included in this total is $2,560,900 for Salaries and Expenses and
$4,513,800 for Research and Development, with a decrease of $624,900 and an
increase of $1,137,600, respectively.
Program Description
This program's components, or subprograms, serve the common needs of the
Agency's research programs and do not clearly align to one particular research
committee.
The Exploratory Research Program serves to integrate on an intermedia basis
the longer term research needs of the Agency as expressed by each research
committee. The objectives of the program is to: (1) identify, define and assess
long-term environmental trends, problems and opportunities; (2) support mission-
oriented basic research to stimulate innovative and long-range ideas and to
infuse such concepts into Agency planning; and (3) insure the scientific merit of
such research through rigorous peer review. The primary goal of this program is
to promote efforts to minimize future environmental problems in a manner compati-
blewith other national long-term economic and social goals. The origins of this
program can be traced to recommendations based on reviews of the Agency's R&D
program and planning process by the National Academy of Sciences and by the
Office of Technology Assessment, Moreover, the program was established in
response to Congressional direction under Section 6(a) of Public Law 95-155,
which requires that 15 percent of resources for research be devoted to longer-
term, anticipatory research. The program's long-term, strategic perspective has
been highly integrated into the Agency's R&D planning and policy-making process.
Programs to achieve these objectives include the Strategic Assessment and
Special Studies Program, the Research Grants and Centers Program, the National
Environmental Workforce, and Minority Insitutions Support Program.
1-14
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Strategic Assessment and Special Studies Program aims to provide long-range
strategic guidance to the Agency's R&D planning process. The program produces an
annual Environmental Outlook report, analyzing long-range trends and in-depth
assessmentsof significant emerging environmental problems. Objectives are
achieved by developing forecasting techniques and environmental assessment, the
Office conducts large-scale studies that integrate a geographic region. The
Agency's major effort to develop and improve economic benefit estimates of
environmental control is also maintained here. The 1982 Strategic Assessment
subprogram includes: updated analyses of long-term trends reported in the
EnvironmentalOutlook; a major summary of environmental quality controls. The
benefits program will include: health benefits of air pollutant control;
relationship between air pollution, other environmental factors and wages; bene-
fits for improved visibility in the Eastern U.S.; and a summary of air pollutant
benefits research.
Exploratory Research Grants and Centers Program administers ORD's new compe-
titive Research Grants Program amf the extramural Exploratory Research Centers.
The grants program utilizes a rigorous peer review system and is coordinated
closely with other ORD planning activities. The Centers program builds upon
expertise at major universities to create comprehensive programs to address
critical Agency long-term scientific needs, and is reponsible for transferring
the results of these efforts to appropriate offices within the Agency. The 1982
subprogram calls for continued emphasis on improving the quality of proposals,
coordination of the process within the Agency, and the dissemination of research
results. Eight Exploratory Research Centers will be in full operation with
emphasis on examining new trends. Dissemination of results for both the
Competitive Grants Program, and Exploratory Research Centers will emphasize sem-
inars and workshops.
The National Environmental Workforce Program operates to ensure the
availability of a trained workforce for federal, state, and local environmental
agencies. In 1982, the Agency will expand the Senior Environmental Employment
Corps program and will award apprenticeships at EPA laboratories to 200 minority
high school students. Grants will be awarded to develop a trained workforce
which can support EPA program offices. The program will continue managing and
implementing environmental workforce programs using extramural resources from
Agency Offices and from other Federal agencies.
The Minority Institutions Research Support Program helps minority colleges
and universities become more competitive in securing federal research funds,
encourages minority students to choose environmental science careers, and promo-
tes faculty exchanges between minority institutions and EPA laboratories.
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $7,386,000 for this sub-program, of which
$3,411,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $3,973,700 was for extramural
research activities. ;
Strategic Assessment and Special Studies
Produced the Environmental Outlook 1980, a comprehensive report which
forecasts future trends for a numb'ir of pollutants and asseses the
environmental implications of these trendsl
1-15
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- Epidemiology Research Center at the University of Pittsburgh.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,585,400 to this sub-program,
of which $2,209,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,376,200
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Strategic Assessment and Special Studies
Produce the Environmental Outlook 1981 report. Unlike the comprehensive
overview presented in Environmental Outlook 1980, the 1981 report wiU focus
on four major areas: Future Trends in Agriculture and Potential
Environmental Consequences; Potential Feedstock Changes in the Organic
Chemical Industry and the Implications for Hazardous Waste Streams}
Deposition of Heavy Metals—an Environmental Assessment; and Demographic and
Lifestyle Trends—Environmental Implications.
Following competitive solicitation and review, up to ten small scale problem
assessment proposals will be selected for funding. Candidate topics include
ocean disposal of geothermal brines and ecological allergies.
Complete major reports on the economic benefits of air and water pollution
control. The air pollution reports will include the economic benefits
delivered from air pollution control in San Francisco and protection of
visibility in Western National Parks. A benefit-cost analysis of air
pollution control in Los Angeles will also be reported. The water study
report will emphasize the benefits derived from improved recreation and
option value.
A major report will be completed on the advantages and disadvantages of using
economic incentives for pollution control with case studies of their
possible applications to controlling airport noise, implementing prevention
of significant deterioration, and controlling atmospheric benzene emissions. ~~
The first phase of the programs Integrated Industrial Assessment effort will
be completed which will provide a systematic procedure for selecting
industries for detailed study. Two assessments will be initiated during 1981
to guide ORD's exploratory research efforts towards minimizing the future
environmental problems associated with these industries and to identify
opportunities for maintaining environmental quality while enhancing
industrial productivity and growth.
A final report will be produced describing the results of the first phase of
the Integrated Environmental Assessment, of Regions IV and VI, A second
phase will be initiated for an analyses of the current environmental status
of the entire study area, each region specifically, and specific local
issues. The study will also project feasible health, ecosystems and
socioeconomic well-being of the two Regions.
Focus the Mussel Watch program on those "hot spot" areas identified by the
monitoring efforts. The intent is to determine the degree to which Mussel
Watch data accurately reflect long-term trends in the enviornmental health
of coastal waters.
1-17
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Exploratory Grants and Centers
Anticipate receiving 1,200 proposals for review, critique, and ranking for
scientific merit by the peer review panels. Information on research results
from grants-in-place will be provided regularly to interested Agency
personnel.
Will establish an Exploratory Research Center for specialized research in
the area of treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. This Center will
study the design, construction, maintenance, operation and closure of hazar-
dous waste landfills and facilities. Research will also be included on
remedial activities related to the problems unique to spills and other
emergency situations.
Establish and coordinate operating policies and research agendas for the
following Centers: Ultimate Waste Elimination, intermedia Transport, Ecosy-
stem Research and Marine Sciences Research.
Analyses will be made of the effectiveness of the existing Centers in
providing the needed fullness of coverage, both in scope and depth.
Recommendations for improvement will be prepared.
1981 Explanation of^Cjwige from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $501,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,600.
- The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million; a
decrease of $649,800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agency wide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$1,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $25,900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide. Senior Executive; Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrese of $2,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $91,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to -realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in transfers of $190,500 from other activities.
- Transfer of funds in order to realign support to all programs supported by
what was formerly anticipatory research funds: $528,400 within the 5<3cE
appropriation, to taxic chemicals Testing and assessment ($394,400) and to
solid waste/non-energy ($134,000); $378,400 within the R&D appropriation,
from toxic chemicals testing and assessment,
- Transfer of $62,300 from interdisciplinary-National Environmental
Workforce, resulting from a reassessment of the workload of these
programs.
- A transfer of $4,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
-------
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $6,014,300 and 24 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $2,221,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation
and $3,793,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and .Development
Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $428,900 for performing small-scale
assessments of emerging environmental problems, and for conducting analyses to
imprp-. e estimates of the economic benefits associated with pollution control
options.
Strategic: Assessment and Special Studies
Produce the Environmental Outlook 1982 report. This report will be patterned
after the 1981 report "and will analyze several specific long-term
environmental trends, problems, and opportunities.
Produce detailed analyses of long-range environmental trends and R&0 needs
for use by the Agency's Research Committees.
Select for funding five to seven small-scale assessments following
competitive solicitation and review. Topics will be in areas identified by
other forecasting/analysis efforts of the program and in conjunction with
ORD's overall R&D planning process.
Complete research studies on the economic benefits from control of major
environmental disasters, and from improved visibility in the eastern United
States and investigate two promising but not previously analyzed microepide-
miological data sets to determine the health benefits of air pollution
controls.
- Complete Phase I of the Integrated Assessment of Regions IV and VI which will
include detailed analyses of the current and future environmental status of
the area. Phase n will be initiated in FY .'82 to identify and analyze
alternative public policies and strategies for environmental protection.
Expand the Integrated Industrial Assessments Program to include an
additional 2-3 industries in FY '82. As assessments are developed for
several industries, the Program will analyze inter-industry factors/trends.
The goal is to identify long-term research priorities based on an improved
understanding of potential economic/environmental trends that cut across
segments of the Nation's industries.
Undertake a regional monitoring effort to field test the physiological
measures within mussels that have been studied as potentially useful
indicators of toxic stress.
Exploratory Grants and Centers
Emphasis will be on (1) continued improvements in quality of research; (2)
coordination with the Agency research planning process; (3) broad
dissemination of results of completed grants; and (4) coordination with
other Federal agencies:
Overview and management of the eight operating Centers will emphasize
attention to new trends, discoveries or leads coming from ongoing studies. A
search will be made for targets of opportunity to apply these findings on a
pilot or full scale.
A summary report of the results obtained by each of the Centers will be
prepared for review to determine the effectiveness of existing Centers in
covering of necessary areas and in responding to new needs.
1-19
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NATIONAL ENyiRONMENTALjyORK FORgE
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $292,300 for this sub-program, of which
$252,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $40,000 was for extramural research
activities.
1980 Accomplishments
The National Environmental Workforce Development effort assisted State and
local environmental agencies in meeting their employment and training needs.
Serving as the coordinator of the Agency's Academic Training program, this
program provided policy guidance to program offices offering direct
technical training to employees of States, municipalities and industry.
The Minority Appreticeship Program provided summer employment opportunities
to high achieving minority high school students. The program employed 100
students in EPA research laboratories throughout the country.
The Senior Environmental Employment (SEE) Program provided State and local
environmental agencies with experienced and enthausiastic older workers at
little or no cost to the agencies.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $153,200 and H permanent
workyears to this sub-program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation.
The Senior Environmental Employment (SEE) activity will expand to include 25
state programs.
The Minority Research Apprenticeship program will provide summer employment
opportunities to 150 high achieving minority high school students.
In cooperation with the Department of Labor, EPA will produce and distribute
the Environmental Protection Careers Guidebook to academic institutions and
to potential employers.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $59,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300.
- The Congress reduced agency wide .travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$3,500 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $8,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $900 to other activities.
- Transfer of $62,300 to interdisciplinary-exploratory research, resulting
from an assessment of the workload of the programs.
1-20
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $217,000 and 6 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation. This
reflects an increase of $63,800 to fully cover the pay of personnel.
Continue to assist State and local environmental agencies in meeting their
employment and training needs.
Maintain the Senior Environmental Employment Corps in 25 states.
Award apprenticeships at EPA laboratories to 200 minority high school
students.
MINORITY INSTITUTION RESEARCH SUPPORT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $6*2,600 for this sub-program of which
was for Salaries and Expenses and $578,300 was for extramural research
activities.
Through the program's Minority Institution Research Support (MIRS) efforts,
eight institutions received research support totaling $6*2,600 in 1980. A
mechanism to facilitate the participation of minority institutions in the
Competitive Research Grants Program was also initiated. In 1980, three
minority institutions received Competitive Research Grant funds as a result
of this effort.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $823,400 to this sub-program,
all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation.
Emphasis will be concentrated on improving the quality of research grant
applications so that fuller participation in the competitive grants program
will be gradually approached. Some Minority Institutions can now compete on
an approximately equal basis with other universities and colleges, but a
similar improvement will be sought from others.
1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $822,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$1,500 was applied to this activity,
- An increase of $5,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $1,700 from other activities.
1-21
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- Transfer of the Minority Institution Research Support program from program
management into this interdisciplinary activity resulted in an increase of
$811,000.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $8*3,400 and 3 permanent workyears for this
sub-program of which $122,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$720,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $20,000 for support to minority institutions
interested in conducting environmental research.
Continuing efforts will be made to integrate the MIRS program more fully into
the competitive grants program while still providing levels of funding
commensurate with Congressional and administrative commitments to continued
special assistance to qualifying institutions.
- Major emphasis will be directed toward improving the quality of proposals
coming from these insitutions.
- Competitive grants program funds will be used to supplement MIRS funds,
where minority institutions can compete favorably with other institutions,
allowing MIRS funds to be used by institutions needing more assistance to
develop their research capacity.
Symposia/Workshops will be organized to provide interested scientists,
agencies and the general public information resulting from completed grants*
A summary report on the effectiveness of the MIRS program will be produced
including a description supported by the program.
1-22
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Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Toxic Substances
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Budget Current Increase +
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses. .......
Research and Development.....
Abatement, Control
Total
Authorization Levels.........
* Authorization pending.
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Chemical Testing
and Assessment:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Total , Research and
Toxic Substances Strategies
Abatement, Control
Total , Abatement and
Toxic Substances
Enforcement:
Abatement, Control
Total, Enforcement Program...
Permanent Positions
Chemical testing and
Toxic Substances
Toxic Substances
Enforcement.. ................
Full-time Equivalency
Chemical testing and
Toxic Substances
Strategi es. ..................
Toxic Substances
Actual
1980
$29.452
22,040
38,745
90,237
594
742
59,163
30,977
8,866
22j040
30,906
18,231
37,666
55,897
2,355
1,079
3,434
118
411
65
154
507
81
Estimate
1981*
$34,603
28,674
46,215
109,492
775
894
90,200
36,895
11,711
28,674
40,385
20,181
43,734
63,915
2,711
2,481
5,192
187
502
86
225
574
95
Estimate
1981
{dollars in
$34,741
24,192
47,785
106 718
750
902
63,195
36,895
12,315
24,192
36,507
19,530
45,183
64,713
2,896
2,602
5,498
181
485
84
237
572
93
Estimate
1982 1
thousands)
$41 ,400
24 354
41,887
107 641
796
913
68,394
*
14,420
24,354
38,774
22,948
40,353
63,301
4,032
1,534
5,566
174
511
111
213
580
120
Decrease -
982 vs. 1981
+$6 659
+162
-5,898
+923
+46
+11
+5,199
+2,105
+162
+2,267
+3,418
-4,830
-1,412
+1,136
-1 ,068
+68
-7
+26
+27
-24
+8
+27
Page
TS-26
TS-10
TS-23
TS-27
TS-10
TS-23
TS-27
TS-10
TS-23
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
TS-1
-------
OVERVIEWAND STRATEGY
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) established a program to insure that adequate
data are developed on the effects of chemical substances on health and the environment,
and that those chemicals which present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the
environment are regulated to reduce that risk. The Act's coverage is broad, affecting
more than 55,000 chemicals currently in commerce. Up to 1,000 additional new chemicals
are introduced each year. About 115,000 manufacturers and processors are subject to
the Act.
The law contains several major authorities. First EPA may require manufacturers to
conduct, at their own expense, health and environmental effects testing on designated
existing chemicals. Second, the Agency may require the private sector to provide a
broad range of basic Information on chemicals; this includes information the government
might not otherwise receive, such as reports of substantial risks, chemical or employee
and consumer allegations that a substance may cause significant adverse reactions.
Finally, TSCA gives EPA the power to control the production, distribution, use, and
disposal of chemicals—new and existing—found to cause unreasonable risks.
The premanufacture notification provisions of TSCA, which cover new chemicals,
have been in effect since July of 1979. These provisions require manufacturers and
importers to notify EPA 90 days before new chemical substances enter commerce. Under
the law, submitters are expected to provide enought Information with their notices
to enable EPA to make a "reasoned evaluation of the health and environmental effects"
of the substance. In the absence of such information, under Section 5(e) of TSCA,
EPA may propose to prohibltor limit the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use,
or disposal of the substance, if the Agency determines that any of all of these
activities may present an unreasonable risk or if there may be substantial release of,
or exposure to, the substance. If the Agency fails to take any action before the 90-day
period expires, the substance may enter commerce unconditionally.
On existing chemicals, if EPA finds that there 1s a reasonable basis to conclude that
the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, or disposal of a chemical substance or
mixture, or that any combination of such activities, presents or will present an unreasonable
risk of injury to health or the environment, it may Impose, through rulemaklng, appropriate
regulatory requirements to the extent necessary to protect adequately against such risk.
Analyses of the ecological and health effects of the chemical substances and mixtures,
identification of sources and exposed populations and exposure levels, evaluation of
possible substitutes, and assessment of economic and technological factors will have to be
performed as part of the regulatory process. In proposing regulatory actions, EPA must
provide an opportunity for comments by all Interested parties, including an opportunity
for oral presentation of facts and arguments.
There was a limited organizational and conceptual base upon which to build the toxic
substances program when the law was first enacted, now more than three years ago. The
first years of implementation required the development of the foundations for progra
operation. An Integral part of that foundation 1s the newly approved TSCA organizational
structure. This new structure is designed to emphasized two major but distinct program
responsibilities: (1) implementation of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), and
(2) integration of Agency-wide toxics control TSCA implementation activities responsi-
bilities are now the sole responsibility of the Office of Toxic Substances; the consoli-
dation of TSCA Implementation responsibilities into one office provides functionally for
a more streamlined organization, eliminating many of the organizational and administrative
problems uncovered in the first years of TSCA implementation. EPA is required to implement
a number of statutes dealing with chemicals and in recognition of the need for a consistent
Agency-wide approach to doing so.
TS-2
-------
The major programs EPA must develop and implement to carry out the •provisions of
the Act are those to: (create and maintain an inventory of all existing chemicals tn
commerce, including extensive data of each chemical's manufacture, distribution, and
use; (b) require testing of chemicals and submission of reports of existing information
by industry and, through a multistage assessment process, review these and other data
to determine chemical hazards; (c) review, assess, and act on new chemical and
significant new use notifications by industry, and control the manufacturing, processing,
distribution, use, and disposal of new and existing chemicals that pose unreasonable risks
to health and the environment; (d) enforce these statutory and regulatory programs; and
(e) conduct research and development to support the implementation of the law.
Although difficult to measure, it is clear that TSCA and our program have already
had a dramatic impact on industry and its approach to production, processing, and use
of chemicals. It is apparent that the requirement to report for the Chemical Inventory,
identify and report substantial risks, and prepare premanufacture notifications has
caused many changes in corporate structure and policy in companies both large and small.
Along with these changes have come new approaches toward the handling of information
and data on chemicals that can be brought to bear on corporate decision-making. Another
measure of the impact of TSCA has been, the dramatic increase in chemical industry
toxicological testing facilities and personnel made in anticipation of the testing
demands of TSCA.
On the other hand, we've only partially achieved our goals, and some of our
progress has been due to industry's anticipation of future TSCA requirements. To be
successful in making further progress we will need to put the other key TSCA mechanisms
into place and to exhibit the proper degree of vigor and persistence in their application
over time.
The 1981 toxic substances program strategy is to develop regulatory and nonregulatory
approaches which provide strong continuing incentives to the private sector to achieve the
TSCA goals of protecting public health and the environment. The incentives should be
designed to (1) stimulate industry to develop safer chemicals (without unduly affecting
innovation), (2) to provide adquate information about the hazards associated with those
substances, and (3) to take actions to protect against unnecessary risks.
More specifically, the focus of the 1981 toxic substances program will be to continue
to place high priority on key elements of our new chemical program, including the premanu-
facture review process, testing guidelines, significant new use rules (applied in conjunction
with risk listing, as appropriate), Section 5(h) exemptions. The final Section 5 rule will
be promulgated to provide both industry and EPA with a clearer framework in which to operate.
We will also emphasize action which will establish an adequate information and assessment
base upon which to regulate now and in the future. This will include the development of
rules to obtain testing data and the development of reporting and recording-keeping rules.
We expect to review over 500 new chemicals, require data submitted under Section 8 on a
few thousand priority chemicals, initiate additional test rules on more than a dozen
chemicals for various health and ecological effects, propose control on nonaerosal of
chlororfluorocarbons in the United States, and move toward control of a few other high
risk chemicals.
During 1981, the Office of Toxics Integration will work with the office of Planning
and Evaluation and other Agency programs to develop a toxics integration strategy. This
strategy will promote coordination of all future Agency actions on toxic substances. Major
goals of the strategy include (1) establishing the use of unified multi-media chemical risk
assessments to serve several Agency programs at the same time, (2) developing an Agency list
of the most significant toxic hazardous chemicals and prioritizing principal exposure routes
of concern to the Agency, (3) developing a process for identifying the principal exposure
routes of a chemical the Agency has targeted for control, and closing out EPA efforts or
lowering the priority of remaining less significant exposure routes, and (4) developing
decision criterial for the future selection of toxic chemicals of concern. In addition to the
development of the strategy, the integration program will promote integration of toxics acti-
vities through special projects and active roles in various intra- and inter-agency work groups,
including the Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group (IRLG), Toxic Substances Priority Committee
(TSPC), and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Through pre-
paration of analytical tools and publications for the Agency, the toxics integration program
will assist the Agency in better use of its existing resources and data bases to integrate and
coordinate toxics control activities. Finally, the program will encourage State and local
control of toxics problems by making chemical information (i.e., health effects, exposure
routes, etc.) widely available.
TS-3
-------
The focus of the 1982 toxic substances program will be to put the remaining key TSCA
mechanisms into place. Our new chemical program will continue as our highest priority, in-
cluding taking action under Sections 5(e) and 5(f), as appropriate, to control the introduction
of hazardous new chemicals into commerce and to follow up on other chemicals via "significant
new use rules" or reporting and recordkeeping rules under Section 8(a). We will also emphasize
action which will establish an adequate information and assessment base upon which to regulate
in the future. This will include the development of rules to obtain testing data and the
development of reporting and recordkeeping rules. We expect to review over 800 new chemicals*
require data submissions under Section 8, initiate testing rules'on numerous chemicals for
various health and ecological effects, and move forward on control of other high risk chemicals
under Section 6. We will provide required assessment, monitoring, economic analysis and other
support as needed. In cooperation with the newly established Office of Toxic Integration, OTS
will continue to expand the effort to integrate toxics-related activities across different EPA
programs and the IRLG agencies. The goals of these efforts are to ensure that we are: (a)
dealing with the most serious problems; (b) avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort; and
(c) achieving the most protection of public health and the environment possible with the
available resources.
During 1982, the toxic integration program will emphasize implementation of the toxics
integration strategy developed in the previous year. With both short and long-term strategy
objectives well defined, primary emphasis will be placed on seeing that all programs carry
out strategy objectives. In addition to ensuring that the strategy is implemented, the toxics
integration program will continue work in six major areas: (1) Agency-wide integration of
action on toxic substances, including chairing and staffing the TSPC; (2) agency representa-
tion to international organizations dealing with chemical control; (3) administration of the
interagency Chemical Substances Information Network (CSIN); (4) Agency representation on the
IRLG; (5) liaison between TSPC program and Regional and State staffs; and (6) encouraging
public participation in TSCA implementation.
The toxic substances enforcement program, operating in partnership with the Agency's
toxic substances regulatory program, seeks to protection public health and the environment
from unreasonable risks posed by chemical substances through the enforcement of TSCA and
its established regulations. The enforcement program concentrates its efforts on the
enforcement of those regulatory provisions which (1) prevent or abate public health and
environmental threats from chemical contamination, particularly in emergency situations;
(2) assure that data used to make regulatory judgments are accurate, comprehensive, and
timely; and (3) monitor compliance with existing standards to determine that regulated
chemicals are manufactured, handled, and used in accordance with the law.
The enforcement program, moreover, establishes distinct but complementary roles for
both the headquarters and regional components of the program. The headquarters function
includes the responsibilities to coordinate enforcement response to emergency situations;
provide enforcement representation in and support to the TSCA regulatory development
process; design, implement, and oversee inspection, compliance monitoring and enforcement
policies, strategies and procedures; develop, implement and exercise enforcement remedies
upon the detection of violations; assist and support regional personnel in case develop-
ment and prosectuion, the regional function is to conduct inspection and compliance
monitoring activities in support of all established rules regulations; impose
appropriate enforcement remedies in all instances of violation through the initiation
and prosecution of enforcement actions. As the list of enforceable rules and regulations
expands, the role of the regional office will grow in size and importance.
In 1982, the number of enforceable rules and regulations will continue to increase
over previous years. Thus, the level of enforcement activity will also increase. The
enforcement response to emergency situations will continue to be of primary importance.
Additional chemical control regulations for asbestos in schools and CFC nonaerosol
uses will join those already in existence to represent the largest single portion of
the overall routine regional enforcement workload. The enforcement of premanufacturing
requirements and information gathering and reporting rules will remain a part of the
overall workload. New rules and regulations will be developed, proposed, and promulgated
throughout 1982, and corresponding enforcement policies and strategies will be designed
and implemented, all of which demand further enforcement participation and support.
Finally, the establishment of grants-in-aid to State agencies to develop and support
State-operated toxic substances enforcement programs, begun in 1981, will receive
continued support and development.
The 1981 research and development program will focus on developing Improved rapid,
reliable, and cost-effective techniques to be used for predicting transport, trans-
formation, exposure concentration and adverse deleterious effects on human health and
the environment resulting from exposure to toxic substances. Research will be done
on predicting, measuring, and determining the significance of exposure to commercial
chemicals, with the ultimate goal of preventing or reducing adverse human health
effects.
TS-4
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Research will also be conducted to develop measurement methods for identification and
quantification of trace level toxic substances in the environment. In addition, program
emphasis will be on methods for measuring toxic chemicals in sediments, marine plants and in
the air. These methods are needed in measuring exposure concentration, monitoring'chemicals,
designing control techniques and in enforcing regulations. In fiscal year 1981 and beyond,
the program will provide field assistance to .obtain data to validate testing protocols that
have beeri issued and to assist 1n enforcement actions.
The 1982 RSD program has been planned in concert with the Agency's regulatory and oper-
ational strategies. The program's central theme is chemical testing and assessment, with each
of the program's components (e.g., health effects or research on engineering and technology)
providing a unique contribution to the total research effort. More specifically, the program
is planned to help support the Office of Toxic Substances multistage risk assessment process,
one which is designed to systematically select chemicals for increasingly detailed levels of
analysis. Using such an approach, judgments can be made about the adequacy of available in-
formation and the need for control action. To this end, the R&D program will maintain its
focus on developing and refining testing and assessment methodologies for both exposure and
effects data. Implicit in the program's design is the use, where possible, of data from other
research efforts, with a view toward building on them and adapting them specifically to a
regulatory perspective.
The outputs of the overall research effort will address problems posed by both existing
and new chemicals. These outputs are planned to support the development of testing require-
ments and hazard assessment. The outputs have been prioritized in the Research Committee in
parallel with those of the Agency's regulatory and operational components. The program will
include emphasis on the premarket notification process noted in the previous section and on
quality assurance in concert with the overall emphasis on operationally implementing TSCA.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands_ of: dollars)
1981 Toxic Substances Program, $106,718
Salaries and Expenses +6,659
The net increase will allow for expansion
of the premanufacture review program, health
effects research, monitoring systems and
quality assurance and enforcement actions.
Research and Development +162
The net increase will permit the estab-
lishment of a quality assurance program
specifically tailored to the Agency's
regulatory and enforcement activities.
Abatement, Control and Compliance -5,898
The decrease primarily reflects a
reduction in the area of, test standards
and some additional enforcement activities.
1982 Toxic Substances Program , 107,641
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1- Summary of Budget Request
A total of $107,640,700 is requested in 1982. This request by
appropriation account, is as follows:
Salaries and Expenses $41,400,100
Research and Development 24,353,500
Abatement, Control and Compliance 41,887,100
TS-5
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This represents an increase of $923,000 over the 1981 level. The increase for the
monitoring systems and quality assurance program will be focused on the Toxic Substances
Control Act requests. The increase in the chemical control activity will be used in
the prernanufacture review program.
2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 estimate $109,492
Congressional decrease:
Travel.. • -46
Consulting Services -271
SES Bonuses -17 ,
ADP ...... -858 v
General reduction to Abatement, ^s
Control and Compliance -490
General reduction to Reseach and
Devel opment -3,003
Anticipatory Research....... -850
Reprogratnming to radiation media for
Radiation Policy Council -129
Reprogramming to support Administrative
Law Judges ... -13
Transfer to support Office of the
Inspector General...................... -19
Transfer from pesticides media to repay
"borrowed" 1980 funds for Silvex +2,000
Reprogrammi ng for authorized workyears... -477
Reprogrammi ng to support Three Mile
Islanrt -200
Proposed pay raise supplemental.. +1,692
Miscellaneous reprogrammings -93
Current 1981 estimate 106,718
Congressional changes to the toxic substances media include a reduction of
$17,000 for SES Bonuses, $858,000 for ADP, $46,000 for travel, $271,000 for
consulting services,$850,000 specificed for anticipatory research and a general
reduction of $490,000 from Abatement, Control and Compliance and $3,003,000 from
Research and Development.
A transfer of $129,000 was made to the radiation media for support of the
Radiation Policy Council.
A transfer of $13,000 was nade to management and support for the Office of
Administrative Law Judges.
A transfer of $19,000 was made to management and support for the Office of the
Inspector General.
A transfer of $2,000,000 was made from pesticides to "repay" funds which were
borrowed in 1980 for 511 vex disposal.
An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to" provide sufficient salary funds to
cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $477,000 to this media. The proposed
supplemental for partial funding of the October 1980 pay raise will increase the toxic
substances media by $1,692,000.
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ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
(in thousands' of do 11 ars)
Prior year obligations $90,237 $106,759
Congressional Changes -5,535
Proposed pay raise supplemental... • - +1,692
Reprogrammings. , -93 ...
Change in amount of carryover funds available -5,009 -40
Program Changes..... .. +17,563 +882
Change in rate of obligations.. +7,904 -5.36
Total estimated obligations 106,759 107,065
(From new obligation authority) , (106,709) (107,055)
(From prior year funds) (50) (10)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASE TO OBLIGATION
The items discussed in the previous section -- congressional changes, pay raise
supplemental, ADP, consulting services, general reduction an anticipatory research and
reprogrammings — result in a net decrease of $3,936,000.
The increase in budget authority in 1981 is to Increase obligations by $17,563,000;
in 1982 the program is expected to increase obligations by $882,000.
TS-7
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Actual
1980
PROGRAM LEVELS
TESTING AND EVALUATION
testing Program!-- Section 4
Test Standards ProposM..... 13
Test Standards Final 0
Test Rules Proposed.. 1
No. of Chemicals..... 13
Test Rules Final 0
No. of Chemicals.... 0
No. of Chemicals Voluntarily
Tested 0
Assessment of Existing Chemicals
Chemical Hazard Information
Profiles 37
Preliminary Risk Assessment
of Existing Chemicals..... 6
Risk Assessment Supporting
Regs of Existing Chemicals 2
Substantial Risk Notices
§ 8(e) Reviewed 56
Assessment of New Chemicals
Initial Screens of PMNS 285
Risk Assessments for Potential
§ 5(e)/5{f) Orders 10
No. of Chemicals Included. 12
CHEMICAL CONTROL
fjew Chemical Program -- §5
test Market Exempt •ions...... 42
No. of PMN Notices
Prescreened 298
No. of § 5(e)/5(f) Orders... 2
PMN Notices Withdrawn or
Negotiated Prior to
§ 5(e)/5(f) Orders........ 8
No. of Valid Exemptions 5(h)(4)
Applications Reviewed..... 0
No. of Chemicals Included. 0
Existing Chemical Program__-- § 6
No. of Preregulatory Analysis 6
No. of Regulatory Analysis
Supporting:
Proposed TSCA Rules 3
Final TSCA Rules 0
Non-TSCA Actions 1
Exemption Requests.. 8
No. of SNUR Rules 2
Proposed 1
Final 0
No. of Chemicals Included. 5
Budget
Estimate
1981
15
12
3
43
2
10
67
26
16
• » 0
392
16
* • •
•5.0
400
15
10
100
8
4
Current Increase +
Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
69
13
2
117
0
0
50
5
5
75
500
27
32
50
500
4
12
10
TOO
27
3
2
2
450
13
6
}
27
0
69
2
78
2
10
10
55
5
5
75
800
32
39
60
800
6
14
10
100
3
3
3
500
30
8
7
42
-69
+56
0
-39
+2
+10
+5
0
0
0
+300
+5
+7
+10
+300
+2
+2
0
0
0
+1
+1
50
+17
+2
+6
+15
TS-8
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
INFORMATION INTESRATION
Section 8 ' •
Chanical Specific Reporting
Rules Proposed...»....... 0 4 2.2 0
Chemical Specific Reporting
Rules Promulgated........ 0 7 2 2 0
Recordkeeping and Reporting
Rules Proposed........... 2552-3
Recordkeeping and Reporting
Rules Promulgated.. 1 6 4 3-1
Other Information Activities
No. of Confidential Documents
Controlled 8 Processed... 32,240 ... 38,700 46,440 +7,740
No. of Citizen Petition
Responses 10 ... 20 25 +5
No. of Integration and Policy
Studies Completed........ 11 ... 33 33 0
No. of State Cooperative
Agreements............... 3 ... 4 0 -4
TOXICS MANAGEMENT
No. of Schools and Other
Buildings Evaluated for
Asbestos Hazards 1,800 ... 1,600 500 1-.100
Inspections Under
Section 4 ... 134 4 170 +166
Inspections Under
Section 5 ... 188 56 265 +209
Inspections Under
Section 6.................. 832 952 347 1,185 +338
Inspections Under
Sections........... 69 55 95 80 -15
Inspections Under
Section 12.... ... 60 ... ...
Inspections Under
Section 13 6 260 9 200 +191
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Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
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TOXIC SUBSTANCE
Toxic Substances Strategies
Appropriation
Testing and Evaluation:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Chemical Control:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Information Integration:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Abatement, Control and
Toxic Management:
Salaries and Expenses
Abatement, Control and
Total :
Abatement, Control and
Grand Total ..................
Permanent Positions
Chemical Control.............
Information Integration......
Full-time Equivalency
Testing and EvaTuatTon .......
Information Integration......
Total
Actual
1980
$5,732
18,613
4,476
5,553
6,681
13,147
1,342
353
18,231
37,666
55,897
156
103
113
39
411
188
125
151
43
507
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate Estimate
1981 1981 1982
(dollars in thousands)
$7,242 $6,811 $8
23,182 24,734 21
5,151 4,777 5
6,733 6,733 6
6,879 7,062 7
13,740 13,661 11
909 880
90 55
20,181 19,530 22
43,735 45,183 40
63,916 64,
207
147
130
18
502
, 230
164
152
28
574
713 63
199
139
129
18
485
230
164
151
27
572
,698
,823
,777
,624
,654
,906
819
* * *
,948
,353
,301
212
157
128
14
511
235
173
151
21
580
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$1 ,887 •
-2,911
+1 ,000
-109
+592
-1,755
-61
-55
+3,418
-4,830
-1,412
fl3
+18
-1
-4
+26
+5
+10
-1
-6
+8
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $63,300,700 and 511 permanent workyears for
1982, a net decrease of $1,412,200 and an increase of 26 permanent workyears
over 1981. Included in this total is $22,948,000 for Salaries and Expenses
and S40.352.700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of
$3,418,400 for Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $4,830,600 in Abatement,
Control and Compliance. Included in this request are both dollar and workyear
TS-10
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increases for our new chemical program premanufacture review program. These are
partially offset by decreases in our public participation and toxics management
programs*
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $63,300,700 and 511 permanent workyears for
1982, a net decrease of $1,412,200 and an increase of 26 permanent workyears
over 1981. Included in this total is 322,948,000 for Salaries and Expenses
and $40,352,700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of
$3,418,400 for Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $4,830,600 in Abatement,
Control and Compliance. Included in this request are both dollar and workyear
increases for our new chemical program premanufacture review program. These are
partially offset by decreases in our public participation and toxics management
programs.
Program Description
The toxic substances strategies subactlvity comprises the testing and evaluation,
chemical control, information integration, and toxics management elements. These
elements cover the Agency's testing, assessment, new chemical review, existing
chemical control, economics, recordkeeping and reporting, data management, monitoring,
toxic substances integration, and Industry assistance responsibilities under TSCA.
Testi ngand .Eva "I u at Ion - The goals and objectives of the TSCA testing and evalua-
ation program aim to increase efficiency and scientific credibility of toxic substances
program assessments and regulations. They are: (1) develop a cost-effective testing
scheme for determining experimentally the health and environmental effects of chemicals;
chemicals; related to this goal is the annual review of all test standards and revision
as necessary to maintain an up-to-date and comprehensive scheme; (2) obtain test data
where required for making evaluations of risk and to assure the quality of data; (3)
develop a scientifically sound chemical assessment system; and (4) provide assessments
of risk and exposure required to support toxic substances control actions.
A major feature of TSCA is the authority to require industry to test selected
chemicals for their possible adverse effects on health and the environment. Adequate
test data, currently unavailable for most chemicals, are a prerequisite to the
evaluation of a chemical's risk. Such evaluations are needed to define and Implement
appropriate regulatory actions under TSCA and other statutes aimed at protecting
health and the environment. *
The testing authority of TSCA is implemented by promulgating rules specifying
the chemicals to be tested and the "test standards" that are to be followed in
performing the testing. The test standards, which TSCA requires to be reviewed
and updated annually, specify the effects to be evaluated and the nature of the
tests and test protocols to be followed in so doing. EPA will propose a structure of
test standards to be referenced in adopting test rules for specific chemicals. These
standards will first be based on existing validated test methods, and then will be
expanded to cover other effects such as neurotoxicity and overall ecosystem impacts.
Based upon the required annual review, these test standards will be refined
and improved.
Promulgation of test rules by applying the relevant test standards to specific
chemicals will be done in response to the semiannual recommendations of the TSCA Inter-
agency Testing Committee (ITC) established by Section 4(e) of TSCA, as well as for
other chemicals whose needs for testing have been identified through the evaluation
process described below. Evaluating the hazards associated with production, use, and
disposal of chemicals to determine if such activities pose unreasonable risks is the
cornerstone of the TSCA program. Certain evaluation efforts, such as evaluating "notices
of substantial risk" submitted by industry as required by Section 8(e), evaluating
citizen petitions submitted under Section 21, and evaluating notices submitted by
industry prior to the manufacture of a new chemical as required by Section 5 are based
upon outside input. Other evaluation activities, such as systematic identification
and assessment of potentially high-risk existing or new chemicals, are initiated
by EPA.
TS-11
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Chemicals of concern Identified through review of substantial risk notifications
and other sources will be entered into a multistage hazard evaluation process, with a
decision being made at the end of each stage whether to continue on to the next, more
intensive stage of evaluation. Alternate decisions at a given stage include dropping
current consideration because of apparent low hazard potential, subjecting the chemical
to testing requirements to fill critical data gaps, or referring the chemical to another
program or agency having authority to deal with any apparent hazards. Chemicals having
completed all evaluation stages will have received a full evaluation of their sources,
exposure potential, and adverse effects, as well as an investigation of their existing
regulatory controls and identification of possible control options to reduce health
and/or environmental risk associated with their production, use, and disposal. Such
evaluations will provide a basis for initiating suitable regulatory actions under TSCA
or other relevant authorities.
Chemical Control - The goal of the chemical control program is to protect human
hea1t n and the e nv 1 ro nroent by controlling new and existing chemical substances that
present unreasonable risks of injury to health or the environment. This goal will be
accomplished through implementation of the premanufacturing notification, control
regulations, and imminent hazard regulatory provisions of TSCA. The major objectives
are determination of unreasonable risk based upon evaluation of chemical substances on
health, environmental, social, and economic factors; use of the least burdensome type
of control (regulatory or nonregulatory) necessary to reduce or prevent unreasonable
risk; and provision of all the economic analysis necessary to implement TSCA.
One of the major functions of the chemical control program is to review notices
and information regarding the manufacture of new chemicals (i.e., those not listed in
the Inventory of existing chemicals) and the manufacture or processing of chemicals
for significant new uses. This includes review of the notices for compliance with
applicable rules and guidelines and for "newness," action on exemption requests, review
of data in the notices and information gathered through data systems searches and
reporting requirements, determination of unreasonable risks, and taking of appropriate
control actions informally and under TSCA, or recommending referrals to other programs
within EPA or other Federal, State, and local government entities. Significant new
use rules will be established which require notification to EPA of new uses of new or
existing chemicals determined to be significant based on exposure and other factors.
Another function of chemical control is to review information on the hazardous
and economic aspects of existing chemicals (those listed in the TSCA Inventory) in
order to determine unreasonable risk and to limit or control the manufacturing,
processing, distribution, use, or disposal of chemicals which pose unreasonable risks
to health or the environment. An additional function is to conduct economic studies
to determine if these actions can be supported. Testing and evaluation, reporting and
recordkeeping, and other special economic analyses are also part of the preparation
for control actions.
Information Integration - The TSCA information integration program is charged
with the responsibility of providing a comprehensive program for chemical information
collection, storage and retrieval, and a cohesive Federal approach to information
collection and support of controlling unreasonable risks associated with chemicals.
Having these capabilities, it is also charged with providing all information support
to risk assessment, premanufacturing notification review, chemical control and testing
programs. Information integration support activities are crucial to promulgating
timely and defensible chemical control regulations and testing rules. These objectives
are met through programs that: (1) obtain chemical information from industry using
recordkeeping and reporting rules promulgated under the authority of Section 8 of TSCA
for the use of the toxic substances program and others in assessing and regulating
chemical hazards; (Z) promote agencywide, interagency, and international integration
of toxic chemical policy, information and chemical controls to ensure consistency in
addressing and resolving toxics-related health and environmental problems; (3) develop
and access comprehensive data systems and chemical data bases in order to reduce the
information limitations which constrain EPA's ability to deal with chemical hazards;
(4) provide information and analytic support to toxic programs for rule and standard
development, risk assessment, and review of new chemicals; and (5) keep industry,
labor, tre general public, and public interest groups fully apprised of TSCA activities
and encourage their participation in these activities.
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Toxics Management - The goals of the regional toxics management program are to
1mplemerit selected TSCA objectives at the State and local levels, and to provide
limited integration support to the Agency's regional implementation of intermedia
toxic substances activities. The major objectives and functions to be accomplished
are:
- Providing expertise to State and local governments as they
implement the Voluntary School Asbestos Program.
- Ensuring the provision of adequate, timely, and responsive
information and assistance to the public and industry within
the region.
- Facilitating the use of TSCA-gathered and other chemical
information by the public, State and local government, labor
and industry.
TESTING AND EVALUATION
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency expended a total of $24,344,600 for this program, of which
$5,731,800 was for salaries and expenses and $18,612,800 was for extramural purposes.
During 1980, considerable progress was made towards implementation of Section 4.
Test standards and test rules were 1n various stages of development and proposal,
including 13 health test standards. The first test rule on three chemicals was pro-
posed with significant work being accomplished on two other test rules covering nine
Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) designations. EPA lost a suit by the Natural
Resources Defense Counsel (NRDC) concerning what actions EPA must take within the
statutorfly-mandated one-year response period for the ITC recommendations. Efforts
were initiated to negotiate a court-sanctioned schedule for EPA action on the ITC
chemicals. These efforts are still underway at this time.
In 1980, the testing and evaluation program provided support to our new chemical
program conducting initial screen evaluations on each of the 198 new chemicals received.
For existing chemicals, the testing and evaluation program developed 37 chemical hazard
information profiles, prepared six preliminary risk assessments and completed two risk
assessments to support TSCA regulatory actions.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $31,545,500 to this program, of
which $6,811,000 for salaries and expenses and $24,734,500 is for extramural purposes
under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, our goal for
Section 4 is to encourage industry to test high priority chemicals and write Section 4
requirements when this is not possible. We plan to streamline our Section 4 rulemaking
process so that in the near future we will be able to extend our influence to the
testing of a greater number of high priority chemicals. The Section 4(c) exemption
policy, proposed as part of the first test rule, details the procedures and conditions
regarding exemption from testing (both under the first test rule and subsequent test
rules). The exemption policy is expected to be promulgated in 1981. We plan to pro-
pose the 65 environmental and 4 health test standards developed in 1980. These will
be guides for industry when they decide to test on their own initiative as well as
become the basis for test rules. The last component of the Section 4 testing program
is the reimbursement rule. This rule, which will be used to settle costs for testing
equitably, will also be proposed this year. EPA will take action to comply with the
court-sanctioned schedule for test rule action on the ITC chemicals.
In 1981, the multistage assessment process in the testing and evaluation program will
continue to support our new chemical program. Approximately 500 new chemical notices
are anticipated with 27 requiring full risk assessments in support of Section 5(e) or
Section 5(f) actions. Maintaining our 1980 momentum in the assessment of existing
chemicals, we plan to perform 5 preliminary evaluations of existing chemicals and 50
Chemical Hazard Information Profiles (CHIPs).
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates
The net increase of $1,121,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The'reduction applied to
this activity is $43,900.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $19,800
was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $156,900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $447,600 was applied to this
activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $391,500
was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $431,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in s. transfer of $250,000 to pesticides - registrations (5144,600); special registrations
($49,300); tolerances ($48,600); and to pesticides use management ($7,500).
- A reprogramming of $2,000,000 from pesticides RPAR reviews in order to repay
the Office of Pesticides and Toxtc Substances for "borrowed" funds in FY 1980.
1982Plan
The Agency requests a total of $30,521,300 and 212 permanent workyears for this pro-
gram, of which $8,698,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $21,823,300
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This request reflects a net
decrease of $1,024,200 from 1981 primarily in the area of test standards. There is
also an increase of 13 permanent workyears over 1981, the majority of which will be
directed to the Section 5 premanufacture review program. There is an increase of
$1,887,000 in Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $2,911,200 in Abatement, Control
and Compliance.
In 1982, the Section 4 testing program will again be oriented toward influencing
industry to test high priority chemicals. The Section 4 testing program will be fully
operational as will be the environmental and health test rules proposed in 1981. The
Agency also plans to promulgate the data reimbursement rule ,/roposed in 1981. This
rule will encourage the private and voluntary allocation of the costs of conducting
Section 4 test among the manufacturer and processors of the test chemicals and will
provide a framework for the efficient resolution of disputes that are referred to
EPA. Efforts to harmonize the TSCA health and environmental test standards will
continue. The 13 test standards promulgated,in 1981 will undergo annual review as
mandated by TSCA; the 69 test standards proposed in 1981 will be promulgated.
The assessment of new chemicals will receive our highest priority as we anticipate
receiving 800 new chemical notices. Our assessments of existing chemicals will emphasize
the preparation of Chemical Hazard.Information Profiles (CHIP) documents and priority
reviews. A limited number of more advanced assessments will be conducted.
CHEMICAL CONTROL
1980 Accompl ishments
In 1980, $10,028,900 were expended for this program. Of this $4,476,000 were
expended for salaries and expenses and $5,552,900 for extramural purposes. The Agency
analyzed comments received on the proposed premanufacture notification rules and forms,
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and as a result, reproprosed the rules and forms in October. We received approximately
300 notices proposing manufacture of new chemicals; ten (10) of these were subjected
to detailed review. EPA issued two orders under §5(e) to suspend production of 7 new
chemicals pending development of sufficient data for evaluation. About 42 applications
were received to exempt manufacture of. new chemicals from notification requirements
during test marketing. A rule requiring notification by processors of new chemicals
was proposed. This rule requires processors to submit premanufacture notices before
they process TSCA exempt substances for commercial purposes regulated by TSCA. Work
was begun on a procedural significant new use rule under $E(a)(2) to provide industry
with an explanation of EPA policy regarding control of significant new uses and a
notification form for industry use in providing requisite information to the Agency.
In addition, one chemical-specific Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) was proposed and
work was initiated on two others to provide EPA the opportunity to monitor changes in
production volumes or potential exposures. More than 45 additional chemical substances
were identified during review as candidates for SNURs.
A rule requiring schools to identify friable asbestos-containing material in
school buildings was proposed. A final Section 6(d) rule prohibiting dioxin-con-
taminated wastes from being transferred for disposal (without 60 days advance notice
to EPA) was promulgated. Several applications for exemption from the ban on nonessential
aerosol propellent uses of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were evaluated and responses
initiated, and the Agency published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rule Making initiating
a rulemaking proceeding to restrict manufacture or use of CFCs. EPA issued proposed
rules to require removal of PCB equipment from establishments involved in manufacturing
agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. USDA and FDA simultaneously Issued similar
proposed rules affecting food and feed processing plants. EPA approved the use of two
industrial incinerators for PCB disposal; both are used by the companies that own them
solely for disposal of PCBs arising from their own activities. The final rule banning
the manufacturing, processing, distribution, and uses of polychlorinated biphenyls was
challenged in court and remanded to the Agency.
Economic impact analyses or non-risk factor assessments were performed in support
of: Section 4 test rules and standards; Section 5 premanufacture notification rules,
processor reporting rules, and PMN reviews; Section 6 work on CFCs and asbestos; Section
8(a) "small business" definition, and Section 8(c) and 8(d) rules; and section 13
importer regulations.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $11,509,600 to this program,
of which $4,776,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $6,733,000 is for extra-
mural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In
1981, our new chemical program 1s a high priority activity as we set the key
premanufacture notification provisions in place and provide guidance to chemical
companies as to what is expected of them. Thus far the review process has
operated under interim policy guidance indicating what information must be
reported to EPA and how EPA intends to handle the review of notices submitted.
The final Section 5 rule will be promulgated, providing both industry and EPA
a clearer framework within which to operate. Regulatory elements of our new
chemical program that will be emphasized this year are Issuance of Section 5(e)
orders, proposal of case-by-case significant new use rules (applied in conjunction
with Section 5{b)(4) risk listing), and initiation of development of a procedural
Section 5(h)(4) exemption rule. Central to our new chemical program is our review
of PMNs. As a result of the Increase in the rate at which notices are being
submitted, the process for screening and evaluating new chemicals will be finetuned
to achieve the flexibility and increased efficiency. We will also address the
first Section 5(h)(4) exemption application to establish a process and policy for
receipt and handling of industry requests for exemption from certain premanufacture
notification requirements.
Another important component of our chemical control program involves the
identification and control of significant new uses. In 1981 we will propose the
procedural SNUR and policy statement to establish routine Confidential Business
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Information and inventory policies which can be applied consistently to all.SNURs
developed; provide certain criteria for identifying new uses that are significant
("triggers"); and define "criteria" for initiation of actions to control significant
new uses.
In 1981, emphasis will be placed on our effort to identify and critically
evaluate (and stimulate industry to identify and assess) chemicals that are likely
to present the greatest risk and to respond appropriately. We will work to examine
sectors of the chemical-producing and handling industries for possible or anticipated
shifts in production and usage trends. We will encourage those trends that indicate
increased assumption of responsibility by industry and discourage others through use
of TSCA regulatory authorities as appropriate.
Three important chemical control regulatory priorities this year are to propose
restrictions on the production or use of CFCs, to propose a rule requiring measures
to reduce human exposure to the friable asbestos in schools; and to proposed a rule
restricting the processing or use of asbestos fibers and asbestos-containing
products. EPA plans to promulgate a final rule requiring identification of friable
asbestos-containing materials in school buildings. The Agency expects to take
final action on applications for approval of two commerical incinerators for PCB
disposal and a process for chemically destroying PCBs in transformer oil. The Agency
also expects to initiate a cooperative effort with electric utilities, chemical
manufacturers, and certain other industries to develop information needed for new
rulemaking to implement the statutory ban on PCB activities; a judicial remand of
the previously adopted rules has made new rulemaking necessary. The Agency expects
to take final action on several requests for exemption from the ban on nonessential
aerosol propellent uses of CFCs.
The Agency plans to continue to conduct its Asbestos Technical Assistance
Program which provides State, local, and private organizations with aid in
assessing the significance of asbestos exposure in buildings and taking appropriate
corrective action. An educational program to inform mechanics about the dangers of
exposure to asbestos and recommended work practices to limit exposure to themselves
and nearby people in expected to be initiated 1n cooperation with OSHA, Economic
impact analyses or non-risk factor assessments will be performed in support of test
rules proposed or promulgated under Section 4; final Section 5 PMN rules, proposed
procedural SNUR and Section 5(h)(4) Exemption rules, and PMN reviews; work on CFC's,
PCB's, and new Initiatives, and Section 6 work on CFC's, PCB's and new initiatives,
and Section 8 definition of "small business" and §3 rules. Studies will be completed
on the first phase of the Laboratory Availability, Indemnification, and the Risk-Benefit
Methodology. In addition, work on the reference document an Health and Environmental
Test Costs will be initiated.
1981 Explanation of Change From Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $374,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses,
The reduction applied to this activity is $31,500.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million? a decrease of
$391,500 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $298,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of 5250,000 to pesticides - registrations ($113,400); RPAR
reviews ($97,500), RPAR reviews - EIS preparation ($2,800); and to registration
($36,300).
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1982 Plan • . .
The Agency request a total of $12,401,400 and 157 permanent workyears for this
program, of which $5,777,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$6,623,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, This reflects
an Increase of $891,800 and 18 permanent workyears over 1981 with an increase of
$1,000,900 for Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $109,100 in Abatement, Control
and Compliance. The majority of this increase will be used for the projected increase
(+300) in our premanufacture review program. About 800 notices of new chemicals are
expected in 1982. Data provided with notification as well as additional data received
from literature searches and reporting requirements, will be evaluated to select
chemicals for detailed assessment. The Agency will work with industry to encourage
self regulation and will take regulatory action on a small percentage of the chemicals
evaluated. The rule under Section 5(h)(4) describing procedures for implementing
exemptions frcm Section 5 requirements will be proposed.
The procedural significant new rule will be promulgated and case-by-case SNURs
will be developed to control significant new uses of specific chemicals or classes
of chemicals.
Three rules proposed in 1980 and 1981 will be promulgated: the rule to effect
abatement of exposure to friable asbestos in schools; the rule addressing control
of non-aerosol uses of CFC's and limiting U.S. production of CFC's; and the rule to
limit production and use of asbestos. The Agency expects to propose new rules
dealing with the issue of whether certain uses of PCBs in electrical equipment can
be considered totally enclosed. The Agency also may undertake new ruleraaking on
the issue of whether there is a PCB concentration below which no regulatory require-
ments are to be imposed; on judicial review, the Agency's previously adopted level
of 50 parts per million was remanded. The Agency also expects to approve additional
facilities and processes for PCB disposal. Rulemaking will continue on chemicals
selected for control in 1981. Additional chemicals will be selected for control in
conjunction with the risk assessment process and from referrals of additional chemicals
investigated and found to have potential for causing unreasonable risk.
Economic impact analysis or non-risk factor assessments will be performed in
support of:.two final and three proposed section 4 test rulesf the final Data
Reimbursement Rule, and Evironmental and Health Test Standards; the final procedural
SNUR and Section 5(h)(4) Exemption Rules, and PMN reviews; final Section 6 CFC rule
and work on new initiatives; and Section 8 rules. In addition, the first phase of
the innovation study will be completed.
INFORMATION INTEGRATION
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency expended a total of $19,828,200 for this program, of which
$6,681,400 was for salaries and expenses and $13,146,800 was for extramural purposes.
All components of the Information Integration program were operational. These include
Section 8 recordkeeping and reporting, Agency-wide toxic substances intention,
public participation, chemical information systems and services, monitoring studies
and analysis, and assistance to industry. In 1980, the program:
- Issued a cumulative supplement to the section 8(b) Inventory of Chemicals in
Commerce, bringing the total number of substances on the inventory to nearly
55,000.
- Completed and made operational an on-line computerized system containing all
inventory chemical information not claimed as confidential. This System is
available to the 10 regional offices.
- Proposed a Section 8(a) rule to require manufacturers to submit basic information
on how and to what extent people and the environment are exposed to some
2,000 chemicals (many among the largest volume substances in the nation).
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- Finalized the Section 8(a) PBB/Tris rule requiring future notification to
manufacture.
- Proposed a Section 8(c) rule to establish a mechanism for alerting corporate*
labor, and government officials to potential chemical health and environmental
problems in the workplace by requiring companies to maintain records of- allegations
of significant adverse reactions caused by a chemical and to report these
allegations to EPA upoon request.
- Proposed a Section 8(d) rule that would gather unpublished studies
of 61 chemicals and categories, including all priority testing
recommendations received to date from Section 4(e) Interagency
Testing Committee (ITC), as well as asbestos, benzidene-based dyes,
styrene, dioxins, and chemicals used as solvents.
- Answered approximately 35,000 telephone requests from industry for
technical information about TSCA.
- Assisted small businesses who manufacture, import or process chemical
substances to comply with the premanufacture notice requirements.
- Prepared and disseminated numerous publications and slide shows reqarding
TSCA implementation, sponsored seminars, training session, public
meeting to inform the public on and obtain public input to TSCA implemen-
tation
- Worked in conjunction with the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) to reach consensus on a minimum set of premarket
data on new chemicals, general principles of good laboratory practices
(GLP), and 100 testing guidelines to be used in evaluating the safety
of new and existing chemicals.
- Brought initial hardware and software on-line for the Chemical Substances
Information Network (CSIN)—a system which will link numerous public and
private chemical data bases for the use of industry, the public, State,
local and Federal officials, the medical professions and academia.
- Expanded charter for the Toxic Substances Priorities Committee (TSPC),
enabling the Committee to more readily identify and resolve major EPA
toxics integration issues; established workgroups to review impacts and
assess control options available to the Agency for six priority chemicals.
- Established computer data bases and an analytical capability to rapidly
assess on-going activities related to chemicals in EPA and other Federal
agencies, to assure consistency in dealing with chemicals of concern.
- Completed award of TSCA Section 28 cooperative agreement, providing funds
for establishing toxic substances information programs in those states.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $20,722,600 to this program,
of which $7,061,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and $13,660,800 is for extramural
purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, our
program priorities, as discussed throughout this media, emphasize working closely
with other programs when contemplating control regulations and to develop and oversee
implementation of an effective toxics integration study for the Agency. The
information and recordkeeping responsibilities must support not only our program-
matic needs but the needs of other health and environmental programs. This further
emphasizes our total program approach.
•* In. 1981, the Agency will issue as final three Section 8 rules. They are
a Section 8(a) rule requiring manufacturers'to submit basic information
on how and to what extent people and environment are exposed to some 2,200
chemicals; a Section 8{c) rule to require companies to maintain records of
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alleged significant adverse reactions caused by a chemical and to report to
EPA on request; and a Section 8(d) rule to gather unpublished studies on 61
chemicals and categories including all priority testing recommendations
received to date from the Interagency Testing Comnittee as well as asbestos,
benzidene -based dyes, styrene, dioxins, and chemicals used in solvents.
- Issue the final Section 12(b) export notification rule;
- Maintain the TSCA inventory in our computer system, insuring security
for confidential business information and assuring access by each EPA
regional office.
- Complete a training effort to help regions and selected States better
understand and use the data base, as well as evaluating usefulness of
the inventory and proposing ways to increase its usefulness.
- Provide all necessary literature searching, document control and
tracking, materials balance studies and exposure assessments to
support test rule development, premanufacturing notification review,
risk assessment, and chemical control.
- Answer requests from the general public* environmental groups and
industry for technical information or literature about TSCA,
- Provide assistance to small businesses in complying with Section 5
requirements.
- Develop and begin implementation of the Agency-wide toxics Integration
Strategy to streamline all toxics activities undertaken by the Agency
to promote coordination of EPA toxic activities. The strategy will
through cross-media risk assessments, control options analyses,
economic analyses and other mechanisms, reduce regulatory burdens on
industry, and result in more efficient and effective consideration of
control options both regulatory and nonregulatory by the Agency.
- Continue systematic analysis of Agency toxic-related decisionmaking
processes 1n an effort to develop Agency-wide consistency in dealing
with toxic chemicals.
- Work (through OECD) to establish a set of labeling requirements for
chemicals, to be adopted for international use.
- Begin efforts in OECD to develop procedures for exchange of confidential
chemical information between governments.
- Using the 1980 user survey /analysis, develop and put into operation
hardware and software which would allow C.S.IN users to access chemical
information stared in various data bases.
_ Expand the Chemical Substances Information ffetwork by increasing the
number of on-line data bases as well as the number of subscribers.
- Expand the toll-free telephone line ttf provide information to the public
as wel1 as industry.
- Continue development and dissemination of TSCA informational materials,
and encourage public involvement by way of public seminars, training, etc.
1981 Explanation of Change From Budget Estimate
The net increase of $103,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $28,200.
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- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $350,000; a decrease of
\ $2,800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencyvride consulting services by $3.': million; a
decrease of $15,400 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $9,800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $276,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $106,200 was made to the radiation media in order to
support the Radiation Policy Council.
- A transfer of $10,400 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to
provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil
noncompliance penalities under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $19,559,300 and 128 permanent workyears
for this program, of which $7,653,800 is for Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $11,905,500 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This reflects a net decrease of $1,163,300 and 1 permanent workyears with an
increase of $592,000 in Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $1,755,300 in
Abatement, Control and Compliance. The decrease is in the area of public
participation.
In 1982, the important information and data gathering authorities of
TSCA will again be focused toward our total program approach. As in 1981,
our priorities will be to work closely with other programs when contemplating
control regulations and ensuring that our health and environmental programs
also serve other user groups and to oversee implementation of the Agency
toxics integration strategy. Information integration will:
- Continue to support testing, premanufacturing notification review,
risk assessments, chemical control regulation development and record-
keeping and reporting rule development, using information systems and
services, monitoring programs and industry assistance.
•- Oversee full-scale implementation of Agency toxics integration
strategy developed during 1981, with special attention paid to
reducing regulatory burdens on industry, eliminating rfuplicative
efforts in EPA and identifying and controlling through regulatory
and nonregulatory means, toxic problems posing the greatest risk
to health first.
- Work toward an internationally agreed-upon and consistent system of
hazardous substances export notification and build on general
principles of good laboratory practices (GLP) negotiated during 1980/81
with the OECD, to achieve consensus on,;methods of implementation and
enforcement.
- Expand the number of CSIN users and the number of systems accessible
through CSIN; institute a system of user charges.
- Complete TSPC action on major cross-Agency toxics issues and on
major chemicals and industries of concern including: 1) preparation
of control option analyses on chemicals, chemical classes and
and industries of cross-Agency concerns, to determine whether or not
a chemical is to be handled within EPA, referred to another agency for
regulation; 2) continuation of the chemical workgroups to ensure
consistent Agency regulatory and analysis activities; and 3) initiation
of several new workgroups for priority chemicals.
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- Continue Information assistance to national and local organizations,
including community, labor and health groups, to educate and involve
those groups in toxics issues and TSCA rulemaking.
- Track State legislation and prepare a compendium of relevant State
statutes enacted for the purposes of investigating and controlling
toxics chemicals; this is to assist those States in the process of
developing or amending programs to control toxics.
TOXICS MANAGEMENT
1930 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency expended a total of $1,695,200 for this program, of
which $1,341,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $353,300 was for extramural
purposes in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The regions
have:
- Continued to refine the processes needed to integrate regional toxic
substances activities.
- Managed the first two rounds of State/EPA cooperative agreements
awarded under Section 28 of TSCA; the agreements have been awarded
to states in four regions.
- Provided assistance to the eleven States applying for the third and
final round of cooperative agreements.
- Continued a concerted effort to work with State and local contractors
and citizen groups to implement EPA's voluntary program to identify
and correct asbestos problems in schools and other public buildings.
- Represented EPA on the Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group and
participated actively 1n several regulatory working groups.
- Established and operated industry and public assistance programs,
including information dissemination and providing training sessions
directed to specific rules.
- Arranged for chemical information seminars to be given to regional
staff and officials in the governments of 15 States.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $935,200 to this program,
of which $880,200 is for salaries and expenses and $55,000 is for extranural
purposes under the abatement, control and compliance appropriation.
- The most substantial regional efforts will be devoted to the
voluntary asbestos identification and control program, and to
the industry and public assistance effort.
- The new program involving educating various public and private
groups about the availability and utility of several chemical
information resources will continue; efforts to inform regional
managers of hitherto unsuspected problems unique to the regions
will also continue, but at a low priority level.
Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates
The net decrease of $54,200 results from several actions, as follows:
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- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President" Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this acvtivity is $5,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000", a decrease of
$2,700 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $51,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a net transfer of -$62,000 t£ pesticides use management
($40,100); toxic substances enforcement ($13,800); management and support -
regional counsel ($13,000); financial management ($13,700); administrative
management ($16,400); and from solid waste hazardous waste management
regulatory strategies implementation ($35,000).
- A transfer of $5,000 from interdisciplinary NEPA compliance/EIS
preparation - new source discharge permit to support an interagency agreement.
- A transfer of $30,000 to toxic substances enforcement for PCB compliance
inspections and PCB and asbestos lab analysis.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $818,700 and 14 permanent wbrkyears for
the program all in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This represents
a decrease of $61,500 and four permanent workyears. The 1982 regional toxics
management program will concentrate this year on:
- Providing adequate and timely assistance to most industry and
public requests for TSCA information.
- Apprising selected public and private groups of the availability
and utility of Agency chemical information resources.
- Continuing regional participation, at a reduced level of effort,
in the asbestos problem Identification and control program.
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
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Toxic Substances Enforcement
Budget Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 . 1982 1982 vs. 1981
flbl1arsin thousands)
Appropriation
Toxic Substances Enforcement:
Salaries and Expenses $2,354 $2,711 $2,896 $4,032 +$1,136
Abatement, Control and
Compliance 1,079 2,481 2.602 1,534 -1068
Total 3,433 5,192 5,498 5,566 +68
Permanent Posit ions 65 86 84 111 +27
Fun-time Equivalency 81 95 93 120 +27
Budget Request
A total of $5,566,400 and 111 permanent workyears is requested in 1982 for this program.
Included in this total is $4,032,000 for Salaries and Expenses, and $1,534,400 for Abatement,
Control and a Compliance. This reflects an increase of $1,135,800 for Salaries and Expenses,
and a decrease of $1,067,400 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. These resources are to
carry out the enforcement provisions of regulations implementing the Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA) and to enforce the provisions of the Act. The increase of 27 permanent workyears
and the corresponding increase for Salaries and Expenses are necessary because of the increased
number of enforceable rules promulgated under the Act which will require enforcement in 1982.
Program Description
The EPA toxic substances enforcement program is administered pursuant to the Toxic Sub-
stances Control Act (TSCA). The toxic substances enforcement program is responsible for
developing the enforcement provisions of regulations implementing TSCA and for enforcing
the Act. The enforcement program assists In the development of regulations to control
specific chemical substances and mixtures and to assure the development and submission of
reliable data relating to toxic chemicals, and prepares and executes enforcement strategies
to implement these regulations.
The toxic substances enforcement program also engages in response to toxic emergencies
Involving substantial threats to public health or the environment and in taking appropriate
action to abate such emergencies, through either legal or administrative proceedings.
A major function of the toxic substances enforcement program is the inspection of
chemical manufacturing, processing, and distribution facilities whose activities are regu-
lated under the Act and its implementing regulations. Inspections of such facilities leari
to prosecutions of violators discovered during the inspections. Violators may be prosecuted
either through administrative civil proceedings or by judicial proceedings in which a court
may impose a number of civil or criminal sanctions.
1980 Accomplishments
Resources for this program were $3,433,500. Contracts in the amount of $1,079,200 were
established for inspection support, sample chemical analysis, and revision and development
of enforcement strategies.
- Enforcement strategies were completed for Section 5 (new chemicals) Section 8 inven-
tory, Section 8{c), Section 8(e), and for the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ban and the Polych-
lorinated biphenyls (PCB) ban regulations.
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- A final overall TSCA enforcement strategy was developed, as was a final PCB marking
and disposal regulation enforcement strategy.
- Assistance was provided to the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances in the
lopraent of new regulations, including health effects standards, good laboratory practices
for health effects, and generic TSCA labeling.
- Assistance was also provided in developing (1) draft ecological effects test stan-
dards, (2) inspection procedures for ecological effects testing under the projected rulemaking
outputs of OPTS, and (3) enforcement strategies for Section 4.
- Regulatory audiences affected by all new TSCA regulations were identified, and inspec-
tion procedures and regional implementation guidance for new regulations were developed.
- A penalty policy was completed, draft consolidated rules of practice were prepared, and
a draft PCB inspection manual was completed.
- Program staff also participated in the PCB exemptions hearings, and in the preparation
of numerous imminent hazard cases involving illegal disposal handling, or treatment of chemical
substances. Inspections were conducted of CFC manufacturers, investigations initiated and
cases prosecuted under Sections 6, 8(e), and 17. Assistance was provided to the regions in
developing and prosecuting enforcement cases.
- The regional staff responded to emergency incidents, inspected PCB and CFC establish-
ments, conducted compliance monitoring activities under the Section 8(a) inventory provisions,
investigated instances of noncompliance with Section 8(e) substantial risk notification,
and developed and prosecuted enforcement cases uoon detection of violations.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,498,000 for this program of which
$2,89(5,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,601,800 is for extramural purposes under the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contract funds amounting to $1,601,800 will
be used for laboratory sample analyses, inspectipnal support, and development and revision of
enforcement strategies. In addition, $1,000,000 in 1981 resources will he used for the TSCA
cooperative enforcement grants-in-aid program.
The 1981 toxic substances enforcement program will continue to have as its first priority
at both headquarters and the regional offices the initiation of enforcement actions in emer-
gencies involving substantial threats to public health, safety, and the environment. Head-
quarters staff will be responsible for the management and execution of national programs
to -implement or administer and enforce Section 5 new chemical regulations, Section 5 chenical
control regulations (PCBs, CFCs and others in place in 1981, including asbestos rules),
and Section 8 reporting regulations. Headquarters "ill also provide enf ,'i-cement partici-
pation in regulation development directed by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
and for support to the regional offices in the development and prosecution of enforcement
cases. The establishment and management of a national contract for inspection and analysis
functions will be a headquarters responsibility.
Technical support will be provided tc the regional offices in major enforcement cases.
Toxics Enforcement Policy Statements (TEPS) will be developed and published to alert the
public to major enforcements policy determinations. Finally, a pilot cooperative enforce-
ment grant program with selected States will be developed and iitipleriented by mid-1981.
Grants will be initiated with five States, based upon the presence of regulated chemical
industries, especially those related to PCB, and the existence of appropriate State statutory
authority. A total of $1,000,000 in 1981 resources has been designated for this purpose.
In addition, the regional office will conduct 847 inspections related to Section 6
chemical control regulations including PCB marking and disposal, PCB ban, and CFC ban,
and 95 inspections of facilities subject to the requirements of Section 8 . In 1931, as
additional rules are developed and become enforceable for other sections, additional
inspections will be conducted under those sections. Enforcement cases will be developed
and prosecuted as appropriate upon the detection of violations.
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate . ' ..-
The net increase of $305,400 results from several actions, as follows: •
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is 515,700.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $9,000 was
applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease
of $13,900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of 57 million to the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $42,000 was applied to this activity,
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by 5750,000; a
decrease of $2,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $2,000
was applied to this activity*
- An increase of $179,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-hoard needs resulted
in a transfer of $67,900 from hazardous waste site-enforcement (515,100), hazardous waste
enforcement ($12,100); toxic substances management ($7,900); and management support
personnel management ($6,700).
- A transfer of $153,000 from air stationary source enforcement ($1,900); water
quality manpower planning and training ($4,000), permit issuance ($26,800), water quality
enforcement ($7,800); drinking water public systems supervision program assistance
($73,200), enforcement ($9,300); and toxic substances management (330,000).
- A transfer of $10,000 from air quality management implementation ($700); air
stationary source enforcement ($5,000); and water quality enforcement ($4,300).
- A transfer of $18,900 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to
provide additional resources to that Office.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 55,566,400 for this program, of which $4,032,000 is for
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,534,400 for the Abatement, Control and Cr»
p"liance appropriation. The increase of 27 permanent workyears and $1,135,800 in Salaries
and Expenses is necessary because of the increased number of enforceable rules promulgated
under the Act requiring enforcement in 1982. The requested resource level reflects an over-
all increase of $68,400 due primarily to a decrease IP the total amount of funds available
for the pilot cooperative enforcement grants program, offset in part by an increase in the
Salaries Expenses appropriation. Approximately $1,034,400 is designated for contracts and
will include inspection support, laboratory analysis of samples, and development and revision
of enforcement strategies. A total of $500,000 in 1982 resources will be utilized to fun-1
the TSCA cooperative enforcement grant pilot program to selected States.
In 1982, the toxic substances enforcement program will again have as its first priority
the initiation of enforcement actions in emergencies involving substantial threats to public
health, safety, or the environment. Headquarters staff will participate in the TSCA ruletnak-
ing process, in accordance with the projected rulemaking outputs of OPTS, and develop enforce-
ment strategies for newly-enforceable regulations. Headquarters staff will also participate
in litigation and obtaining injunctions under Sections 5(e) and 5(f) of TSCA, and conduct
certain compliance monitoring and enforcement functions under Sections 4,5(e), 5(f), and 6.
TS-25
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Support for regional compliance monitoring and enforcement programs under Sections 4,5,6,8
and 13 will be,.provided, as well as the administration and monitoring of five pilot coop-.
erative enforcement grants-in-aid. Headquarters will continue to provide general program
management, guidance and evaluation, including oversight and review of regional toxic sub--
stances enforcement programs. Other activities include: developing :and managing extramural
contracts; the development of outreach or other public participation programs; developing .
and presenting training programs; providing support to Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group
(IRLG) activities; and developing and publishing Toxics Enforcement Policy Statements (TEPS).
In addition to the above, the regional offices will conduct 1185 inspections of facili-
ties subject to Section 6 chemical regulations, including requirements relating to PCB
marking and disposal, PCB ban, CFC ban, asbestos, and other enforceable rules as they are
developed. The regions will conduct 170 good laboratory practices (GLP) and test rule
inspections for Section 4 testing regulations, 265 inspections under Section 5 new chemical
regulations, 80 inspections under Section 8 reporting requirements, and 200 Section 13
import inspections. In all cases, enforcement actions will be initiated as appropriate.
Regional staff will assist headquarters in the further development and refinement of
the pilot State grant program. The five States which were selected for and initiated com-
pliance monitoring functions under the terns of these grants in mid-1981 will continue to
be supported. State program activities will focus upon the regulation of PCBs; all enforce-
ment actions will be developed by EPA.
TS-26
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
Program Highlights
Scientific Assessments:
Salaries and Expenses
Technical Information
and Liaison:
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Chemical Testing and Assessment
Budget" Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
1980 1981* 1981 1982
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Salaries and Expenses
Research and $8,866 $11,711 $12,315 $14,420
Development....... 22,041 28,674 24,193 24,354
TOTAL................. 30,907 40,385 36,508 38,774
Permanent Kerkyears... 118 187 181 174
Full-Time Equivalency.. 154 225 237 213
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
$ +2,105
+ 161
+ 2,266
-7
-24
96
91
95
93
-2
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
D evelop m ent...,.,...
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
0 evelop m ent........
Environmental Engineering
and Technology:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development........
Environmental Processes
and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development......
289
3
1,838
2,861
2,959
7,418
482
1,228
3,068
7,619
281
17
1,802
1,980
3,760
9,039
614
1,158
4,970
10,761
293
17
1,844
1,810
3,761
6,673
638
1,158
5,491
8,816
285
17
2,031
2,732
4,502
7,414
625
1,153
6,738
7,623
-8
...
+ 187
+ 922
+ 741
+ 741
-13
-5
+ 1,247
-1,193
TS-26
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Stratospheric Modification:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
National Center for
lexicological Research:
Research and
Development
Total, Research
and Development
Programs
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
Total.—... ..
P erm anent P osftions
Scientific Assessm ents
Technical Information
and Liaison
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance
Health Effects
Environ mental Engineering
and Technology
Environmental Processes
and Effects.
Stratospheric Modification
Total .—
F ull-Ti m e Equivalency
Scientific Assessm ents
Technical Inform ation
and Liaison
Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance
Health Effects
Environmental Engineering
and Technology
Environmental Processes
and Effects.
Stratospheric Modification
Total.......
Actual
1980
$ 134
1,261
1,652
8,866
22,041
30,907
2
4
26
21
12
53
3
118
3
6
31
27
12
74
3
Budget
Estimate
1981*
"(dollars In
$ 193
1,219
4,500
11,711
28,674
40,385
2
4
29
48
12
89
3
187
3
7
35
54
14
109
3
Current
Esti m ate
1981
thousands)
$ 193
1,219
4,500
12,315
24,193
36,508
2
4
29
45
11
87
2
181
3
7
35
•! 51
14
124
2
Esti m ate
1982
$ 146
914
4,500
14,420
24,354
38,774
2
4
32
43
12
79
-1
174
4
7
38
49
14
99
-1 .
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
$ -47
-305
• • •
+2,105
+ 161
+2,266
• • •
• 0 «
+3
-2
+1
-8
.7
+1
...
+3
-2
...
-25
154
225
237
213
-24
*January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the OR D restructuring.
TS-27
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Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $38,774,000 and 174 permanent workyears for
1982, a increase of $2,266,000 from 1981. Included in this total is $14,420,100
for Salaries and Expenses and $24,353,500 for Research and Development, with an
increase of $2,105,200 and $1,609,000 respectively.
Program Description
The program has been developed under the auspices of the Chemical Testing
and Assessment Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-
programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed
to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program's mix of activities is intended to contribute
substantively to the development of abatement, control and compliance assurance
actions for toxic substancs. The goals of the program are directed toward
achieving outputs which will help determine and support, both quantitatively and
qualitatively, the need for regulation and approaches for ensuring that
promulgated regulations are met.
A major thrust of this overall program is to develop and/or evaluate tests,
testing methodologies and predictive capabilities and apply them within the
Agency's regulatory forum. Although health and environmental effects are of
primary concern, the research to elucidate them and the preparation of testing
protocols cannot be done without sound measurement and analytic methods. For
this reason, the program includes measurement methods research. Similarly the
program includes engineering and technology efforts to elucidate the ways in
which chemicals are produced, modified and used — where, which ones, and how
much. Data of this nature provides a basis for estimating and predicting human
and environmental exposures. Finally, the program includes an identified effort
to investigate the effects of stratopheric ozone depletion on health and the
biosphere.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented
individually in the following material.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $96,100 for this sub-program, all of
which was for Salaries and Expenses.
Draft Guidelines were formulated by which the Agency will conduct exposure
assessments in the future. The Guidelines have a two-fold purpose. The
first is to improve consistency and acceptability of the assessments made by
the various programs and to make explicit the limitations or assumptions
associated with the assessments. The second is to provide the capacity for
expeditious evaluations of toxic substance exposure which may be required
due to emergency situations. To complement these Guidelines, a first draft
of an Exposure Assessment Workbook was developed to provide the specific
details of how exposure assessments are to be performed. This Handbook is
to be used by EPA personnel, Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group member
agencies, and others in conducting exposure assessments. In addition, a
library of all exposure documents developed by the Agency was compiled to
provide a central repository for use by all individuals conducting exposure
assessments. These exposure assessment activities are concerned with all
media and are therefore pertinent to m any research com mittees.
TS-28
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A List of Carcinogens was developed and adopted by the Agency. This List
was utilized by the Office of Solid Waste in preparing their hazardous waste
disposal rules under Section 3001 of RCRA and by the Office of Pesticides
and Toxic Substances to develop chemical substance labeling regulations
under Section 6 of TSCA and by the Office of Planning and Management in
writing a chapter in EPA's Occupational Safety Mantel stipulating the
handling procedure for chemicals posing chronic hazards to users. The
Occupational Safety and Health. Administration also used the List in
im plementing its cancer policy.
Provided leadership and scientific support to several Interagency
Regulatory Liaison Group subcommittees including risk assessment, exposure
and m utagem'city.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $94,500 to this sub-program,
all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation.
The scientific assessment program will provide support to the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances on assessments of toxic chemicals. The program
will continue to update and maintain the Agency's list of carcinogens which is
being used by Agency program offices in development of regulations. Technical
assistance will be given for the development of multi-media exposure assessments
on chemicals considered high priority by the Toxic Substances Priority Committee
(TSPC). The TSPC has the responsibility for coordinating all media activities
for a chemical with respect to possible regulatory action. The program will also
participate in TSPC and Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group committee and work
group activities dealing with carcinogenicity, m utagem'city, and reproductive
issues and provide oversight and review of major carcinogenicity, m utagem'city
and reproductive risk assessments to assure scientific consistency within the
Agency.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $3,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $500.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $800 was applied to this activity.
- An Increase of $4,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $92,900 for this sub-program, all of which is
for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation.
TS-29
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This reflects a decrease of $1,600, a modest redirection of funds to higher
priority activities in this program area.
The scientific assessment program will update and maintain the Agency's
List of .carcinogens which is currently being used by Agency program offices in
the development of regulations. Limited technical assistance will be given for
the development of multi-media exposure assessments on chemicals considered high
priority by the Toxic Substances Priority Committee (TSPC). The program will
continue to participate in TSPC and Interagency Regulatory liaison Group
committee and work group activities dealing with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity,
and reproductive issues. A limited oversight and review will be performed of
major carcinogenicity, m utagenicity, and reproductive risk assessments to assure
scientific consistency within the Agency.
TECHNICAL INF OR H ATIO N A NO LIAISON
1980 A ceo m plish m ente
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $291,700 for this sub-program, of which
$289,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,700 was for extramural research
activities.
In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and
publication of the Research Outlook, the R esearch H ighh'ghts. technical
information plans and guidance, and other documents of general interest to the
environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information
systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and
resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of toxics included:
Publication and dissemination of reports on:
o Biodegradability studies with organic Priority Pollutant Compounds.
o XAD-2 Thermal Blank Determination
- Conducting seminars on:
o Structure-activity Research and its applicability to OPTS and ORD needs.
o Mussel Watch-Coastal Environmental Assessment System.
o Short-term in Vivo Assays for Environmental Carcinogens.
The Regional Services Staff provided for effective communications between
ORD and the regions. Specifically, they:
- Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information
System.
- Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance.
The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to
communicate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the
environmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in making
better coordination between ORD and the regionals possible, allowing each to
better fulfill its role and to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more
efficiently.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $310,100 to this sub-program,
of which $292,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $17,300 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
TS-30
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This part of the program is providing various research program and project
summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to
meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the
explicit information products for this research effort, have been prepared.
Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information
products and to distribute them to the appropriate • users. The support is also
being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects
and resources.
Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980* To this end;, such
activities will:
Continue the Regional Support Management Information System.
i Conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to
provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, con-
ducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem
statements, and identifying research and technical assistance requirements.
Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and
local government in the OR D planning process.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net increase of $11,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these re-
visions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200.
- An increase of $11,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $900 from other activities.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $302,700 for this sub-program, of which
$285,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $17,300 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This sub-program will continue, in 1982, ;to provide the same type of
services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical
information products to insure that research information is properly and ade-
quately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific
products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed.
Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and resources
will be provided as will strong liaison with regional offices, of a similar
nature to that conducted in 1981.
TS-31
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MONITORIHG SYSTEMS AMD QUALITY ASSURANCE
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $4,699,300 for this sub-program, of
which $1,838,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,860,800 was for extramural
research activities.
A study to determine the feasibility of linking several gas chromotographss
to a Fourier Transform Infrared System was completed leading to a decision
to proceed with a prototype system. The new system should facilitate the
analysis of large numbers of samples at reduced costs.
A sampling protocol for bulk asbestos was published to standardize quality
of data obtained from the asbestos in school sampling program.
A standardized method for measuring PCB's in of! was published in support of
the PC8 regulation.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,653,800 to this sub-program,
of which $1,844,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,809,800
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Priority wffl again be given to those activities aimed at improving the
quality of data collected, advancing the state-of-the-art in the most critical
measurement areas, and examining ways to streamline and reduce costs associated
with tasting and analysis. Specifically:
Effort will continue on developing a series of standardized guidelines for
designing monitoring programs to field test predictive models. Emphasis in
1981 will be on field testing a draft guideline for validating stream
models. The guidelines are being developed to provide consistency in the
type and quality of m onitoring data collected by validation studies.
A prototype system linking several gas chromatographs to a single Fourier
Transform Infrared detector will be evaluated. If successful, the system
would increase signficantly the number of samples that could be handled and.
also result in lower costs.
Effort will also continue on investigating various microbia! systems ?s
rapid, low cost screening tests for specific toxic substances. The program
is currently focusing on finding a system sensitive to dioxin.
Current sampling techniques for air are not suitable for collecting polar
compounds, a major category of toxics of interest to the Agency. Thus
development of new polymeric substrates aimed at collecting polar compounds
will continue to be supported in 1981.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
TS-32
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The net decrease of $128,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi-
sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries
and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $7,900.
- The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million;
a decrease of $121,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agency wide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$3,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $8,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide A DP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$1,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $62,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogram mings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $1,100 from other activities.
- A transfer of $200 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide
additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil
noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
- Transfer of $50,000 to realign support to all programs supported by what
was formerly anticipatory research funds; within the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, $700 to solid waste/non-energy, and within the
Research and Development appropriation, $49,300 to drinking water
environmental processes and effects $49,200 and to toxic substances en-
vironmental processes and effects $100.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,763,200 for this sub-program, of which
$2,031,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,731,900 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $1,109,400 over the 1981 request. The increase
will permit the establishment of a quality assurance program specifically
tailored to the Agency's regulatory and enforcement activities.
The quality assurance program will be focused on Toxic Substances Control
Act requests. Activities will iunclude the development/preparation and
repository for the distribution of standard reference materials; the
conduct of laboratory comparison studies; on-site laboratory evaluation;
and m ethods evaluation and standards.
A droplet detector for use with high pressure liquid chromatography will be
demonstrated.
A field study wiTI be conducted at a research site to further evaluate the
F Y '81 draft guidelines for validating stream models.
Efforts will continue on developing a broader range of polymeric substrates
for sampling polar compounds.
TS-33
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Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical
guidance, support & over view to assure that the Agency will have enviro-
nmental data that are appropriate for the EPA needs.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 A ceo m plish m ents
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $10,376,600 for this sub-program, of
which $2,959,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $7,417,600 was for extramural
research activities.
A post-natal model for evaluating toxicity of the developing nervous system
has been designed and validated for collecting behavioral and neuro-
physiological data which characterize central nervous system (CMS) damage
resulting from exposure to toxic substances.
Dose response functions for a series of neurotoxic substances have been
determined for use in quantifying the relative sensitivity of four
different behavioral effects. The ability to quantify the effects of
hazardous chemical substances is a critical part of regulatory risk assess-
ment because it allows the selection of economically feasible regulatory
test protocols which provide optimum sensitivity.
The effectiveness of a method developed for chemical substances which cause
Cancer was demonstrated in experimental animal for 16 direct- and indirect-
acting chemicals.
Data acquired during the validation of an in vivo prenatal toxictty screen
utilizing pregnant mice, a method originally *3eveloped in EPA health labor-
atories, support the. use of this testing methodology, in part, as a birth
defect and reproductive effects screening system. There is a potential
utility of this cost-effective screen for regulatory testing guidelines and
standards.
The search for more sensitive, reliable and economical birth defect testing
has resulting in the development of methods to obtain fetal electro-
cardiograms (ECG's). Changes in fetal ECG due to various toxic substances,
pesticides, and hormones have been recorded and characterized and their
relationships to morphological changes are being tabulated. Introduction
of such techniques into the chemical regulatory testing system greatly
enhances the ability to detect a harmful substance during development of
early, subtle effects and often leads to reduced time and cost to the
chemical manufacturers and processors in establishing chemical safety.
The mouse lymphoma cell assay has been determined to have the ability to
measure separate types of genetic damages. This is significant because both
gene and chromosomal mutations are known to contribute separately to a
variety of diverse conditions.
Whole-animal tests to determine the effects of toxic chemicals on immunolo-
gical defense against tumor cells and against viruses were developed and are
. in the process of being validated. Validation of the tests will be carried
out with immuno-suppressant drugs which determine how im munologic screening
tests detect effects of a broad range of chemical substances to be evaluated
under TSCA and other regulatory areas. The development of an
immunotoxicological, tiered, testing system is the ultimate goal. From the
many methods available, the best must be identified and evaluated by
research procedures.
TS-34
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $10,434,400 to this sub-
program, of which $3,761,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$6,673,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
The 1981 program continues to focus on the development of specific research
data needed to support the guidelines and standards required under TSCA. The
research includes the selction and validation of known techniques for screening
broad ranges of chemical types and large numbers of individual chemical
substances with emphasis on accelerating the advancement of the more promising-
techniques from the research development state to a state of functional utility.
The objective is to develop a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive testing capability
which can screen all essential human life systems for harmful effects. The major
research being addressed is in the following areas of:
Acute, subchronic and chronic testing. This research concentrates on the
development and validation of test systems and selection of animal species
that serve as predictors of human disease processes which may be potentially
impacted, directly or indirectly, by chemical substances.
Reproductive effects and teratology testing. Screening methodology is
being defined to detect adverse effects on reproductive organs and repro-
ductive processes and to determine potential perinatal and early prenatal
adverse responses to chemicals which can result in developing offspring
during pregnancy and early infancy.
Neurotoxicology and behavioral effects testing. Short-term testing methods
using identification of specific neurophysiological, neurochemical, and
neurobehavioral changes are being developed to screen for the effects of
toxicants upon the functional and structural integrity of the nervous
system.
Mutagenicity testing. This research will continue to develop and refine the
tiered, short-term genetic damage testing scheme which consists of a matrix
of screening and confirmatory tests employing bacteria, yeasts, plants,
insects,isolated mammalian cells, and whole animals.
C arcinogenicity testing. Appropriate short-term tests to be included in
the three-tiered cancer testing matrix are being established. This tiered
chemical testing system will permit (1) inexpensive tier-one screening to
detect potential cancer-causing chemical substances, (2) tier-two confirma-
tory testing with bioassays which are still relatively short in duration and
low in cost, and (3) longer-term tier-three risk estimation laboratory
studies which will permit quantification of the degree of health risk to the
human situation.
Metabolism. Research in this area evaluates testing methods to determine
which laboratory animal test species proximate the human response, the
chemical reactivity of metabolic intermediate compounds, and the inter-
action of metabolic intermediate compounds with ON A which can serve as
presumptive test evidence of cancer or genetic damage at the first
(screening) level of testing.
Epidemiology. This research attempts to explain the cause and determinants
of disease where pre-existing human exposure situations can be found.
Although only a select number of chemicals are found in situations which can
be studied epidemiologically, these epidemiological studies provide import-
ant chemical-specific information and are a vital part of the validation of
animal and cellular test systems.
TS-35
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected 1n this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $2,363,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is
$11,000.
- The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million;
a decrease of $649,300.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$3,200 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $49,900 was applied to this activity,
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $1,803,000 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide A DP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$13,700 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $98,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supple m ental appropriation.
- Reprogrammiogs to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $3,200 to other activities.
- Offsetting transfer of $16,100 were made to realign support to all
program supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds;
$16,100 was transferred within the Salaries Expenses appropriation to
solid waste/non-energy; $16,100 was transferred within the Research and
Development appropriation from toxic substances environmental processes
and effects.
- Transfer of $70,800 from toxic substances environmental processes and
effects, to realign contract funds.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $11,915,800 for this sub-program, of which
$4,501,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $7,414,100 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $1,481,400. Activities such as test develop-
ment and application in the areas of neurotoxicology and genetic toxicology
deferred in 1981 will be resumed. This restoration will provide data for regula-
tory determinations in areas where such information is extremely limited.
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This sub-program will continue to emphasize-the development and refinement
of testing protocols for determining the adverse health effects of "commercial
chemicals. The biological testing indicators of harmful effects being addressed
cover a variety of physiological, biochemical, morphological and other effects
relating to specific organ or life system toxicities. In addition, advancing the
state-of-the-art for predicting carcinogenicity, mutagenieity, and teratogeni-
city is a major concern. A closely related goal is the validity arid accuracy of
tests and testing methodology which are rapid and economically feasible. The
data from this program will be used for regulatory testing standards and
guidelines and for the risk assessments needed for regulatory determinations.
Research will focus on development and validation of testing methods for use
in the Tier I and Tier n portions of the three-tiered testing schemes for
chemical substances. Emphasis is placed on accelerating the development of
promising techniques from the research and development state to practical uti-
lity. Research in this area will include neurotoxicology and behavioral programs
for the development of methods to screen the effects of toxicants upon the
functional and structural integrity of the nervous system using observations
which can be defined by a recognizable biological change. Epidemiological
research will assess the impact of manufactured chemicals in industrial areas and
other chemical use situations. Research will include human reproductive
effects, and teratology studies to define screening methodology to determine
potential perinatal and early prenatal adverse responsiveness to manufactured
chemicals. Risk assessment research will encompass the use of information on the
biological of mechanism action and the activity of chemical substances as well
as a study of the relative importance of uneven numbers of chromosomes in
genetically-mediated disease.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOG Y
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used~a total of $1,710,200 for this sub-program, of
which $481,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,228,400 was for extramural
research activities.
The destruction of PCS in industrial and utility boilers was investigated
which determined the destruction efficiencies, developed control techno-
logies, and established test burn protocols.
Conceptual design, operations guidelines, and preliminary environmental
assessment of offshore hazardous waste incineration facilities were
conducted to develop the knowledge of offshore hazardous waste incineration
technique.
An optimization demonstration for removal of asbestos by baghouse, an
assessment of asbestos on road surfaces, and an ORO asbestos research status
report were completed which all contribute to the solution of the asbestos
proble m.
Development of organic chemicals producers ,data base was initiated for PMN
review and other purposes.
More than 300 P M Ns were reviewed.
Reference manuals on dioxins were completed, which cover the sources,
exposure, transport, control, analytical methods, and assessment of dioxin-
forming chemical processes.
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Development of process alternatives and evaluation of chemical substitu-
tions. The generic unit process technology and pollutant assessemerit work
was being undertaken. This work provides data for the establishment of a
predictive model which leads to identification of potential uses and the
associated risks and substitutes and manufacturing processes for existing
and new chemicals to be regulated by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances (OPTS) under TSCA Sections 5 and 6.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,796,000 to this sub-program,
of which $638,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,157,500
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
M ajor activities supported in this portion of the program will:
Provide expert P M N review.
Assess alternative disposal methods for PCBs, document and correlate PCB
destruction with combustion efficiencies in high efficiency boilers, and
develop alternative non-thermal destruction methods for PCBs.
Initiate asbestos study on commercial products and additional support work
for the OPTS program.
Assist in the development of agency policy and strategies for reducing
chlorofluoro carbon (refrigerant) use.
Develop and maintain the data bases and other services for PMN review and
chemical control actions.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $24,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,200.
- An increase of $31,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
Reprograminings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $800 to other activities.
- A transfer of $2,700 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide
addtional resources to support a new program for instituting civil non-
compTiance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
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1982 Plan -
The Agency requests a total of $1,777,400 for this subprogram, of which
$624,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,152,500 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This decrease of $18,600 has no significant programmatic impact.
The research activities will:
Continue to emphasize the "new chemical" manufacture pollution predictive
model. This model is based on the unit process approach and will provide
information such as the manufacturing processes, distribution and use
patterns, waste disposal methods, and control options for a specific chemi-
cal. Together with a viable analytical model, ft will predict human risk as
the chemical product moves through com merce.
Continue source characterization and estimation of the environmental
release of asbestos from the use and disposal of com mercial products.
Continue correlation of PCB destruction and fuel combustion efficiencies
and assessment of a 1 ternate disposal methods for PCS ' s .
Focus on developing alternative manufacturing methods and process condi-
tions to reduce the occurrence of toxic product contaminants.
Evaluate the possibility of developing substitutes for chemicals that pose
toxic threats.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $10,686*900 for this sub-program, of
which $3,063,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $7,618,600 was for extramural
research activities.
A method was developed for the separation and identification of toxic vola-
tile organies in sediments. This method will provide data for defining
bioavaflability of toxic chemicals in aquatic environments.
A method of multi-residue analysis for organic toxic chemicals has been
developed. This method will be used for measuring exposure concentration of
potential carcinogens in air.
Solid polymeric devices for collection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
from atmospheric samples have been developed. The methodology involves the
use of sorbents such as XA-D type resings. This method is being used to
define exposure concentration of PC8s in the U.S. and wffl be helpful in the
regulation of PCBs under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).
An experimental protocol has been developed for the determination of ozone
reaction rate constants. This method will be used in defining the persis-
tence of toxic chemicals in the air.
A method for defining anaerobic microbial degradation of toxic chemicals
has been developed. This method will provide data for predicting
persistence of chemicals in aquatic environments*
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A first generation structure-activity model has been "developed. This model
is designed to predict the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic animals.
A laboratory microcosm ecosystem has been developed to predict the fate of
toxic chemicals in estuarine environments. This system will provide a tool
for validation of exposure assessment models.
Soil microcosms have been developed and evaluated for assessemnt the fate
and effects of toxic chemicals in terrestrial environments.
The effects of different environments and the biodegradation characteri-
zatics of microbial communities have .been determined for methyl parathion,
pentachlorophenol, and p-nitro phenol using the E CO-CO RE water/sediment
test system. This information will enhance the standardization of this test
system and further its application for the production of fate and transport
information for regulatory decision making by the Office of Pesticides and
Toxic Substances.
A series of acute toxicity tests were conducted by EPA and contract labora-
tories using three species. The tests will enable the Office of Toxic
Substances to estimate variation in results from tests conducted in the
participating laboratories under identical test conditions, and determine
the precision of toxicity tests on aquatic animals. With this information,
the Office of Toxic Substances should be better able to evaluate data
submitted by industry in response to TSC A.
1981Prooram
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $14,306,600 to this sub-
program, of which $5,490,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$8,815,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
These resources are assigned to develop improved, validated, and cost-
effective methodologies for characterization and measurement of toxic chemicals;
for predicting transport and fate of toxic chemicals in the environment; and for
defining exposure and hazards associated with toxic chemicals to environmental
species and ecosystems.
The main research objectives in 1981 are to (1) develop improved techniques
for identification and quantification of trace level toxic chemicals in air,
sediment, plants, and marine systems; (2) develop methodologies and validated
models for predicting movement, transformation, exposure, prslstence and bio-
accumulation of chemicals in air, water, estuarine-marine, terrestrial and biota
environments; (3) develop methodologies for defining toxicity and hazard of
chemicals to ecosystems; and (4) develop methodologies and models for defining
humna exposure to environmental toxicants. These methodologies will contribute
the risk assessment process under Sections 4 and 5 of TSC A.
The major areas of research for the 1981 Environmental Processes and Effects
Research program include: technical assistance, protocols for fate testing and
environmental process characterization, development of toxicity tests, round
robin testing, structure activity exposure assessment, bioaccu m ulation models,
food chain models, microcosm technology, specialized test development, inter-
species interaction research, and behavioral tests.
Protocols for Fate Testing and Environ mental Process. The availability of a
series of standard characterization tests protocols for fate testing and process
characterization of chemicals in the environment is necessary for the implement-
ation of Section (4) and Section (5) of TSC A. The research objective is to
develop methods for defining degradation, accumulation, and transport of
chemicals which can be used in testing chemicals, and generating information for
building exposure assessment models. Several examples are:
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Determination of the jn vitro oxidation/reduction relationships in in
chemical and biological systems, describing adapation of specific systems.
Evaluation of the relationships in degradation of toxic chemicals in soils.
Determination" of environmental factors affecting microbial -adaptation and
the role of marine microorganisms and their associated communities in
controlling and affecting hydrolysis, sorption/desorption processes, bound
residue transport, and biodegradation as related to improving and using
tierred fate testing programs.
Completion of protocols for defining leaching of chemicals in soils, and
comparing batch sorptfon, soil thin layer chromatography and column
methods,
Development of models to predict bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish.
Development of Toxicity Test. The availability of standard tests for
defining toxicity of chemicals to aquatic, terrestrial, and estuarine marine
species 1s necessary for implementation of Section (4) and Section (5) of TSCA.
Development, validation, and improvement of these tests is anticipated to be a
continuous need of OPTS for the next 5 years. Some of the activities for
development of these toxicity tests include:
Development and validation of tests for assessing resistence to and
recovery fro m toxic chem icals in a soil-plant syste m.
Development of methods for measuring and predicting effects of more than one
toxic chemical on aquatic species with special emphasis on defining
chemical interactions.
Round Robin. Research to validate tests for determining toxicity and
effects of chemicals to environmental species is being conducted via round-robin
testing involving EPA and non-EPA laboratories. These tests will be incorporated
into Section (4) and Section (5) tests rules and standards under TSCA, and thus
are a high priority to OPTS.
Structure Activity. The structure-activity concept for predicting fate and
effects of chemicals, based on structural characteristics, physical-chemical
properties, toxicity, transport and transformation characteristics, and certain
electronic parameters of the chemical, will be further developed. The structure
activity concept will provide OPTS with a rapid evaluation technique, and is
necessary to enable OPTS to provide an evaluation of new chemicals within 90 days
after submission by industry, as mandated under Section (5) of TSCA. Major
activities in this area of development include:
Development of the ability to predict microbial degradation of one class of
organic chemicals on the basis of chemical structure.
Determination of the feasibility of a structure activity concept for predi-
cting adsorption, hydrolysis, photolysis and biodegradation of chemicals in
aquatic and terrestrial environ reents.
Development of a biodegradabflity data base for toxic chemicals to be used
in developing structure-activity concept for predicting biodegradability
rate of chemicals.
Developing the structure-activity concept for two classes of chemicals in
order to predict effects to aquatic species.
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Determination of the reaction and fate of toxic chemical compounds from smog
chamber studies using data to develop structure-activity relationships.
Development of a data base for rate parameters and reactivity of chemicals
in air, to be used in structure activity development.
Examination of relationships between partition coefficient High Pressure
Liquid Chromatography and bioaccumulation of selected compounds in marine
system. Verify conceptual models developed in freshwater with marine
systems.
Exposure Assessment. A major research objective in 1981 is to increase the
precision and accuracy of predictive techniques used to estimate the exposure
concentrations of chemicals in various compartments of the environment. A
knowledge of the concentration of chemicals in the environment is critical to the
determination of the risk which chemicals may pose to humans and the environment
as required under Sections (4) and (5) of TSCA. A multi-laboratory program has
been initiated to develop models which predict the concentration of chemicals in
the ambient environment based upon the physical-chemical properties, transport
and transformation chacteristics, and the total input of a chemical. Validation
of the improved models will be carried out in laboratory microcosms and field
channels. Some of the activities in this area include:
Development of refined and improved freshwater EXAMS based on laboratory
and field evaluation results, and inclusion of additional transport, trans-
formation and degradation processes.
Identification of current air quality mathematical models or modeling tech-
niques which can handle toxic substances in the atmosphere.
Evaluation and recommendation of specific models to estimate human exposure
to toxic substances in the atr.
Determination of the conceptual framework for a model of continuous flow
microcosms.
Bioaccumulation Models. Models are being developed to predict bioaccumu-
lation of chemicals in plants and animal species in freshwater, marine-estuarine
and terrestrial environments. In addition to providing input for food chain
models, the bioaccumulation data will provide risk estimates necessary for TSCA
implementation. Some specific research activities include:
Development of models for predicting bioaccumulation of chemicals in
aquatic plants, and terrestrial plants and animals.
Development of models to predict bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish.
Food Chain Models. Research is being conducted to develop rapid simple and
cost-effective techniques to predict bioaccumulation and effects of toxic
chemicals via food chain systems. Emphasis is on the development of models
capable of defining the impact of chemical contamination in the food web. Food
chain model research is a multi-laboratory effort covering freshwater,
estuarine-marine, and terrestrial media. Activities in this area include:
Evaluation of the exposure of humans to contaminated Great Lake fish through
the aquatic food chain, and estimation of health significance.
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* Tracking the transfer of a toxic compound in a single estuarine
prey/predator food chain as influenced by variations in chemical concentra-
tion and organism numbers.
Microcosm Technology. Laboratory ecosystems and microcosms are being deve-
loped to predict fate, effects and movement of chemicals. Microcosms will be
used to validate exposure assessment and other models. The major activities wiTI
include:
* Development of simple aquatic microbial ecosystem for screening toxic mate-
rials.
Determination of processes and rates of transfer to toxic chemicals within
sediments.
Development of improved experimental aquatic ecosystems for exposure model
evaluation and validation.
Development of the use of laboratory microcosms for predicting leaching
adsorption and volatility of toxic chemicals.
Development of a MonticeTIo Minnesota stream channel microcosm study.
Specialized Test Development. The development of specialized tests based
upon (a) biochemical and physiologic in vtb-o tests for acute and chronic effects
and (b) evaluation of multiple chemicals exposure, for defining hazard of
chemicals will provide rapid and more cost-effective testing methods.
Interspecies Interaction. Interspecies interaction research is designed to
develop cost-effective procedures based upon multiple species assays and is
necessary to develop methods for estimating toxicity at system and community
levels.
Behavioral Tests. This area of research, which is designed to provide
methods for rapid screening of chemicals, is the development of behavioral
effects of che micals to fish. Research in this area includes:
•>• Design of a laboratory preference-avoidance system, and preparation of a
behavioral testing protocol and support document.
Developmnt of methods for defining predator-prey interactions for aquatic
systems, using aquatic species identified by OPTS.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $1,424,300 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$17,800.
TS-43
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- The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million;
a decrease of $79.800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agency wide travel costs fay $850,000; a decrease of
$5,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $15,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Services bonuses by
$750,00; a decrease of $2,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research
and Development appropriation; a decrease of $1,200,000 was applied to
this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide A DP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$58,300 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $240,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $7,800 from other activities.
- A transfer of $22,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
A transfer of $200,000 was made to solid waste/non-energy to support
efforts on Love Canal.
- Offsetting transfers of $394,400 were made to realign support to all
program supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds:
$394,400 was transferred within the Salaries Expenses appropriation,
from interdisciplinary-exploratory research; $394,400 was transferred
within the Research and Development appropriation, to interdisciplinary-
exploratory research ($378,400), to toxic substances monitoring systems
and quality assurance ($100), and to toxic substances health effects
($16,100).
- Transfer of $70,800 to toxic substances health effects, to realign
contract funds.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $14,361,100 for this sub-program, of which
$6,737,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $7,623,400 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a modest increase of $54,500, to be applied to determining
predictive and evaluative approaches, such as structure-activity relationships.
The major areas of research for the Environmental Process and Effects
Research Program will include: protocols for fate testing; structure-activity;
exposure assessment models; validation of toxictty tests; ecosystem process
methodology; methods for avoidance behavior; interspecies interaction; speciali-
zed test development; microcosms; bioaccumulatfon models; food chain models, and
human exposure.
TS-44
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Protocols for fate testing. Development of improved protocols for testing
the environ mental fate of toxic chemicals win Include: completion of protocols
for defining leaching of toxic chemicals in soils, in order to provide method for
predicting the contamination of sub-surface waters by toxic chemicals, and deve-
lopment of a protocol and data base for photolysis of chemicals in air, including
the development of predictive methods for defining potential ozone-depleting
chemicals. Methodologies will also be developed for determining the fate of
chemicals, including: (a) studying the effect of catalytic processes,
sediments, and naturally occurring substances (algae) on hydrolysis, phtolysis,
oxidation, and microbial degradation rates. Special emphasis will be placed on
persistence of intermediate degradation products, (b) quantitative methods for
describing the biodegradation of toxic chemicals in fresh and estuarine waters,
and in soils and sediments. The emphasis will be to define the effects of
chemical concentration on the rate of biodegradation, extrapolation of
laboratory data to real environmental conditions, and degradation by naturally
occurring organisms such as algae; (c) techniques for predicting transformation
of chemicals in marine and estuarine environments; (d) defining uptake and trans-
formation of toxic chemicals in plants (e) predicting oxidation reduction of
toxic chemicals in water, osfl and sediments; and (f) characterization of soils
and sediments for testing adsorption, leaching and degradation of toxic
che m icals.
Structure Activity. Screening techniques developed will be based upon the
structure-activity relationship of chemicals to toxicity, pattern recognition,
and benchmark concepts for predicting fate and toxicity of chemicals. Work with
two classes of chemicals using aquatic species will be completed, including
extrapolation of toxicity from one species to another. A feasibility study on
structure-activity concepts for predicting toxicity of chemicals to marine and
terrestrial species will be completed. Structure-Activity concepts will be
developed for predicting fate of toxic chemicals, emphasizing two classes of
toxic chemicals mutally identified by OPTS and ORD for defining hydrolysis,
photolysis or biodegradation of chemicals.
Exposure Assessment Models. Validated models for defining exposure concen-
tration of toxic chemicals in air, water and terrestrial environments will be
developed. This research wfll provide exposure data which is required to determ-
ine the risk posed by chemicals, and necessary for implementation of TSCA. A
second generation Exposure Assessment Model (EXAMS) for predicting the concentr-
ation of toxics chemicals in aquatic environments will be developed.
Validation of Toxicity Tests. Validated single species tests for defining
acute and chronic toxicity of chemicals to certain aquatic estuarine, marine and
terrestrial animals and plants will be developed, Culturing techniques will be
developed for standardizing selected aquatic, estuarine and terrestrial species
for ecological effects testing as well.
Ecosystem Process Methodology. Key ecosystem processes, which can be used
to develop screening methods, multispecies tests, and to define ecosystem stress
due to chemical exposure, will be identified. Tests for defining ecological
effects due to multiple chemical exposure, and the effect of chemicals on
ecosystem nitrification, ammomfication, and nitrogen fixation will be
developed. Techniques and criteria win also, be developed for measuring
ecosystem stress due to toxic chemicals and the capacity of the ecosystem to
recover from the perturbation.
Methods for Avoidance Behavior. This area of research is designed to
provide methods for rapid screening of chemicals based on the behavioral effects
of chemicals on fish. Methods for assessing the effects of toxic substances on
the predator-prey interaction will be evaluated.
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Interspecies Interaction. Research on species interaction will continue
to develop cost-effective procedures necessary to develop methods for estimating
toxicity at the ecosystem and community levels. •
Specialized Test Development.- Specialized tests using in vivo and in situ
assays for defining cytogenetic damage in marine organisms due to toxic chemical
exposure will be evaluated. Additional specialized tests will be developed based
upon physiologic and biochemical responses, and using In vivo tests to assess
acute and chronic chemical effects (including aerobiology).
Microcosms. Laboratory ecosystems and microcosms will be further developed
as cost-effective screening devices for defining and predicting the fate and
effects of chemicals. Emphasis will be placed on standardization of ecosystems,
reproducibflity. Laboratory microcosms will be used to test EXAMS and other
exposure assessment models. Improved terestrial microcosms for validating
exposure models and defining fate and effects of toxic chemicals will be develop-
ed. Two chemicals will be completely tested. Freshwater microcosms using
complex laboratory streams for predicting biological effects of toxic chemicals
in aquatic communities wiTI be developed. Toxic chemicals will be tested in
laboratory microcosms to define transport and transformation in both saturated
and unsaturated soils.
Bioaccumulation Models. Models for defining bioaccumulation potential of
toxic chemicals in organisms will be advanced, and used in risk estimation.
Mathematical models for predicting the bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in
aquatic plants will be developed, using chemical uptake, transport, and transfo-
rmation as parameters. Mathematical models for predicting bioaccumulation of
toxic chemicals in terrestrial plants and animals will be developed, considering
chemical uptake and organisms metabolism. Mathematical models for predicting
bioaccumulation in aquatic animals, wiTI be developed based on animal
metabolism, and chemical release and interaction.
Food Chain Models. Measurement techniques for estimating concentration of
toxic chemicals in food chain systems will be developed. The work will include
model development, identification of chemical uptake and accumulation pathways
in freshwater, terrestrial, and marine food webs; and validation using available
data.
Human Exposure. Human exposure to selected toxic chemicals present in the
ambient environment in the New jersey Area will be measured in order to define
injury to human health as required by TSCA. The research activities will emphas-
ize measurement of toxic chemical concentration in air, watsr, the food chain,
and soil incorporation, in order to define total human body burden and risk.
STRATOSP H ERIC M 0 DIFIC A TIP hi
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,394,300 for this sub-program, of
which $133,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,260,800 was for extramural
research activities.
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Major accomplishments are summarized as follows:
Funded the publication of the National Academy of Sciencies' state-of-
knowledge reports of their studies on causes, effects, and alternate
controls of stratospheric ozone depletion, mandated by P.L, 95-95. These
reports were entitled: ."Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Halocartsons:
Chemistry and Transport" and "Protection Against Depletion of Stratospheric
Ozone by Chlorofluorocarbons."
Wrote and delivered the second biennial report to Congress on research
concerning causes and effects of stratospheric ozone depletion.
Chaired and managed the Interagency Committee on Stratospheric Ozone
Protection and its subcommittees which coordinated Federal research on
stratospheric ozone depletion and identified research priorities. Priority
areas are atmospheric science, and health and ecological effects.
Completed epidemiologies! studies supported by EPA funds and conducted
throughout the U.S. by the National Cancer Institute on the correlation of
nonmelanoma skin cancer to ultraviolet-B radiation. Preliminary analysis
indicates that each one percent increase in damaging ultraviolet radiation
results in a 1.6 to 2.4 percent increase in nonmelanoma skin cancer in the
U.S., depending on latitude.
Began to use personal dosimeters in studies to correlate exposure to ultra-
violet radiation with skin cancer incidence.
Continued research which provided updated data for use by the National
Academy of Sciences and other organizations engaged in making improved
integrated assessments of causes, effects and controls of stratospheric
ozone depletion.
Expanded research on the adaptability of plants under field condictions to
enhanced ultraviolet-8 radiation in order to understand why plants are
affected to a greater degree in control chambers than in the field. The
plants selected for study (wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, citrus) have high
economic value.
Completed ultraviolet-B marine and freshwater penetration studies
indicating the large depth to which solar LJV-B radiation penetrates. The
studies on plankton organisms, northern anchovy. Pacific mackeral and
shrimp and crab larvae indicated harmful effects from increased
ultraviolet-B penetration.
Developed an ultraviolet-B radiometry calibration and measurement technique
in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards. An instruction manual
for use by UV-B radiation effects experimenters is nearing completion.
Initiated study to develop methodology with which the ozone depleting
potential of chemicals, especially chemicals considered as alternatives to
the chloroflurocarbons with ozone destructio potential, can be evaluated.
Assessed the present knowledge on the causes of melanoma skin cancer. This
indicated that the relationship between UV-radiation and melanoma skin
cancer is not as straighforward as the relationship between UV-radiatio and
nonmelanoma skin cancer. The evidence indicates the existence of a complex
relationship.
Made initial model calculations on the connection between ultraviolet-B
radiation and photochemical smog.
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Sensitivity analyses of health damages continued and economic and social
measures of skin cancer costs were tested. The result of these analyses and
related data will be combined to make an integrated assessment of causes,
• effects, and alternate controls of ozone depletion.
Initiated research to study the role and effects of ultraviolet-B radiation
in the photosynthesic process.
Research on the role and effects of critical molecular targets of ultravio-
let-B radiation continued. The results of this research will enchance our
ability to predict effects on a range of marine organisms.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,412,100 to this sub-program,
of which $193,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,219,100
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Highlights of the Program are sum marized as follows:
Provide the most recent state-of-the-art knowledge on causes, effects, and
control of stratospheric ozone depletion to those conducting integrated
assessments and to policy and decision-making officials. A comprehensive
assessment of the state of knowledge and research needs will be prepared,
based on new knowledge obtained in 1980 and 1981.
Initiate new analytical studies to determine the relationship between UV-B
radiation and melanoma skin cancer. The present understanding is complex
and uncertain.
Continue the pilot study using personal dosimeters to test the relationship
of ultraviolet-B and skin cancer.
Develop the methodology, begun in 1980, to. evaluate the ozone depleting
potential of chemicals, especially those cheicals considered as
alternatives to the chlorofluorocarbons deemed substantial contributors to
ozone destruction.
Continue Federal research cordination by the Interagency Committee on
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion.
Continue studies of ultraviolet-B effects on key marine life forms. The
specific target populations and methodologies used in these studies will be
based in part on the results of the studies conducted in 1980 on plankton
organisms, shrimp and crab larvae, and mackeral.
Provide a manual on UV-B radiometry and methodology for use by effects
experimenters.
Study the adaptability of plants under field conditions to enhanced
ultraviolet-B radiation in order to understand why.plants are affected to a
greater degree in control chambers than in the field. The plants selected
for study (wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, citrus) have high economic value.
Prepare the third biennial research report to the Congress, due December
1981.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
TS-48
-------
The net change to this activity is zero. Several actions contribute to this
net change, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200.
* The Congress reduced agency wide travel Costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Services bonuses by
$750,00; a decrease of $2,400 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $6,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprograminings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $900 to other activities.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,060,500 for this sub-program, of which
$146,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $914,300 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects a decrease of $351,600 which will reduce by about 70 percent
the studies on the effects of ultraviolet B radiation on economically important
agricultural crops.
Activities planned for 1982 will:
Provide the most recent state-of-the-art knowledge on causes, effects, and
control of stratospheric ozone depletion to those conducting integrated
assessments and to policy and decision-making officials. An updated compr-
ehensive assessment of the state of knowledge and research needs, based on
new knowledge obtained in 1980 and 1981, will be prepared.
Perform analytical studies to determine the relationship between UV-B radi-
ation and melanoma (the more fatal type) skin cancer.
Continue the pilot study using personal dosimeters to test the relationship
of uttraviolet-B radiation and skin cancer.
Conduct research on the adaptability of plants under field conditions to
enhanced ultravoilet-B radiation in order to understand why plants are
affected differently in the field than in the laboratory. The plants
selected for study (wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, citrus) have high economic
value.
Study the effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on key marine life forms. The
specific target populations and methodologies used in these studies will be
based in part on the results of the studies conducted in 1980 and 1981 on
fish and other aquatic plant and animal organisms.
Utilize methodology previously developed to evaluate the ozone-depleting
potential of chemicals, especially those chemicals considered as
alternatives to the chlorofluorocarbons deemed substantial contributors to
ozone destruction.
TS-49
-------
Continue Federal research coordination by the Interagency Committee on
Stratospheric Ozone Protection.
Deliver the third biennial research report to the Congress, due December
1981.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,651,700 for this sub-program, of
which all was for extramural research activities.
The National Center for lexicological Research (NCTR) was jointly estab-
lished in 1971 by Presidential proclamation between the United States
Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Health, Education and
Welfare (now DHHS) to be administered by the Food and Drug Administration as a
research center to resolve problems of common interest to government, academia
and industry in the field of toxicology. Core support for construction,
renovation and research program development was provided by EPA and FDA. The
development of various research programs of common interest to all regulatory
agencies occurred in the late 1970's.
The 1980 initiatives for EPA provided by NCTR staff can be divided into two
general categories: expert staff assistance and programmatic basic research
initiatives. Contributions to EPA in the area of expert staff assistance have
provided in: statistical analysis of 2,4,5-T results; and participation on task
forces for risk assessment of (1) teratogy and reproduction; (2)
nitrilotriacetic acid; and (3) benzidine. Other accomplishments included: (a)
completion of long-term aromatic amine studies of benzidine and its congeners
(compounds of major importance in the rubber, dye and petro-chemical
industries), and initiation of mechanism studies of various aromatic amines such
as naphthylamines; (b) construction of a revolutionary new waste water treatment
plant capable of handling greater volumes of contaminated water in a more cost
effective and timely fashion. This plant is serving as a model for various
industries and municipalities; (c) development of protocols for addressing the
complex problems of additivity of risk resulting from chlorinatipn of municipal
water supplies. The results of these experiments may be directly applicable to
evaluating the toxic impact of waste dumps. The proposals has been submitted to
EPA for review and comment; (d) in addition to routine dioxin analysis in waste
dumps, food products and water supplies, NCTR for the first time developed
methodology for analysis and determination of isomers of dioxin in the environ-
ment. This method develops a classification of dioxin mixtures relative to their
potential toxic effects.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,500,000 to this sub-program,
all of which is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
Highlights of the activities being supported are as follows:
Continuation of research programs in risk estimation (carcinogenicity,
mutagenicity and teratogemcity) to assist EPA in the extrapolation of
animal data to humans thereby permitting sound regulatory decisions on
safety for health and the environment.
TS-50
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Continuation of long-term support in conducting carcinogenesis studies.
Development of systematic interaction' studies utilizing both in vitro
bioassavs and long-term in vivo bioassays in intact animals to examine
synergfem and/or antagonisms among compounds.
Continuation of long-term research relevant to EPA needs and to the
uniqueness of thefr fit to the NCTR capabilities to do long-term, chronic
exposure studies under barrier conditions.
Support to the following intramural core research programs which are of
mutual-interest to EPA and FDA:
Mutagenesis Research
Im munotoxicology Research
Chemical Research
P athology R ese arch
Biochemical Mechanisms of Toxicfty, and
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology.
Technical Assistance in the form of multi-disciplinary support in document
preparation and review in research areas other than biometry.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
There is no change from the budget estimate.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $4,500,000 for this sub-program, all of which
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The research win include an additive risk study, carcinogenesis studies,
and plan development for determining toxicological state-of-the-art usefulness
of structure-activity relationships.
In the additive risk study (carcinogenesis interaction), multifactoral bio-
assay protocols will be used to determine if four carcinogens found in drinking
water exert an additive carcinogenic effect when administered to rodents in
combination. A rotenone carcinogencity bioassay in the rat for which dosing was
completed 1n October, 1979 will continue until study completion. According to
the protocol, test animals wiTI be observed for 16 months following dosing at
which time they will be sacrificed and histopathology performed. Studies,
designed to evaluate phenotype differences in in-bred mice regarding their
susceptabflity to spontaneous neoplasia, will be performed. Structure activity
relationships, regarding carcinogenecity of four .aromatic amines are being
investigated. The impetus for this study was a desire by EPA to set water
effluent standards for benzidene and related compounds. NCTR will develop a
proposed project plan to extend currently planned carcinogenic interaction addi-
tive risk studies and wiTI develop a proposed project plan to determine the
status of the usefulness of the structure-activity relationship in toxicology.
TS-51
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Energy
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
ENERGY
Appropriation
Research and Development...
Total
Program H1gh1lc|hts
Multi-Media Energy Program:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Oxidants Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Hazardous Pollutants Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Gases and Particles Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Drinking Water Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Industrial Wastewater Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Solid Waste Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Toxic Chemical testing and
Assessment Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Actual
1980
$11,211
92,199
103.410
152
238
137,420
103,461
4,054
27,168
1,636
12,802
»
59?
5,785
2,273
22,514
627
10,355
87
2,496
1,207
2.781
285
1,340
237
6,585
Budget
Estimate
1981*
(do!
$11,026
99,968
110,994
152
256
105,000
107,599
4,042
35,269
1.550
12,741
581
5,577
2,424
22,477
661
10,115
21
2,640
1,102
2,662
293
1,247
101
6,878
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Tars in thousands)
$11,237 $12,790
95,341 84,055
106,578
141
245
117,466
107,599
4,105
35,482
1,603
12,725
579
4,901
2,425
21,128
683
9,713
21
2,350
1,151
2,185
303
648
106
5,847
96,845
142
242
118,439
*
* Authorization
5,227
31,140
1,835
12,492
680
5,234
2,626
21,751
' 1,059
9,976
* • #
• • •
1.121
2.324
242
1,138
* * •
• * •
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$1,553
- 11,286
-9,733
+1
-3
+ 973
Pending
+$1,122
-4,342
+232
-233
+101
+333
+201
+623
+376
+263
-21
-2,350
-30
+139
-61
+490
-106
-5,847
Page
E-10
E-29
E-36
E-45
E-57
E-.65
E-67
E-70
E-73
E-l
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Municipal Spills Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development,
Total:
Salaries and Expenses...,
Research and Development.
Grand Total <
Permanent Positi ons
MuTti-Media Energy Program,
Oxidants Energy..
Hazardous Pollutants Energy
Gases and Particles Energy.
Energy...
Drinking Water Energy......
Industrial Wastewater
Energy
Solid Waste Energy.........
Toxic Chemical Testing and
Assessment Energy...
Municipal Spills Energy....
Total,
Full-time Equivalency
MuTti-Medi a Energy Program..
Oxidants Energy ............
Hazardous Pollutants Energy.
Gases and Particles Energy..
Energy
Drinking Water Energy
Industrial Wastewater Energy
Solid Waste Energy.... .
Toxic Chemical Testing and
Assessment Energy.
Municipal Spills Energy
Actual
1980
285
373
11,211
92,199
103,410
69
23
8
21
4
• » •
18
2
1
6
152
86
33
11
45
11
• * •
35
6
2
9
Budget
Estimate
1981*
251
362
11,026
99,968
110,994
71
20
9
24
4
* • •
16
2
1
5
152
93
31
13
56
14
1
31
6
3
8
Current
Estimate
198.1
(dollars in
261
362
11,237
95,341
106,578
69
20
8
23
4
• » •
14
2
1
» • »
141
91
30
12
54
16
t * *
' 29^"
7
3
3
Estimate
1982
thousands)
m m m
• * «
12,790
84,055
96,845
68
22
5
24
7
* • •
14
2
• • »
* • *
142
89
33
12
56
17
• * *
29
6
• • •
* • *
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-261
-362
+1,553
-11,286
-9,733
-1
+2
-3
1-1
+3
• • *
• • *
• • «
-1
• • *
+1
-2
+3
• * •
+2
+1
* * *
* • •
-1
-3
-3
Page
E-77
E-10
E-29
E-.3.6
E-45
E-57
E-65
E-67
E-70
E-73
E-77
E-10
E-29
E-36
E-45
E-57
E-65
E-67
E-70
E-73
E-77
Total,
238
256
245
242
-3
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
E-2
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Overview and Strategy
Energy development and use is undergoing major change;. It is apparent that our
national energy policy will call for a widespread converion of utility and industrial
power facilities from scarce oil to plentiful coal, decreased fuel consumption, particularly
for the transportation sector, and the use of technologies that are only now beginning to
emerge for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels from coal, oil shale, and biomass.
The development of these new domestic energy sources to power the Nation's homes and industry
may pose a variety of threats to environmental quality. One of the Agency's major objectives
is to protect the public health and welfare from adverse environmental effects associated with
the shift from petroleum to coal and the development of emerging technologies. Research and
Development toward this end is mandated by the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts. To be effective
such protection must be accomplished through an integrated approach so that the control of one
form of pollution does not result in other unacceptable impacts. Effective control of the
environmental impact of changes in the Nation's energy systems must be based on a sound
understanding of the likely course of energy development and must be accomplished in a
reasonable manner at an acceptable cost.
The Nation's attempts to meet its energy needs will be determined by the policies adopted
by the Department of Energy and by the Synthetic Fuels Corporation. The major provision of
these policies as now envisioned includes:
- Increased use of coal through conventional combustion.
- More efficient extraction and utilization processes.
- The replacement of approximately 2.0 million barrels per day of imported oil with oil
substitutes derived from coal liquefaction, oil shale, and biomass by 1992. .,
The President addressed the environmental issues inherent in the changeover of the energy
systems in his environmental message: "In the near term the switch to coal must be accomplished
with currently available technology, I recognize that pollution control technology for direct
combustion of coal is not fully adequate and direct that Federal research be increased in
certain key areas. For the longer term, I am directing the Administrator of EPA, the Secretary
of DOE and the Secretary of HEW to identify the health and environmental effects of each
advanced technology and to develop procudures for establishing standards for all new energy
technologies." The three agencies are activily working on a cooperative basis in responding
to this initiative. General workshop reports have been published and a document which
outlines the major helath and environmental problems associated with synthetic fuels has been
issued.
With the passage of the Energy Security Act, the need for pollution control technologies
which will allow the development of these energy sources in an environmentally acceptable
manner is more imperative than ever. The agency has started the preparation of multi-media
pollution control technology, analyze performance and costs, and describe controlled discharge
from synfuels plants. They will be used by Federal and local permitting officals to assure
that the best, most economical pollution control methodology is being utilized, and they will
serve as a data base for future regulations to be issued by the-Agency.
As a result of our knowledge of possible health and ecological effects associated with
both existing and new technologies for fuel processing, transportation, conversion, and
utilization, the Environmental Protection Agency has made a major commitment to ensure that
the environmental and human health are protected. Further, since many of the problems are
long term (e.g., many technologies will not be available or in commerical use before 1985),
EPA must have programs underway to develop the.health, environmental and engineering data
base necessary to support technology-based standards to control pollutant discharges. The
lead times for impact assessment and control technology development are such that research
programs must continue to be implemented now if energy development is to be compatible with
environmental protection.
Areas requiring long-term research may result in Agency regulatory and enforcement
activity. Increased reliance on substitute fuels from coal and oil shale may generate new
pollutants whose effects are not yet known and must be defined. For example, coal gasification
processes may emit unacceptable quantities of carcingenic materials or impact groundwater
supplies. New and emerging energy sources (e.g., advanced combustion, synthetic fuels and
geothermal facilities) may produce cumulative chronic health and ecological effects. Me
must begin research in these areas now if we are to ensure the compatibility of energy system
development and public health and welfare.
E-3
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The Agency must also address many energy-related environmental problems in the near term.
The Nation will substantially accelerate coal use for industrial and electric utility use.
This conversion from oil to coal will result in additional emissions of particulates, mitrogen
oxides, sulfur compounds, and other combustion pollutants. In addition to the health and
environmental impacts of these emissions, knowledge of their atmospheric transport and
deposition is needed. The increased use of coal will accelerate mining in semi-arid western
areas, raising serious question about restoration of mined lands and degradation of the
quality of available ground and surface water resources. Increased quantities of solid waste
from energy facilities must be disposed of in an environmentally, acceptable manner.
Program Responsibilities
EPA has the statutory responsibility to protect the environment in the course of the
national program to develop and use the Nation's domestic energy resources to lessen our
reliance on imported energy sources. Research and Development programs in support of that
requirement are mandated by the Clean Air Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Energy
development and utilization cut across virtually every aspect of industrial, utility,
commercial, and residential activity and thus require an exceptionally strong technical and
policy basis for effective and equitable regulatory action. The energy-related environmental
policy, which will be implemented by all agencies of the Federal Sovernment.
Furthermore, EPA has the responsibility to review and coordinate the research activities
of other Federal agencies with respect to the environment as they pursue their individual
missions contributing to progress toward the national energy goals.
Program Goal s
The goals of the energy research and development program are:
(1) to provide, sound data necessary for the Agency to establish effective and
practical environmental regulations and incentives 1n extraction, process-
ing and utilization of energy resources, and (2) to provide pollution
control options, as soon as practicable, for those extraction, processing
and utilization practices which may cause significant health and ecological
damage.
The research program on the environmental impacts of energy supply and utilization is
integrated with the Agency's operating programs. The resources of this program are specifically
used to prepare the information that will be required for writing or implementation at least
five major regulations. This information includes:
* The engineering performance and costs of control options for SOx, NOx and particular
matter to be used in establishing the New Source Performance Standards for industrial
boilers.
Emission factors for some particulate matter from energy and industrial sources.
The Agency is reviewing the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for total
suspended particulate matter and may modify the standard to apply to fine or
respirable particles. Information on emission factors and control capabilities
will be prepared and issued for the development of State Implementation Plans
for the attainment of such a future standard.
Performance data on the economical use of low NOx burners on electric utility and
industrial combustion sources to be used in revising the New Source Performance
Standards for this pollutant.
Data on the costs and capabilities of technology for disposing of high volume solid
wastes, i.e., ashes, and desulfurization sludges from energy technologies, to be
used in establishing performance standards for disposal of hazardous wastes under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. •
E-4
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- Data on the costs and capabilities of control measures for air or water pollutants
and solid waste. This information will be used to prepare guidance documents for
synthetic fuel and other alternative energy production facilities. These
doccuments will give industry and permitting officials the information required to
make decisions within the time schedule imposed by the Energy Mobilization Board.
The ecological damage due to acid rain has prompted an intensive review of technology
to control acid rain precursors (e.g., SOg control with simultaneous NOx). A breakthrough
technology which combines S02 control with simultaneous NOx control has been identified.
The process which has been designated as the LIMB process is based upon mixing coal and
limestone together, pulverizing the mixture, and combusting the mixture in a low NOx
burner.
Assessment will determine the potential environmental problems associated with currently
unregulated coal combustion pollutants (e.g., trace elements, organics, sulfates). In addition,
information on the health and ecological effects of coal and oil shale extration and on
environmentally protective mining and reclamation techniques will be demonstrated. The program
has developed and will demonstrate the operation of low NOx burners for pulverized coal
combustion. The program in flue gas desulfurization will assess operating systems and evaluate
sludge handling procedures. Control of particulates will focus on evaluating the effectiveness
of alternative technologies for limiting fine particle emissions.
The definition of the environmental problems and requirements for control of the longer
term energy supply systems is of particular importance. EPA is working in cooperation with .
other Federal agencies, including DOE, to develop the Nation's energy supplies without harm
to the environment. EPA's part in this cooperative effort is to: (1) conduct environmental
assessments; (2) develop an adequate scientific basis for new environmental regulations;
(3) provide guidance on control technology requirements to Federal and industry groups
developing new technologies; (4} assist in the development of control technologies especially
where the Office of Research and Development has special expertise; and (5) assess the
adequacy of existing control technologies.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of .$96,845,300 for 1982, a decrease of $9,732,600 from 1981.
Of this total, $12,790,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $84,054,900 is for Research and
Development with an increase of $1,553,300 and a decrease of $11,,285,900, respectively. In
addition, the Agency is requesting 142 permanent workyears, an increase of 1 from 1981.
Program Description
Plans for the 1982 energy program have, for the first time, been developed within EPA's
Research Coimittee system. Phasing the energy program into that system has been an important
benchmark in the Office of Research and Development's succession of steps to integrate its
programs with those of the Agency as a whole. 1982 energy program activities are aligned,
through the various committees, to the Agency's regulatory and operational components, with a
special and necessary energy perspective being coordinated and focused through the Energy
Research Committee. Further, the plans show, for the first time, the relationship and
complimentarity between energy and non-energy programs in a simplified format.
The Energy Research and Development program;is designed to determine the environmental
implications and effects of the Nation's energy development efforts. This energy/environment
comprehensive plan to classify program content and resources has been developed to assure that
the entire range of Federal energy/environment research and development program is woven
together into a manageble frame work. This plan identifies research areas by the type of
energy resource, the processes in obtaining and using the energy, and the scienfific disciplines
of pollution options for conventional energy systems and the assessment of the environmental
problems or advantages of new energy.techonologies being developed by the Department of Energy.
E-5
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In addition to its activities with other agencies, EPA conducts, within its own
laboratories, a widely diversified program. The interageticy program used several mechanisms
to minimize duplication of effort by involved Federal agencies. The use of "pass through"
funding allows EPA to reimburse other Federal agencies for performing research in areas where
they have expertise useful for EPA's priority programs. Reviews are conducted and program
planning documents are updated annually as basis for managing pass-through funds. EPA
management of the interagency program ensures comprehensive coverage of environmental concerns.
The program is divided into broad segments. The health and ecological effects program;
that is, the research activities associated with the behavior and effects of energy related
pollutants once they are in the environment. The control technology program is designed to
provide information on the types and quantities of pollutants released by energy supply
activities and to develop or stimulate the development of control options where necessary.
The control technology program consists of six subprograms — fuel processing, preparation and
advanced combustion; fuel extraction; environmental assessments of conventional and advanced
energy systems; flue gas sulfur oxide control; nitrogen oxide control; and flue gas particulate
control. The health and ecological effets research program has four subprograms -- the
transport, fate and effects of pollutants on organisms and ecosystems; atmospheric transport,
and transformation of energy related pollutants; measurement systems and instrumentation
development; and health effects of energy related pollutants.
In 1982, the energy drinking water, energy toxic substances, and municipal sm'lls energy
research programs will be terminated in order to concentrate ORD's research efforts on higher
priority areas. In the energy program, synthetic fuels deposition, and hazardous and toxic
spills will continue to receive major emphasis.
Highlights of the 1982 Energy Program, as they relate to the Agency's media categories,
are described below.
Air
The portion of the energy program addressing air pollutants will continue to focus on the
impacts from fossil fuel combustion. In the oxidants area, emphasis on NO control technology
will be continued, as it relates, for example, to utility and industrial boilers. Health and
environmental processes research will also continue ongoing studies on the effects of ozone.
Research on gaseous and particulate pollutants from energy-related sources will highlight
visibility studies. Further, the engineering and technology portion of the program will include
control technology for particulates along with other technology assessments, such as flue gas
desulfurization. Other areas of emphasis include complex terrain modeling health studies on
sulfur oxides. In the hazardous air pollutant area, emphasis is on particulate organic matter.
Both the engineering and health effort will focus on organics emitted for stationary sources,
particularly known or suspected carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens. Research on indoor air "
pollution will continue.
Hater Quality
In 1982, we will continue to assess the environmental transport, fate and effects of
energy-related pollutants on the aquatic environment. Emphasis will be placed of freshwater
(both surface - and groundwater) and estuarine environments. In addition, we will continue to
develop and evaluate alterntive pollution control technologies for effluents and discharges
associated with coal mining, uranium mining, oil shale mining, oil and gas production,
conventional powerplants, and coal preparation facilites. Research on the development of
protocols for toxic and hazardous spills will receive greater support.
Solid Waste
In 1982, this program will receive slightly less emphasis than In 1981. However, we will
continue to assess control technology options and associated costs with controlling solid
residuals from industrial and utility boilers, and coal-cleaning facilities.
Multi-Media
'The program will continue to focus on the synthetic fuel and acid deposition research
programs. The synthetic fuels program will continue to. concentrate their research efforts on
synfuels from coal and oil shale, petroleum refining, and geothermal energy. The acid
deposition program will include activities which range from problem evaluation to the
determination of environmental effects.
E-6
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SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of dollars)
1981 Energy Program $106,578
Salaries and Expenses..*....... +1,553
The increase is primarily in the multi-
media energy program, environmental
engineering and technology activity.
Research and Development -11,286
The decrease is comprised primarily
of major reductions in the
multi-media, drinking water and
toxic chemical testing and assessment
programs, health effects, environmental
processes and effects, and environmental
engineering and technology activities
($14.3 million); a slight increase of
$1.9 million in the multi-media, acid
rain activity; and several minor in-
creases and decreases to the other
RSD activities, the net effect of
which is an increase of $1.1 million*
1932 Energy Program 96,845
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $96,845,300 is requested for 1982. Included in this total is
$84,054,900 for Research and Development and $12,790,400 for Salaries and Expenses,
with a decrease of $11,285,900 and an increase of $1,553,300 respectively. This
represents a net decrease of $9,732,600 from 1981,
The slight increase of $1,553,300 in intramural funds will be used to provide
additional support to the synthetic fuel and acid diposition programs. In addition
to the increase of $1,121,500 in the multi-media activity, there are increases
of $232,500 in oxidants, $100,700 in hazardous pollutants, $201,100 in gases
and particles and $376,600 in the energy activities, offset by decreases totaling
$479,100 in the other energy activities.
Extramural funding is reduced by $11,285,900, primarily in the health effects
and environmental processes and effects epidemiology area ($10,715,600), and the
environmental engineering and technology, integrated technology assessment, solar
energy and energy management areas ($3,536,800); with a slight increase ($1,856,400)
in the acid rain activity, which was transferred from the engineering and technology
area.
Minor increases and decreases are in hazardous pollutants ($332,900), gases
and particles ($623,500) energy ($262,300) industrial wastewater (5138,600),
solid waste ($490,600) multi-media ($142,600), oxidants {$233,500) and municipal
spills ($361.700).
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2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(In thousands ofdollars)
Original 1981 estimate..., • • 110,994
Presidential reduction (House Doc. 96-294).....,. -52
Congressional Increases/decreases:
Travel.. -3.9
Consulting services -52
ADP,.... , -15
SES bonuses -8
General reduction of $12.2 to R&D, -957
Acid rain increases of $1.5m +1,500
Anticipatory research reduction of $2.5m...... -1,000
$.9m reprogramming for cold Climate research.. -950
Reprogramming to support aquatic weed research -75
Proposed pay raise supplemental +444
Reprogramming for salary and related costs -42
Transfer to solid waste/non-energy for Love Canal -3,146
Transfer to Office of the Inspector General...... . -12
Mi seel 1 aneous reprogr ammi ngs -12
Current 1981 estimate, , 106,578
The Congress reduced Agency travel costs by $850,000, resulting in a decrease
of $39,000. A congressional reduction of $2 million to AOP costs created a
decrease of $15,000 to this media. The Congress reduced agencywide consulting
services by $3.8 million and SES bonuses by $750,000, resulting in decreases
to this media of $52,000 and $8,000, respectively. A congressional reduction
of $12.2 million to the Agency's R&D appropriation resulted in a decrease of
$957,000* In addition. Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by
$2.5 million, resulting in a decrease of $1 million to this media. Also,
congressional reprogrammings of $900,000 for cold climate research and $620,000
for aquatic weed research resulted in decreases of $950,000 and $75,000, res-
pectively.
Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million revisions resulted in a decrease of
$7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied
to this media is $52,000.
The Congress Increased funding for acid rain research by $1.5 million.
Other changes to this media include an increase of $444,000 for the
proposed supplemental to fund the October ,1980 pay raise, and decreases In
the amount of $42,000 for reprogramming related to salary and other costs;
$3,146,000 transferred to solid waste/non-energy for Love Canal; $12,000 transferred
to the Office of the Inspector General; and miscellaneous reprogrammings of $3,700
transferred to Administrative Law Judges, $200 transferred to radiation for the
Radiation Policy Council, and $8,100 transferred to program management to support
industrial hygienist positions at Research Triangle Park.
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•ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
19.81 1982
(in thousands of dollarsT
Prior year obligations ... 103,410 106,578
Effect of congressional changes -1,596
Proposed pay raise supplemental.... +444
Reprogrammings.. -66 ...
Change in amount of carryover funds
available . -309
Program decrease -3,198 -9,733
Change in rate of obligation +7.893 ..^
Total estimated obligations 106,578 96,845
(Fran new obligation authority), (106,578) (96,845)
(From prior year funds) .
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The Congressional referred to in changes the previous section are estimated
to decrease obligations by $1,596,000.
The funding of the October 1980 pay raise through a proposed supplemental is
expected to increase obligations by 5444,000.
Program decreases of $3,146,000 and $75,000 in 1981 are expected to decrease
obligations for this media by $3,198,000. However, a change in the rate of
obligation should increase obligations by $7,893,000.
In 1982, the program decrease of $9,733 will reduce obligations by the same
amount.
There 1s no carryover available for obligation in 1981 or 1982.
Miscellaneous reprogrammings are expected to result in a decrease of $66,000
in 1981.
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
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ENERGY
Multi-Media Energy Program
Appropriation
Technical Information
and Liaison:
Salaries and
Expenses.. ...
Research and
Development.........
Energy Health Effects:
Salaries and
Expenses
Research and
Development .—
Energy Environmental
Engineering & Technology
Salaries and
Expenses
Research and
Development
Energy Environmental
Processes and
Effects:
Salaries and
Expenses..
Research and
Development
Acid Rain:
Salaries and
Expenses...*.........
Research and
Development
TOTAL:
Salaries and
Expenses
Research and
Development.........
GRAND TOTAL:
Actual
1980
$258
3
175
4,891
3,274
17,267
169
3,238
$ 178
1,769
4,054
27,168
31,222
Budget
• Estimate
1981*
(dollars in
S254
17
64
4,159
3,337
20,569
188
4,073
$ 199
6,451
4,042
35,269
39,311
Current
Estimate
1981
thousands)
$263
17
25
4,141
3,383
20,569
225
3,804
$ 209
6,951
4,105
35,482
39,587
Estimate
1982
S231
16
66
1,622
4,350
17,032
350
3,663
$ 230
8,807
5,227
31,140
36,367
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-$32
- 1
+ 41
- 2,519
+ 967
- 3,537
+ 125
- 141
*$ 21
+ 1,356
+ 1,122
- 4,342
- 3,220
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
Technical Information
and Liaison 444 if
Energy Health Effects 1 ... ... ,..
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology 59 61 60 59 -1
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects 111 1
Acid Rain
Total
Full-TimeEquivalency
Technical Information
and Liaison 676 6
Energy Health Hfects 11 2 1 -1
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology 72 75 74 73 -1
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects 355 5
t
69
5
71
t
69
4
68
-1
Acid Rain 4 5 4 4
Totals 86 93 91 89 -2
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $36,367,200 and 68 permanent workyears for
1982, a decrease of $3,220,500 and one permanent workyear from 1981. Included in
this total is $5,227,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $31,140,200 for Research
and Development, with an increase of $1,121,500 and a decrease of $4,242,000,
respectively.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Energy Research
Committee* The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are
integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly
focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program provides the Agency with the scientific and technical
basis for developing defensible policies that strike a balance between domestic
energy production and environmental quality. The major components of this pro-
gram consist of research to characterize discharges and develop and evaluate cost
effective pollution control technology for energy processes, and research, on the
health and environmental effects of pollutants from energy-related technologies.
Processes addressed include synfuels from coal, oil shale, biomass, geothermal
etc., and conventional
E-11
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technologies. This program addresses accelerated energy development and multi-
media impact characterization which includes the collection of transport, trans-
formation and fate data to measure impacts on ecosystems and human health. In
addition, atmospheric dispersion and transformation models are developed to
enable the Agency to devise effective abatement strategies on both a local and
regional scale. The program also develops methods for. sampling and analysis and
continuous monitoring of emissions/effluents from energy technologies to charac-
terize residuals and control technology performance. The program evaluates
environmental, economic and social impacts of energy supply so that
environmentally acceptable approaches can be developed. A major output of this
effort is the scientific information needed for the establishment and implemen-
tation of technology-based, environmental guidelines and standards for
pollutants associated with energy development. Also included in this program is
the Agency's research to understand and control the sources and impacts of acid
deposition.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $261,100 for this sub-program, of which
$258,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,700 was for extramural research
activities.
The Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication
of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans
and guidance, and other general documents of interest to the environmental decis-
ion making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to
effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accom-
plishments in the area of energy included the publication and dissemination of:
- A Decision Series Report on Acid Rain
- A Pollutant Assessment for Oil Shale and Coal Technologies.
The Regional Services Staff (RSS) provided for effective communications
between ORD and the regions and the Regional Support Management information
system was developed and implemented.
1981 ...Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $279,800 to .this sub-program,
of which $262,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $17,300 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Various research program and project summaries, decision series documents,
and technology transfer publications to meet ;the Energy Research Committee
requirements are being provided. Technical Information Plans, listing the
explicit information products for this research effort are being prepared.
Support is also being provided to manage the information systems which track
ORD's research projects and resources.
Regional liaison activities are being continued, as is support for the
Regional Support Management Information System.
A process to address the research needs of state and local governments in
the ORD planning process is being developed.
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 19S1 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $8,SOO results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi-
sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries
and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,100.
- An increase of $9,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $800 from other activities.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $247,000 for this sub-program, of which
$231,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $15,600 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This
reflects a decrease of $32,800.
ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $5,065,800 for this sub-program, of
which $174,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,891,100 was for extramural
research activities.
A series of level one and two biological assay techniques were refined for
detection of biological activity in synfuel products, fractions, effluents,
emissions, and combusion products.
The first phase of exposure assessment for five fluidized bed combustion
facilities was completed. This effort will be de-emphasized in the future
due to projected limited development and application of this technology.
Various epidemiological associations were determined for mutagenesis,
reproductive dysfunction, and dermatological disorders in a variety of
energy-related industries such as advanced fossil fuel combustion,
hazardous waste disposal, coal gasification, and petroleum refining.
Studies were initiated to develop methods for identification of neurotoxins
(such as phenols) and teratogens (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
found in synthetic fuels.
A phased health assessment was initiated to determine the relative
anticipated health impact of organic coated participates from fluidized bed
combustion vs. those from conventional coal combustion,
A study was initiated to identify organic and metallic compounds from shale
oil and coal conversion technologies to be used in multi-species metabolism
investigations.
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of 4,166,200 to this sub-program,
of which $25,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,141,200 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
Refinement and ultimate validation efforts will continue for levels one and
two biological assays for toxicities of synfuel products, fractions and
processes.
The first stage of epidemiologicai studies in synfuel operations will
proceed. Operating synfuel process will be selected and accumulation of the
data base on workers health which will enable future epidemiologicai
associations will commence.
- Industrial exposure assessment for oil shale, direct coal liquefaction and
coal gasification processes will proceed. This is a large effort which will
involve both planning and initiation of exposure measurements.
The development of fish and amphibian assays for identification of
neurptoxic and teratogenic hazards in synthetic fuels, their fractions and
process effluents will continue.
Studies to determine the absorption, retention, and distribution of metabo-
lic products of organic and metallic compounds such as benzo(a) pyrene and
vanadium found in effluents from shale oil and coal conversion processes
will continue.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $56,600 results from several actions, as follows;
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi-
sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries
and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $300.
- An increase of $1,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $300 from other activities.
- Transfer of $45,900 to energy-hazrdous pollutants to perform work
related to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information
on oil shale.
- Offsetting transfers of $28,700 were made to realign contract funds —
$28,700 was transferred within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
to energy environmental processes and effects in this same subactivity;
$28,700 was transferred within the Research and Development
appropriation from energy environmental processes and effects in this
• same subactivity.
- A transfer of $12,200 was made to the Office of Inspector General in
order to provide additional resources to that Office.
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1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,687,500 for this sub-program, of which
$65,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,622,200 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This
reflects a decrease of $2,478,700.
The most promising assays for estimation of somatic and genetic toxicities
of synfuel products, fractions, effluents, emissions and combustion
products will be validated.
Exposure assessments will be continued for oil shale, direct coal liquefac-
tion and coal gasification processes.
Assays for neurotoxicity and teratogenicity of synthetic fuel products, by-
products and pollutants will be validated. Results from these assays will
be integrated into the overall "Synfuel Assessment."
Multi-species metabolism investigations will be conducted for synfuel
products, by-products or fractions identified in the previous two years and
key factors to be utilized in interspecies extrapolations will be
determined.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $20,541,200 for this sub-program, of
which $3,274,100 was for Salaries and Expenses and $17,267,100 was for extramural
research activities.
In 1980 the Agency placed major emphasis on the synfuels program,
highlighting the environmental assessment and control technology evaluation
associated with coal gasification, coal liquefaction and oil shale processing.
EPA initiated efforts to produce Pollution Control Guidance Documents for these
synfuels technologies to help EPA's Regional offices better review Environmental
Impact Statements and permit applications and to provide the industry with early
input as to available control technology. It is EPA's objective to minimize
environmental damage while permitting timely synfuels commercialization. The
documents will characterize technology guidance considering the integrated
nature of the process and a multimedia waste management system.
Significant accomplishments include the following:
Synfuels from Coal and Oil Shale
Preliminary and draft Environmental Impact Statements and Prevention of
Significant Deterioration permits for the Solvent Refined Coal II (liquid
fuel from coal) demonstration planned for West Virginia were reviewed and
comments were submitted to Region III. This is to assure minimum impact of
this large synfuels demonstration and assure inclusion of adequate control
technology.
An advanced draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Solvent Refined
Coal I (solid clean fuel) demonstration was reviewed and comments were
submitted to Region IV. This is to insure inclusion of adequate pollution
control technology.
The sampling and analysis at the Solvent Refined Coal pilot plant in Ft.
Lewis, Washington, was completed in order to provide data for the Pollution
Control Guidance Documents and program offices on direct coal liquefaction.
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The effectiveness of participate control devices for oil shale processes in
conjunction with the Department of Energy were evaluated. This will provide
input to the standard setting offices and the Pollution Control Guidance
Documents to provide data for cost effective control alternatives.
Environmental perspectives documents for -the emerging' oil shale industry
were completed. This describes the potential environmental impact of this
soon to be commercialized industry.
An engineering analysis of the Stretford device for sulfur removal from oil
shale processes was completed. This will describe performance of major
sulfur control technologies for input into both Pollution Control Guidance
Documents and standard setting activities to assure cost effective control.
This will encourage industry to incorporate Best Available Control
Technology.
Draft data bases for the indirect coal liquefaction and the low BTU coal
gasification Pollution Control Guidance Documents were developed. These
documents will be used by the EPA regional offices to review Environmental
Impact Statements and permits, and by synfuels developers to avoid costly
retrofit and redesign.
Environmental assessments of the Wellman-Galusha low BTU coal gasification
process and Lurgi medium BTU process were conducted. These characterize the
discharge from significant low and medium BTU processes and will provide
input to both the Pollution Control Guidance Documents and
emission/effluent standards.
An EPA/Industry Coal Liquefaction Forum was held in Chicago and the
proceedings were published to help disseminate environmental information
needed by the coal liquefaction industry. All significant developers
described their processes and status of commercialization.
Geothermal
The sampling and analysis of fluids at 120 potential geothermai sites
including springs and wells in the western U.S. were completed. Fifty chemi-
cal constituents were analyzed. This information, when combined with
historical data, will provide regulators and developers with a preliminary,
but sound, basis for evaluating pollution control needs.
A document "Status of Environmental Controls for Geothermal Energy" which
established coordinated priorities, objectives, and management of
environmental controls research among EPA, DOE, DOI and other agencies
working through the Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council was
completed. This will streamline and expedite the development of
environmental controls needed to rapidly commercialize geothermai energy in
the United States.
Solar
Preliminary results from a study on the air emission impacts of potential
solar energy use in three metropolitan air quality control regions
(Houston, Chicago and Philadelphia) through 1995 were obtained. These
results begin to indicate the potential benefits from solar energy in resol-
ving environmental problems in urban areas.
Alcohol from Biomass
Multimedia sampling and analysis at nine alcohol production facilities uti-
lizing grain feedstocks were completed. This will provide the data base for
standard setting offices and the Pollution Control Guidance Documents for
alcohol fuels.
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The standard support plan and control technology research plan were
completed. This will describe ORD's plans and schedules for gathering the
data base characterizing discharges from alcohol fuels processes.
Fluidized Bed Combustion
A comprehensive environmental assessment of the Georgetown University
fluidized bed boiler was completed* This will provide OAQPS with data on
air emissions from industrial boiler size fluidized bed units.
Chemically Active Fluid Bed
The environmental assessment program of Chemically Active Fluid Bed
demonstration using high sulfur oil as feedstock was continued. This will
encourage the use of domestic high sulfur oil. It will also supply OAQPS
with a data base from which to set reasonable standards.
Petroleum Refining
A report assessing atmospheric emissions from petroleum refineries was com-
pleted. This will be a first step to improving necessary control technology.
Strategy Research
The Congressionally-mandated Ohio River Basin Energy Study was completed.
The forthcoming final report identifies and analyzes the likely impacts of
future energy development within the Ohio River Basin.
A legislatively required overview of the effectiveness of the Department of
Energy's solar energy and energy conservation programs was completed. Com-
ments from industry, Congressional staff and the public sector were
received and incorporated into six preliminary reports and the forthcoming
Report to the President and Congress. This could impact the Nation's energy
policy in this area.
A preliminary analysis of possible regulatory strategies for mitigating
acid rain impacts in the U.S. and Canada was completed, and ongoing support
was provided to the U.S.-Canada Bilaterial Research Consultation Group on
the Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants. The results from these
activities are a major part of the data base upon which bilaterial
transboundary air pollution discussions with the Canadian Government are
proceeding.
1981 Program
In 1931, the Agency has allocated a total of $23,952,600 to this sub-
program, of which $3,383,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$20,569,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appro-
priation.
In 1981 the Agency reduced its activities in fluidized bed combustion (FBC)
and in assessing the environmental impact of the Chemically Active Fluid Bed
processes to provide greater support for our efforts to support the Federal
Synthetic Fuels Program. Much of the fluidized bed combustion activity and all
of the Chemically Active Fluid Bed demonstration has been absorbed by the Depart-
ment of Energy. In addition to the Pollution Control Guidance Document effort,
this program element includes a large component for EPA regional support in the
synfuels area. Activities include:
Synf uels from Coal and Oil Shale
Comments to Region III on the final Environmental Impact Statement and
permit applications for the Solvent refined Coal II demonstration planned
for Morgantown, West Virginia (other Regions will be similarly supported in
the various synf uel technologies) are being provided.
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Review of the final Environmental Impact Statement and permit applications
for the Solvent Refined Coal I demonstration to Region IV is being
completed. This is to assure that adequate control technology is
incorporated in this synfuels demonstration.
The first and second drafts of volumes "I, II, and III of the Pollution
Control Guidance Document for direct coal liquefaction are being
completed. This will provide guidance for the EPA Regions in the
Environmental Impact Statement and permit application review for this
industry.
Sampling and analysis at the Exxon Donor Solvent and H-Coai pilot plant are
being conducted. This will provide a data base for the Pollution Control
Guidance Document and the Agency's standard setting office for direct coal
liquefaction.
The final Pollution Control Guidance Documents for low BTU coal
gasification, indirect coal liquefaction and oil shale processing are being
completed. These will provide guidance to Regional permit reviewers as to
recommended control technology and provide developers with advance informa-
tion concerning control technology needs so as to avoid costly retrofit.
Public forums on the low BTU gasification and indirect liquefaction
Pollution Control Guidance Documents are being held to help disseminate
information on the pollution control needs of this industry.
Pollution Control Guidance Document efforts in Lurgi high and medium BTU
processes are being initiated. This will provide information on the
recommended pollution control technology for these important synfuels
industries.
The sampling and analyses program at Occidental oil shale retort burns 7 and
8 is being initiated. This will provide a data base for Pollution Control
Guidance Documents and standard setting in the oil shale industry.
Bench scale effluent treatability studies for oil shale processes are being
completed. This will help describe cost effective control technology for
oil shale processes.
Alcohol From Biomass
The environmental assessment of ethanol production from biomass is being
completed. This will characterize all emissions/effluent from this process
and thus provide a data base for the Pollution Control Guidance Document and
the standard setting process.
Multimedia sampling at three alcohol production facilities utilizing cellu-
lose and sugar feedstocks is being completed. This will compare the
emissions/effluent from alcohol production as a function of feedstock and
provide input to standard setting.
A preliminary analysis of air pollution cbntrol costs on alcohol production
facilities is being completed. This will provide cost effective pollution
control of emissions from alcohol production.
Geothermal
An assessment of large-scale, long-term subsurface injection for geothermal
fluids, and the development of techniques for remotely sensing the movement
of injected geothermal fluids are being conducted. These projects will
enable site developers to comply with drinking water aquifer production and
subsidence prevention regulations under the underground injection program.
Preparation of a Pollution Control Guidance Document for hydrothermal
geothermal energy is being prepared and sampling and analysis programs on
associated discharges are being conducted. This will provide guidance to
EPA Regional permit reviewers, DOE, resource developers, and be an input to
the standard-setting and review process.
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A Best Available Methods Manual for sampling and analysis of geothermal
liquids, gases and solids is being prepared. This will enable developers
and regulators to assemble data for permits, process engineering and
compliance monitoring on a consistent and cost-effective basis.
Solar
The study of air emission impacts of potential solar energy use in three
metropolitan air quality control region is being completed, The results
will be used to identify specific emission sources to which solar energy
systems can be applied in compliance planning.
Several analyses attempting to anticipate the significant environmental
problems associated with the manufacture and/or use of solar energy techno-
logies are being conducted. These studies will enable EPA, DOE, and techno-
logy developers to take early steps to insure that environmental impacts are
minimized.
FluidizedBedCombustion
Several industrial sized fluidized bed boilers for sulfur oxide, nitrogen
oxide and particulates are being monitored. This will provide support for
the development of air emission standards for industrial boilers.
Chemically Active Fluid Bed
Demonstration of the use of coal as a fuel in the Chemically Active Fluid
Bed utility demonstration in San Benito, Texas is being conducted. This
will provide for the environmentally sound use of coal in a gas fired
utility boiler in accordance with the National Energy Plan,
Petroleum Refining
Sampling and analysis for volatile organic compounds from wastewater treat-
ment plants at five petroleum refineries is being conducted.
Strategy Research Program
The legislatively required analysis of the Department of Energy's conserva-
tion and solar energy programs is continuing.
The development of advanced analytic models for determining the economic,
energy and pollution release consequences of environmental regulation is
continuing.
Major support for the assessment efforts required by the U.5. Canada
Memorandum of Intent on Transboundary Air Pollution will be continued.
These assessments on the emission rates of acid rain precursors and on the
transport and effect of acid rain will provide the technical support for
future negotiations on an international agreement on transboundary air pol-
lution.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $45,800 results from several actions, as followss
E-19
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- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*0; these revi-
sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries
and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $22,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$38,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $500 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $153,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $46,000 to other activities.
f A transfer of $1,000 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide
additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil
noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
A transfer of $200 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
1982Plan
The Agency requests a total of $21,382,600 and 59 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $4,350,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropria-
tion and $17,032,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development appropriation.
The Envionmental Engineering and Technology Program element was reduced by
$2,570,000 This decrease results from reduced levels of support for the Inte-
grated Technology Assessment, solar energy and energy management research
programs. The decrease also results from a transfer of acid precipitation
activities to the Acid Rain Program Element.—
The Chemically Active Fluid Bed demonstration and environmental assessment
program, as well as the alcohol production from biomass program, are scheduled to
be completed as planned in 1981, and therefore are not included in the 1982
submission. In addition, fluidized bed combustion has been deleted from the 1982
program. Most of this program will be included in the Department of Energy's
direct combustion program.
Synf uels from Coal and OH Shale
Pollution Control Guidance Documents for medium BTU coal gasification, Lur-
gi high BTU coal gasification and direct coal liquefaction will be com-
pleted. This will complete the first series of Pollution Control Guidance
Documents for the Agency. These documents will provide guidance to the EPA
Regions as to recommended control technologies to allow for a realistic
review of Environmental Imapct Statement and permit applications.
Air, groundwater and subsidence effects of in-situ coal gasification pro-
jects will be assessed. This will provide a better understanding of the
impact of this technology to assure maximum use of our coal resources.
Comprehensive data gathering of a variety of domestic and foreign bench,
pilot, demonstration and commercial synthetic fuel facilities in support of
the regional, the program office and enforcement activities will be con-
ducted. Emphasis will be on control effectiveness, applicability, cost,
energy penalty and residual characterizaion.
E-20
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Chemical composition and biological activity data for synfuel products and
synfuel combustion will be developed. This will help assure that synfuel
products will be handled with minimal environmental impact.
Support for the EPA Regions in the area of Environmental Impact Statement,
Prevention of Significant Deterioration and New Source Performance Standard
reviews will be continued. This will help assure that realistic permits
will be written in a timely manner for synthetic fuels.
Control technology for disposal of retorted oil shale and raw oil shale will
be developed, demonstrated and validated. This will help assure that cost
effective control technology will be available to minimize the impact of
solid waste for this important synfuel technology.
Petroleum Refining
- Emissions/effluents at a petroleum refinery will be compared with those at
various synfuel plants to determine relative impact and associated control
costs for similar fuel products.
Emissions from fluidized bed catalytic crackers in the oil refining
industry will be assessed. This will provide a data base for setting an
emission standard for petroleum refineries.
Ceotherrnal
Preparation of a Pollution Control Guidance Document for hydrothermal
geothermal energy will be continued and sampling and analysis programs on
associated discharges will be completed. This will provide guidance to EPA
Regional permit reviewers, DOE and resource developers, and provide input
to the standard setting and review process.
- Solid waste management practices from geothermal energy systems and recom-
mend control alternatives will be assessed. This study responds to a
Congressionally-rnandated study (RCRA 1980 amendments).
Conventional Combustion Environmental Assessment (Synfuels)
Emissions for stationary conventional combustion sources burning synthetic
fuels will be characterized. This will be a first step to assure minimal
environmental impacts associated with a significant use of synfuels.
Strategy Research program
As required by Section 11, P.L.93-577, EPA will continue to conduct an
annual review of the Federal Non-Nuclear Energy Research and Development
Program.
Working with U.S. Department of Agriculture, EPA will analyze the effec-
tiveness of alternative strategies to mitigate adverse socioeconomic
impacts of rapid energy development in rural areas. This supports EPA
Region VIII's needs for analysis of policy options in this area.
ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,407,400 for this sub-program, of
which $169,400 was for Salaries and Expenses "and $3,238,000 was for extramural
research activities.
An analysis of the ambient air quality data collected at the Kosovo,
Yugoslavia coal gasification plant was completed. Significant
concentrations of potentially health impairing organic air pollutants were
found which were directly traceable to fugitive emissions from the synfuel
plant.
E-21
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The air quality monitoring and modeling effort at the western Colorado oil
shale extraction area was initiated with particular emphasis on visibility
impairment in the adjacent Federal Class I areas.
Multimedia environmental monitoring strategies were developed for
commercial scale fluidized bed coal combustion and low BTU coal
gasification plants so as to direct the facility emission and discharge
sampling programs.
A groundwater monitoring system design report was completed for situations
involving above-ground oil shale retorting facilities supplied with shale
from underground mines. Preliminary designs were completed for modified
in-situ operations.
A study to evaluate the environmental effects of pollutants from coal
gasification technologies was initiated,
A study to provide guidance for the use of non-mined wastes as soil
amendments on coal and oil shale spoils was completed. :
The use of vegetation that can withstand the arid conditions pf surface
mined lands in the west is needed to reclamate these areas. A user-oriented
report was completed which identifies plant materials for use on mined lands
in arid and semi-arid regions.
Documentation for stabilizing mine spoils in surface mined areas of the
northern Great Plains was completed. The transfer of this technology to
state agencies and mining companies is in the final phase of completion.
A field deployable flow reactor, and efficient delivery system, and a clean
air dilution system were developed to characterize secondary aerosol
products formed through atmospheric reactions involving synfuel emissions.
A 16 day ambient air study outside the fenceline of the commercial medium
BTU lurgi coal gasification plant in Kosovo, Yugoslavia, was conducted.
Thirty organic compounds in five classes (CHO, CHN, CHS, aliphatic and
aromatic) were identified.
A monitoring strategy for multi-media environmental effects of fluidized
bed combustion plants was developed and published.
New methods for revegetation of surface mined lands have been developed.
These include direct seeding and soil improvement techniques.
Through cooperative research involving EPA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, a program has been initiated to develop strategies for dealing with
the Prevention of Signicant Deterioration (PSD) regulation of the Clean Air
Act. This strategy is urgently needed to assist EPA and land managers in
decisions involving the siting of new energy-related industries.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $^,028,600 to this sub-program,
of which $225,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,803,400
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
Field monitoring protocols for coal and oil shale sites are being developed
to assist in the development of mitigation actions to protect groundwater,
and a groundwater monitoring system is being developed to provide an early
warning in the event of leakage at a site designed to dispose of hazardous
wastes generated by electric utility operations.
E-22
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Improved atmospheric dispersion models are being developed for use in eval-
uating compliance with air quality standards and Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) in areas of complex terrain, especially in the
mountainous areas of the western United States.
Data are being collected to provide input for a model to develop protocols
and methods for testing the environmental effects of complex synfuel
mixtures. Specific tasks include the setting of exposure levels to use in
designing long-term chronic and systems level bio-assays of Solvent Refined
Coal (SRC) liquids; the defining of the hazards of synfuel products; and the
providing of a base for environmental regulations governing the production
and use of SRC materials.
The potential for chronic leaching of abandoned oil shale retorts is being
quantified. Surface and subsurface geological factors that can be related
to aquifer characteristics and groundwater movement are being identified.
This information will aid in the selection of potential sites to be
developed for oil shale facilities.
New and/or existing "Best Management Practices" for the protection of top
soil and reclamation of surface mined areas in arid and semi-arid areas of
the U.S. are being developed and evaluated. The development of improved
plant materials to reclaim surface mined lands of arid and semi-arid areas
of the western coal mining region will be continued.
The acute and chronic effects of pollutants discharged or emitted from oil-
shale mining and processing on freshwater organisms are being studied. This
work includes: (1) identifying and quantitating the waste products from oil
shale mining and the chemicals used and formed by the refinement processes
involved; (2) testing the acute and chronic effects of the wastes on aquatic
organisms; (3) determining the possible bioaccumulation of organic
compounds in aquatic animals; CO identifying potential pollutants which
may enter the aquatic environment from these processes; and (5)
recommending which pollutants should be treated or removed before
wastewaters are released in the environment.
Strategies will be developed to deal with the Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) part of the Clean Air Act for the protection of fish,
wildlife, and their habitats.
A monitoring strategy for low-medium coal gasification and indirect coal
liquefaction is being prepared.
A groundwater monitoring system is being developed to provide early warning
in the event of leakage at a site designed to dispose of hazardous wastes
generated by electric utility operations.
In preparation for a FY-82 second phase study of the ambient air impacts of
the commercial scale medium BTU coal gasification plant at Kosovo, Yugosla-
via, ambient organic monitoring techniques are being developed or adapted.
Emissions from various types of synfuel processes, e.g., low-medium BTU
coal gasification, indirect coal liquefaction, indirect coal liquefaction,
direct coal liquefaction, oil shale retorting, or solvent refined coai (SRC
II etc.), will be examined using the flow reactor system to determine
atmospheric reaction rates and products.
A preliminary characterization of dissolved organic compounds in the White
River of Colorado is being performed. The White River, and one of its
tributaries, the Piceance Creek, drain an area of intense oil shale develop-
ment activities. This effort is part of an interagency coordinated effort
also involving USGS and DOE.
£-23
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $232,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29ft); these revi-
sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries
and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $500.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $8,700 results from the Cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $500 from other activities.
- Transfer of $70,000 to energy-hazrdous pollutants to' perform work
related to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information
on oil shale.
- Offsetting transfers of $28,700 were made to realign contract funds —
$28,700 was transferred within the S & E appropriation to energy environ-
mental processes and effects in this same subactivity; $28,700 was
transferred within the Research and Development appropriation from
energy environmental processes and effects in this same subactivity.
1982 Plan-
The Agency requests a total of $4,012,700 and one permanent workyear for
this sub-program, of which $350,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $3,662,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $15,900.
Methods for determining fish and wildlife management practices and
monitoring procedures on surface mined lands will be developed.
Handbooks for mine reclamation covering erosion protection, water manage-
ment, and revegetation procedures in arid and semi-arid areas of the United
States will be prepared.
Reclamation and revegetation techniques to minimize the transport of radio-
active materials from uranium mine tailings will be developed.
Research will focus on the biological consequences of diverting water for
various uses, including energy production in arid and semi-arid portions of
the United States,
Data will be collected to provide input for a model to develop protocols and
methods for testing the environmental effects of complex synfuel mixtures.
This information will be used to define the hazards of synfuel products, to
provide a basis for environmental regulations governing production and use
of these synfuel materials.
E-24
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An ambient air study of emissions from the commercial-scale medium BTU Lurgi
coal gasification plant at Kosovo, Yugoslavia will be expanded. this study
will measure specific organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene,
pyrrole and classes of organic compounds such as mercaptains, thiophanes,
pyridines, phenols and polycyclic organics. The Kosovo gasifier represents
an uncontrolled gasification system. The results will toe used to evaluate
various control strategies.
A monitoring guidance document will be prepared for each of the synfuel
technologies. Indirect liquefaction will be addressed in 1982.
The final phase of an assessment of the impact of oil shale development on
the levels of organic compounds in the White River will be implemented.
ACID RAIN
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,946,800 for this sub-program, of
which $177,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,769,100 was for extramural
research activities.
The short-term assessment program was completed with publications
identifying sensitive areas in the eastern U.S., including lakes and
streams, bedrock geology and soil types. These results allow EPA to focus
its research in areas that are or may become adversely impacted by acid
precipitation.
The analysis of the results of the first year of a study involving the
impacts of simulated acid rain on 28 agricultural crop species was completed
and published. This study will provide EPA with important preliminary
information regarding the effects of acid precipitation on crops.
A first approximation of sulfur accumulation in southeastern forest
ecoystems was provided. Within two ecosystems, the largest sink for sulfur
occurred in the forest soil, where 97% of the total deposition of sulfur
accumulated.
Results from rainfall simulation studies indicated that the growth of
soybean and pinto bean were inhibited by simulated acid rainfall. The' data
will contribute to our knowledge base for determining the effects of acid
precipitation on agronomic crops.
The Critique of Methods to Measure Dry Deposition; Workshopi Surnmary (EPA-
600/9-80-050? was published. This publication assesses dry deposition met-
hods for routine monitoring use and provides direction for development of
the more accurate methods that will be necessary for EPA to understand the
importance of dry deposition in evaluating the total acid deposition
problem.
Remote acid rain baseline sites such as Australia, Venezuela Alaska,
Colorado, Bermuda and Amsterdam Island were established through an EPA-NDAA
Interagency Agreement.
The MAP3S/RAINE program performed in the DOE-affiliated national
laboratories was restructured in line with EPA objectives in addressing the
acid rain issue. In 1980, a comprehensive statistical analysis was
performed on precipitation monitoring data collected over a 3 year time
period. MAP3S/RAINE models were executed from practical impact analyses,
such as the mutual export/impact of acidic species over the U.S. Canadian
border; the oil blackout scenario; and the relative impact of point vs. area
sources on acid rain.
E-25
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A national acid precipitation data system was established and is entering
data from several networks. This system will allow EPA and others to
establish and analyze acid deposition levels and trends to understand the
extent and magnitude of the acid deposition problem,
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,160,500 to this sub-program,
of which $209,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,951,100
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
In response to a congressional mandate, the FY1981 acid precipitation
program was increased by $1.5M. This increase was split between the Multimedia
Energy and Gases and Particles Energy programs. The acid rain program element in
the Multimedia program was increased by $500K» and the Environmental Engineering
and Technology program element in the Gases and Particles Energy program was
increased by the remaining $1.0M. The $500K in this program is being used to
acclerate studies on dry deposition; assess impacts on surface and groundwater,
and on forest soils; and to conduct activities supporting the U.S.-Canadian Work
Group. An acid deposition issue paper will be prepared by leading U.S.
scientists summarizing current scientific knowledge of the acid rain phenomenon.
Both biological and chemical issues relevant to determining the ecological
impact of acid precipitation on aquatic systems are being evaluated and
assessed. Several appropriate areas known to receive acid precipitation
will be selected for study. Historical records will be compiled and field
surveys will be conducted to provide data for models used to predict future
conditions under various scenarios of precipitation acidity.
Surveys of the water chemistry and biology of lakes and streams in the
upper-midwest, northeast, and mid-Atlantic region are being continued. The
studies are oriented to determine the relationships between water
quality/acidity and biological status.
An analysis of historical lake data to assess the rate of change of lakes in
pristine and polluted areas is being continued. Chemical and biological
indicators for past, present, and future comparison of the impacts of acid
precipitation on aquatic ecosystems are being established.
Dose/response studies at experimental research sites are being continued to
determine the impacts of acid precipitation on physical and biological
components of aquatic ecosystems. The results of cause and effect studies
and methodologies which relate the decline of fish populations to the acidi-
fication of waters by acid precipitation are being assessed.
Research involving soils will include the effects of acid precipitation on
the mobilization of toxic metals, soil-nitrogen reactions, microbial
processes and transformations, and nutrient availability to vegetation. An
understanding of these potential impacts will be used to improve the identi-
fication of sensitive areas and the . assessment of impacts on forest and
aquatic systems.
Agricultural impact studies relevant to crop yield effects are being
expanded to evaluate both sulfate and nitrate components and the
interactive effects of these pollutants with ozone sulfur dioxide.
Dose/response functions are being developed.
Studies to evaluate the impacts of acid precipitation on drinking waters are
being continued.
E-26
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Forest oriented research will include the completion of a model ecosystem
study and continued research to evaluate acid rain impacts on interactions
involving fungal-conifer relationships and nutrient cycling as related to
optimal forest growth.
Research involving the effects of acid precipitation on buUding stones and
statues is being continued in FY-81 and field studies to evaluate dry
deposition on natural surfaces, are being performed.
Methodologies, theoretical studies, laboratory studies, field studies and
dry deposition maps of the North American Continent are being continued.
This effort is part of the MAP3S/RAINE program.
Continuing leadership of the Federal Acid Precipitation Task Force is being
provided, and an issue paper summarizing current scientific knowledge of
the acid precipitation phenomenon will be prepared.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswaiking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $510,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi-
sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries
and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $600.
- The Congress added $1.5 million to the budget estimate for acid rain
research; $500,000 of the increase was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$900 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $11,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $700 from other activities.
The Agency requests a total of $9*037,^00 for this sub-program, of which
$229,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,807,500 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
E-27
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This reflects an increase of $1,876,900. This increase results from the
transfer of a program dealing with mitigation strategies from the Engineering and
Technology Program Element to the Acid Rain Program Element in the Multimedia
Energy program. • In addition to this transfer, the increase will provide for the
following research: (1) an assessment of data bases that have been completed for
lake stream, soil, groundwater, and forest ecosystem impacts the eastern states;
(2) the initiation of a study to identify areas in the western U.S. that are
sensitive to acid deposition; and (3) an evaluation of the contamination of
groundwater supplies by acid precipitation.
The location of aquatic and terrestrial systems which are sensitive to acid
precipitation will be refined from the knowledge base developed in FY~
80/81.
Criteria for evaluating nutrient and toxic metal transport in soils and
water will be established. The impacts of acid precipitation on soil,
water, and sediment chemistry will be identified.
Surveys and assessments of acid precipitation impacts on lakes, streams,
and terrestrial systems will be continued.
The data base for evaluating the impacts of acid rain on agronomic crops
will be improved. Threshold damage levels and dose/response curves will be
developed for important crop species. Studies will also focus on the crop
effects of ambient acid rain in the northeastern United States. Impacts on
growth, yield, and quality will be emphasized.
The results and conclusions of acid rain and sulfur dioxide/ozone
interaction studies involving crop and yield effects will be presented in
report form.
Summary reports on the impacts of acid precipitation on stone and statues
will be prepared.
An evaluation of changes in tap water quality relevant to acid precipitation
effects will be provided. Health risks associated with water chemistry,
including heavy metal contamination, will be determined.
The cost effectiveness of possible control measures for acid precipitation
will be determined. Acid precipitation control options relevant to coal
supply and transportation will be assessed.
The field studies and modeling of acid deposition under project MAP3S/RAINE
will continue. Final results are expected in the FY 83-84 timeframe.
Development of analysis tools for more accurately assessing the costs and
benefits of alternative emission control strategies will be continued.
These required analysis tools will allow more detailed analysis of the
economic and energy impacts on specific sources and source categories.
Support for activities of the Federal Acid Precipitation Task Force will be
continued.
Research strategies will be developed (in cooperation with other Agencies)
for controlled forest ecosystem studies in areas impacted by acid
precipitation.
A study to identify areas in the western U.S. that are sensitive to acid
deposition will be initiated, and historical soil and geological data, and
water quality information will be assessed for the development of maps which
show the locations of sensitive terrestrial and aquatic systems.
£-28
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ENERGY
Oxidants - Energy
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate
1980 1981* 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Appropriation
Energy Health
Effects:
Salaries and
Expenses...........
Research and
Development........
Energy Environmental
Engineering and Technology
Salaries and
Expenses.
Research and
Development........
Energy Environmental
Processes and
Effects:
Salaries and
Expenses...........
Research and
Development........
TOTAL:
Salaries and
Expenses
Research and
Development........
GRAND TOTALs
$ 43
1 ,308
1,569
11,099
24
395
1,636
12JJ02
14,438
$ 10
1,392
1,514
10,970
26
379
1,550
12,741
14,291
$ 10
1,376
1,567
10,970
26
379
1,603
12,725
14,328
$ 10
1,211
1,825
11,281
• * a
• a »
1,835
12,492
14,327
$ ...
- 165
+ 258
+ 311
- 26
- 379
+ 232
- 233
- 1
Permanent Positions
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology..........
full-Time Equivalency
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology..........
22
32
20
30
20
30
22
33
•January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,327,300 and 22 permanent workyears for
1982, a decrease of $1,000 from 1981. Included in this total is $1,835,400 for
Salaries and Expenses and $12,491,900 for Research and Development, with an
increase of $232,500 and a decrease of $233,500, respectively.
E-29
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Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Oxidants and
Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of
the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce
outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program provides EPA's regulatory decision makers, the Regional
offices and local and state implementation agencies with the scientific and
technological data base to optimize this nation's energy development and self-
reliance with minimal deleterious environmental and health effects. In particu-
lar, the research addresses the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
(OAQPS) needs in developing and evaluating New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The specific research
areas covered are as follows: (a) assessment of the human and ecological effects
of ozone and other photochemical oxidants, and (b) development and evaluation of
control technologies for oxidant precursor emissions. In order to fully complete
the objectives of this program, resources are devoted to assessing; the long-term
impacts of oxidant pollution derived from energy-related pollutants, These
studies focus on assessing the health and ecological effects of oxidants and on
developing and evaluating new control technologies for oxidants (e.g., ozone)
and its precursors (nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons).
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented indivi-
dually in the following material.
ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,351,500 for this sub-program, of
which $43,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,308,100 was for extramural
research activities.
The protocol for a court-mandated epidemiological study to examine the
effects of elevated levels of oxidants on asthmatic persons in the Los
Angeles area was completed.
Animal inhalation toxicology studies designed to determine the influence of
ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the clearance of particulates, and to adapt to
intermittent nitrogen dioxide spikes simulating urban levels were
continued. A manuscript on incomplete adaptation following nitrogen
dioxide expsoure was completed.
An animal inhalation toxicology study designed to determine if ozone can act
as a co-carcinogen in specimens previously exposed to carcinogens was
continued.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,386,800 to this sub-program,
of which $10,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,376,300 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The Los Angeles Asthma study will proceed with funds allocated from the 1980
budget. This study will investigate associations between elevated oxidant
levels and pulmonary impairment in normal and asthmatic persons in the South
Coast Air Basin.
E-30
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Work on the clinical study involving exposure of persons with chronic
obstructive lung disease (COLD) to 0.12pprn (and possibly higher
concentrations) of ozone win be continued. Positive findings would
indicate the inadequacy of the present standard, while negative findings
would provide a firmer scientific basis for the standard.
The development of methods for PAN aerosol dispersion will be initiated. A
study of the combined effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide will be
initiated.
The assessment of pulmonary morphological indicators of oxidant damage in
experimental animals will be completed.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $15,000 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100.
- An increase of $300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramrnings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $100 from other activities.
- Transfer of $15,300 to energy-hazardous pollutants to perform work rela-
ted to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on
oil shale.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,221,200 for this sub-program, of which
$10,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,211,100 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This
reflects decrease of $165,600; $400 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and a $165,200 in the Research and Development appropriation.
The court-mandated Los Angeles Asthma study will be completed. Information
obtained from this study will be used to evaluate current and future ozone
standards.
The second year of the Los Angeles epidemiological study investigating the
association between elevated oxidant levels and a broad range of human
health end points will be continued.
The second year of the clinical study relating ozone effects in persons with
COLD will be continued.
Investigation of the effects of nitrogen dioxide in combination with ozone
or nuisance particulates on particle clearance in- experimental animals of
different age and susceptibility will be completed.
E-31
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A study to develop methods for nitrosamine aerosol dispersion and toxicity
study will be followed by study to test nitrosamine acute toxicity will be
initiated.
The Kinetic growth response to chronic ozone exposure will be determined.
The study will include a complete assessment of cytologic -end points applied
to chronic ozone exposure.
A health risk assessment will be conducted for the increasing ambient levels
of photochemical oxidants which will accompany increased coal combustion.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $12,668,000 for this sub-program, of
which $1,569,100 was for Salaries and Expenses and $11,098,900 was for extramural
research activities.
A low NOx burner at an industrial coal-fired boiler host site was installed.
The goal of this program is to reduce NOx emissions from pulverized coal-
fired industrial boilers to 0.2-0.3 pounds of NOx per million BTU heat input
(a 70-80 percent reduction from uncontrolled emissions).
A 30 day, long-term NOx emissions monitoring program to support the
establishment of a Standard of Performance for Industrial Boilers was comp-
leted.
A pilot scale evaluation of a new heavy oil burner for use in oil field
steamers was completed. This burner is capable of reducing NOx emissions to
less than lOOppm which would allow for the expanded production of heavy oil
in California without degrading the environmental quality.
In cooperation with the Department of Energy, a pilot scale evaluation of
two flue gas treatment processes for NOx control and simultaneous SOx/NOx
control was completed.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $12,537,000 to this sub-
program, of which $1,566,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$10,970,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro-
priation.
" The first 30 day intensive test program at the industrial boiler low NOx
burner demonstration site and the initiation of an 18 month long- term
performance evaluation program will be completed.
The effectiveness of the EPA developed heavy oil burner in a 50 million BTU
per hour oil field steamer will be demonstrated.
A pilot scale evaluation of the simultaneous SOx/NOx control process is
being conducted. This technology has the potential to reduce the cost of
SOx compliance by up to 50 percent when compared to the current state of the
art.
Documentation of the effectiveness and cost associated with the combustion
of coal/limestone pellets is being completed. The pellet fuel offers an
opportunity to lower the cost of SOx control for stoker fired boilers when
compared to the current state-of-the-art.
E-32
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the . 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $52,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,800.
" An increase of $62,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of S3,400 to other activities,
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $13,106,100 and 22 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $1,825,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropria-
tion and $11,280,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Develop-
ment Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $569,100 and two permanent
workyears, with an increase of $258,500 for the Salaries and Expenses appro-
priation and $310,600 for the Research and Development appropriation.
The increase will permit the aceelereated development and demonstration of
the limestone injection/multistage burner sulfur oxide control process. This
sulfur oxide control process has a potential to significantly reduce the cost of
compliance with State Implementation Plans.
EPA will perform comprehensive boiler performance and emissions characteri-
zation tests at the industrial and utility boiler NOx burner demonstration
sites. In addition, the limestone injection into low NOx burner will
continue to move as rapidly as possible toward demonstration in full scale,
operating boilers. Both the low NOx burner and the limestone injection into
low NOx burner efforts are designed to develop low cost, effective environ-
mental control systems which would permit the United States to expand
domestic coal usage while preserving the quality of our environment. The
program provides for:
- Completion of the 18 month performance evaluation of low NOx coal burners
which are applicable to tangentially and wall-fired utility boilers.
- Completion of the 18 month performance evaluation of low 'NOx coal burners
which are applicable to wall fired industrial boilers in the 100,000 to
1,000,000 pounds of steam per hour range.
- Completion of the field evaluation of the performance of low NOx com-
bustion concepts applicable to coal-stoker fired industrial boilers.
- Completion of the first phase of demonstration of techniques to lower NOx
emissions from existing boilers to permit . their cost effective com-
pliance with existing coal-fired plume visibility regulations for
Western utilities. This would permit expanded coal usage in these areas.
E-33
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- Continue the bench scale and pilot scale evaluation of- limestone
• injection using advanced low NOx burner designs with an SO_ emission
reduction goal of 50-70 percent and with an SO. control incremental cost
of $15-40 per kilowatt.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
to 1980, the Agency used a total of $418,900 for this sub-program, of which
$23,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $395,400 was for extramural research
activities.
The data base has been completed for a three level model which relates ozone
stress to the sensitivity of three genetic categories of ponderosa pine -
sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. Data will be used to determine the
extent of ozone induced inhibition in the growth of ponderosa pine, a major
western timber species.
The relationship between the growth of ponderosa pine and the rate of
photosynthesis as controlled by ozone stress was established. This rela-
tionship will be used to form the basis for relating the process of pho-
tosynthesis to ponderosa pine productivity. Through additional measure-
ments of photosynthesis, the impacts of ozone and other pollutants can be
predicted for other plant species.
A portable battery-powered device was developed to measure photosynthesis
and water loss rates for trees and field crops. The device can be used in
the field to relate the impacts of ozone and other pollutants on photo-
synthesis and the accumulation of biomass.
Initial results were presented which relate the impacts of water stress to
the sensitivity of ponderosa pine to ozone. This information can contribute
support for regional air quality standards as based on differences in mois-
ture availability.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $404,500 to this sub-program,
of which $25,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $378,900 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Field expermiments to determine the agricultural impacts of ozone will be
initiated. This study will focus on evaluating the impacts of the formation
of ozone. Ozone is formed in the atmosphere by the photochemical reaction
involving nitrogen oxides, a major pollutant resulting from the increased
combustion of coal.
A research strategy which discusses the use of the Zonal Air Pollution
System for field assessments of the impacts of ozone on crops is being
developed.
- Automated field exposure systems for ozone studies are being developed for
deployment at regional study sites to assess ozone impacts on crop yield.
These systems will be used to simulate pollution levels for dose/response
evaluations.
Crop growth and yield models will be evaluated to predict the effects of air
pollutants.
E-34
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The field study and data collection involving the impacts of ozone on
ponderosa pine is being completed. This information will be utilized as
input to the Ozone Criteria Document required under the Clean Air Act,
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $? million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100.
- The Congress reduced agency wide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $800 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $100 from other activities,
1982 Plan
The Agency requests no resources in this subprogram.
This reflects a decrease of $404,500 for assessing the effects of ozone and
nitrogen oxides on crop yields.
£-35
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ENERGY
Hazardous Pollutants Energy
Appropriation
Energy Monitoring System
and Instru m entatfon
Development:
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
Energy Health Effects
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
Energy Environmental
Engineering and Technology
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development........
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development........
TOTAL
Salaries and Expenses 520
Research and
Development........
GRAND TOTAL
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate
1980 1981* 198.1
"(ioTfars in thousands)
Estimate
1982
$ 80 $ 72 $ 70 $ 73
377 428 385 428
54 13 13 13
1,411 1,504 1,222 1,504
368 480 479 577
3,576 3,161 2,858 2,818
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+S3
+ 43
+ 282
+ 98
40
18
421
581
5,785
16
484
579
5,577
17 17
436 484 + 48
680 + 101
4,901 5,234 + 333
6,305
6,158
5,480
5,914
434
E-36
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Budget Current Increase*
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease-
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
E nergy M onitoring Syste m s
and Instrumentation
Development 1 1 1 1
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.........
Energy Health Effects ... ... ...
E nergy E n viron m errtal
Engineering and
Technology 78 7 4 - 3
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
TOTAL 89 8 5 - 3
FuTl-Time Equivalency
Energy Monitoring Systems
and Instrumentation
Development 11 2 1 - 1
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.......
Energy Health Effects ... 1 ... 1 +1
E nergy E n viron m ental
Engineering and
Technology 9 10 9 9
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
Development.
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects 1 1 1 1
Salaries and Expenses
Research and
D evelop m ent......
TOTAL 11 13 12 12
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $5,914,100 and for 5 permanent workyears for
1982, an increase of $433,600 and a decrease of 3 permanent workyears from 1981.
Included in this total is $679,900 for Salaries and Expenses and $5,234,200 for
Research and Development, with an increase of $100,700 and an increase of
$332,900, respectively.
E-37
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Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Hazardous Air
Pollutants/Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-
programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed
to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program develops the information necessary to evaluate poten-
tially hazardous air pollutant emissions problems associated with conventional
energy systems and energy conservation methods, and defines control techniques
to mitigate any significant problems which are identified at a reasonable cost.
The research program consists of 4 major components: (1) characterization of
discharges and evaluation of cost effective pollution control options: (2)
gathering of health effects data for pollutants from energy-related sources and
development of testing and bioassay techniques; (3) development of near-field
air dispersion models for determining general population exposures to hazardous
air pollutants; and (4) development of hand-held monitoring systems and other
instrumentation for measuring HAPs and exposures to them in indoor and outdoor
environments. Sources addressed include stationary conventional combustion
equipment (burning non-synthetic fuels) and the indoor environment, as it is
affected by indoor and outdoor sources, and by energy conservation measures. A
major output of the program is the scientific information needed for the estab-
lishment of NESHAPS regulations and guidelines. The research includes the deve-
lopment of source characterization data; health effects data; testing and assay
methods for screening HAPs; near-field air dispersion models for determining
general population exposures; and the development of monitoring systems and
instrumentation for improving data collection. Another major output is the
definition of indoor air quality. Characterization of the indoor component of
total exposure development of risk assessments for indoor exposures, and deve-
lopment of cost effective control methods and systems for indoor sources are a
crucial aspect of this work, this data is needed to develop an understanding of
the significance of indoor vs. outdoor exposures to hazardous air pollutants.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented indi-
vidually in the following material.
E N| R 61H ONITORIN6S Y ST EMSANDINSTRUHEN T A TIP N DEV E10 P M E NT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $456,600 for this sub-program, of which
$79,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $376,800 was for extramural research
activities.
A gas chrpmatographic system employing a GC column etched on^a 5 cm silicon
wafer and controlled by a microcomputer has been assembled into a 5 Ib.
package. The system can be programmed to analyze up to 10 different gases
simultaneously and analyses are complete in less than one minute. This
instrument will be used in quantftating emissions from synfuel plants.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $455,300 to this sub-program,
of which $70,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $385,100 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Passive personal dosimeters which are commercially available are being
evaluated for use in measurement of hazardous, organics at ambient air
levels. These devices will be used in exposure monitoring studies needed by
OA QPS in the development of national ambient air quality standards.
The sensistivity of the miniature gas chromatograph is being increased from
the present ppm to ppb range. Validated protocols for measuring hazardous
air pollutants utilizing the miniature gas chromatograph are being deve-
loped. These protocols will be used by OAQPS to measure energy-related
NES HA PS pollutants.
E-38
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A study is being conducted to determine the feasibility of producing a
portable mass spectrometer instrument for use in field measurements of
complex mixtures of gas phase pollutants. Such a measurement system would
be used for field detection of hazardous organic polutants at spill sites
and other sources.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $44,300 results from several actions, as follows;
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $500.
- The Congress reduced agency wide A DP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$4,400 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $2,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogram mings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $900 from other activities.
- Transfer of $43,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love
Canal.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $500,900 and one permanent workyear for this
sub-program, of which $72,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$428,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro-
priation.
This reflects an increase of $45,600. This wiTl permit the development of
hand-held measurement devices such as the miniature gas chromatograph and the
portable mass spectrograph to measure hazardous air pollutants. These devices
will be used for four air pollutants currently undergoing Type n assessments by
OAQPS.
The evaluation of the first set of commercial badges for measuring exposure
of individuals to ambient levels of toxic organic molecules will be com-
pleted.
The development of protocols for analysis of hazardous air pollutants using
a miniature gas chromatograph (GC) will be continued as will the effort to
increase the sensitivity of the GC, It is expected that the miniature GC
wiTl become com mercially available in this timeframe.
ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS
19SO Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,465,500 for this sub-program, of
which $54,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,411,300 was for extramural
research activities.
E-39
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Eleven chromium compounds have undergone cell mutagenicity assays to deter-
mine their relative toxictty.
Factors influencing genotoxicity (frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges
and chromosomal aberrations) for exposure to inhaled benzene have been
evaluated to establish increases in genotoxicity of multiple pollutant
exposures.
A link between specific pulmonary lining proteins to certain pulmonary
disease has been established. This link may serve as a marker for damage by
air-borne energy-related pollutants.
Initial stages of experiments were completed to determine hazardous gaseous
cofactors, such as formaldehyde, which enhance the potential of chemical
carcinogens.
A study was initiated on the perturbation of respiratory epithelium by
energy-related substances, such as acrolein and phosgene, which are on
EPA's hazardous substances list.
Work was initiated to develop a method for chronic implantation of a lym-
phatic catheter for subsequent determination of lymphatic clearance rates
of hazardous particles of cadmium chloride, ferric oxide, asbestos, and
glass fibers.
Cellular markers were developed for assay of neoplastic development in
pul m onary tissue.
Initial studies were completed to determine the effects of gaseous toxi-
cants, asbestos, and disease on enzymatic secretions and cell populations
of the lung.
An in vitro assay was developed to detect precancerous lesion in respiratory
epftfielium of animals exposed in vitro to hazardous pollutants such as
dimethyl bensanthracene and benzo(aj pyrene.
Release devices were developed for in vivo testing of hazardous pollutants,
such as benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (e) pyrene, dimethyl benzanthracene and 3
methyl cholanthrene in tracheal implants.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a totaj of $1,235,600 to this sub-program,
of which $13,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,222,000 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
An In vitro assay will be validated for detection of precancerous lesions
following chronic exposure to dimethyl benzanthracene.
The development of release devices will continue for cancer promoting che-
micals and for water-in sol u able inorganic toxicants, such as managanese
dioxide.
Six- and twelve-month sampling of exposure and control populations for
determination of cocarcinogenic activity of formaldehyde will be completed.
Studies with acrolein and phosgene will be completed,-as will sub-acute and
chronic exposures.
The development of a method for chronic implantation of a lymphatic catheter
will be completed. A model of lymphatic clearance for inert particulates
wiTl be completed. A model for lymphatic clearance of metals such as
cadmium and iron wiTI be completed.
E-40
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Acute exposures to various fractions from a coal gasffer will be assayed
using the sister chromatid exchange frequency in lung cells.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $281,800 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document '96-294}; these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100.
- The Congress directed a reprogramming of funds to provide for aquatic
weed research; $75,000 was transferred to pesticides environmental pro-
cesses and effects.
- An increase of $800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay revise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Transfer of $16,500 to energy environmental processes and effects, to
perform work related to alternate fuels research initiative and to ob-»
tain information on oil shale.
- Transfer of $191,000 to solid waste/non-energy, to support efforts on
Love Canal.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,517,700 for this sub-program, of which
$13,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,504,500 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $282,100. This will permit the study on the
inhalation toxicity of selected energy-related pollutants.
Animal inhalation toxicology studies will be continued to determine the
effects, responses to, and mechanisms of action of acute and chronic expo-
sures to gaseous and particulate pollutants, such as ozone and nitrogen
dioxide in association with asbestos.
The assay for precancerous pulmonary lesions will be refined further, and
development of tracheal implant release devices will continue for water
soluble organics, particulates, and gaseous toxicants, such as diethyl ni-
trosamine, fly ash, and sulfur dioxide.
Promotion studies with formaldehyde as a cof actor will be completed.
Analysis of cocarcinogensis data will be completed. Measurement of pul-
monary function after six- and twelve-month exposures to acrolein and phos-
gene will be completed.
Studies on the effects of pre-exposure to oxidants, such as ozone and
nitrogen dioxide, on lymphatic clearance of toxic particulates will be
completed.
Investigation to correlate the sister chromatid exchange frequency with
gene mutations in lung cells will be initiated. A study on acute and
chronic exposure to coal.gasifier emissions will be completed,
E N VIR.O N MEN T AIE N GINEE RIN G A N D_ T EC UN 0 L 0 6 Y
1980 A ceo m plish m ents
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,943,600 for this sub-program, of
which $367,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $3,576,100 was for extramural
research activities.
E-41
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Volatile organic compound emission factors for utility coal-fired power
plants have been updated using the data from 43 boilers firing bituminous
and lignite coal, residual oil, or gas.
A paper entitled, "POM Emissions from Stationary Conventional Combustion
Processes, with Emphasis on Polychlorinated Compounds of Dibenzd-p-Dioxin
Biphenyl and Dibenzofuran was updated.
A comparative environmental assessment report on the environmental impacts
from controlled coal-fired and oil-fired utility boilers was published.
An assessment report on the POM emissions from residential wood combustion
was published.
Studies to monitor indoor air quality for NO , CO, and formaldehyde were
initiated.
An evaluation of sealants to reduce exposure to asbestos in the indoor
environment was im'tated.
Studies monitoring hydrocarbons from residential and commercial wood com-
bustion are being initiated.
Assistance to 20 state and local agencies on requests for emissions factors
associated with wood combustion is being provided.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,336,900 to this sub-program,
of which $478,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,858,300
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The NIOSH study to determine total daily exposure to indoor and outdoor
contaminants by selected worker groups and their families is being con-
tinued.
An evaluation of asbestos sealants for public buildings is being completed.
This will provide administrators of public buildings with a viable and cost-
effective approach to reducing public exposure to this known carcinogen.
The development and evaluation of a vacuum removal system for asbestos-
bearing building materials is being initiated. This will enable the even-
tual removal of deteriorating asbestos materials which release asbestos
fibers to indoor environ m ents.
Remedial measures for reducing indoor radon concentrations in new and
existing buildings are being evaluated. Radon exposures indoors has been
linked to lung cancer.
The activities of the Interagency Research Group on Indoor Air Quality, as
it seeks to define and execute a coordinated federal strategy for under-
standing the problems of and remedies for indoor air pollution are being
continued.
A 2-year study of the effects of wood burning in a New England community is
being initiated.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $350,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these
revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for
Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,100.
E-42
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- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3,8 million; a
decrease of $12,900 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $13,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and Is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprograminings to realign salary and related costs to meet ori-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $800 to other activities.
- Transfer of $303,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on
Love Canal.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $3,395,000 and 4 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $577,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$2,817,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro^
priation.
air poTlutants from the combustion of coal, oil, and coal-oil mixtures and to
determine the effectiveness of conventional control technology to reduce these
emissions. Workyears are reduced by 3.
The last year of a two year study to assess the impacts of extensive
domestic wood burning on ambient air quality will be completed.
Assessment of dioxin emissions from 8-12 types of combustion sources with
the highest probability of forming this compound will be completed.
- An interim report on the first year's assessment of the effects of extensive
domestic wood burning on ambient air quality will be prepared.
A seminar on residential and commercial wood combustion will be conducted
and the planned wood combustion R&D program will be presented for public
comment.
Interagency program with NIOSH determining total daily exposures of workers
and their families to indoor contaminants in a variety of settings will be
completed. This will establish for the first time the relationship of on-
the-job to total daily exposure by workers and their families.
Various air cleanup devices looking toward systems that control the total
indoor air contaminant problem in a cost-effective and energy efficient
manner for m ajor types of buildings will be examined.
Methods to remove asbestos from building will continue to be evaluated.
Such methods are needed, because sealants are merely an interim measure for
preventing exposure to asbestos fibers which break loose from deteriorating
building materials. !
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 A ceo m plish m ents
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $439,000 for this sub-program, of which
$18,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $420,600 was for extramural research
activities.
Urban and non-urban relationships, global distributions, and daily doses of
a large number of selected hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and nitrous oxide
were determined. This data will be used to assess the impacts of these
poTlutants on the stratospheric ozone layer.
E-43
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $452,700 to this sub-program,
of which $16,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and 5435,900 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Source apportionment methods employing chemical signatures of synfuel-re-
lated organic emissions are being developed. These methods will be used to
determine population exposures and pollution isopleths in a localized area
near these energy sources.
The feasibility of developing a comprehensive master analytical scheme for
energy-related organics in air is being determined as Phase I of a deve-
lopment effort. A plan for developing such a scheme is also being deve-
loped.
19S1 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $47,200 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these re-
visions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Sala-
ries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100.
- An increase of $700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is Included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $200 from other activities.
- Transfer of $48,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love
Canal.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of 1500,500 for this sub-program, of which
$16,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $483,900 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $47,800 which will permit an Increased effort
in the areas of transport and transformation of polar pollutants and prganic
particulates.
The chemical species balance method of determining the source of carbon-
aceous atmospheric pollutants will be applied to a coal conversion plant.
The collection efficiencies involved in the capture, concentration and
analysis of gas-phase organic polar compounds from energy sources will be
determined and any potential artifact problems will be identified. This
will be Phase n of the development of a; master analytical scheme for
organic pollutants in air.
The effort to determine the local impact on air quality of inorganic and
organic emissions from synthetic fuel production operations will be con-
tinued. The approach entails putting in place a relatively dense network of
samplers including some upwind of the synfuel plant. The emissions at the
source are measured as well.
E-44
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ENERGY
Gases and Particles - Energy
Appropriation
Energy Monitoring
Systems/Instrument.
Development:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development
Energy Health
Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..........
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development ,.
TOTAL:
Salaries and Expenses.
Research and
Development..
GRAND TOTAL:
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate
1980 1981 * 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Estimate
1982
$ 206 $ 186
1,108 1,746
98 23
2,582 2,731
$ 192 $ 215
1,545 1,520
23 23
2,701 2,731
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$23
- 25
30
1 , 1 54
7,633
815
11,191
2,273
22,514
1,497
11,057
718
6,943
2,424
22,477
1,488
10,557
722
6,325
2,425
21,128
1,535
11,132
853
6,368
2,626
21,751
+ 47
+ 575
+ 131
+ 43
+ 201
+ 623
$24,787 $24,901 $23,553 $24,377
* 824
E-45
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Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Permanent Positions
Energy Monitoring
Systems/Instrumentation.
Development:...,........ 1 1 1 1 ...
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology:....... 17 20 19 20 +1
Energy Environmental
Processes and
Effects: .... 4 3 3 3 ...
TOTAL: 22 24 23 24 +1
gull-Time Equivalency
Energy Monitoring
Systems/Instrumentation.
Development:..... 3 6 6 6 ...
Energy Health
Effects: ,. 1 1 ... 1 + 1
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology:...... 26 28 27 28 +1
Energy Environmental
Processes and
Effects:..... 15 21 21
TOTAL: 45 56 54 56 + 2
•January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Qfftee of Research and
Development restructuring. ' ;
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $24,377,100 and 24 permanent workyears for
1982, a increase of $824,600 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,626,100 for
Salaries and Expenses and $21,751,000 for Research and Development, with an
increase of $201,100 and an increase of $623,500, respectively.
E-46
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Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Gases and
Particles and Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-
programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research, effort designed
to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
This overall program provides EPA's regulatory decision makers, the
Regional" Offices, and local and state implementing agencies with the scientific
and technological data base which is needed to economically achieve this nation's
energy development and self-reliance goals with minimum deleterious
environmental and health effects. In particular, research under the Gases and
Particles Energy DU addresses the research needs of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards (OAQPS) and the Office of Enforcement (OE) in setting,
reviewing, implementing and/or enforcing National Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) stipulations of the Clean Air Act. The GAP-Energy program
focuses on SO,, fine and inhalable particles (IP) and other related pollutants
resulting mainly from increased coal use. The research includes the development
and evaluation of less expensive pollution control technologies, studies of
public health impacts, and environmental processes and effects, and development
of measurement technology. This DU provides support for long-term exploratory
research on alternative control technologies for these pollutants.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented indi-
vidually in the following material.
ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,314,300 for this sub-program, of
which $206,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,108,000 was for extramural
research activities.
A single train sampling system, the Brookhaven Controlled Condensation
System (BNL/CCS) was shown to determine accurately sulfuric acid, metal
sulfates, TSP, principle metals, SO-, NO , H_0, 0_, CO & CO, in flue gases
of coal and oil-fired stationary combustion sources. This enables both an
accurate inventory of pollutant loadings in the atmosphere, and gives plant
operators information on combustion parameters so that they can make
appropriate adjustments.
Methods for predicting potential plume opacity from commercial oil-fired
utility stations have been developed. The method is useful in comparing
emissions from the burning of low and high sulfur oil.
An Ultra-Violet-Differential-Absorption System (UV-DIAL) for measuring
energy-related pollutant concentrations was developed and tested. This
system can be used to obtain a 3-dimensional mapping of pollutants in the
atmosphere. Such information is being used for modeling and field studies
such as the Project VISTTA (Visibility Impairment due to Sulfur Transport
and Transformation).
E-47
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,736,400 to this sub-
program, of which $191,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation
and $1,544,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Deve-
lopment Appropriation.
Improved fine particle measurement and analysis techniques are being
developed to provide the means of evaluating regional scale fine parti-
culate models.
The Brookhaven Controlled Condensation System (BCCS) is being modified
to sample volatile organic compounds from stack gases. This system will
enable the correlation of emissions to combustion sources.
Two remote monitoring systems (UV DIAL - Differential Absorption LIDAL
and HSRL - High Spectral Resolution LIDAR) are being further improved.
This technology will be used in Visibility and Sulfur Transport and
Transformation (VISTTA) field studies aimed at improving the under-
standing of atmospheric chemical and the transport of criteria pol-
lutants. The UV-D1AL is being adapted for airborne SO. measurements.
- The actual exposure of a population cohort to two energy-related pol-
lutants, SO, and fine participates, is being measured using personal
exposure devices. This effort will enable the correlation of actual
exposures to ambient pollutant levels. Present models used for plant
siting predict ambient pollution levels, but not actual human
exposures.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived
from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's
Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current
estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of
the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources
itself, can be found in'the Special Analyses'Section of this submission.
The net decrease of $196,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President
Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294);
these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request
for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$800.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million;
a decrease of $900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease
of $1,100 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $7,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
E-48
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- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $800 from other activities.
- Transfer of $202,000 to energy environmental processees and effects
to support work related to alternate fuels research initiative and to
obtain information on oil shale.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,735,500 and one permanent workyear for
this sub-program, of which $215,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appro-
priation and SI,520,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
This reflects a net decrease of $900; an increase of $23,500 for the S&E
appropriation and a decrease of $24,400 for the R&D appropriation.
The human exposure monitoring effort of SO, and participates will be
continued. In the 1982/83 timeframe we expect to obtain an accurate
correlation between ambient concentrations and actual human exposures.
The development and evaluation of visibility measurement devices will
be completed and field evaluated in field studies under the Environ-
mental Processes and Effects program element.
An improved lidar system will be developed to gather atmospheric data
for Visibility and Sulfur Transport an Transformation (VISTTA) field
studies and for atmospheric modeling input. The lidar systems will be
used to obtain pollutant data for regional scale models. This modeling
data is needed for development of State Implementation Plans (SIPs) in
their five year revision cycle.
ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $2,679,800 for this sub-program, of
which $97,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,582,400 was for
extramural research activities.
An epidemiologies! study was initiated among El Paso school children to
determine pulmonary effects of intermittently high ambient
concentrations of sulfur oxides and participates.
Data was collected for the multi-year "Six-City" epidemiology study
designed to provide a definitive assessment of the effects of air
pollution on health with particular concern for sulfur dioxide and
respirable participates.
Two new human clinical studies were initiated. These were designed to
determine individual and/or combined effects of sulfur dioxide and re-
spirable particulates.
An effort to determine the carcinogenic potential of common air pol-
lutants such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides generated by fossil fuel
combustion was continued.
.E-49
-------
Animal studies were continued addressing health impacts of inhaling
individual and combined concentrations of fly ash, sulfur oxides and
sulfuric acids aerosols generated by fossil fuel combustion.
Project reports were completed describing effects of respirable
sulfates, sulfuric aerosols, and participates, alone and in
combination, on respiratory endpoints such as mucous clearance, airway
sensitivity to histamine, reparative and adaptive changes occurring
progressively and cumulatively - in healthy and diseased animal models.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,724,300 to this sub-
program, of which $23,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$2,700,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
The first year of the El Paso epidemiological study to determine in
school children the pulmonary effects of intermittently high ambient
concentrations of sulfur oxides and particulates will be completed.
The "Six-City" epidemiology study will be continuedj this is a
comprehensive health effects and monitoring effort designed to
elucidate effects of air pollution, primary sulfur oxides and
particulate matter, on human health (healthy and impaired individuals)
in six locations, having both relatively high and relatively low levels
of ambient air pollution.
The first year of two clinical studies which will examine the effects of
combined exposures to sulfuric acid aerosols and ozone in young
individuals and ozone adaptation in normal subjects will be completed.
A clinical evaluation of physiological effects of specific particulate
air pollutants and simple air pollutant mixtures (sulfur and nitrogen
oxides) in normal and susceptible human subpopulations will continue.
The second year of an animal inhalation toxicology study to investigate
the possible lung tumor increase associated with concurrent or
sequential exposure to common air pollutants and carcinogenic chemicals
will be completed.
Efforts will be 'continued via animal inhalation lexicological studies,
to determine pulmonary reparative adaptive changes in mammals following
chronic exposures to oxides of sulfur and particulates.
The second year of animal inhalation toxicology studies to determine
loss of lung function and lung clearance functions following acute and
chronic exposures of normal and impaired animate to acid sulfates and
fly ash will be completed.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are
derived fromncrosswalkingn the program structure presented in the 1981
President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981
current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the
restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the
crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section
of this submission.
E-50
-------
The net decrease of $29,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President
Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (house Document 96-294);
these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request
for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$100.
- An increase of $500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $100 from other activities.
- Transfer of $29,900 to energy environmental processes and effects, to
perform work relatd to alternate fuels research initiative and to
obtain information on oil shale.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $2,754,100 for this sub-program, of which
$23,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,730,700 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $29,800 for the R&D appropriation for
epidemiological studies of populations located near energy sources.
Support will continue for the second and final year of the El Paso
epidemiology study and to the proposed penultimate year of the "Six
City" epidemiology study. These studies are designed to assess the
human health impacts of elevated ambient levels of sulfur oxides and
particulate matter generated by the combustion of fossil fuel.
The second year of two clinical studies will be completed. Emphasis
during this period will be on evaluating effects of combined exposures
to sulfuric acid aerosols and ozone on older age groups and on smokers
vs. nonsmokers.
Clinical investigations of pulmonary impacts of sodium, ammonium and
hydrogen sulfate aerosols - as well as sodium nitrate and sodium
chloride aerosols, varying concentration, particle size, and humidity
and temperature extremes will continue.
The final year of experiments to determine if the action of carcinogens
is potentiated by common air pollutants will be completed. The final
report from this study will provide valuable data relative to the
possible cocarcinogenicity of SO., which will be used in the 1984 review
of the SOy/POM Criteria Document.
Studies of altered respiratory function and physiology in healthy and
impaired animals models as a function of Chronic exposures to SO, plus
fly ash, ammonium sulfates, and sulfuric acid aerosols plus carbon or
fly ash will continue.
E-51
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ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $8,787,400 for this sub-program, of
which $1,154,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $7,633,200 was for
extramural research activities.
Full scale, adipic acid testing at the City of Springfield Utilities
host site was completed. Preliminary data indicate performance
improvement from 70 percent SO, reduction to 93 percent SO- reduction by
the addition of small amounts of adipic acid.
Full scale evaluation of the performance of a lime spray dryer system on
an industrial boiler burning eastern, non-alkaline ash, low sulfur coal
was initiated.
Long term evaluation of the dual alkali scrubbing process at Louisville
Gas and Electric was completed. The final report documents the sulfur
oxide reduction observed during the test program.
A state of the art review of dry SO, control processess was completed.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $12,045,400 to this sub-
program, of which $1,488,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation
and $10,557,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
In response to a Congressional mandate, the FY 1981 acid precipitation
program was increased by $1.5M. this increase was split between the
Multimedia Energy & Gases & Particles Energy program. The acid rain program
element in the Multimedia program was increased by I500K, and the
Environmental Engineering & Technology program element in the Gases &
Particles Energy program was increased by the remaining $1.0M. The
$1,000.000, in this program is being used to accelerate the development of
the limestone injection multistage burner (LIMB), which is the key
component of ORD's control technology research on acid rain.
1981 fexplanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are
derived from"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981
President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981
current estimated reflected in this submission. The details of the
restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the
crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section
of this submission.
The net decrease of $508,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President
Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294);
these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request
for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$6,700.
- The Congress increased the acid rain program by $1.5 million, of which
is added to this activity.
E-52
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- The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5
million, of which $1,000.0 is decreased from this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 milion; a
decrease of $31,800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Services bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $7,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress directed a reprogramming of $950,000 be made for the Cold
Climate research activity; $500,000 is reduced from this activity and
transferred to Water Quality/non-energy.
- An increase of $46,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- A transfer of $8,100 to program management to support public awareness
and industrial hygienist positions at Research Triangle Park.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $12,667,000 and 20 permanent workyears
for this sub-program, of which $1,534,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $11,132,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $621,600 and one permanent workyear;
$46,600 for the S
-------
ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS - - "
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $11,877,500 for this sub-program,
of which $815,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $11,062,300 was for
extramural research activities.
In close cooperation with the National Crop Loss Assessment Network,
field research was initiated in the midwestern, northeastern, and
southeastern portion of the United States to determine the interactive
effects of SO, and NO, on the yield of major crops. Initial experiments
utilized soybean as the first crop species to be tested. Dose/response
data will be developed and related to a national assessment of the
impacts of SO, and pollutant mixtures on crop productivity. The
development of ihis data base is needed by the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards.
Results from studies which stimulated SO. and NO. fumigations from a
coal-fired power plant indicated that soybean foliage was protected
from SO, injury at 1 ppm SO, when plants were grown in the presence of
NO, at concentrations of 0.17 to 0.70 ppm NO,. These results differ
from other conclusions which indicate that the combined effects of SO,
and NO. are greater than the effects of either pollutant alone.
Differences in crop varieties, environmental factors, and pollution
loadings appear to be involved in these effects.
Results from laboratory experiments indicated that the feeding of some
insect species is increased by foliar injury induced by SO,. This
behavioral change could increase the severity of the adverse effects of
insects on crops.
The analysis of a major mult-year field study to determine the
environmental impact of SO, from a coal-fired power plant in the
northern Great Plains was completed. Emission of SO- had no significant
impact on northern grassland ecosystems within the 26 km study area.
Long-term subtle effects or effects due to the long-distant transport
and transformation of SO, remain unknown. Modeling was initiated to
determine the maximum amount of emissions that grassland ecosystems can
withstand before adverse effects occur. Results can be utilized to set
criteria for future coal-fired power plants.
The multi-year complex terrain modeling effort was initiated. Phase I
of the program is in progress. This phase encompasses the field
validation of stable plume impaction on elevated terrain. Phase n
which will be initiated in 1981/82 involves field validation of actual
power plant plume dispersion and impaction in complex terrain.
The resluts of the Visibility and Sulfur ; Transport and Transformation
(VISTTA) field study were analyzed and subsequently presented at the
November 1980 Symposium on Plumes and Visibility. The data
characterized the effects of power plant emission on visibility in
clean Western areas.
The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory plume blight model and
photographic simulation technique was delivered to the Office of Air
Quality Planning and standards to support rulemaking for visibility
protection in Federal Class I areas.
E-54
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1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,046,400 to this sub-
program, of which $721,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation
and $6,324,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and
Development Appropriation.
The Phase n program will be conducted of the complex terrain modeling
effort. This phase will be oriented toward a comprehensive
understanding of power plant plume morphology in complex terrain,
including plume impaction, fumigation, and meandering.
Field studies and modeling will be performed of fine and inhalable
particle characteristics and concentrations. The majority of these
particles emanate from energy sources, such as oil, gas, and coal-fired
power plants, industrial boilers, and transportation sources. These
particles are a potential health hazard; and therefore, are classified
as a primary pollutant by the Clean Air Act. The particles also impair
visibility; and hence, are classified as a secondary (welfare)
pollutant.
A regional visibility model is being developed which will be used in
support of the Phase n visibility regulations.
Phase I visibility regulations are being supported by providing an
improved data base for the so-called "plume blight" problem.
Data is being gathered to measure trends in air quality as a coal-fired
power plants go into operation. By measuring a broad spectrum of
pollutants, it is expected that it will be possible to distinguish urban
plume pollutants from pollutants originating from coal-fired plants.
Three validation sites will be selected representing grassland,
pinewoocfland, and agro-ecosystems having known chronic sulfur dioxide
exposures for future impact studies in the Northern Great Plains.
Studies will focus on the impacts of air pollution from the construction
of coal-fired power plants.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate .column are
derived from"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981
President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981
current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the
restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the
crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section
of this submission.
The net decrease of $614,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President
Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294);
these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request
for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is
$3,200.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease
of $100 was applied to this activity.
E-5.5
-------
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million;
a decrease of $3,900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services, by $2 million; a decrease
of $10,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $17,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a transfer of $3,200 from other activities.
- Transfer of $618,000 to Solid and Hazardous Waste/non-energy to
support efforts on Love Canal.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $7,220,500 and 3 permanent workyears for
this sub-program, of which $852,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $6,367,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research
and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $174,100; $131,000 for the S&E
appropriation and $43,000 for the R&D appropriation for developing models
describing the transport of air pollutants emitted by energy-related
sources.
Further field studies and modeling efforts will be performed on
inhalable particles from energy sources. The Agency is planning to
substitute the TSF (total suspended particles) standard by a size and
possibly chemically specialized standard. This will constitute the
major effort by this program element in 1982. Final results should be
available in the 1982-1983 time frame.
The complex terrain modeling effort described above will continue in
1982. It is expected that a field validated model will become
available for public use in 1983-1984.
Crop assessment studies relevant to the impacts of SO. and NO, mixtures
will be continued. Studies will continue to be field oriented and focus
on the interactive effects of year-to-year variation in climatic
factors and the yield response of major crop species to air pollution.
Reports describing the results and conclusions from 1981 studies will
also be published for input to Air Quality Criteria Documents.
Validation of environmental impact models involving sulfur dioxide
emissions from coal-fired power plants in the Northern Great Plains
will continue. The 1982 effort will focus on three field sites,
representing! grasslands, pinewoodlands, and agroecosystmes subjected
to chronic exposures of sulfur dioxide.
E-56
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ENERGY
Water Quality - Energy
Budget Current . Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
1980 1981* 1981 ' 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects;
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
De veloptn ent...........
Energy Monitoring
Systems/Instrumentation
Development!
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Development...........
Total:
Salaries and Expenses..
Research and
Development...........
Permanent Positions
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects...
Energy Monitoring
Systems/Instrumentation
Development.............
Full-Time Equivalency
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects...
Energy Monitoring
Systems/Instrumentation
Development..........!...
$ 467 $ 517 $ 532 $ 913
9,491 9,129 8,917 8,990
+$381
+73
160
864
627
10,355
2
2
7
3
144
986
661
10,115
2
2
12
2
151
796
683
9,713
2
2
12
-4
146
986
1,059
9,976
5
2
15
2
-5
+190
+376
+263
+3
...
+3
-2
•January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
E-57
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Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $11,034,900 and 7 permanent workyears for
1982, an increase of $638,900 from 1981. Included in this total is $1,059,300
for Salaries and Expenses and $9,975,600 for Research and Development, with an
increase of $376,600 and a decrease of $262,300, respectively.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Water
Quality/Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-
programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed
to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program assesses the environmental transport, fate, and effects
of energy-related pollutants on the aquatic environment. The primary objective
of the program is to provide a scientific data base to: (1) determine the
qualitative and quantitative effects of energy-related pollutants on freshwater
(both surface- and groundwater), and estuarine environments; (2) assess the
ecosystem risks associated with the extraction, processing, transportation, and
use of fuels; (3) develop measurement techniques to evaluate the presence of
pollutants in aquatic ecosystems; (4) provide information for the establishment
of regulations consistent with the needs of the various regulatory offices
concerned with water quality; and (5) conduct long-term exploratory research
geared at developing improved, more comprehensive and rapid assessment methods
for evaluating aquatic systems, especially wetlands.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented
individually in the following material.
ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $9,975,600 for this sub-program, of
which $467,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $9,490,500 was for extramural
research activities.
The Ecological characterizations for the Coastal Ecosystem of the Chenier
Plain of Louisiana and Texas and the Sea Island Coastal Region of South
Carolina and Georgia were completed and distributed to State, Federal, and
local planners for use in developing land use and coastal zone management
plans.
A major study was completed on the effects of a well-established offshore
oil/gas drilling field on the biota of ocean systems. The results of the
study will provide information relevant to the effects of produced water
discharges within the Gulf of Mexico.
It was confirmed that the short-term dispersion of the bulk of suspended
particulate effluents from offshore oil and gas drilling rigs is limited to
the immediate vicinity of the rig.
Discharges of potential toxicants are associated with the drilling of new
offshore oil and gas wells. Both drilling fluids and cuttings are
discharged to the ocean environment. The initial development of laboratory
toxicity tests has been completed. A joint governmnent-industry symposium
was held on the fate and effects of drilling fluids and cuttings.
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Two distinct water mass types acting on the Texas Flower Gardens coral reef
banks simultaneously were identified. The Flower Garden banks topography
helps to shape the boundaries of these water masses.
A rapid analytical technique was developed to measure Barium, Aluminum, and
Cadmium metals in sea water.
Toxicity cage design criteria was developed to contain and remotely monitor
test animals at precisely located grid points in ocean waters. Such a cage
would be used for research and perhaps ultimately for routine monitoring of
ocean waters near drilling rigs for the presence of toxic agents.
A Grilling fluid standard reference material for chemical analysis and
toxicity testing was developed.
Chemical and toxicity profiles of drilling fluid discharges from an active
well were obtained. This information will aid in the development of
toxicity based standards/guidelines.
The use of fluorescent mineral sphalerite as a tracer for use in performing
pollutant dispersion studies of offshore oil and gas drilling platform
discharges was evaluated. Sphalerite was determined to be suitable for this
purpose.
Vertical columns of acoustically reflective participate matter were
observed in the Gulf of Mexico in waters near the Texas Flower Gardens coral
reef banks. These columns are indicative of vertical mixing from the
surface down into the nephloid layer and are distinctly different from the
numerous gas seep columns found in the area.
Definite density gradient layers were identified in the Gulf of Mexico
waters on which participate pollutant discharges from drilling rigs may
spread. These layers are the habitat for large concentrations of mid-water
fishes at night.
It was demonstrated that very dilute concentrations (ppm) of suspended
marine particulates originating from offshore oil and gas drilling rigs can
be tracked acoustically.
An important component of the Great Lakes program within EPA is focused on
the determination of the atmospheric contribution of pollutants to the
Great Lakes System. These pollutants, which include sulfur and nitrogen
compounds and heavy metals, are being measured to separate atmospheric
inputs from those related to water pollutant discharges.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,448,600 to this sub-program,
of which $531,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,917,200
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
Rates of uptake of metals by brown trout are being measured to investigate
the effects of temperature and other stressors on the uptake of priority
pollutants by fish in Lake Michigan.
Bioaccumulation rates and toxicity of Zinc and Cadmium in natural
phytoplankton assemblages are being measured using in situ incubation
techniques to correlate bioaccumulation rates of priority pollutants with
toxicity.
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Field data are being analyzed on plankton communities from 1975-1980
involving the development of correlations between state variables and
plankton successional states, documenting the spatial and temporal
development trends of the plankton community in the southern basin of Lake
Michigan, and analyzing statiscally the correlations between community
trajectories and physio-chemical parameters.
Specimens of fish from Lake Michigan are being analyzed to identify and
measure levels of priority pollutants. The information will provide
current levels of pollutants.
Research is being conducted to investigate the fate and effects of the
natural oil (petroleum) seeps and related pollutants in the Santa Barbara
Channel. The effects of aromatic hydrocarbons on selected food resources
are being assessed, and the relationship of recruitment and succession of
benthic organisms to sediments contaminated with drilling muds and
petroleum is being studied. This information will be utilized to establish
appropriate NPDES permit conditions.
The relative hazard of drilling fluid discharge from offshore and the
estuarine drilling operations of aquatic organisms are being assessed. The
impact of oil and gas drilling activities in the Gulf of Mexico Flower Banks
area on coral reefs will continue.
Toxicity tests for sub-lethal and lethal effects of chemicals discharged
from offshore and gas drilling activities on the American Lobster at
George's Bank (New England Coast) are being completed. This information
will be utilized to establish NPDES permit conditions.
A method to disseminate state-of-the-art information on the effects of oil
and gas drilling activities on organisms and ecosystems to industry,
government, academic community and the general public is being developed.
Mixing zone calculation methods are being developed and verified for
discharges of drilling muds, cuttings, and fluids from oil and gas platforms
and from the pumping of brines from strategic petroleum reserve salt domes.
Emphasis is being placed on discharges which contain participates and which
are heavier than seawater. This information will be utilized to establish
regulations required under Section 403(c) of the Clean Water Act.
Data are being collected regarding the actual sources, transport
mechanisms, fates, extent and cycling of mercury and selenium in the
Northern Great Plains reservoirs and its relationship to coal mining
development and aquatic resource contamination.
Improved methods are being developed for utilizing ecological information
in the assessment of the effects of energy development activities on coastal
ecosystems.
Program reports are being prepared relative to the impact of surface mining
on streamflow and water quality.
Methods are being developed to determine fish and wildlife management
practices and monitoring procedures on surface mined lands.
Ecological relations and values of Playa Lakes and the impact of
agriculture, urbanization and industrialization on these ecosystems are
being characterized and defined.
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The metabolism and toxicity of hydrocarbons associated with offshore oil
and gas drilling operations including the study of bioaccumulation and
biotransformation in selected marine vertibrate and invertebrate species,
are being examined. Data will be used to establish NPDES permit conditions.
The long-term consequences of man-induced stresses, such as entrainment and
impingement at power plants or mortality due to toxic substances, on fish
populations and fishing yields are being projected. This information will
be utilized to establish regulations under Section 311 of the Clean Water
Act.
The development of a heavy metal transport and fate model is being completed
and additional modeling needs identified. This model provides information
for the criteria documents for priority pollutants.
The biological and physical transformation of petroleum hydrocarbon
pollutants into different chemical species is being assesed and techniques
are being developed to measure low concentrations of nitrogen-containing
hydrocarbons as required to evaluate transport and fate mechanisms.
The major controls on the movement of important solutes in local and
regional ground water systems within the Fort Union Group affected by
surface mining of lignite in western North Dakota is being studied.
Reaction rates and mechanisms for decomposition of organic compounds in
hydrogeological environment similar to those stressed by oil shale
developments, lignite strip mining operations and oxidation of coal mine
tailings are being analyzed.
Chemical species found in marine waters resulting from degradation of
drilling mud components either during offshore drilling operations or after
discharge into seawater are being characterized. Trace elements found in
drilling fluid mixtures are being quantified.
Suitable chemical species are being identified that can be used to detect
and map drilling mud plumes accurately at even greater distances than
present techniques.
A tethered cage is to be used to remotely monitor the health status of caged
animals exposed to discharges from oil and gas drilling rigs.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from
"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget
submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate
reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research
and dvelopment program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be
found in the Special Analyses section of this submission.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $9,903,500 and 5 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $913,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$8,990,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $454,900. This will permit the development of
protocols and research for hazardous/toxic spills that will be effective in the
environmental assessment and recovery management involving spills of
hazardous/toxic substances including petroleum.
E-61
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Research will continue to characterize the compostion, determine the
biological fate, and evaluate the acute and chronic effects of discharges,
such as drilling muds and fluids, from oil and gas drilling activities.
The acute and chronic effects and bioaccumulation rates of petroleum
hydrocarbons and combustion products on marine and freshwater ecosystems
will be assessed.
The aquatic/biological effects of discharges from conventional coal-fired
power plants and their control technology facilities, effluents from
cooling water systems, ash ponds, coal piles, and emission control devices
will be studied.
A research plan for verifying heavy metal transport and fate models and for
assessing the binding of heavy metals to organic particulates will be
developd.
The environmental effects of by-products resulting from biological
treatment of marine-once-through-cooling waters from coastal steam electric
generating facilities will be determined.
The metabolism and toxicity of hydrocarbons associated with offshore oil
and gas drilling including a study of bioaccumulation and biotransformation
in selected marine vertebrate and invertebrate species will be examined.
Research will focus on the characterization of ecological relations and
values of Playa Lakes and the impact of agriculture, urbanization and
industrialization on this unique ecosystem.
Data will be presented relevant to the actual sources, transport
mechanisms, fates, extent and cycling of mercury and selenium in Northern
Great Plain reservoirs and determine its relationship to coal mining
development and aquatic resource contamination.
Research will evaluate and document the probable biological effects of
small-scale hydroelectric power generating facilities on stream systems
that have a high ecological value.
Core samples taken throughout Lake Michigan will be analyzed to establish
the depth and concentration of trace metals that result from coal
combustion. These metals include cadmium, zinc, lead, mercury, selenium,
and arsenic.
The preparation of scientific protocols for oil and hazardous material
toxic spills will begin. These protocols will: (1) provide guidance for
the establishment of a scientific response system at the scent of a spill;
(2) provide a damage assessment element which eventually translates
environmental or societal impacts "insurance adjuster" into economic terms;
and (3) provide a research element which gathers and assimilates spill data
and establish long-range studies for further assessment or evaluation.
Continue the assessment of long-term consequences of man-induced stresses,
such as entrainment and impingement at power plants, on fish populations and
fishing yields.
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Provide user oriented handbooks and/or guidance documents for the
protection of fish and wildlife resources at coastal energy developmemt
areas.
Develop a handbook for applying comprehensive ecological information to
coastal energy development areas.
- Develop guidelines and environmental safeguards for the construction and
maintenance of electric utility corridors through wetlands.
ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEMS/INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,024,000 for this sub-program, of
which $159,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $864,200 was for extramural
research activities.
The analytical protocol for the Master Analytical Scheme (MAS) used to
quantify the organic pollutants present in energy sources discharges was
completed.
Three reports were completed describing preliminary groundwater monitoring
systems for active coal strip mines in the West, reclaimed mining
situations, and for communities experiencing rapid growth from new energy
developments.
In studying the residuals from landfills, the USGS has found that the
distribution of organic species in the subsurface environment at a waste
disposal site is controlled principally by the biological degradation of
organic matter.
The use of tracers for monitoring the integrity of waste disposal sites was
evaluated and determined to be a viable approach to an early warning
monitoring system. Thiocyanate and iodide ions were found to be suitable as
tracers.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $947,400 to this sub-program,
of which $151,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $796,100 is
for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
The Master Analytical Scheme (MAS), a system for semi-quantitative analysis
of organic compounds by means of validated sample preparation protocols and
automated Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) is being extended to
the analysis of stream sediments.
Laboratory analytical methodologies for toxic organic compounds in marine
waters are being developed. The emphasis is on non-GC/MS methodology so
that the methods will be relatively inexpensive.
Advanced warning systems for detecting leachates from electric power system
hazardous waste disposal sites will be developed. Candidate tracer
species will be evaluated.
E-63
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $182,600 results from several aections, as follows:
- An increase of $7,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Transfer of $190,000 to Solid and Hazardous Waste/non-energy to support
efforts on Love Canal.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,131,400 and 2 permanent workyears for this
sub-program, of which $146,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and
$985,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development
Appropriation.
This reflects a net increase of $184,900; a decrease of $5,300 for the S&E
appropriation and an increase of $189,300 for the R&D appropriation. This will
support efforts to measure participate dispersion resulting from drilling fluid
discharges, and to develop new methodologies for measuring energy-related
consent decree toxic compounds in the marine environment.
The marine analytical methodology effort will enter its final phase in
developing analytical methods not employing Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (GC/MS). Emphasis will be on the most recalcitrant set of
organic compounds in the 129 Consent Decree list.
The protocols for analysis of sediment employing the GC/MS system known as
the Master Analytic Scheme (MAS) will be completed.
In the development of leachate detection systems for electric power
systems, the use of tracer species will be validated.
E-64
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ENERGY
Drinking Water - Energy
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in tnousandsj
Appropriation
Energy Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses..., $87 $21 121 ... -$21
Research and Development, 2.496 2.640 2,350 ... -2,350
Total 2,583 2,661 2,371 ... -2,371
Permanent Postions ... ... ... ... • • •
Full-time Equivalency ... 1
* January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests no resources for this program.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Drinking Water Research
Conmittee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated
into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency
research need 1n this subject area.
The overall program provides EPA's energy decision-makers with data on the qualitative
and quantitative health effects which may be attributed to contamination of drinking water
with pollutants derived from energy-re!ated processes. Research performed in this program
provides the Office of Drinking Water with a portion of the health effects data necessary
for enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This data base assists in the
establishment of "Maximum Contaminant Levels" for organic and inorganic contaminants of
drinking water, as required by the SOWA. This data is also used for the issuance
of criteria for safe use of wastewater for potable purposes. The areas of research that
are covered in the program may be described as follows: (1) the refinement and validation
of human health monitoring and assay methods for determining the hazards (reproductive and
carcinogenic) associated with waters contaminated by pollutants from fossil fuel production
and utilization sources; (2) the development of new and better methods for recovering and
concentrating trace quantities of waterborne energy-related organic chemicals; and (3) the
determination of the most appropriate and accurate measure of pollutant/toxicant dose to
body constituents most significantly impacted". In addition, this program includes long-
term exploratory research which focuses on the human health problems that may be associated
with exposure to drinking waters contaminated with energy-related pollutants.
Actlvites and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually
in the following material.
E-65
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ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of SZ.SSS.SOO for this activity, of which
589,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,495,900 was for extramural research
activities.
- An improved method for concentrating pollutants in drinking water was developed.
- A specific cell (the hemopoietic stem cell) was established as the primary
target for leukemogenic effects.
- Preliminary studies with benzene showed negative results.
- Oocytes were isolated as invivo indicators of chemical toxicity in reproductive
system.
- Abnormalities in sperm shape were positively related to exposure to chemical
toxicants and correlated to reproductive effects.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,370,600 to this activity, of
which $21,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,349,600 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation*
- The method for concentrating pollutants in drinking water will be completed and
fully tested.
- The liver island enzyme assay will be tested and the assay technique evaluated
for automation.
- Studies on the leukemogenic effect of benzene through the route of ingestion
will be completed.
- A study indicating benzene as a leukemia promoter will be completed,
- Dose-response curves for oocyte damage form oil shale effluents will be developed.
Preference will be given to effluents containing aromatic amines and polycycllc aromatic
hydrocarbons.
1981 Explanation ofChangefrom Budget Estimate
i i
The resources reflected under the 1931 budget estimate column are derived from "cross-
walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the
new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The
details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the
crosswalk of resources Itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this
submission.
The net decrease of $289,400 results from several actions, as follows;
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $100.
- An increase of $500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogramurings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $100 from other activities.
- Transfer of $28,900 to energy - hazardous pollutants to perform work related to
alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale.
- Transfer of $261,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal.
1982 Plan
Funds for research in this area are no longer needed.
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ENERGY
Industrial Wastewater Energy
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Esti iate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs 1931
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology:
Salaries and Expenses $1,207 $1,102 51,151 $1,121 -S30
Research and Development ... 2.781 2,662 2.185 2,324 +13JL
Total: 3,988 3,764 3,336 3,445 +109
Permanent Positions 18 16 14 14
Fu 11-time Equivalency ..» 35 31 29 29
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,444,500 and 14 permanent workyjars for 1982, an
increase of $108,600 from 1981. Included in this total is SI,120,500 for Salaries and
Expenses and $2,324,000 for Research and Development, with a decrease of $30,000 and an
increase of $138,600, respectively.
Program Deseri pt i on
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Industrial Wastewater/Energy
Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are
irttergrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on
Agency research needs in this subject area. . ,...
This overall program assures that comprehensive wastewater characterizations are per-
formed and adequate pollution control technologies are developed and evaluated so as to
provide the data base needed for the establishment of discharge standards for liquid
effluents from conventional power plants, coal mining, coal preparation facilities, oil
shale mining, oil and gas production, and uranium mining. This Decision Unit provides
support for long-term exploratory research in the area of surface chemistry in order
to obtain a better understanding of the pollution adsorption phenomena.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually
in the following material.
Energy Envirot;:nenta1 Engineering and Techno! ogy
1980 Accompl1shments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,988,300 for this sub-program, of which
Sl.,206,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,781,400 was for extramural research act-
ivities.
- Environmental assessments at two coal preparation plants which showed the pre*
sence of low to moderate environmental hazards were completed. This information is re-
quired to prescribe control technology requirements for these facilities.
E-67
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- A technology assessment report on coal cleaning for low sulfur coal was completed.
The information is utilized in background documents for an industrial boiler NSPS.
- A study which showed that physical coal cleaning can reduce sulfur variability
and substantially increase the availability of compliance coals was completed.
- Engineering support in the effort to assess the effectiveness of various control
technologies in reducing the concentration of priority pollutants from steam-electric plants
was provided. This information was utilized in the preparation of revised effluent guide-
lines.
- Continued environmental assessment of toxic pollutants associated with the develop-
ment of energy sources including coal, oil, natural gas and uranium was provided. This
work was in support of the effluent guidelines program.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated to total of $3,335,900 to this sub-program, of
which $1,150,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,185,400 is for
extramural purposes under the Research and Revelopment appropriation.
- A study on the relationship between emission regulations, S02 emission control
technologies and the availability of compliance coals is being completed. This informa-
tion is required by the Office of Air Programs to evaluate NSPS for industrial boilers.
- A environmental assessment of in-situ uranium mining operations is being continued.
This information is required to determine ths adequacy of control technologies for these
operations and if necessary to establish effluent guidelines.
- Laboratory testing of an improved fly-ash sluicing system has been initiated.
This is required in order to reduce the cost of complying with steam-electric effluent
guidelines.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from
"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission
to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate relected in this submission.
The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the
crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this sub-
mission.
The net decrease of $428,700 results from several actions, as-follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted
revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease
of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this
activity is $5,300.
- The Congress directed a reprogramming of $900,000 to support the cold climate
research activity; $200,000 was transferred from this activity to water quality/non-
energy.
- An increase of $53,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted
in a transfer of $200 to other activities.
- Transfer of $277,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support Love Canal efforts.
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1J82Plan
The Agency requests a total of 53,444,500 and 14 permanent workyears for the sub-pro-
gram, of which $1,120,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,324*000
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $108,600 which will be utilized '.o assess the chemical/
physical characteristics of liquid wastes from coal cleaning facilities in an attempt to
provide more economical alternative technologies.
- The adequacy of control technologies for mine water from oil shale and lignite
mining operations will be assessed, this information will provide t!*e data base for
effluent guidelines.
- Control technologies for uranium solution mining will tie provided. This informa-
tion is needed as a basis for effluent guidelines.
- A biofouling detection system to reduce the use of chemicals in utility boiler
condensers will be evaluated.
- The treatability of spent coal slurry water to reduce the discharge of priority
pollutants will be determined.
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ENERGY
Solid Waste - Energy (RCRA)
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Appropriation
Energy Environmental
Engineering and
Technology:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Total
$285
1 ,340
1 ,625
2
6
$293
1 ,247
1,540
2
6
$303
648
951
2
7
$242
1,138
1,380
2
6
-$61
+490
+429
• • •
-1
*January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $1,380,200 and 2 permanent workyears for 1982, and
increase of $429,600 from 1981. Included in this total is $242,200 for Salaries and
Expenses and $1,138,000 for Research and Development, with a decrease of $61,000 and
an increase of $490,000, respectively.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Solid Waste/Energy
Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are
integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly
focused on Agency research needs in this subject area.
The overall program provides continuous monitoring of leachates leaving disposal
sites in order to determine the effectiveness of solid waste disposal regulations
promulgated for utility and industrial boiler facilities under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA). The data from the program will be used to support revisions
to the regulations. Also work is done to determine the impact of new SOx scrubbing
technologies on solid waste disposal requirements and to conduct an assessment of the
solid waste disposal requirements and to conduct an assessment of the solid waste pro-
blems associated with increased coal cleaning activities. In addition, this program
includes long-term research on the development of methods to control pollutant releases
from solid waste disposal sites.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually
in the following material.
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ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,625,100 for this sub-program, of which
$285,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and Si ,340,TOO was for extramural research
activities.
- Environmental assessments at two coal preparation plants which showed the
presence of low to moderate environmental hazards were completed. The information.
was required to prescribe the best disposal control technology practices for these
facilities.
- A technology assessment report on coal cleaning for low sulfur coal which was
utilized in defining cost-effective residuals disposal procedures was completed.
- A study to update field data from coal fired power plants to determine the
best practices which can be employed for the disposal of fly ash, flue gas desulfuri-
zation sludge and mixture of the two was initiated. This information is required by
the Office of Solid Wate for the promulgation of regulation designed to protect
groundwater and surface waters in the vicinity of these disposal sites at a reasonable
cost.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $950,600 to this sub-program, of which
$303,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $647,400 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
- A study of the performance, costs and benefits of using physical coal cleaning to
reduce SOj emissions for acid rain control is being completed. This information is
required to determine whether the residuals from these processes can be a source of
groundwater and/or surface water contamination'.
- The collection of field data at utility boiler sites for the purpose of defining
the best management practices for the disposal of fly ash and/or flue gas desulfurization
sludge is being continued. This Information will serve as the data base for cost-effective
guidelines to be issued under RCRA.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from
"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget sub-
mission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected
in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development
program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special
Analyses section of this submission.
The net decrease of $588,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans-
mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in
a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction
applied to this activity is $1,300.
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- The Congress directed a reprogramming of $900,000 to support the cold climate
research activity; a decrease of $250,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and
Development appropriation; a decrease of $149.000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $13,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and
is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $700 from other activities.
- A transfer of $200,00 was made to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts
on Love Canal.
- A transfer of $2,700 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide
additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance
penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests a total of $1,380,200 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub-
program, of which $242,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,138,000
is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
This reflects an increase of $429,600. The increase will be utilized for the
development of economic disposal of wastes from industrial boilers in compliance with
RCRA regulations.
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ENERGY
Toxic Chemical Testing and Assessment - Energy
Appropriation
Energy Health Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Research and Development..
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Research and Development..
Total:
Salaries and Expenses.....
Research and Development..
Grand total...........
Permanent Positions
Energy Health Effects*
Full-timeEquivalency
Energy Environmental
Processes and Effects.
Actual
1980
$185
5,457
52
1,128
237
6,585
6,823
1
1
1
Budget
Estimate
1981*
$43
5.792
58
1,086
101
(5,878
6,979
1
2
1
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
(dollars in thousand)
$46
4,895
60
952
106
5,847
5,953
1 ...
1
2
Increase +
Decrease - .
1982 vs. 1981
-$46
-4,895
-60
-952
-106
-5,847
-5,953
-1
-1
-2
Total........ 23 3 ... -3
B udget Request
No funds are requested for the 1982 program.
Program Description
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Chemical Testing and
Assessment/Energy Research Committee. The health effects and environmental processes
and effects programs are directed toward refining and monitoring techniques to be
used for identifying and assessing the toxic effects of energy-related chemical sub-
stances on human health and on aquatic and terrestrial environments. Activities and program
proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material.
ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $5,641,600 for this sub-program, of which $185,000
was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,456,600 was for extramural research activities*
The rate of uptake of cadmium as a surrogate for trace metals emitted from power plants
has been established for rats, guinea pigs and pigs.
A mammalian short-term test using rodent cells has been developed. This method offers
the speed of bacterial tests and the advantage of the application of mammalian cells.
•January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and
Development restructuring.
E-73
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The impact of dose-rate on carcinogenesis of certain coal power plant effluents has been
established at high dose rates. This information is necessary to evaluate carcinogenic
effects of Con 1 plant effluents.
A mathematical model has been developed to relate dose and temporal aspects for chronic
exposure and limited exposure to carcinogens to induction of cancer in several organs.
This information is used-to relate infrequent exposures to Continuous exposure occuring
in the environment in the vicinity of fossil fuel power plants.
- A relationship has been established between the dose-response function and the reversi^
billty of several cancer promoters. This information is needed to establish the
conditions of promoters to the carcinogenic effects of fossil fuel power plants.
A level II test for carcinogenicity testing has been validated using 20 carcinogens and
20 noncarcinogens. This viral transformation assay of hamster embroyo cells has also
been modified to reduce its time from three weeks to about one week.
The impact of methylation on the toxicity of chromium VI has been established, and
quantitative mutagenicity of nine thallium compounds has been completed.
Certain serum macromolecules (plasma lipoproteins) have been Identified as primary
transport mechanism of lipophillic toxicants, notably polynuclear aromatic matter.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,941,700 to this sub-program, of which
$46,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,895,400 is for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development appropriation.
The usefulness of papilloma induction (a benign growth on connective tissue) as an
indicator of carcinogenesis will be established for several classes of carcinogens
including polynuclear aromatic hydro carbons appearing as a result of combustion of
petroleum power plants or synfuel combustion.
* The relationship between the dose response function and the reversibility of cancer
promoters will be tested for several classes of cancer promoters.
-» Studies on the cytogenic effects of benzene as a surrogate compound of energy pollutants
including the determination of the influences of age, sex, induction status and exposure
using chromosal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange as indicators of cytogenic
effects will be completed.
The viral transformation of the hamster emgryo test (Level II test) will be used in
association with immunofluorescence. Antibodies will be developed to permit the
instrumental detection of viral transformation.
Quantitative mutagenesis of a variety of fly ash samples will be completed.
The significance of plasma lipoproteins for*transport of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
from blood to target organs will be established.
The rate and kinetics of the uptake of several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in
several species of animals (rats, guinea pigs, and pigs) will be determined to extra-
polate data from lower animals to humans.
A battery of tests for the determination of neurotoxicity of energy-ralated pollutants
will be validated.
The immune response to aromatic hydrocarbons will be established. A comparison of
immune responses between rodents and primates such as humans.
A method for estimating human exposure to toxics from synthetic fuel facilities will be
E-74
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A method for estimating human exposure to toxics from synthetic fuel facilities will be
developed. This method will have applicability in environmental assessments other than
health.
A method will be adopted for evaluation of carcinogenic effects of synfuel products.
This method will be based on prioritizing various products from synfuels in terms of
their carcinogenic potential.
Coal power plant effulents will be used to evaluate the validity of cell mediated
mutagenesis. Emphasis will be on the evaluation of metabolites and the evaluation of
most sensitive cells to shorten the testing time.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from
"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to
the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this; submission.
The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the
crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this
submission.
The net decrease of $893,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $200.
- The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and
Development appropriation; a decrease of $758,000 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $2,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $200 from other activities.
- Transfer of $75,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love
Canal.
- Transfer of $63,500 to energy-hazardous pollutants to perform work related
to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale.
1982 Plan
Funds for research in this area are no longer needed. Research funding for implenen-
tatlon of regulatory requirements of the Toxic Substances Act are included in that program's
research component.
ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1980 Accgjnp1_1sJHiie_nts,.'
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,180,400 for this sub-program, of which $52,000
was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,128,400 was for extramural research activities.
Research was initiated to develop test methods for evaluating the effects of sediments con-
taminated by energy-related pollutants on benthic invertebrates. The test will be designed to
evaluate pollutant effects on the life cycle of freshwater invertebrate species. These methods
will allow EPA to rapidly screen various energy-related pollutants for toxicity reactions on
important food chain organisms.
E-75
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A program was initiated to validate the assumption that laboratory methods and laboratory-
derived criteria will protect whole ecosystems, using microcosms, mathematical ecosystem
models, and field studies, This work is being performed at the Monticello Ecological
Research Station.
Behavior test methods were developed to determine the response of aquatic organisms to
energy-related pollutants. Tests have been integrated with a computerized video detection
system to document such responses as feeding and swimming rates. A manual which describes
the computerized video detection system has also been prepared for use in the quantifica-
tion of the impacts of petroleum compounds on the behavior of aquatic life. In 1980, a
new barnacle larvae bioassay procedure was developed.
A pilot testing program at two refuse-fired incinerators was completed to assess the
emission of pollutants from incinerators which are planned to be used as electric generat-
ing facilities.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,011,000 to this sub-program, of which
359,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 3951,600 is for extramural purposes
under the Research and Development appropriation.
Research is being conducted to evaluate the overall effect of selected pollutants
associated with coal combustion on aquatic life in experimental channels in the EPA test
facility at Monticello, Minnesota.
Methods are being developed and validated to test the reproductive and chronic effects of
petroleum hydrocarbons on freshwater invertebrates.
A method used to assess the effects of coal combustion products on the behavior of aquatic
organisms so as to establish MATC (Maximum Allowable Toxicant Concentrations) is being
developed and validated.
A survey/environmental assessment is being expanded to determine if energy combustion
processes at refuse-fired incinerators emit dioxin and other highly toxic organic com-
pounds.
1981 [Explanation of Change from Budget^Esttmate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from
"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to
the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission.
The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the
crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this
submission.
The net decrease of $132,900 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisiois '
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $200.
- An increase of $2,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is
included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in
a transfer of $300 from other activities.
- Transfer of $135,000 to solid waste/non-cnergy to support efforts on Love Canal.
1982 Plan
Funds for research in this area are no longer needed.
E-76
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ENERGY
Municipal Spills - Energy
Appropriation
Municipal Spills Energy:
Salaries and Expenses....
Research and Development.
Total , ...
Permanent Positions.
Fu) 1-t jme Equi valency.
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 •*_ 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollarsfin thbu sands) '
$285
373
658
6
9
$251
362
613
5
8
$261
362
623
• » •
3
-$261
... -362
-623
* * * • • a
-3
Vanuary 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development
restructuring.
BudgetRequest
The Agency requests no resources for this program.
Program Descriotion
This program has been developed under the auspices of the Municipal Spills Research
Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are Integrated
into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency
research needs in this subject area.
The overall program develops, evaluates and demonstrates new and improved equip-
ment, devices and systems for the prevention, detection, identification, containment,
control and removal of oil released 1n the environment. This includes the cleanup
and recovery of oil from spills. The development of hardware is carried beyond the
prototype stage to the point where it is ready for field implementation by the commercial
community. The program also defines the techniques for the redevelopment and restoration
of ecosystems that have been biologically damaged as a result of spills. Methodologies
for mitigating the effects of such discharges are also identified. This program also
provides support for long-term exploratory research on the refinement of oil spfll
control technology.
Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually
in the following material.
HUN 1C IP AL SPILLS ,
1980 Accomplishments
In 1980, the Agency used a total of $657,800 for this sub-program, of which
$284,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $373,000 was for extramural research
activities.
The following 1980 accomplishments addressed technology for the prevention
and control of oil spills in support of section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act.
- Oil spill control equipment including skimmers and floating booms were evaluated,
developed and Improved at EPA's 011 and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental
Test Tank (OHMSETT). This equipment is being used by on-scene personnel 1n the
control of oil spills.
E-77
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- User manuals were developed for oil spill damage assessment and oil spill preven-
tive health assessment as required under Sections 1.12 and 122 of the Clean Air Act.
- A field study of chemical and physical parameters such as viscosity and particle
size, which affect the oil content of produced water discharged into waters of
the outer continental shelf from oil and gas production facilities were completed.
The data will be evaluated to determine methods of removing oil and other organics
from the discharge streams.
1981 Program
In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $623,100 to this subprogram of which
$261,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $361,700 for extramural
purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation,
The oil spills research program will be phased out by the end of 1981 due to the
higher priority accorded to other research programs by the Agency.
• Final reports on the evaluation of oil spill control and cleanup related equipment,
techniques for using chemicals to control oil spills, and procedures for cleanup of
spills in cold climates will be published.
- The development of techniques for use by Regional on-scene coordinators for directing
oil spill cleanup and response efforts will be completed.
- The OHMSETT facility will be managed on a self-sufficient basis through customer
funding.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate col urn are derived from
"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget
submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected
in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development
program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special
Analyses section of this submission. "
The net increase of $10,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200.
- An increase of $12,200 results from the cost of the October 3,980 pay raise
and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs
resulted in a transfer of $500 to other activities.
1982 Plan '•
No funds are requested for this program in 1982. The oil and spills Engineering
and Technology portion of the research program is being phased out due to higher
priority accorded to other Agency activities.
E-78
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Management and
Support
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Salaries and Expenses.,..
Permanent Workyears......
Full-Time Equivalency....
Out! ays. ,
Authorized Levels.
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
7981
Current
Estimate
1981 •
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
$200,367
2,491
3,205
160,163
26,753
$219,403
2,559
3,303
186,940
4,666
$214,802
2,575
3.318
189,914
4,666
$256,922
2,676
3,421
224,931
» • .*
+$42,120
+101
+103
+35,017
• * *
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Management and Support media includes both headquarters and regional
activities and services directed toward Agencywide management and executive
direction. The full cost of these activities is charged to the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation. The management and support portions of this media
distinguish between program, agency and regional management and support
activities.
Program Management includes policy development, program direction and over-
sight, and associated top management activities in the offices of: Water and
Waste Management; Air, Noise and Radiation; Pesticides and Toxic Substances;
Enforcement; and Research and Development.
Agency Management pertains to the functions of the Administrator and Deputy
Administrator, their immediate staff and the staff offices which report directly
to them. Included is the office responsible for Agencywide budgeting and financial
management, for analytic and evaluation functions, and for the administrative
services for EPA headquarters and the Agency's two largest field installations,
located at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina and Cincinnati, Ohio,
Regional Management includes the centralized management and administrative
functions performed in each region that are not directly associated with a given
program.
The scale of management and support activities is a function of the demands
of the programs they serve. Therefore, increases reflected under this media are
confined to high priority needs or mandatory increases necessary to support the
Agency's program activities.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
1981 Management and Support Program.
Management.
The increase is primarily to establish
a multi-media policy analysis and
strategy development capacity 1n the
Office of the Assistant Administrator
for Enforcement; to support pre-award
and interim audits in the Office of
Inspector General; to permit the Agency
to complete an initiative begun in 1981
to strengthen management of its
(in thousands of dollars)
$214,802
+21,582
MS-1
-------
information resources; and, provides
additional support to negotiate State/
EPA Agreements (SEA) and manage the SEA
process with the States.
Support +20,538
This increase will primarily cover
laboratory and office services, utilities,
and building maintenance; nationwide
support costs; and ADP technical services.
1982 Management and Support Program............ 256,922
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary pf Budget Request
An appropriation of $256,921,700 is requested in 1982 under the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation. This represents an Increase of $42,119,800 over the
1981 management and support media. This change reflects increases in agency
management, regional management and regional support activities.
2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(In thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 estimate $219,403
Congressional reductions:
Travel. -176
Consulting services......... -928
Senior executive services bonuses..... -288
ADP services... -157
Planning and evaluation contracts..... -1,000
ADP technical support.... -5,795
Presidential reduction of $7M
(H. Doc. 95-294) -5,143
Proposed hazardous waste amendment... +838
Proposed supplemental for October 1980
pay raise................ +7,186
Miscellaneous reprogamming actions.... +862
Current 1981 estimate '. 214,803
Congressional changes of $8,344,300 were made through reductions to travel
($.8 million), consulting services ($3.8 million), senior executive service
bonuses ($.8 million), ADP services ($2 million}, planning and evaluation
contracts ($1 million), and ADP technical support ($5.8 million). The proposed
supplemental to fund a portion of the October 1980 pay raise will increase this
media by $7,185,000.
A Presidential reduction of $7M in salaries and expenses decreased this media
by $5,143,100.
MS-2
-------
Reprogramming actions result In a net increase of $862,100 to the management
and support media and includes net transfers from the air media ($241,900); from
water quality ($181,500h from solid waste ($1,275,300); from pesticides ($30,300);
from toxic substances ($62,600); from noise ($51,300); from energy ($71,800); to
radiation ($259,200); to interdisciplinary ($776,600); and to drinking water
($19,800).
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
Prior year obligations $200,367 $214,802
Effect of October 1980 pay raise... +7,186
Program increase................... +10,612 42,120
Change in amount of carryover funds
available -3,363 ___ni
Total estimated obligations... 214,802 256,922
(From new obligated authority)..... (214,802) (256,922)
(From prior year funds)............ (...) (...)
EXPLANTION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The effect of the October 1980 pay raise will increase obligations by $7,186,000,
The Increase in 1981 budget authority over the 1980 level will increase obligations
by $10,612,000. In 1982 the increase in budget authority will result in an increase
of $42.1 million to obligations.
In 1980, obligations included $3.3 million from carryover funds primarily for
prior year support costs. In 1981 and 1982, there are no carryover funds.
MS-3
-------
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
MANAGEMENT
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
IdolTarsin thousands)
Salaries and Expenses:
Program Management....,
Agency Management
Regional Management....
$13,108 $14,058
73,914 75,321
22.019 23.641
$13,763 $15,938^ +$2,175
79,676, 95,484 +15,808
24.415 28.014 + 3.599
Total... $109,041 $113,020 $117,854 $139,436 +$21,582
Permanent Positions:
Program Management
Agency Management ,
Regional Management....
263
1,572
656
281
1,608
670
269
1,639
667
280
1,687
709
+11
+48
+42
Total.
Full-time Equivalency:
Program Management..
Agency Management
Regional Management
2,491 2,559
316
2,072
817
386
2,092
825
2,575
371
2,122
825
2,676
385
2,172
864
Total,
3,205 3,303-
3,318 -3,421
+101
+14
+50
+39
+103
This activity provides for centralized executive direction and management
of EPA programs at the headquarters and ten regional offices. It Includes
the program management activities for the following EPA offices: Research
and Development; Water and Waste Management; Air, Noise and Radiation;
Pesticides and Toxic Substances; and Enforcement.
Agency and regional management provides direction, management and
administrative support for all EPA programs at headquarters and the ten
regional offices. It includes those activities which are not directly
associated with a given program activity. Agency and regional management
encompasses the salaries and related expenses of the Administrator and the
Regional Administrators, their immediate staffs, the staff offices which
report directly to them, the Office of Inspector General, and the Office of
the General/Regional Counsel. In addition, it includes those organizations
within the Agency which provide central management, analytic, and administrative
services* These central management activities include program planning and
evaluation, economic analysis, budgeting and financial management, personnel
administration, contracts and grants management, and other activities required
for the effective management of Agency programs. The full cost of these
program direction and managerial activities are charged to the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation.
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
BudgetRequest
The Agency requests a total of $15,938,200 and 280 permanent, workyears for 1982,
an increase of $2,175,300 and 11 permanent workyears from 1981.
MS-4
-------
Program Description
This activity provides for the program direction of the following offices:
Office of Water and Waste Management, Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation,
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Enforcement, and Office
of Research and Development. Specifically, this activity covers the salaries
and related expenses for the Assistant Administrators of the aforementioned
offices and their immediate staffs.
1981 1982 Change
Pos. Amount Pos. Amount Pos.Amount
^dollars in thousands)
Office of Air, Noise and
Radiation 48 $2,131 48 $2,931 ... +$800
Office of Enforcement.. 38 1,708 48 2,308 +10 +600
Office of Research and
Development 85 4,061 82 3,975 -3 -86
Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances 47 2,727 52 3,245 +5 +518
Office of Water and Waste
Management. 51 3,136 50 3,479 -1 +343
Total 269 $13,763 280 $15,938 +11 +$2,175
Included in the 11 position net increase is a ten position increase in the
Office of Enforcement to establish a multi-media policy analysis and strategy
development capacity in the Office of the Assistant Administrator. This
will enhance the Agency's ability to develop multi-media compliances monitoring,
and inspection programs and integrate compliance and monitoring information.
It will also strengthen overall policy direction and coordination in the
areas of litigation management, penalty policy, and criminal investigations.
The remaining minor increases and decreases in this component represent
priority shifts between central management functions and Agency program
activities.
1981 Expanation ofjChjng^ fj-pm Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $295,400 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $75,400.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$23,400 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $82,900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000: a decrease of $33,900 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease
$57,500 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $750,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Transfer of $62,600 from air-gases and particles/non-energy, in order to
support technical information coordinator and an international travel coordinator.
. HS-5
-------
* Transfers resulted in an increase of $68,100: from energy-gases and particles
($8,100); from air-gases and particles/non-energy ($40,000); and from air-oxidants
non-energy (520,000), in order to support industrial hygtenist positions at
Research Triangle Park.
- Transfer of $816,500 to Interdisciplinary-Minority Institutions Research
Support, to reflect the transfer of this program out of the management account.
- Transfer of $27,800 water quality municipal source control in order to
provide additional support for the Office of Water Program Operations.
- A transfer of $15,300 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to
provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil
noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
- A transfer or $65,100 was made to the raditlon media in order to support
the Radiation policy Council.
- A transfer of $33,900 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order
to provide additional resources to that Office.
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $95,484,000 and 1,687 permanent workyears
for 1982, an increase of $15,807,100 and 48 permanent workyears from 1981.
Program Description
The Agency management component provides for Agencywide policy direction
and management activities and includes the salaries and associated costs
for the Immediate Office of the Administrator, the staff offices which
report directly to the Administrator, the Office of the Inspector General,
the Office of General/Regional Counsel, and the Office of Planning and
Management.
Officeof the Administrator/Executiye Offices <
. . ;
The Office of the Administrator includes the Administrator and Deputy
Administrator and their immediate staffs. The Administrator and Deputy Admini-
strator are responsible for providing policy direction to the Agency and ensuring
the implementation of these policies. The staff offices perform a variety of
functions which are closely related to the development and implementation of
Agency policies and programs. These staff groups are responsible for legislative
services and congressional relations, public awareness and press services, inter-
national activities, civil rights, liaison with other Federal agencies, coordination
of regional operations, and relations with State and local governments. The
Office of Administrative Law Judges and trie Agency's Science Advisory Board are
also included in the Office of the Administrator. The Science Advisory Board
consists of expert consultants, supported by a small staff, who provide advice
to the Administrator on scientific and technical issues.
The Office of the General Counsel provides legal advice and assistance to
the Administrator and other Agency components. The Office of Regional
Counsel provides similiar services within each of the ten regional offices.
The Office of the Inspector General provides independent appraisals of EPA's
programs and financial operations and analyzes EPA's legislation and regulations,
to ensure that they promote efficiency and economy within the Agency. In addition
1t conducts investigations of alleged violations of EPA regulations" and Federal
criminal statutes.
MS-6
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The 1982 request provides for a net increase of 6 positions and $3,189,200
for the Office of the Administrator and the Executive Offices, This net increase
summarized in the following chart, reflects several changes. Additional contract
resources are provided to the Office of the Inspector General to handle pre-award
and interim audits of construction grants. A four position increase in the Office
of Administrative Law Judges provides for increased adjudicatory support in the
areas of Pesticides Cancellation hearings, Section 120 of the Clean Air Act and
civil penalties under the Toxic Substances Control Act. A two position increase
in the Office of the Administrator provides for an assistant to the Judicial
Officer and a slight increase in clerical support to the Administrator and
Deputy Administrator. Partially offsetting these increases are decreases
in other staff offices, reflecting the transfer of resources to higher priority
activities.
Pfice
Office of the Administrator.......
Office of International Activities
Off i ce of Publ i c Awareness • .......
Office of Environmental Review....
Office of Regional Liaison........
Office of Small and 01 sadvantaged
Office of Intergovernmental
Subtotal Administrator/
Office of the Inspector General...
Office of General/Regional
Counsel..
TOTAL Executive Offices
1!
Pas'.
44
34
21
26
32
35
22
3
14
12
6
3
252
143*
209
604
727
381
Amount
$2,141
1 ,246
1,258
1,125
2,573
1,343
894
211
959
544
188
274
$12,756
10,936*
7,869
$31 ,561
• • •
1<
P'b's'.
46
35
22
27
32
34
26
3
15
12
5
3
260
143
207
610
732.
J82
Amount
$2.158
1,463
1,262
1,455
2,878
1 ,439
962
166
1,113
825
204
340
$14,265
11,941
8_i544
$34,750
• • *
Cl
Pos.
+2
+1
+1
+1
-1
+4
+1
-1
• * *
+8
• • *
-2
-i- 6
+5
iange
Amount
+$17
+217
+4
+330
+305
+96
+68
-45
+154
+281
+16
+66
+$1,509
+1,005
+675
+$3,189
* * *
Reflects a reduction of 4 permanent workyears and $144,800 for "superfund".
MS-7
-------
CONTRACTS
The significant contracts for the Executive Offices in 1981 and 1982 are
listed below:
Office of Public
Awareness
Office of the Inspector
General
1981 198Z Change
(dollars in thousands)
$252 $365 +$113
$3,627 $3,754 +$127
Production and distribution of
information/educational material,
including publications, films,
television and radio announcement;
maintenance of Visitor's Center.
Center.
Contracts with CPA firms and
State agencies for the conduct
of construction grant audits.
Office of Planning and Management
The Office of Planning and Management (0PM) performs agencywide management
and analytic functions and provides administrative services to headquarters and
the Research Triangle Park (RTP) and Cincinnati, Ohio field facilities.
There are four organizational components within the Office of Planning and
Management (0PM). The Office of the Assistant Administrator provides overall
direction for all 0PM activities and carries out the Agency's occupational health
and safety program. The Office of Planning and Evaluation (OPE) serves as an
Agencywide economic and policy analysis resource, in addition to performing
program evaluation and regulatory review functions. The Office of Resources
Management (ORM) is responsible for coordination and management of the Agency's
budget, program review and accountability, and financial and grants management.
The Office of Management and Agency Services (QMAS) provides services in the
areas of personnel administration, contract placement, data processing and
system design, management analysis, library services and facilities acquisition
and management.
1981
1982
Change
Pos. Amount Pos. Amount Pos. Amount
27 $1,928 25 $1,963 -2
+$35
680
232
96
24,882
9,408
11,897
689
223
140
26,919
9,371
22,481
+ 9
-9
+44
+2,037
-37
+10,584
Office of the Assistant
Admin 1 strator.
Office of Management
and Agency Services
Office of Resources Management....
Office of Planning and Evaluation.
Total 1,035' $48,115 1,077 $60,734 +42 +$12,619
Full-Time Equivalency .....1,395 1,440 +45
The Agency requests a net increase of 42 permanent workyears and $12,617,900
for the Office of Planning and Management in 1982.
An increase in the Office of Management and Agency Services will permit the
Agency to complete an initiative begun in 1981 to strengthen management of its
information resources. Enhanced central design and management of information
systems is essential to consolidate and integrate major cross-media information
resources, particularly critical in the toxics and hazardous waste areas.
MS-8
-------
This increase will enable the Agency to reduce reliance on systems design contractors,
eliminate expensive duplication, and greatly increase the utility of EPA's information
resources. A small increase in the area of personnel administration will enhance
personnel operations agencywide through the development of a planning system to
forecast and plan for workforce needs, and will provide the capability to effectively
manage and evaluate the SES and Merit Pay compensation programs.
The Agency is developing and will implement an approach to regulating toxic
substances which ensures more consistent, coordinated regulation by EPA's various
program offices and regions. In order to finish developing and then implement this
strategy, the Office of Planning and Evaluation will receive an increase of 30
positions and approximately $7,000,000. Other Increases in the Office of Planning
and Evaluation would provide enhanced statistical support to the regions and program
offices, better management control over the information collection requirements,
mandated by Executive Order 12174, and a strengthened capacity to evaluate EPA programs.
The major contracts for the Office of Planning and Management for 1981 and 1982
are summarized below:
Office
Office of Resources
Management
1981 _
(dollars
J2_ Change
frf thbusanc
tousands)
$597 $894 +$297
Contract assistance will be used to
determine the resource impact of
new regulations, such as those
covered by the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act, and to assess the
the impacts of alternative construction
grants formulations. Contracts will
be used to modify the grants information
sytem and to integrate the Office's
budget and financial Management systems.
Office of Planning
and Evaluation
$7,922 $14,970 -i-$7,048
Contracts will help assess the economic
impacts and benefits of EPA regulations
on major industries, state and local
governments, and consumers. OPE will
also utilize funds to analyze the
energy impact of environmental
regulations and the environmental
impact of energy legislation, and
provide statistical analysis to
support the regions and programs.
In FY82 contract funds will also be
used to finish developing and then
implement an integrated approach to
the regulation of toxic substances.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Request
The net increase of $4,356,100 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $379,600.
XS-9
-------
- A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities
was submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increase of $838,000
to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000;a decrease of
$93,500 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $562,900, was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000;
a decrease of $166,000 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced planning and evaluaton contracts by $1 million.
- An increase of $4,927,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Transfers resulted in an increase of $369,000 from hazardous waste
management regulatory strategies implementation ($253,000) and from hazardous
waste permit enforcement ($116,000), to support the legal services workload
associated with hazardous waste program implementation.
- Transfers resulting in an increase of $193,900 from hazardous waste
regulations, guidelines and policies ($81,600), from hazardous waste enforcement
($7,700), from hazardous waste permit enforcement ($23,000), and from solid
waste/non-energy ($81,600), in order to provide the Office of Planning and
Management with additional resources to administer RCRA programmatic increases.
- Transfer of $281,400 from agencywide resources for the Office of
Inspector General. The net decrease to media is as follows: energy ($12,200);
water quality ($144,300); solid waste ($13,600); air ($11,700); pesticides ($4,700)
toxic substances ($18,900); radiation ($11,100); interdisciplinary ($23,300);
and other management and support activities ($41,600).
- Transfer of $185,100, agencywide, from various activities to provide
additional resources to the Office of the Administrative Law Judges to support
a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102
of the Clean Air Act: the transfers summarized by media are from: air ($100,800);
from water quality ($21,800); from pesticides ($11,600); from radiation ($500);
from noise ($10,500); from interdisciplinary ($6,000); from toxic substances
($13,300); from energy ($3,700); and from other management and support
activities ($16,900).
* A transfer of $87,100 was made to the radiation media in order to support
the Radiation Policy Council.
- Transfer of $526,000 to the nationwide support account in order to
reflect the agencywide charges for payroll checks in a support account.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in an increase of $376,300: from air stationary source
enforcement ($6,800); water quality dredge and fill ($12,700); drinking
water standards and regulations implement ($33,800); solid waste management
strategies implementation ($33,100); solid waste technical assistance
delivery ($1,800); solid waste strategy regulations development ($108,000);
pesticides enforcement ($10,600); interdisciplinary EIS review ($8,800);
toxic substances management ($7,000); and from regional management activities
($140,600).
MS-10
-------
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $28,013,900 and 709 permanent workyears
for 1982, an increase of $3,599,200 and 42 permanent workyears from 1981.
Program Description
This component provides for the salaries and expenses of the Regional
Administrators, their limed late staffs, and of the staff offices reporting
directly to them. Additional activities supported here include the regional
central management functions of program planning, analysis and evaluation,
financial and personnel management, and administrative services.
Within the proposed increase, approximately $1 million and 25 positions
have been centralized under Regional Management from other regional activities
to negotiate State/EPA Agreements (SEA) and manage the SEA process with the
States. An additional ten positions have been shifted from headquarters and
regional management resources to support continued growth of the Regional
Management Analytic Centers. At least eight regions will have Centers in
FY82, five of which will be fully operational with the rest at various stages
of development. The Analytic Centers will continue to employ individuals with
a high level of project management and analytic skills to the following advantage:
the regions will participate more effectively in the Agencywide regulatory
reform process, develop integrated environmental strategies appropriate to
their region, and evaluate and improve the SEA process and delegated programs.
A small increase is Included to develop more reliable cash outlays projections
for the construction grants program and to enhance cash management activities
in order to prevent possible abuse of Federal funds by grantees.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $773,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $138,100.
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of
$57,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $177,800 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by
$750,000; a decrease of $88,400 was applied to this activity.
- An increase of $1,479,300 results from the cost of the October 1980
pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Transfer of $98,300 from municipal waste treatment facility construction,
to provide sufficient resources to support regional financial management support
of construction grant activities.
- Transfer of $474,000 to regional support as a1 result of a study made of
regional needs.
- Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board
needs resulted in a net transfer and increase of $278,800: to water quality
permit issuance ($1,100), to standards and regulations ($1,000), to municipal waste
treatment facility construction ($122,500); to drinking water standards and
MS-T1
-------
regulations implementation ($46.900), to drinking water enforcement ($6,700);
to pesticides use management ($25,200); to toxic substances enforcement ($6,700);
from water quality dredge and fill ($l,20Q)j from hazardous wastes enforcement
($255,500), from solid waste regional technical assistance delivery ($8,100), from
hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation {$86,900)5 from
pesticides enforcement ($26,100); from radiation program implementation ($1,200);
from noise regional program implementation ($30,200); from Environmental impact
statements ($1,800); from energy review and permitting ($47,800); and from toxic
substances strategies ($30,100)
- A transfer of $4,700 was made to the Office of Inspector Seneal in order
to provide additional resources to that Office.
- A transfer of $1,600 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide
additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance
penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act.
- Transfer $140,600 to agency management, office of General/Regional Counsel,
to realign regional costs to meet on-board needs.
MS-12
-------
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
SUPPORT
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate -Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(donars in thousands)
Salaries and Expenses:
Program Support....... $8,488 $6,338 $6,143 $6,744 +$601
Agency Support 74,149- 88,371 78,664 98,991 +20,327
Regional Support 8,689. 11,674 12.141 11,751 ~390
Total $91,326 $106,383 $96,948 $117,486 +$20,538
Support Services include non-personnel costs for services provided across
the Agency, such as laboratory and office services, building operations and
maintenance, communications, facilities lease costs, and central ADP services.
PROGRAM SUPPORT
BudgetReguest
The Agency requests a total of $6,744,000 for 1982, an Increase of
$600,600 from 1981.
Program De scripti on
These funds pay for support services required to operate the laboratories
of the Office of Research and Development, the Office of Pesticides and
Toxic Substances, and the Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation. These
direct costs consist mainly of laboratory and office services, utilities,
building maintenance, and other housekeeping items. The program support
increases are due to projected cost increases for utilities, building
operations, and laboratory and office services.
1
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $194,700 results from several actions, as follows:
- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease
of $1,600 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million;
a decrease of $94,100 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced agency ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of
$99,000 was applied to this activity.
AGENCY SUPPORT
Budget Reguest
The Agency requests a total of $98,991,100 for 1982, an increase of
$20,327,600 from 1981.
MS-13
-------
Prpgrain
The Agency support component provides general support services to all
program operations at EPA headquarters; Research Triangle Park (RTP),
North Carolina and Cincinnati, Ohio. It also includes a number of support
activities which serve the needs of all Agency programs and which are managed
at the headquarters level. The Agency support subactivity can be summacized in
terms of the following major areas of cost:
Office Services — Common services at the three locations referred to above,
including laboratory and office supplies, audio-visual equipment and contracts,
and printing and duplication.
B ui 1 d i ng Ser v j ces-^Ut i 1 i t i es , local telephone service, minor building
alterations and space relocations, buildings maintenance contracts, equipment
rentals, guard and janitorial services, and employee health service contracts.
Library Services — Books, journals, equipment, and service contracts for
the branch libraries at headquarters, Research Triangle Park, and Cincinnati,
Ohio as well as specialized ADP services, literature searches, technical reports
processing and library systems development for the Agencywide library system.
Nationwide .Costs— A1 1 Agency costs for the following support activities:
f ac i 1 1 "ties rental and associated costs; payments to the U.S. Postal Service;
Federal Telecommunications Service (FTS); security investigations; reimbursements
to the Federal Employees Compensation Fund; payments to the Public Health
Service for personnel administration services for commissioned officers assigned
to EPA; and contracts which support the Agency's occupational health and safety
program.
ADP Technical Support — Contracts for systems development and evaluation
and other techni cal services required to support the Agency's central ADP
activities.
ADP^ Timesharing Services— Central ADP services provided to all Agency
programs through timesharing contracts with commercial suppliers or by in-
house computer facilities.
The following tabulation is a breakdown of overall costs of providing
support services:
J9§X X982 Change
(dollars in thousands)
Office Services ................. $3,107 $3,327 +$220
Building Services ...... . ........ 13,940 15,607 +1,667
Library Services ................ 1,444 1,483 +44
Nationwide Costs ................ 36,836 45,011 +8,175
ADP Technical Support ........... 3,547 12,237 +8,590
ADP Timesharing... ..... , ........ 19,190 20,771 +1,581
Professional Training........... JOQ _ 550 _ +50
Total ...................... $78,664 $98,991 +$20,327
The requested increase of $220,000 for Office Services will provide
for expected cost increases for printing and duplicating, expendable office
supplies, and audio-visual services.
The Building Services increase of $1,667,400 provides for increased
costs of telephones, utilities, guard services, equipment rentals, and
maintenance of facilities due to the higher costs of fuel, services, and
contracts.
MS-14
-------
The Library Services increase of $44,100 will provide for higher costs
of scientific and technical publications.
The $8,174,900 increase requested for Nationwide costs provides for
costs of additional space which is being leased to accommodate additional
personnel and programs authorized in 1980, 1981, and 1982-at Headquarters,
in regional offices and field laboratories.
The ADP technical support increase of $8,590,200 provides for the
acquisition of a major ADP system in accordance with OMB Circular A-109,
and also includes funds to design, develop, and test systems for integration
of Agencywide management and information systems; to operate the Agencywide
information clearinghouse; and to expand technical studies.
The ADP Timeshare increase of $1,581,000 provides for expanded air,
drinking water, hazardous waste, and toxic substances systems support
provided through the Agency central data center.
The $50,000 increase for professional training provides for higher
contractual training program costs in 1982.
1981 Explanationj)fJ^iange from Budget Estimate
The net decrease of $9,707,500 results from several actions, as follows:
- Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter
transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions
resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.
The reduction applied to this activity is $4,550,000.
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a
decrease of $3,300 was applied to this activity.
- The Congress reduced ADP technical support by $5,795,000.
- An increase of $29,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay
raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation.
- Transfer of $526,000 from agency management to reflect the agencywide
payroll check charges in the agencywide support account. ;
- Transfer of $205,400 from hazardous waste regulations, guidelines, and
policies ($117,000); hazardous waste enforcement ($22,000); and solid waste/non-
energy ($66,400), to provide additional funds to meet increased RCRA programmatic
requirements.
* A transfer of $119,800 was made to the radiation media in order to
support the Radiation Policy Council.
REGIONAL SUPPORT '•
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $11,750,700 in 1982, a decrease of $390,000
from 1981.
Projram Descri ption
This activity covers the mandatory support for regional offices
including telephone service, guard service, supplies, printing, copying
services, rental of office equipment, GSA work orders, and ADP equipment.
This activity also provides for other necessary services such as management
MS-15
-------
surveys of equipment utilization, library services, and laboratory analyses.
The decrease of $390,000 results from non-recurring equipment purchases and
space alterations that occurred in 1981.
1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate
The net increase of $466,600 results from several actions, as follows:
- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.3 mill ton;
a decrease of $7,400 was applied to this activity.
- Transfer of $474,000 from regional management activities reflecting
a study made of regional needs.
HS-16
-------
Buildings and
Facilities
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
BUILDINSS AND FACILITIES
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 7981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars rn thousands)
Buildings and Facilities:
Appropriation.. .-. $1,667 $4,115 $4,115 $6,646 +$2,531
Outlays.. .» ,-. 1,592 2,500 2-500 3,965 +1,465
Authorization Level...... Authorization is by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Buildings and Facilities appropriation funds the design, construction,
repairs and improvements to federally-owned or leased buildings occupied by
EPA.
In 1981, the Agency is developing a comprehensive long-term strategy
for improving the quality of its facilities, including its laboratories.
Special attention will be directed toward improving capabilities at both
research and program oriented laboratories and toward ensuring availability
of appropriate Toxic/Hazardous material handling facilities. The Agency
will give primary attention to projects which are (1) required to protect the
health and safety of EPA employees and (2) provide more effective pollution
control.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
(in thousands of dollars)
1981 Buildings and Facilities Program....... $4,115
Increase related to completion of the
shop and storage building at the Gulf
Breeze facility; and numerous projects
In various locations to correct health
and saftey deficiencies and reduce
pollution
1982 Buildings and Facilities Program.
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
!• Summary of Budget Request
An appropriation of $6,646,000 is requested for the Buildings and
Facilities account, an increase of $2,531,000 over 1981. The total amount
requested will be used for repairs and improvements to existing facilities.
2. Changes from Original Budget Estimate
There is no change from the budget estimate.
BF-1
-------
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
Current
Estimate Estimate
- 1980 1982
(in thousands of dollars)
Prior Year Obligations... $1,667 $4,300
Change in amount of carryover
available......... +718 -136
Program increase. . +1,938 +2,531
Change in rate of obligation -23 _r2_78
Total estimated obligations.. 4,300 6,367
(From new obligation authority).... (3,393) (5,646)
(From prior year funds) (907) (721)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The amount of carryover funds to be obligated In 1981 is $907,000, an
increase of $718,000 from the 1980 level. The amount of carryover funds to
be obligated 1n 1982 is $721,000, a decrease of $186,000 from the 1981 level.
The increase of 1981 budget authority over the 1980 level will increase
obligations by $1,938,000; the change in 1982 will increase obligations by
$2,531,000. A change 1n the rate of obligations in 1981 reflects a decrease
of $23,000; the change 1n 1982 reflects a decrease of $278,000.
SF-2
-------
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Agprppriation
Repalre and improvements.. $1,522 $3,665 $3,665 $6,646 +$2,981
New Facilities. 145 450 450 ...... -450
Total,... $1,667 $4,115 $4,115 $6,646 +$2,531
BudgetRequest
The Agency requests a total of $6,646,000 for 1982, an i""--ease of $2,531,400
from 1981.
Program Descri pti on
This appropriation covers the design and construction of new EPA-owned or leased
facilities as well as necessary repairs and improvements to federally-owned or leased
facilities occupied by EPA. In previous years this account provided only for projects
at federally owned installations. Formerly, projects at leased buildings have been
funded from support services or program accounts.
NEW FACILITIES
1980 Accompli shments
Design work was completed for a Marine Environmental Assessment Laboratory
Building located at the Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze, Florida.
A'construction contract was awarded for this facility and construction is underway.
Also at Gulf Breeze, a design contract was awarded for a shop and warehouse facility.
1981 Program
The design of the shop warehouse facility at Gulf Breeze 1s scheduled for
completion in early 1981 and the construction is expected to be awarded about
June 1981. The funding for this facility 1s $450,000.
REPAIRSAND IMPROVEMENTS
1980 AccomplJ shments
The bulk of the repair and improvement projects, which were undertaken to correct
health and safety conditions, effect pollution control, or maintain property have been
completed or are underway.
-------
1981 Program
Work on 30 projects at 15 separate locations will be initiated in 1981.
These projects have a total estimated cost of $3,665,000, and are needed to
correct health and safety deficiencies and reduce pollution. They include
modifications to ventilating systems and hazardous materials storage areas
and a containment laboratory for handling highly toxic and hazardous materials.
1982 Plan
The funds requested in 1982 will be used to correct health and safety
deficiencies throughout most of EPA laboratories. Included! will be projects
to: upgrade fume hoods and ventilation; provide safe storage for hazardous and
toxic materials; modify emergency exits; upgrade electrical systems; modify or
replace fire detection systems; and provide for incineration of chemicals.
In addition to health and safety modifications, funds will be used for roof
and gutter repairs, sidewalk repairs, floor covering replacement, waterproofing,
and other essential maintenance without which there will be a substantial
deterioration to government property. Also included in this request are
funds for major modifications to several EPA laboratories to permit them to
perform the high hazard sample analysis required for EPA to develop the test
data and analytical methods required under the Toxic Substances Control Act and
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980
Without these modifications, EPA lacks the capacity to test high hazard substances,
has only marginal capacity for low hazardous substances, and will not be able
to develop toxicity data and test protocols for highly toxic substances such
as dioxins, benzidlne, vinyl chloride, and others.
BF-4
-------
Scientific Activities
Overseas
SECTION TAB
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Budget Current Increase +
Aortal Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 198.1 Page
(dblTarsin thousands)
Scientific Activities
Overseas:
Appropriation .. $28 $1,000 ... ...
Outlays 2,053 3,000 $2,700 $1,300 -$1,400
Authorized Levels..... By Virtue of Appropriation Act.
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY f
Scientific Activities Overseas (SAO) are funded from excess foreign currencies
accruing to the United States from the sale of agricultural commodities under PL 480.
The use of these currencies enables EPA to engage in unique environmental research
programs which establish and strengthen links between EPA and foreign agencies and
institutions that have mutual interests in seeking solutions to environmental problems.
Ths SAO program supports the Agency's international goals, and is designed to: (1)
augment EPA's multimedia data base, (2) assist in the solution of environmental
problems by merging the expertise of U.S. and foregin investigators, (3) extend new
technology into a broader world community, (4) assist in meeting EPA international
agreements, and (5) develop and/or demonstrate new technologies including sampling,
modelling, and control strategies.
No new obligational authority is being requested for this program in 1982.
However, $805,000 of prior year carryover funds will be available in 1982. These
funds will be used for technological programs in environmental research directly re-
lated to problem areas of concern to EPA, such as studies to provide increased capability
to evaluate the environmental impact of chemicals, the development of waste water
treatment technology, the gathering of primary data on the health consequences of
the use of toxic substances, and the demonstration of the best available technology
for air pollution control. Carryover funds 1n the amount of $25,000 will be used
for SAO-related travel.
SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars)
1981 Scientific Activities Program.
1982 Scientific Activities Program , •——
SUWARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
There Is no appropriation request for the Scientific Activities Overseas
activity.
2. Changesfrom Original 1981 Budget Estimates
The decrease of $1 million was made by the Congress.
SAO-1
-------
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Change in amount of carryover funds
avail able.. ....... .......».•..•.»•.....:
(From new obligation authority)..........
Current
Estimate
1981
(in thousands
$28
., j-2.472
2,500
(...)
(2.5001
Estimate
1982
of dollars)
$2,500
-1,695
805
(...)
(805)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASESTOOBLiGATIONS
The amount of carryover to be obligated In 1981 1s $2.5 million, an increase
of $2,472,000 over the 1980 level. In 1982, the amount of carryover funds decreases
by $1,695,000.
SAO-2
-------
SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS
(Special Foreign Currency Program)
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
J980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page
(dollars Tn thousand?)
Program Levels
SAO Projects.. .......... 6
Technology Transfer
Semi nars ........... i ... 1
.... $300
India................... 28 700 ...
Total ................... 28 1,000 No funds are requested
Budget Request
The Agency requests no funds for 1982, Carryover funds totalling $805,000 will
be used.
1 980 Accompl j shments
SAO activities currently cover projects in Egypt, India and Pakistan, in the
areas of air pollution control, industrial "waste problems, and water reclamation
and reuse.
SAO cooperative project reports were published through the EPA and in U.S.
scientific journals. Research results shown in the reports are useful to the EPA,
environmental decision-makers, regulatory officials, and the public use and private
sectors.
1981 Program
The SAO program will relate directly to environmental problem area$ specific to
EPA domestic priority programs. New activities will build on the solid base of opera-
tions that have been established as a result of direct involvement in US/Foreign Science
and Technology Subcommissions and Joint Board activities. Cooperative projects of mutual
interest to EPA and participating countries, India and Pakistan, "will be designed to
augment EPA's multi-media data base used by Office of Research and Development, program
and regional offices to establish domestic goals and standards; seek solutions to environ-
mental problems by merging the expertise of U.S. trained foreign investigators with
scientists and engineers from EPA laboratories, universities and industries; meet EPA
international obligations under the National Environmental Policy Act, and the Water
and Air Pollution Control Act Amendments.
1981 Expjj|nj|tj£n^
The reduction of $1 million resulted from congressional action.
1982 Plan
The SAO program will be directed toward cooperative projects in India and Pakistan.
These projects will include studies to provide increased capability for the evaluation
of environmental impact of chemicals, and increased activity in the development of
waste management technology for maximum utilization of limited water resources. In
addition, an interchange program will be developed to bring EPA and foreign scientists
together to exchange technology for the enhancement of control and abatement of pollution
in both countries. SAO ,
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U.S Regulatory
Council
SECTION TAB
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U.S. REGULATORY COUNCIL
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
U. S. Regulatory Council
Appropriation
Permanent Workyears...
Full-Time Equivalency.
Outlays...............
Actual
1980
$2,449
9
33
1,869
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
(dollars in thousands)"
$3,338
11
26
2,800
$2,560
11
26
2,110
$2,580
11
26
3,000
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$20
+890
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
This appropriation covers the salaries and expenses of the U.S. Regulatory
Council and its supporting staff. The Council is composed of the heads of those
agencies within the Executive Branch which have regulatory responsibilities.
Its purpose 1s to maintain an overview of Federal regulatory activities; to
assist the President in managing them in a coordinated manner in order to limit
their adverse impacts on the Nation's economy; and to publish the semiannual
Calendar of Federal Regulations. The Regulatory Council is composed of 18
executive agencies and 18 independent agencies. The member agencies are:
Executive Agencies
Administrative Conference of
the United States
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Energy
Department of Health and Human
Services
Department of the Interior
Department of Justice
Department of Labor
Independent Regulatory Agenci es
Civil Aeronautics Board
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Federal Communications Commission
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Election Commission
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Federal Home Loan Bank Board
Federal Maritime Commission
Federal Mine Safety and Health
Administration
Executive Agencies
Department of Transportation
Department of Treasury
Environmental Protection Agency
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission
General Services Administration
National Credit Union Administration
Small Business Administration
United States International Trade
Commission
Veterans Administration
Department of Housing and Urban
Devel opment
The Council reports directly to the President. For administrative convenience,
because the Council's chairman is the EPA Administrator, its 19S2 budget request is
included within EPA's overall budget submission.
independent Regulatory Agencies
Federal Reserve System
Federal Trade Commission
Interstate Commerce Commission
National Labor Relations Board
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
'Occupational Health and Safety
Postal Rate Commission
Securities and Exchange Commission
RC-1
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SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES
1981 Regulatory Council Program.
(inthousands of dollars)
$2,560
This Increase will provide for additional
special projects
1982 Regulatory Council Program.
SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. Summary of Budget Request
The U.S. Regulatory Council requests an appropriation of $2,580,000 to
provide for staff salaries, related expenses, contracts, grants, and cooperative
agreements.
2. Changes fromOriginal1981 Budget Estimates
Changes from the budget are as follows:
(in thousands of dollars)
Original 1981 estimate.. $3,338
Congressional reduction... -338
October 1980 pay raise, proposed
supplemental +60
Current 1931 estimate 2,560
ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
Current
Estimate Estimate
1981 1982
(inthousands of dollars)
Prior year obligations $2,449 $2,560
Program increases...........*.......... +51 +20
Effect of October 1980 pay raise....... +60 • ...
Total estimated obligations. 2,560 2,580
(From new obiigational authority).... (2,560) (2,580)
(From prior year funds)
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS
The 1982 program increase for special projects results in an estimated
obligation of $20,000. ;
Budget Request
The U. S, Regulatory Council requests a total of $2,580,000 for 1982, an
increase of $20,000 from 1981.
RC-2
-------
Program OescriptiQ" .
The U.S. Regulatory Council was established to provide the President with a
complete picture of the regulation development effort of the various agencies under
his direct control, and to help him provide for better management of the Federal
regulatory process. The Council, consisting of a small staff of professionals .trained
in law, economics, and sciences supported by research assistants and clerical personnel,
will work in the following areas:
Calendar Development - This will involve refining and maintaining a
consolidated calendar, published semiannually, of all major regulatory
actions proposed by the member agencies. This calendar will help
make it possible to identify the interrelationships among existing
and proposed regulations. The Council also publishes supplementary
information on special topics such as regulatory initiatives.
Liaison - A substantial amount of effort is spent maintaining liaison
with member agencies, interest groups, and the public over the effects
of various regulations and the ways in which the Administration is
attempting to cope with regulatory problems and reform.
Special Projects - The staff will also undertake a number of special
projects aimed at resolving specific regulatory problems. These
include:
Unique short term problems which involve the regulatory
activities of member agencies;
Sector studies which focus on the effect of specific
regulations on certain industries, such as the coal,
automobile and nonferrous metal industries; and
Improved techniques for regulatory analysis including cost
benefit studies and assessments of innovative regulatory
techniques.
1980 Accomplishments
Publication of three issues of the Calendar of Federal
Regulations.
An interagency policy on chemical carcinogens.
Regulatory Reform Highlights - a compilation of major regulatory
reform achievements.
;• A report on regulation in a small city.
A Presidential directive on minimizing regulatory burden in
small businesses.
Special projects which identify overlapping and conflicting
regulations and develop alternative means of reducing the
regulatory burdens.
1981Program
The U.S. Regulatory Council, composed of the heads of the Executive Branch,
regulatory agencies and certain independent regulatory agencies, will review the
cumulative impact of regulations and publish the semiannual Calendar of Federal
Regulations, which will identify and coordinate resolutions of inter-Agency
regulatory issues; will hold formal Regulatory Councl] meetings which establish
committees to focus on specific regulatory problems; will conduct special projects
which identify overlapping and conflicting regulations and develop alternative
means of reducing the regulatory burdens; and, will undertake projects on cross-
cutting issues, such as determining the costs and benefits of regulation or
regulatory alternatives.
RC-3
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1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates
The decrease of $778,000 results from two actions. First, the Congress
reduced the request by $838,000. Second, a proposed supplemental to cover
the October 1980 pay raise, provides an increase of $60,000.
198Z Plan
The U.S. Regulatory Council will further refine and maintain a
semiannual consolidated calendar of all major regulatory actions proposed
by the member agencies. The Council will conduct additional special
projects to resolve specific regulatory problems. These special projects
include'
(a) Development of an index of the Calendar of Federal Regulations;
(b) Expansion of the cost-benefit studies now underway on distinct
industries affected by regulations;
(c) Development of an automobile regulatory calendar;
(d) Initiation of a study of regulations and innovations in
science and technology;
e) Development of a calendar of regulatory decisions; and,
f) Expansion of the Innovative Techniques project.
CONTRACTS
1981 1982 Change Purpose
Office of Regulatory Council 226 683 +457 Monitor contracts and
projects on the effect
of regulations in the
following areas:
Health and Safety Human
Resources, Natural
Resources, Trade and
Commerce, Transportation
Communications
Banking and Finance.
RC-4
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Construction
Grants
SECTION TAB
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CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981 •
Estimate
1982
(dollars in thousands)
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Appropriation
3,400,000 3,700,000 3,304,837 3,700,000
+395,163
Obligations
(Gross)*
Appropriation
Contract Authority ..
Outlays..
Appropriation
Contract Authority ..
Liquidation of Contract
Authority
Authorization
Levels
4,673,011 4,500,000 4,200,000 5,250,000 +1,050,000
(4,566,594) (4,500,000) (3,923,197) 5,250,000 (1,326,803)
(106,417) (...) (276,803) (...) (-276,803)
4,343,010 3,950,000 4,200,000 4,230,000 +30,000
(1,923,765) (1,750,000) (2,285,000) (3,030,000) (+745,000)
(2,419,245) (2,200,000) (1,915,000) (1,200,000) (-715,000)
1,500,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,000,000 -700,000
5,950,000 5,950,000 5,950,000 5,950,000
*Net obligations in 1980, 1981, and 1982 are $300 million less each year.
Budget Request
An appropriation of $3.7 billion is requested for 1982 to continue the municipal
construction grants program established under Title II of the Clean Water Act (CWA),
as amended. An appropriation of $1 billion is also requested for 1982 for the
liquidation of contract authority pursuant to authority contained in Section 203 of
the CWA. Gross obligations for 1982 are expected to total $5.25 billion, an increase
of $1,050 million from 1981. Outlays will increase by $30 million in 1982, to a
total of $4.230 million.
The carryover at the end of 1980 was $2,954 million. In 1981, expected net
obligations of $3,900 million and a $3,305 million appropriation will decrease the
carryover by $595 million. In 1982, a net obligation rate of $4,950 million
against the requested appropriation level of $3,700 million will result in a
further decrease in the carryover of $1,250 million.
Within the constraints of the current method of distributing funds to the
States and an appropriation of $3.7 billion, EPA estimates that in 1982 approximately
30 States will have more projects ready for grant award than available funds can
finance. An allotment formula based primarily on long term needs and population
prevents shifting funds from slow-moving into fast-moving States. Accordingly,
EPA is studying alternative mechanisms for channeling funds to those States with
more high priority projects than available funds, which will result in recommen-
dations to Congress in the near future.
Program Description
This program provides grants to municipal, intermum'cipal, State, and Interstate
agencies to assist in financing the planning, design, and construction of
municipal waste water treatment facilities. In addition, under the State manage-
ment assistance grant program [Section 205(g) of the Clean Water Act], a maximum
of two percent of the funds authorized for each State or $400,000, whichever Is
higher, may be used to fund State management functions delegated through specif-
ically negotiated agreements. Amounts made available for obligation are allotted
CG-1
-------
to each State on the basis of formulas set forth in the Clean Mater Act as
amended. Within these allotments, grants are awarded on a priority basis for
individual projects. Generally, each project 1s eligible for 75 percent Federal
assistance, although grants may provide up to 85 percent for projects using
innovative or alternative technology in treatment facility design. The Clean
Water Act of 1977 amended selected portions of the Act, including provisions for
a five-year extension of the funding authorization and a mandate to delegate
major portions of the program to the States, but did not substantially alter
the basic objectives or intent of the original 1972 Amendments (P.L. 92-500).
Under the current legislation, a 3-step approach to funding projects is required.
The first step is development of the facilities plan, which includes a prelimi-
nary description of the project, a cost-effectiveness analysis of alternatives,
an environmental assessment, an infiltration/inflow evaluation, and an identifi-
cation of effluent discharge limitations. The second step 1s the development
of design plans and specifications. The third and final step 1s to fund the
actual construction of the treatment works. Grants are made for each of these
steps, with funding of subsequent steps contingent on the successful completion
of prior steps and the availability of funds. Under the 1980 amendments to the
Clean Water Act, upon completion of an approved facility plan, communities of
25,000 or less are eligible for a combined design and construction grant in
those cases where total estimated cost of treatment works does not exceed $4
million (or $5 million in stipulated "high cost" States). Payments against
obligations are made to the grantee as all or portions of each of these steps
are completed, usually in the form of progress payments on a monthly basis.
The State management assistance grant program authorizes, at the Administrator's
discretion, two percent or $400,000, whichever 1s greater, of each delegated
State's authorization to cover the cost of delegation of the construction grants
program and (to the extent that funds suffice) the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit, dredge and fill, and Section 208 management
programs to the States. Until 1981 the 2 percent was based on the appropriation
rather than the authorization.
Beginning in 1982 additional activities, currently funded under Section 106 State
program grants, can be funded under 205(g) for States with 205(g) delegation agreements.
The goal of this program is to allow the States, rather than EPA, to assume responsibility
for day-to-day management of construction grants and related activities. The timing and
extent of delegation and financial support to each State depends on the State's ability
to operate a program that meets the necessary competency requirements and policy direction
mandated by the law and EPA objectives. A grant is given to a State when it can show that
it is able to assume delegated responsibility for a substantial portion of construction
grants program activities.
The program strategy will continue to recognize that there are limited funds
available to meet these pollution control needs and that available funds must go toward
assisting municipalities in meeting the most critical needs in the shortest possible
time. Accordingly, the major objectives guiding the program over the near term will
continue to be the following:
Available funds must go toward meeting the environmental
requirements of the Clean Water Act 1n;an efficient, effective,
and timely manner, using stringent cost-effectiveness criteria
on a project-by-project basis to ensure the most appropriate use
of funds.
A portion of funds are to be oriented toward Innovative
and alternative technology leading to more environmentally
compatible solutions to waste control, including water and
energy conservation, reuse, and reclamation. •
- Funds specifically available for State delegation under
Section 205(g) of the Act are to be used to maximize State
assumption of program activities 1n the shortest possible
time, under specific EPA policy direction and environmental
objectives.
CG-2
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It has become Increasingly evident that the present method for distributing funds
does not necessarily channel funds to the highest priority projects, nor does it
realistically correspond to the actual capabilities of many of the States to obligate
the money available to them in the annual allotments. As a consequence, many States have
more money available than can be effectively absorbed within the allotment period, while
other States lack sufficent funding to begin construction of urgently needed waste water
treatment projects which are already planned and designed. EPA is, therefore, currently
reevaluating the construction grants funding as part of the major, reassessment of
construction grants to determine the 1990 goals for the program and the steps needed to
reach these goals. Funding issues being addressed in the "1990 Strategy" reassessment
include eligibilities, priorities, and funding distribution. EPA will issue final
recommendations, including possible changes in legislation, during 1981.
EPA has established a detailed review process related to funding of advanced waste
treatment projects. This review ensures that such funding is strictly limited to those
situations where the higher level of treatment is both necessary to meet water quality
standards and be effective in meeting higher standards. In accordance with the
Conference Report of the 1981 appropriation for construction grants, the EPA
Administrator will continue to review all waste treatment projects involving treatment
levels more stringent than secondary where the incremental cost of the advanced component.
is greater than $3 million. The review of these projects will not be delegated to the
regions but will be performed by EPA staff in headquarters; the regional offices will be
responsible for review of similar projects with an incremental cost of $3 million or less.
1980 Accomplishments
During 1980, awards in the construction grants program totalled $4,673 billion,
Including 752 Step 1, 608 Step 2, 303 Steps 2+3, and 729 Step 3 awards. This level of
activity resulted in 11,054 active projects in various states of planning, design, and
construction by the end of 1980. The level of Federal outlays, at $4.3 billion, was the
highest annual total in the history of the program, with 845 Step 3 projects completed
during the year.
Under the Section 205(g) State delegation program, a total of 8 delegation agreements
were negotiated and signed, bringing the total number of States with delegation agreements
as of the end of 1980 to 38. A total of $61 million was obligated in 1980 as these States
began to assume the primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the program.
1981 Program
A total of $4.2 billion in gross obligations is projected during 1981. This will
fund 2,862 new awards for the planning, design, and construction of treatment facilities.
About 11,682 projects will be in various stages of preconstruction or construction
activity by the end of the year. Outlay levels will be $4.2 billion.
Beginning in 1981, Congress tied the 2 percent reserve for 205(g) State delegation
management assistance to the State's authorized level rather than appropriated level as
in the past. EPA estimates that a total of 44 States will receive State management
assistance grants, totalling $80 million.
1980 Explanation ofChanges from Budget Estimate
The Congress reduced the budget request by $300 million, In addition, the
HUD-Independent Agencies Appropriation Act, 1981 (P.L.96-526), directed a two percent
reduction to budget authority; this resulted in an additional decrease of> $95,163,000.
1982 Plan
In 1982, gross obligations totalling $5.25 billion are projected. These obligations
will support approximately 3,146 new awards. This represents an increase in obligations
and number of awards compared to 1981, principally because of the increase In Step 3
awards and the drop in expected numbers of Step 1 and 2 awards.
CG-3
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EPA expects to award State management assistance grants totalling $87 million to
46 States during the year, an increase of 10 million over 1981. In 1982, the Agency
.will require that, in addition to direct construction grants management activities,
additional activities can also be funded under the 205(g) grants for those States which
have signed Section 205(g) delegation agreements* These activities, currently funded
under Section 106 State Program Grants, include pretreatment, operation and management
training, Section 402/404 delegation, municipal compliance monitoring and point/nonpoint
source planning in support of construction grant decisions.
The following table summarizes the 1982 program and compares activity levels to
the previous two years:
1980 1981 1982
Item Actual Estimated Estimated
Total Gross Obligations $4.673 Billion $4.2 Billion $5.25 Billion
New Awards
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 2 & 3
Active Projects (All Steps)
Construction Completions
(Steps 384)
Total Outlays
State Management Assistance
Grants
Nuntoer
Amount
752
608
729
303
11,054
845
$4.343 Billion
38
$61 Million
655
1,003
789
415
11,682
1,487
$4.2 Billion
525
1,118
1,032
471
10,863
1,623
$4.24 Billion
44 46
$80 Million $87 Million
The $3.7 billion requested for 1982 is needed to ensure that the maximum number
of States, under the fixed allotment formula legislated by Congress, receive
sufficient funds to continue operations. An estimated 30 States will obligate all
of their available funds during 1982. Other States will be close to using all
funds and may have to slow down their programs.
CG-4
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Superfund
SECTION TAB
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COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE,
COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY FUND
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs 1981
(dol1arsin thousands}
Appropriation
Hazardous Substance
Response Actions,
Assessing and Replacing
Natural Resources
Operations Support
Total
$58,500
3,250
16,250
$206,000 +$147,500
7,850
36,150
$250,000
578,000
+4,600
+19,900
$250,000 +$172,000
Permanent Positions
Hazardous Substance
Response Actions..
Operations Support..
Total,
F ul 1 vt inie Equivalency
Hazardbus Substance
Response...
Operations Support,...
Total
92
50
142
no
50
160
465
170
635
560
170
730
+373
+120
+493
•+450
+120
+570
Budget Request
The Agency requests a 1981 supplemental appropriation of $78,000,000 and a 1982
appropriation of $250,000,000 for implementation of the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. The Budget is, however, based
on preliminary assessments of staffing and budget resources required for the program.
Should additional needs be demonstrated, this Administration would consider amending
the request.
Prpjram Description
On December 11, 1980, the President signed into law the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund), which greatly expands
Federal responsibilities 1n responding to problems created by abandoned and uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites and spills. .
These expanded responsibilities include:
- Emergency response to hazardous substance spills into all media.
- Emergency response to uncontrolled and abandoned hazardous waste
sites which cause or threaten danger to public health and welfare
or the environment.
- Long-term remedial and containment actions at sites where the
responsible party cannot be identified, is insolvent, or refuses
to take appropriate remedial -action.
SF-1
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- Revision of the existing National Contingency Plan to include
definitive guidelines on methods of site discovery and assessment,
evaluation of alternative remedial actions, and defining Federal,
State, and local government roles and responsibilities.
- Conduct of enforcement actions involving the identification of
responsible parties, development of evidence, and initiation of
administrative and judicial actions to force privately financed
cleanup at uncontrolled waste sites.
- Conduct of enforcement actions against responsible parties to
recover expenditures by Federal and State entities for removal
and/or remedial actions.
- Enforcement of criminal provisions — such as knowing failure to
notify of a hazardous release, or knowing destruction of site
records.
- Development of protocols for assessing damage to natural resources,
development of scientific bases for determining the cost-effectiveness
of alternative environmental restoration techniques, and payment of
claims or natural resource damages.
The law establishes a Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund to
finance this program, composed primarily of tax receipts from industry 1n addition
to general appropriations to cover "such costs and expenses" as "... are
reasonably necessary for and incidental to implementation of ..." Title I
of this Act.
The Superfund appropriation includes the following program activities:
- Hazardous Substance Response Actions
- Assessing and Replacing Natural Resources
- Operations Support
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE ACTIONS
1981 Program
In 1981 the Agency requests a supplemental appropriation.of $58,500,000 •
and 92 permanent workyears for this program activity.
The major emphasis of this program activity in 1981 will be the development
of the program structure to carry out the expanded responsibilities under the Act
and the initial implementation of its provisions. Successful implementation of
this program depends on timely promulgation of key regulations, revision of the
National Contingency Plan, development of national program guidance, State strategies,
Interagency coordination, development of training programs for field personnel,
demonstration and evaluation of personnel safety equipment, and an expanded response
and enforcement program. During 1981, usingithese resources, EPA will take remedial
actions at several sites. These actions will include investigation, evaluation,
design and construction of remedies. The Agency will provide increased emergency
responses to hazardous substance spills into all media and to uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites which threaten public health and the environment. Additional
enforcement actions to force privately financed clean-up at waste sites will be
initiated. The costs associated with the payment of claims for response actions
is included within this request. For FY 1981, additional related activities are
funded under the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site, .Environmental Emergency
Response and Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site Enforcement subactivities of the
Salaries and Expenses and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations.
SF-2
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1982 Plan ' •
The Agency requests 5206,000,000 and 465 permanent workyears for this activity
for the fund in 1982, an increase of $147,500,000 and 373 permanent workyears over
the 1931 supplemental request for the fund. This request includes resources previously
budgeted under the environmental emergency response and uncontrolled hazardous waste
sites program. However, it does not include resources for the'oil spills program.
The 1982 request includes all resources necessary for the first full year of
implementation of hazardous substance response actions under Superfund. The request
includes not only the continuation of expanded response/removal programs, but
significant resources for remedy (evaluation, design, and construction) at both
spills and sites. The request also provides necessary resources for evaluating
the effectiveness of alternative response and remedial actions, safety and training,
State programs, long-term operations and maintenance costs, and payment of claims
for response actions.
During 1982 the Agency's enforcement program will continue to streamline and
standardize the initiation and management of enforcement activities and judicial
actions involving hazardous waste problems to maximize privately financed site
cleanup and to ensure the integrity of the fund and cost-effective use of Superfund
expenditures!
The volume of administrative and judicial enforcement actions •.— including
Superfund recovery actions and enforcement activities to generate privately financed
site cleanups -- will increase in response to new problems revealed by Superfund
investigations, additions to current hazardous waste site inventories by Superfund-
mandated notifications, and on-going compliance investigations. Precedents,
policies, and guidance established during 1980 and 1981 are expected to produce
increasingly efficient case development processes and speedier resolution of newly
filed enforcement cases.
ASSESSINGAND REPLACING NATURAL RESOURCES
19|1 ...Program
In 1931 the Agency requests a supplemental appropriation of $3,250,000 for
this program activity.
A major emphasis of this program activity will be to develop protocols to
assess damages to natural resources, including sensitive environmental ecological
systems, and to develop scientific bases for determining the cost-effectiveness of
alternative environmental restoration techniques (e.g., revegetation, groundwater
reclamation). Resources for the payment of claims for natural resource damage
brought to the fund are included in this request. Actions taken by agencies
under this activity will be defined by the national contingency plan.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests $7,850,000 for this program activity in 1982, an increase
of $4,600,000 over the 1981 supplemental request.
The 1982 request provides resources to continue the development of damage
assessment protocols through the first full year of the programs operation. These
protocols will include assessing both the short-term and long-term destruction or
loss of any natural resources resulting from a release of a hazardous substance
and provide scientific bases for estimating the most cost effective means to restore,
rehabilitate, or replace the lost natural resources. This data will be used in
settling claims brought to the fund. The cost of paying these claims for natural
resource damage is also included in this request.
SF-3
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OPERATIONS SUPPORT
1981 Program
In 1981 the Agency requests a supplemental appropriation of $16,250.000 and
50 permanent workyears for this program activity.
The Operations Support program activities provide direct support to authorized
response activities and will play a key role 1n the implementation of this program.
EPA must develop the fund management, financial control, and contract mechanisms
necessary to carry out the response and remedial activities authorized under the
fund. Operations support activities will be necessary in the areas of personnel
processing, information systems design, legal services, resources management,
laboratory renovations, equipment procurement, and policy direction and analysis
specifically related to the Super-fund program.
1982 Plan
The Agency requests 536,150,000 and 170 permanent workyears for this program
activity in 1982, and increase of $19,900,000 and 120 permanent workyears over the
1981 supplemental request for the fund.
The 1982 request includes resources to continue direct operations support
activities through the first full year of operations. In addition, major emphasis
will be given to inspector general activities in the area of contract auditing,
economic analyses, and an analysis of the financial condition of the fund as it
begins its second full year of operation.
SF-4
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Special Analyses
SECTION TAB
-------
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SPECIAL ANALYSES
Contents
EPA Organization Chart SA-2
EPA Regional Offices- Locations. SA-3
Summary of Resources SA-4
Work years and Budget Authority, By Media and Appropriation, 1981.. SA-7
Workyears and Budget Authority, By Media and Appropriation, 1982...... SA-8
Total Funds Obligated. 1981 SA-9
Total Funds Obligated. 1982 SA-11
Positions by Grade ami Average Employment............ SA-13
Classification by Objects:
Research and Development. SA-17
Abatement, Control and Compliance SA-19
Salaries and Expenses SA-22
Buildings and Facilities.. SA-29
Scientific Activities Overseas... SA-31
Regulatory Council ...., SA-32
Research and Devel opinent Crosswal k SA-45
SA-1
-------
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDOES
OFFICE OF CIVIL RIOHTS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
OFFICE OF LEGISLATION
OFFICE OF PUBLIC AWARENESS
OFFICE OF PRESS SERVICED
OFFICE OF REGIONAL tIAISON
OFFICE OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT SUPPORT
SCIENCE AOVISOSY BOARD
ADMINISTRATOR
DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR
ASST. ADMINISTRATOR
FOR
ENFORCEMENT
-
OF
01
iWM
OFF
W
ENFOf
OFI
MOBILE &
Amn
ASST, ADMINISTRATOR
FOH WAFER AND
WASTE MANAGEMENT
-
Off
WATER Rl
ANDOT
tiff
WAICR
OMB
Of
MHtKl
ttf
SOL
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR OENERAL
OFFICE OF SMAU AND
IISADVANTAQED BUSINESS
UTILIZATION
ASfiT. AOMINISTRATOR
FOR AIR, NOISE
AND RADIATION
-
OFT
AM)C
MJNf
•TAH
OFF
MUBILI
AIRCOLtU
OF
NtMSG *
AND
Off
HAC
ASST. AOMINISl RA TOR
ran RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT
-
OFFICE OF
8 van
QUALITY
or
fNViR
ENtW
FICI
OFF
ENVmO
PfiOCESSE
RES
Off
MtALTH
»SET. ADMINISTRATOR
ron prsTiciOES AND
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
-
OF
HI
rao
OFF
TOXIC St
:J
L
SA-2
I I
-------
EPA RFGIONS
LOCATIONS AND STATES
Region I Headquarters> Boston, Hassachusetts Region VI
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Region II Headquarters, Hem York, Hen York
New Jersery, New York, Puerto R1co
Virgin Islands
Region III Headquarters, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania
Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, West Virginia, District of
Col umbl a
Region IV Headquarters, Atlanta. Georgia Region IX
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, sentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee
Region V Headquarters. Chicago, II linols Region X
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan
Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Headquarters, Dallas, Texas
Arkansas, New Mexico, Texas,
Oklahoma, Louisiana
Region VII Headquarters, Kansas City, Misso
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Region VIM Headquarters, Denver, Colorado
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
Headquarters«. San franc.1 sco, Ca 11 fornia
Arizona,'California, Hawaii, Nevada,
American Samoa, Guam, Trust Territories
of Pacific Islands, Northern Mariana
Islands
Headquarters, Seattle, Washington
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
SA-3
-------
Summary of Resources
(dollars In thousands)
Salaries and Expenses
Budget authority......
Obligations..... ,
Outlays
Permanent Horkyears...
Full-time equivalency.
Abatement, Control and Compllance
Budget authority.
ObiIgatlons.
Outl ays
Permanent Horkyears...........
Ful 1 -time equlvalency ..
Research and Development
Budget authority..............
Obi 1 gatl ons
Outlays.......................
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget authority.
Obligations......
Outlays..........
Buildings and Facilities
Budget autKbr 1 ty
Obligations.
Outlays
Actual
1980
$524 773
522.137
471,062
10,572
12,940
506,430
573,518
503,017
• B *
39
233,481
236,888
277,218
28
2,053
2,177
1,667
1,592
Current
Estimate
1981
$573,492
573,492
558,573
10,989
13,486
545,183
541,533
507,692
• * *
72
253,520
251,020
232,585
2,500
2,700
4,115
4,300
2,500
Estimate
1982
$645,618
645,618
661,561
10,965
13,460
492,072
497,084
504,133
» » •
162
229,355
227,229
230,886
805
1,300
6,646
6,367
3,965
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$72,126
+72,126
+102,988
-24
-26
-53,111
-44,449
-3,559
* * *
+90
-24,165
-23,79]
-1,699
-1,696
-1,400
+2,531
+2,067
+1,465
SA-4
-------
Construction Grants
Budget authority..
Obligations.
Outlays
Actual
1980
$3,400,000
4,673,011
4,343,010
Hazardous Substances Response
Trust Funel
Budget authority
Obligations
Outlays.....
Permanent Horkyears...
Full-Tlme Equivalency.
Operations, Research and Facilities
Obligations...................
Outlays.
Revolving Fund
Obligations..
Outlays......
Trust Funds
Budget author1ty.
Obligations......
Outlays..........
Reimbursements
Obligations...
Permanent Workyears...
Full-time equivalency.
917
2,890
580
-92
16
4
7
24,781
58
66
Current
Estimate
1981
$3,304,837
3,900,000
4,200,000
78,000
78,000
39,000
142
160
1,669
3.200
650
BO
20
20
30,000
64
73
Estimate
1982
$3,700,000
4,950,000
4,230,000
250,000
250,000
164,000
635
730
2,000
700
100
25
20
30,000
63
71
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$395,163
+1,050,000
+30,000
+172,000
+172,000
+125,300
+493
+570
-1,669
-1,200
+50
+50
+5
-1
-2
SA-5
-------
Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Regulatory Council
Budget authority. , $2,538 $2,560 $2,580 +$20
Obligations.. 2,449 2,560 2,580 +20
Outlays. 1,869 2,110 3,000 +890
Permanent Workyears 9 11 11
Full-time equivalency 33 26 26
Consgl1dated Work1ng Fund
Obligations.* ....•............. ... ... ... •• ...
Outlays. ... 17 ... -17
Total, Environmental Protection Agency
Budget authority............... 4,669,415 4,761,707 5,326,271 +564,564
Obligations... 6,035,980 5,385,744 6,610,408 +1,224,664
Outlays 5,602,626 5,548,447 5,800,965 +252,518
Permanent Workyears............ 10,639 11,205 11,674 +459
Full-time equivalency.. 13,078 13,817 14,449 +632
SA-6
-------
1981 Resources
By Media and Appropriation
(dollars In thousands)
Salaries 8 Expenses
Abatement,
Control S
Compliance
Amount
Air 1,827 $79,896 $127,097
Water Quality . 2,958 119,114 186,136
Drinking Water . 535 22,729 42,615
Solid Wastes 855 37,017 92,639
Pesticides 912 33,637 31,249
Radiation 218 9,576 8,173
Noise 94 4,545 8,179
Interdisciplinary 124 6,198 1,310
Toxic Substances.... 750 34,741 47,785
Energy.. 141 11,237
Management and Support 2,575 214.802 ^__,
Subtotal „ 10,989 573,492 545,183
Regulatory Council...... ... ... ...
Buildings and Facilities....... ... ... ...
Reimbursements....
Hazardous Substance Response
Trust Fund ... ... ...
Subtotal 10,989 573,492 545,183
Construction Grants............ ... ... ...
Total... 10,989 573,492 545,183
Research S
Development
Amount ~
$41,254
39,578
18,665
25,059
4,618
1,437
3,376
24,192
95,341
Total
253,520
253,520
253,520
Permanent^
Horkyears Amount
1,827
2,958
535
855
912
218
94
124
750
141
2.575
10,989
11
« « •
63
$248,247
344,828
84.009
154,715
69.504
19.186
12,724
10,884
106,718
106,578
214.802
1,372,195
2,560
4,115
142 78,000
•11,205 1,45
3,304,837
11,205 4,761,707
SA-7
-------
1982 Resources
By Media and Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
Air
Water Quality.....
Drinking Water....
Solid Wastes
Pesticides
Radiation
Noise
Interdisciplinary.
Toxic Substances..
Energy.
Management and Support.
Subtotal,
Regulatory Council
Buildings and Facilities.
Reimbursements...........
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust fund.
Subtotal,
Construction Grants.
Total
Salaries ft
Permanent
HorNyears
1.912
2,857
550
713
874
206
94
144
797
142
2,676
10,965
* * •
* B *
« * *
* • *
10,965
*.« •
10,965
Expenses
Amount
$89,031
125,470
25,770
35,324
35,459
11,408
5,279
6,765
41,400
12,790
256,922
645,618
* » •
* • •
• • •
• • *
645,618
• • •
645,618
Abatement ,
Control *
Compliance
Amount
$126,821
141,787
44,414
84,580
35,633
4,737
7,480
4,732
41.888
» * *
• * *
492,072
9m*
• * *
* * •
• * *
492,072
« * *
492,072
Research H
Development
Amount
$39,369
30,277
21,488
23,432
1 ,042
825
• * *
4.514
24,353
84,055
* « *
229,355
* * *
* « »
• * •
* * «
229,355
* * *
229,355
Total
Permanent
Morkyears
1,912
2,857
550
713
874
206
94
144
797
142
2.676
10,965
11
• • *
63
635
11,674
• * *
11,674
. Amount
$255,221
297,534
91,672
143,336
72,134
16,970
12,759
16,011
107,641
96,845
256,922
1,367,045
2,580
6,646
« • •
250,000
1,626,271
3,700,000
5,326,271
SA-8
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Total Funds Obligated, 1981
(dollars in thousands)
Budget
Authority
Research and Development 253,520
Air............... ..41,254
Water Quality......... j 39,578
Drinking Water... 18,665
Solid Waste.. ;..-. 25,059
Pesticides 4,617
Radiation,.. 1,437
Interdisciplinary 3,376
Toxic Substances 24,193
Energy.... 96,341
Abatement, Control and Compliance 545,183
Atr............. l2?,097
Water Quality 186,136
Drinking Water 42,615
Solid Waste 92,639
Pesticides... 31,249
Radiation.... 8,173
Noise 8,179
Interdisciplinary. 1,310
Toxic Substances 47,785
Salaries and Expenses 573,492
Atr 797596
Water Quality 119,114
Drinking Water... 22,729
Solid Waste ,... 37,017
Pesticides.. 33,637
Radiation 9,576
Noise 4,545
Interdisciplinary. 6,198
Toxic Substances..... 34,741
Energy...... 11,237
Management and Support. 214,802
Unobligated
Balance
Brought
Forward
+4.874
Unobl1gated
Balance
Carried
Forward
-7.374
Total
Obligations
251.020
+1,149
+2,288
+280
+471
+414
• * *
+256
+16
+21.362
-1,868
-3,475
-500
-323
-643
• • * «
-565
-25.012
40,535
38,391
18,445
25,207
4,388
1,437
3,067
24,209
95,341
541,533
+3,852
+4,575
+3,754
+5,779
+2,277
+1,091
+34
-4,921
-4,806
-4,059
-7,672
-2,409
•1,135
-10
126,028
185,905
42,310
90,746
31,117
8,173
8,179
1,266
47,809
573,492
79,896
119,114
22,729
37,017
33,637
9,576
4,545
6,198
34,741
11,237
214,802
SA-9
-------
Unobl1gated Unobl1 gated
Balance Balance
Regulatory Council
Budget
Authority
2,560
Brought
Forward
* • •
Carried
Forward
• * *
Total
Obligations
2,560
Buildings and Facilities
4,115
+907
-722
4,300
Scientific Activities Overseas
+3.305
-805
2.500
Construction Grants
3.304.837
+3,016.758
-2.421,595
3,900,000
Operations, Research and Facilities
+1,669
1.669
Hazardous Substance Resp. Trust Fund 78.000
78.000
Total 4,761,707
+3,048,875
-2,455,508
5,355,074
Sft-10
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Total Funds Obligated, 1982
(dollars In thousands)
Budget
Authority
Research and Development 229,355
Air. --.- , 39,369
Water Quality 30,277
Drinking Water.. 21,488
Solid Waste.......... 23,432
Pesticides..... 1,042
Radiation...... . 825
Interdisciplinary 4,514
Toxic Substances... 24.353
Energy 84,055
Abatement, Control and Compliance 492,072
A1r 126,821
Water Quality 141,787
Drinking Mater..... 44,414
Solid Waste. 84,580
Pesticides.... 35,633
Radiation...... 4,737
Noise 7,480
Interdisciplinary 4,732
Toxic Substances 41,888
Salaries and Expenses 645,618
Air........... 89,031
Water Quality 125,470
Drinking Hater.... 25,770
Solid Haste 35,324
Pesticides.... -.,- 35,459
Radiation 11,408
Noise 5,279
Interdisclpl1 nary.............. 6,765
Toxic Substances......... 41,400
Energy 12,790
Management and Support.... 256,922
Unobligated
Balance
Brought
Forward
+7.374
Unobligated
Balance
Carried
Forward
-9,500
Total
Obligations
227,229
+1,868
+3,475
+500
+323
+643
* * *
+565
+25,0-12
-3,259
-3,235
-557
-700
-371
• • *
-1,378
-20.000
37,978
30,517
21.431
23,055
1,314
825
3,701
24,353
84,055
497.084
+4,921
+4,806
+4,059
+7,672
+2,409
+1,135
+10
-5,979
-4,152
-2,476
-3,869
-1,690
-1,248
-586
125,763
142,441
45,997
88,383
36,352
4,737
7,480
4,619
41,312
645,618
89,031
125,470
25,770
35,324
35,459
11,408
5,279
6,765
256,922
SA-11
-------
Unobligated Unobligated
Balance Balance
Budget Brought Carried Total
Authority Forward Forward Obligations
Regulatory Council 2.580 „. •_„ 2.580
Buildings and Facilities 6.646 +722 -1.001 6,367
Scientific Activities Overseas ._., +805 .~ 805
Construction Grants 3.700.000 +2.421.595 -1.171.595 4.950.000
Operations, Research and Facilities .... ... .._. ..^
Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund 250.000 ... .._. 250.000
Total -.- -.. 5,326,271 +2,455,508 -1,202,096 6,579,683
SA-12
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Positions By Grade and Average Employment
Grades
Actual
1980
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Executive Level II 1
Executive Level III............ 1
Executive Level IV 7_
Subtotal 9_
ES-4..... 142
ES-3 22
ES-2... 29
ES-1 32_
Subtotal.. 225
GS-16 1-0
GS/GfMS...... 525
6S/GH-14 -.. 1,083
GS/GM-13. 1,692
GS-12 1,798
GS-11 . 1,168
GS-10 62
GS-9..... -.-. 984
GS-8 -.. 192
GS-? .-. 853
GS-6.-..., 555
GS-5...., «-...-. 833
GS-4.......... 442
GS-3... 126
GS-2 20
GS-1 2_
Subtotal 10,345
142
22
29
32
225
10
532
1,085
1,700
1,812
1,169
62
990
193
855
557
836
439
131
20
2
142
22
29
32
225
11
531
1,081
1,690
1,808
1,170
61
990
194
853
555
835
437
131
20
2
10,393
10,369
SA-13
-------
Actual Estimate Estimate
Grades I960 1981 1982
Positions established by act of
July 1, 1974 (42 U.S.C. 207):
Assistant Surgeon General,
$31,558 to $45,990 1 1 1
Director Grade, $23,393 to
$40,410 91 91 91
Senior grade, $18,709 to
$32,969 143 143 143
Full grade, $15,772 to
$27,572. 41 41 41
Senior assistant grade,
$14,656 to $23,843 17 17 17
Assistant grade, 12,776 to
$17,690.. -.. 22 2
Subtotal. 295 295 295
Positions established by act of
November 16,1977 (42 U.S.C.
201) compensation for which
Is not to exceed the maximum
rate payable for a GS-18..... 30 30 30
Ungraded........... 100 100 100
Total permanent positions.... 11,004 11,052 11,028
Full-Time Equivalency:
Permanent......... 10,631 11,205 11,674
Other......... ...... 2.418 2.612 2.775
Total.... 13,049 13,817 14,449
SA-14
-------
Regulatory Council
Actual Estimate Estimate
1980 1981 1982
GS-17....
GS/GM-15.
GS/GM-14.
GS-12....
GS-11,...
GS-9.....
GS-8
GS-6
GS-5
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total permanent positions. 1-1 11 11
SA-15
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES RESPONSE TRUST FUND
Positions By Grade and Average Employment
Grades
Actual
1980
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Excutlve Level IV.
ES-4.
ES-3.
ES-2.
6
4
3
Subtotal.
11
14
GS/GH-15.
GS/GM-14.
GS/GM-13.
GS-12....
GS-11....
GS-10....
GS-9.....
GS-8.....
GS-7
GS-6
GS-5.....
GS-4
GS-3
GS-2
GS-1.....
V *
* •
« •
• •
• •
* •
• *
* •
* *
• •
* *
* •
• *
* M
• •
10
20
20
19
13
2
12
2
9
6
8
5
3
1
1
30
99
99
110
67
2
54
12
46
27
39
27
7
1
1
Subtotal ,.
Total permanent positions
131
142
621
635
SA-16
-------
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(1n thousands of dollars)
Current
Actual Estimate Estimate
1980 1981 1982
21 Travel and Transportation of persons
22 Transportation of things,
23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent.
24 Printing and reproduction.........
25 Other services ,
26 Supplies and materials.
31 Equipment
32 Lands and structures............
41 Grants, subsidies, and contributions........
Total other objects...
Total obi 1 gat Ions.,
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
Other Services.
The decrease of $26,788 to the 1981 current estimate
results from the following:
Congressional add-on for acid rain
Congressional add-on for Great Lakes.
Congressional reduction for urban systems.......
Congressional reduction for Innovative research.
Congressional general reduction against all
research areas
Shift of contract funds to grants within this
appropriation
" * • *
20
228
231
150,241 150,839
170
284
95
82.026
233,303
Actual
1980
94.018
244.857
Budget
Estimate
1981
146,650
• » •
• • •
76.079
222,729
233,303 244,857 222,729
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
$150,241 $177,627 $150,839 $146,650 -$4,189
+$500
+800
-125
-1,000
-5,000
-13,145
SA-17
-------
New estimate based on 1980 actual data
Reduction 1-n the amount of carryover originally
projected to be carried forward in 1981.,
The decrease of $4,189 in the 1982 request reflects the
reduction 1n contracted research within water quality,
hazardous wastes and energy.
-3,685
-5,133
-26,788
Grants, subsidies, and contributions.
Budget Current Increase t
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
$82,026 $80,873 $94,018 $76,079 -$17,939
The increase of $13,145 to the 1981 current estimate
reflects a shift from contract to research grants
activities within this appropriation.
The decrease of $17,939 In the 1982 request reflects
both the transfer of the HIRS program from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation($598); an Increase of $2.5
million 1n the amount of carryover available; and
the reduction in research grants for air, water quality,
pesticides, radiation, toxic substances and energy.
SA-18
-------
ABATEMENT, CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(1n thousands of dollars)
Personnel Services.
Other Objects:
21 Travel and transportation of persons......
22 Transportation of things.....
23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent.
24 Printing and reproduction.................
25 Other services.
25 Supplies and materials.
31 Eq u1pment
41 Grants, subsidies, and contributions......
Total other objects
Total obi Igatlons.
Position Data:
Average salary, GS positions.........
Average grade, GS positions.......
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
Actual
1980
$741
6
14
25
619
225,116
65
887
305.776
532,508
533,249
$24,874
10.3
Budget
Actual Estimate
1980 1981
Current
Estimate
1981
$922
10
* * t
e • •
243,462
* * *
296.649
540.121
541,043
$27,288
10.3
Estimate
1982
$2,760
85
5
* * *
25
224,495
* « •
* • «
269.714
494.324
497,084
$27,510
10.3
Current Increase +
Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981 1982 1982 VS. 1981
Personnel servlces $740
The Increase of $844 In the 1981 current estimate supports the
estimate for actual salary costs needed for the authorized State
assignees In the grant programs.
The Increase of $1,838 In the 1982 request supports the salary
costs associated with an additional 90 State assignees authorized
for the hazardous waste grant program as well as the annualizatlon
of the FY 1981 pay raise.
$78
$922
$2,760 +$1,838
SA-19
-------
Actual
1980
Budget Current Increase +
Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Travel and transportation of persons $6 $10 $10 $85 +$75
The Increase of $75 In the 1982 request reflects the
travel associated with the addition of 90 State assignees
authorized for the hazardous waste grant program.
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Printing and reproduction. 619 ... ... 25 +$25
The Increase of $25 In the 1982 estimate Is to
support printing related to the State assignees. Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Other services..... $225,116 $244,200 $243,462 $224,495 -$18,967
The decrease of-$738 In the 1981 current estimate
results from the following:
Congressional add-on to clean-up PCBs
* In Waukegan Harbor +$1,200
Congressional reduction to pesticides.. -2,500
Congressional reduction against all
abatement, control and compliance
activities -4,000
Hazardous Waste Amendment................ +4,562
-738
The decrease of $18,967 In the 1982 request reflects
the following:
Transfer of contract activities to Hazardous
Substance Trust Fund..... i.., -$7,000
Increases In contracts for pesticides premanufacture
review process, energy review and permitting, and
ocean disposal................ +4,000
SA-20
-------
Reductions In contracting for effluent guidelines,
water quality mannagement, radiation, and toxic
s ubst ances
Grants, subsidies, and contributions
, The decrease of $1,994 1n the 1981 current estimate
to grants results from the following:
Congressional reduction to Clean Lakes.........
Congressional add-on for Section 106 grants.
Congressional reduction to underground
Injection control grants.
Congressional reduction to resource recovery
grants.
Congressional add-on for academic training...........
Shift from grant object class to personnel
services to support salaries for State
ass 1 gnees
Change In rate of obligation of grant programs
Actual
1980
-15.967
-18,967
Budget Current Increase +
Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
The decrease of $26,935 to grants 1n the 1982 reauest
primarily results from the termination of the State and
local areawide planning grants (Section 208) with additional
reductions to toxic substances grants, solid waste grants,
and pesticide certification training. Grant Increases
went to hazardous waste, resource recovery. Section 106
and pesticides enforcement grants.
$305,776 $298,643 $296,649 $269,714 -$26,935
-2,000
+2,000
-1,500
-4,000
+700
-844
+3.650
-1,994
SA-21
-------
SALARIES AND EXPENSES
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(In thousands of dollars)
Personnel Services •
Other Objects:
21 Travel and transportation of persons....«...
22 Transportation of things
23.1 Standard level user charges.
23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent...
24 Printing and reproduction.....
25 Other services
26 Supplies and materials....
31 Equi pment,
32 lands and structures
41 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
42 Insurance claims and Indemnities
Total other objects
Total obiIgations .
PosjtIoni Data;
Average salary, GS positions
Average grade, GS positions......
Actual
1980
15,812
2,229
18.800
35,268
8,142
72,652
12,739
15,146
120
1,307
11
$24,874
10.3
Current
Estimate
1981
17,816
2,104
21,706
33,438
8,602
79,665
13,903
15,112
» * •
963
$27,288
10.3
Estimate
1932
$339,886 $380,183 $390,662
19,731
2,316
28,427
38,012
12,665
118,303
16,605
18,532
• • *
365
182.226 193.309 254.956
522,112 573,492 645,618
$27,510
10.3
SA-22
-------
EXPLAHATIOM OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
Budget Current Increase >
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Personnel services $339,886 $357,056 $380,183 $390,662 +$10,479
The Increase of $23,127 In the 1981 current estimate
results from the following:
Reduction to Budget Estimate by President
Carter (House Document 96-264)
Hazardous Waste Amendment +3,175
Congressional add-on for personnel costs to
cover review of AWT projects..... +300
Congressional reduction for consulting
services... -1,741
Congressional reduction for SES Bonuses............ -750
Supplemental for partial payment of October 1980
pay raise +25,934
Decrease resulting from OMB reduction In authorized
workyears -1,341
+23,127
The Increase of $10,479 1n the 1982 request results
from the following:
October 1980 pay raise, full year cost -.-.- +$6,946
Transfer of Superfund workyears to Hazardous
Substance Response Trust Fund.. -6,756
Increase 1n authorized workyears. +5,497
Increase to support costs related to IPA agreements
that were covered under the other services object
class and to support full salary needs
+4.792
+10,479
SA-23
-------
Travel and transportation of persons.
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
1980 1981 1981 1982
$15,812 $17,714 $17,816 $19,731
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$1,915
The Increase of $102 1n the 1981 current estimate
reflects an Increase of $952 for the Hazardous Waste
Amendment and a congressional reduction of $850 Including
a reduction of $250 1n International travel.
The Increase of $1,915 In the 1982 request reflects
an Increase of $315 to support travel costs for new
authorized workyears and an Increase of $1,600 to cover
a portion of the Increase costs already realize with Increases
1n coroner leal air fares higher per dlen rates, and higher
mileage rates.
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Transportatlon of th1ngs.
$2,229 $1,655 $2,104 $2,316
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$212
The Increase of $449 1n the 1981 current estimate
results from an adjustment to cost estimates using
1980 actual -costs as a base.
The increase of $212 In the 1982 request again
reflects estimates based on 1980 actual costs and
expected Increases for the shipping of materials.
SA-24
-------
The Increase of $4,063 1n the 1982 request will support
Increases In printing and reproduction costs and Federal
Register changes for the pesticides RPAR process, Issuance
of Hazardous Waste enforcement regulations, toxic substances
test rules, as wall as anticipated cost Increases for these
services in other agency programs.
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Other services ............ $72,652 $91,260 $79,665 $118,303 +$38,638
The decrease of $11,595 to the 1981 current estimate
results from the following:
Reduction to budget estimate by President Carter
(House Document 96-264)....,... -$4,550
Hazardous Waste Amendment for AOP Contracts and other
serv 1 ces ,.... +$ 1,784
Congressional reduction for A-1Q9 program.. -5,795
Congressional reduction for consulting services -2,459
Congressional reduction for ADP. -1,955
Congressional reduction to planning and evaluation
contracts , -1,000
New estimate of costs based on 1980 actual data. +2,380
-ll,595
The Increase of $38,638 In the 1982 request results from
the following:
Regional contracts for Increased analytical activites
and State/EPA agreement process...... +919
A-109 procurement +7,250
Increase to Technical ADP support -for an Integration of
agencywlde management Information systems and operation
of an agency-wide Information clearinghouse......... +1,340
'Increase for ADP timesharing that will provide Increase
for contractor management of EPA's owned and leased
computer fad 11 ties +1,581
Increase to ADP contracts which will primarily support
the design, development, and Implementation of the
major toxics data bases and a MO ecosystems effects
predictive model .. +3,105
SA-25
-------
Increase to planning and evaluation contracts most 1f
which is a new initiative to develop a more fully
integrated approach to the regulation of toxic
substances.....................
Increase to contract support for research projects...
Increase to contract support for abatement, control
and compliance projects..............................
Increase to support anticipated Increases for adminis-
trative and maintenance service contracts that
support the operation of facilities, equipment, training,
publication of notices, and other related services..
Supplies and materials.
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
1980 1981 1981 1982
$12,739 $14,637 $13,903 $16,605
+8,407
+5,553
+2,824
+7.659
+38,638
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$2,702
The decrease of $734 in the 1981 current estimate
reflects an adjustment on actual 1980 costs.
The increase of $2,702 In the 1982 request primarily
represents cost Increases for supplies and materials,
including paper products and other consumables used agency-
wide. This increase also supports the RPAR process in
pesticides and the premanufacture review process in toxic
substances that are growing programs in 1982.
Equipment.
The reduction of $1,516 to the 1981 current estimate
includes a decrease of $45 for a congressional cut to ADP
and the remaining decrease of $1,471 for adjustments
based on 1980 actual costs.
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
1980 1981 1981 1982
$15,146 $16,628 $15,112 $18,532
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$3,420
SA-26
-------
Actual
1980
Standard level user charges.
The Increase of $226 In the 1981 current estimate
reflects the revised projections of SLUG and direct
lease costs.
The Increase of $6,721 In the 1982 request covers
the cost for the expansion In space that the Agency
will acquire In 1981 and 1982 and also covers GSA-
set price Increases.
Actual
1980
Communications, utilities, and other rent.
The Increase of $832 1n the 1981 current estimate reflects
the adjustment 1n utility costs for Increasing energy costs.
The Increase of $4,574 In the 1982 request supports
Increasing costs for rental of equipment, telephones,
and the continually rising cost of utilities.
Printing and reproduction.
The Increase of $318 1n the 1981 current estimate
supports an adjustment for Increasing printing and
reproduction costs.
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
$18.800 $21,480 $21,706 $28,427
Estimate
1982
$35,268 $32,606 $33,438 $38,012
Estimate
1982
$8,142 $8,284 $8,602 $12,665
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$6,721
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$4,574
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$4,063
SA-27
-------
The increase of $3,420 to the 1982 request reflects planned
purchases In the radiation program for emergency response
and nonionlzlng monitoring equipment, in atr mobile source activities
for equipment at test sites for studies on particulate matter, 1n
the hazardous waste research program to support RCRA implementation,
and in the toxic substances research program.
Lands and structures.
The reduction of $55 to the 1981 current estimate results
from the congressional directive that no funds in this appro-
priation be utilized for such costs.
Grants, subsidies, and contributions.
Actual
1980
$120
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
$55
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
$1,307 $1,167
Current
Estimate
191L
$963
Estimate
1982
$365
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-$598
The decrease of $204 In the 1981 current estimate reflects
a redefinition and shift of these activities to other services.
The decrease of $598 in the 1982 request reflects the shift
of the minority institutions research support (MIPS) program to
the Research and Development appropriation in the interdisciplinary
media.
SA-2R
-------
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(In thousands of dollars)
Actual
1980
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
21 Travel and transportation of persons.. $25 $23 $23
23 Communications, utilities and other rent..... 21 ... ...
25 Other services. 1,481 535 1,221
26 Supplies and materials.... 1
31 Equipment...... 12 ... ...
32 Lands and structures.... -.. 127 3,742 5,123
Total obligations...... 1,667 4,300 6,36?
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Travel and transportation of persons..... $25 $23 $23 $23
There Is no change from the 1981 budget estimate or the
1982 estimate. Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Communications,utilities and other rent........................ $21 ... ... ...
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
T980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Other servlces. $1,481 $200 $535 $1,221 +$686
The Increase of $335 In the 1981 current estimate results
from which was not anticipated one year ago.
The Increase of $686 In the 1982 estimate supports
architectural and engineering design contracts to correct health
and safety deficiencies In EPA laboratories and to modify several
laboratories to permit high hazard sample testing.
SA-29
-------
Actual
1980
Budget Current Increase +
Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Supplies and materials.
$25
The decrease of $25 In the 1981 current estimate
results from an adjustment based on the actual costs
In 1980.
Equipment.
The decrease of $20 1n the 1981 current estimate
results from nonrecurring requirements from 1980.
Actual
1980
$12
Budget
Estimate
1981
$20
Current
Estimate
198T
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Lands and structures.
$127 $2,707 $3.742 $5.123
+$1,381
The Increase of $1,035 In the 1981 current estimate
results,from carryover which was not anticipated one year
ago.
The Increase of $1,381 In the 1982 estimate supports
the new construction required to correct health and safety
deflcencles In EPA laboratories and to modify several
laboratories to permit high hazardous sample testing.
SA-30
-------
SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(In thousands of dollars)
Current
Actual Estimate
1980 1981
Estimate
1982
21 Travel and transportation of persons.
25 Other services.....
Total obligations.
$12
12
2,500
EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
Travel and transportation of persons.
Actual
1980
$12
The Increase of $10 In the 1982 request supports travel
costs which has to be financed 1n 1981 from Salaries and
Expenses.
Actual
1980
Budget
Estimate
1981
$15
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
$15
Current
Estimate
1981
Estimate
1982
$25
Estimate
1982
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$10
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
Other services.
The Increase of $1,299 In the 1981 current estimate reflects
a higher carryover balance than was anticipated one year ago.
The reduction of $1,705 In the 1982 request reflects the
decrease In carryover funds anticipated for 1982 and the fact
that no new funds are available in either 1981 on 1982.
$1,185 $2,485
$780 -$1,704
SA-31
-------
REGULATORY COUNCIL
Classification by Objects
Includes Direct Obligations Only
(In thousands of dollars)
Current
Actual Estimate
1980 1981
Estimate
1982
Personnel Services*. $1,130 $1,000 $1,022
Other Objects:
21 Travel and transportation of persons 19 38 38
22 Transportation of things... 223
23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent 95 158 119
24 Printing and reproduction -.. 295 357 417
25 Other services 852 929 936
26 Supplies and materials. 22 29 15
31 Equipment....... 34 47 30
Total other objects 1.319 1.560 1,558
Total obligations 2,449 2,560 2,580
EXPLANATION OF IHCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
Budget Current
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate
J980 1981 1981 1982
Personnel services $1,130 $939 $1,000 $1,022
•The increase of $61 in the 1981 current estimate reflects
the supplemental request for the October 1980 pay raise.
The increase of $22 In the 1982 request reflects annual 1-
zation of the FY 1981 pay raise as well as Increased salary
costs.
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$22
SA-32
-------
the
Trar
There is no change from the 1981 budget estimate through
1982 estimate.
Actual
1980
$19
Actual
1980
$2
Budget
Estimate
1981
$38
Budget
Estimate
1981
Current
Estimate
1981
$38
Current
Estimate
1981
$2
Estimate
1982
, $38
Estimate
1982
$3
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
* « *
{
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$1 .
The Increase of $2 in the 1981 current estimate reflects
a change in the estimate of needs after the first year of
operation.
Rent, communications, and utilities
The reduction of $32 in the 1981 current estimate reflects
a readjustment of costs to provide for Increased equipmental
rentals.
The reduction of $39 In the 1982 request reflects
anticipated costs for rent and communications based on
actual experiences In 198d.
Actual
1980
$95
Budget
Estimate
1981
$190
Current
Estimate
1981
$158
Estimate
1982
$119
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-$39
Printing and reproduction*
Actual
1980
$295
Budget
Estimate
1981
$651
Current
Estimate
1981
$357
Estimate
1982
$417
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
+$60
The decrease of $294 in the 1981 current estimate reflects
a portion of the $838 congressional reduction to the appropriation.
The increase of $60 in the 1982 request supports anticipated
Increases associated with the printing of Council calendars and
reports.
SA-33
-------
c
Budget Current Increase +
Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
Other services.
$852 $1,450
$929
$936
+$7
The decrease of $521 in the 1981 current estimate reflects
a portion of the $838 congressional reduction to the appropriation.
The slight Increase of $7 in the 1982 request supports
projected contract costs for Regulatory Council activities.
Supplies and materials.
Actual
1980
$22
Budget Current
Estimate Estimate Estimate
1981 1981 1982
$23
$29
$15
Increase +
Decrease -
1982 vs. 1981
-$14
The Increase of $6 In the 1981 current estimate reflects
a slight Increase anticipated as a result of 1980 actual
costs.
The decrease of $14 tn the 1982 request reflects an
anticipated reduction In needs.
Equipment.
The reduction of $17 1n the 1982 request reflects non-
recurring expenses from 1981.
Actual
1980
$34
Budget Current Increase +
Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease -
1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981
$47
$47
$30
-$17
SA-34
-------
RESTRUCTURING THE BUDGET FORMAT
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
JANUARY 1981
Introduction - The Research...Committee System
Over the past two and a half years, EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) has steadily progressed
toward a stated goal of Increasing the responsiveness of Its programs to Agency-wide requirements for scientific
data In support of EPA's mission. One of the most Important steps In achieving this goal has been the design and
establishment of the Research Committee system as a cornerstone of ORD's program planning process.
The concept of this system was Introduced In 1978 when ORD tested the feasibility of Joint planning In five
Research Committees. Composed of representatives from ORD and each of EPA's other major organizational components,
the Committees addressed ORD's programs In five major regulatory areas: drinking water; Industrial wastewater;
participate air pollution; mobile sources air pollution; and pesticides. The success of the pilot project led ORD
to expand the number of Committees from five to twelve, developing the Committee structure In concert with each
concerned Assistant Administrator. In addition, ORD established a thirteenth Energy Research Committee early
last calendar year to specifically address the portions of the energy program which are multi-media, such as
synthetic fuels. This group will also coordinate with the Committees In planning the remainder of the program to
assure a necessary overall energy perspective. The Committees and their relationship to EPA's regulatory program
offices are shown In Figure 1.
Current Status - The Committee System and Planning Process
Early In the design of the Committee system, ORD recognized the need to substantially modify Its Internal
planning process to Incorporate Committee Input. This has been accomplished by aligning Its Fiscal Year 1981 budge
subactlvities to the subject areas addressed by the Committees. The proposal to restructure ORD's budget •
subactlvities resulted from an exhaustive ORD analysis of the existing structure and Its Ideal relationship to the
Committees. The analysis began in April 1979 and drew heavily on experience gained In aligning the Committee
system to the ZRB process.
This restructuring establishes a total of 24 budget subactlvities for ORD, rather than the 31 which existed
for the Fiscal Year 1980 ZBB process. Twenty-two of these subactlvities cover 95% of ORD's total'program, and
correspond directly to the Research Committees. Sub-programs are structured within each new subactlvlty for clear
reporting, tracking, and accounting.
Two subactlvities are not aligned to Research Committees. Program Management and Support Is one of these an
presented separately. The remaining subactlvity, Intermedia Programs, contains only those portions of the ORD effort
which are either strongly intermedia in nature or are not' readily relatable to the Committees' areas of concern.
SA-35
-------
FIGURE 1
RESEARCH COMMITTEES AND
CORRESPONDING PROGRAM
OFFICES
OFFICE OF
WATER ft WASTE
MANAGEMENT
OFFICE OF TOXIC
SUBSTANCES
OFFICE OF
SOLID WASTE
OFFICE OF
DRINKING
WATER
OFFICE OF
PESTICIDE
PROGRAM
OFFICE OF
RADIATION
PROGRAMS
OFFICE OF
WATER
PLANNING
AND
STANDARDS
OFFICE OF
MOBILE
SOURCE AIR
POLLUTION
CONTROL
OFFICE OF
WATER
PROGRAM
OPERATIONS
OFFICE OF
AIR QUALITY
PLANNING Gr
STANDARDS
OFFICE OF AIR,
NOISE, AND
RADIATION
-36
-------
The new structure orients ORD's program so that each subactivlty contains the appropriate mix of research
activities to carry out the Research Committee strategy. For example, the oxldant subactlvity Is composed of a mix
of health effects, environmental processes, control technology, and monitoring sub-programs. The sub-programs are
structured according to major disciplinary types of activities such as "Health Effects," "Environmental Engineering
and Technology," "Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance," etc. These areas In turn correspond directly and
uniquely to each ORD Deputy Assistant Administrator's area of program responsibility. The new structure permits
tracking by Research Committee subject area (at the suhactlvlty level) and by disciplinary or functional area
(at the sub-program level) corresponding to ORD's line management structure. Planning, budgeting, Implementation,
and accountability are thus tied together for the first time.
In the new structure there are fourteen non-energy and ten energy subactlvities. The alignment of suhactivltles
to Research Committees to Program Offices In described In Table 1.
In order to derive the new structure, the old subactlvities were, In general crosswalked Into the sub-programs
of the new regulatory subactlvities as follows. In most media categories such as Toxic Substances, Drinking Water,
Radiation, Solid Waste, and Pesticides, the health and control technology programs were translated directly.
The ecological effects, pollutants characterization, and transport and fate efforts were consolidated Into the new
sub-program, Environmental Processes & Effects. The monitoring and measurement methods development, quality
assurance, and technical assistance efforts were consolidated into the new sub-program, Monitoring fi Quality
Assurance. By constrast, In the large Air & Water Quality Medium, some old subactivities were in some cases
split between new subactlvities. For example, the old Health Effects/Non-Crlteria Pollutants translates into
both the new Gases and Particles Subactivlty and Hazardous Air pollutants Subactlvity. Such cases of a more
complicated nature are comparatively few 1n number and the resource crosswalks are being supplied to the Congress
Finally, the Scientific Assessments and Technical Information programs were moved from the Interdisciplinary Medium
to align these activities to Research Commltteest These activities should be Integral to the presentation of a
total program package and are now planned accordingly. The basic crosswalk Is diagrammed for one media as an
example in Figure 2.
Our analysis Indicates that the following benefits are obtained through the restructuring:
- Research Committees are a fundamental feature of ORD's Improvements of Its planning and oversight processes.
Each Committee annually produces a research strategy which relates the regulatory plans of that program to
needed research outputs in specific timeframes. If these plans are to be valuable, they must be linked
directly to the planning and budgeting system I.e., the subactivities which form the building blocks of the
planning process and the Congressional Budget submission.
- The new subactlvity structure permits a cohesive description of the research in each major regulatory
subject area. This confines the areas of concern of a Research Committee to identified subactivities and
makes It easier for each Committee to work with Its program. Experience with the old structure showed
that the text of the various subactlvities together did not provide an adequate description of a given
Committee's overall area of concern, because each subactivlty was written from a disciplinary rather than
Committee perspective.
SA-37
-------
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF ALIGNMENT BETWEEN RESEARCH COMMITTEES AND BUDGET SUBACTIVITIES
Committee
Mobile Sources
Gases and Particles
Qxidants
Hazardous Air
Pollutants
Mater Quality
Municipal Waste-
Mater and Spills
Industrial Wastewater
Drinking Hater
Solid Maste
Pesticides
Radiation
Program Office
Office of Mobile Source A1r Pollution Control/
Office of A1r, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards/
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards/
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards/
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Mater Planning and Standards/
Office of Water and Haste Management
Office of Water Program Operations/
Office of Mater and Maste Management
Office of Hater Planning and Standards/
Office of Mater and Haste Management
Office of Drinking Water/
Office of Water and Haste Management
Office of Solid Haste/
Office, of Hater and Waste Management
Office of Pesticides Programs/
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Office of Radiation Programs/
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Testing and Assessment Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Energy
Intermedia Programs
Program Management
and Support
All
Not aligned to Committees
Budget Subactlvity
1 Non-Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Non-Energy
1 Energy
1 Multi-Media
Energy Subactlvity
1 Intermedia
1 Program Management and Support
SA-38
-------
Figure 2
Subactlvlty Crosswalk - An Example
Toxic Substances Medium
Subact1 vIt 1es/Sub-programs Old Budget Structure
Toxics Medium
Health arid Ecological Effects
Health Effects
Ecological Effects
Transport and Fate
Monitoring and Technical Support
Characterization and Measurement Methods
Development
Technical Support•
Industrial Processes
Interdisciplinary Medium
Scientific Assessments (portion related-
to toxics)
Subact1v1t1es/Sub-progranis New Budget Structure
Chemical Testing and Assessment
Health Effects
NCTR (1)
Stratoshperlc Modification (2)
Environmental Processes and Effects
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance (3)
-a»Environmental Engineering and Technology
Scientific Assessments
•*• Technical Information and Liaison
Technical Information (portion related'
to toxics)
(1) National Center for lexicological Research - Joint support with FDA.
(2) Special program appearing 1n this medium only.
{3; In 1981, there was no quality assurance program. In other media having such programs,
quality assurance Is Identified and transferred to the new structure In the new monitoring
and quality assurance sub-program.
SA-39
-------
EPA's regulatory offices have Indicated that the way In which the Committees' areas of responsibility have
been delineated Is, from their perspective, the most sensible way to partition the research program.
Consequently, resource allocations made on that same basis In the planning process should lead to a more
balanced research and development program.
The subaetlvltles present a complete proposal for research on a given regulatory subject area, Including
program description, resource levels, and a dlscrlptlon of the Agency research requirements to be addressed
In that area. This facilitates review by the appropriate Research Committee, OMB, and th« Congress,
ensuring that ORD's programs reflect established priorities.
The sub-program areas are unique to each of ORD's Deputy Assistant Administrators or staff office directors.
This automatically eliminates organizationally shared program elements, which have historically required
staff effort to solve administrative problems. Even more Importantly, the sub-programs clearly and explicitly
align to the disciplinary structure of the ORD management organization which will continue to Implement
the program.
The disciplinary (ORD line organization) and problem area (Research Committee) orientations are the two
.main perspectives from which to view ORD's program. If both perspectives are brought to bear on planning
1n a complementary way, the result should strengthen and enhance planning and resource allocation efforts.
The new structure provides a means for doing this.
It Is easier for non-research program personnel to translate the program from regulatory subject areas to
disciplines than to make the reverse translation. Thus, the restructuring achieves a basic Intent, I.e.,
to simplify the way In which ORD arrays Its program plans.
The 1982 budget request to the Congress represents the first set of plans developed entirely within the
committee system and using the new budget format. This 1s thus the cumulation of several years of effort
to Integrate ORD activities with those of the rest of the Agency.
SA-40
-------
Summary of Media Changes
Table 2 provides a summary by media of the changes in workyears and dollars between the old and now budget
structure, while Figure 3 provides a programmatic diagram of the changes. The most dramatic media chan-je Is a
shift of programs out of the Interdisciplinary category and Into the subactlvltles which correspond to and are
within the purview of ttie Research Committees. The Impetus for this change lies In ORD's recognition that the
programs are relatable to the Agency's regulatory and operational areas of concern; the result of this change
is a more complete and better planned research package. As noted earlier, the change Involves the alignment
of both the scientific assessment and technical Information activities and the Interdisciplinary medium to the
Committees. The change also concerns the old Anticipatory program and the recognition that Its activities
such as acid rain are no longer anticipatory, but are dealing with present problems. In addition, the change
Involves moving aTl of the exploratory program but core support to the Committee system.
The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Air Medium totals $73.8 million and 451.8 permanent
workyears. This represents an increase of $3.7 million and 43.8 permanent workyears from the original 1981
President's Budget. The majority of this Increase is the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary
(Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); and Energy (Monitoring Methods and Systems).
The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Water Quality Medium totals $63.7 million and 494.3
permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $1.7 million and 23,1 permanent workyears from the
original 1981 President's Budget. The majority of this Increase Is the result of transferring resources
from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); Drinking Water
(Monitoring Methods and Systems); and Energy (Technical Support).
The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Dr1nkinq Hater Hed1urn totals $28.7 million and 153.1
permanent workyears. This represents an Increase of $1.2 million and 13.6 permanent workyears from the
original 1981 President's Budget. This Increase is the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary .
(Technical Information and Anticipatory); and Water Quality (Monitoring Methods and Systems).
The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Solid Haste Medium totals $26,8 million and 73.4
permanent workyears. This represents an Increase of $350,200 and 4.4 permanent wortyears from the original
1981 President's Budget. This Increase 1s the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary
(Technical Information, Scientific.Assessment and Anticipatory)*
The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Pesticides Medium totals $10.1 million and 114.1
permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $6t7,lbO and 11.1 permanent workyears.
This Increase is the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information,
.Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory).
The FY 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Radiation Medium totals $3.3 million and 33.4
permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $78,000 and 0.3 permanent workyears from the
original 1981 President's Budget. A portion of this increase is the result of transferring resources
from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information).
SA-41
-------
Media
Table 2
Research and Development
FY 81 President's Budget
Summary by Media
Old Structure
New Structure
Difference
Air
Water Quality
Drinking Water
Solid Waste
Pesticides
Radiation
Interdisciplinary
Toxic Substances
Energy
Program Management
Total
PFTE
408.0
471.2
139.5
69.0
103.0
33.1
160.4
155.3
149.4
87,3
1,776.2
$(000)
70,167.4
60,021.9
27,446.1
26,445.8
9,435.8
3,181.3
22,844.1
36,895.0
107,598.6
4,666.1
368,702.1
PFTE
451.8
494.3
153.1
73.4
114.1
33.4
30.1
187.1
151.6
87.3
1,776.2
$(000)
73,823.6
63,732.2
28,693.3
26,796.0
10,052.9
3,259.3
6,300.2
40,384.8
110,994.4
4,665.4
368,702.1
PFTE
+43.8
+23. 1
+13.6
+4.4
+ 11.1
+.3
-130.3
+31.8
+2.2
.0
.0
$(000)
+3,656.2
+3,710.3
+1,247.2
+350.2
+617.1
+78.0
-16,543.9
+3,489.8
+3,395.8
-.7
.0
SA-42
-------
FIWRE 3
MAJOR MEDIA CHANGES
e INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES
ANTICIPATORY
ACID RAIN
TRANS & FATE, ——
& CANCER
N
CORE SUPPORT _.
FOR EXPLORATORY
RESEARCH
SCIENTIFIC ———.
ASSESSMENTS
*•»,
TECH. INFORMATION
® REGIONAL SERVICES
STAFF (FROM AIR & WATER)
MIRS (FROM PM & S •
WATER QUALITY •
MICROBIOLOGY/
RADIONUCLIDE
MEASUREMENTS
ENERGY - MULTI-MEDIA
TOXICS
INTERMEDIA
COMMITTEE DU's
COMMITTEE DU's
COMMITTEE DU's
INTERMEDIA
DRINKING WATER
SA-43
-------
The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Interdisciplinary Medium totals $6.3 million and
30.1 permanent workyears. This represents a decrease of $16.5 million and 130.3 permanent workyears
from the original 1981 President's Budget. This decrease reflects the transfer of resources to A1r
(Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); Hater Quality (Technical Information,
Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory): Drinking Water (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment
and Anticipatory); Solid Waste (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory);
Pesticides (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); Radiation (Technical
Information); Toxic Substances (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory);
and Energy (Anticipatory and Acid Rain).
The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Toxic Substances Hedlurn totals $40.4 million and 187.1
permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $3.F million and 3t.8 permanent workyears from the
original 1981 President's Budget. The majority of this Increase reflects the transfer of resources from
Interdisciplinary (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory).
The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Energy Medium totals $111.0 million and 15T.6 permanent
workyears. This represents an increase of $3.4 ml1lion ana 2.2 permanent workyears from the original 1981
President's Budget. The majority of this Increase reflects the transfer of resources from Interdisciplinary
(Anticipatory).
There is no change In the 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Program Management Hedlum.
The details of the crosswalk from the old budget structure to the new structure are presented In the
following table by program element, and within program element, by workyears and dollars.
SA-44
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media; Air
DU/PE: Health Effects- Transportation
Media: Air
PE: Health Effects (9XA1C)
Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (9WA1C)
Environmental Processes «Jc Effects (9YA1C)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A01A1A
C01A1A
A105
PFTE
39.1
39.1
OPFTE
18.5
18.5
$(000)
3,179.0
3,438.3
6,617.3
PE Code
A9XA1C
A9WA1C
C9XA1C
C9WA1C
C9YA1C
PFTE
34.1
5.0
39.1
OPFTE
17.5
1.0
18.5
$(000)
3,179.0
3,179.0
2,670.3
568.0
200.0
3,438.3
SA-4R
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Air
DU/PE: Health Effects-Criteria Pollutants
Old Structure
Media: Air
PE: Health Effects (9GA1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A02A1A
C02A1A
A110
PFTE
28.1
28.1
OPFTE
6.0
6.0
$(000)
2,365.8
4,499.4
6,865.2
PE Code
A9GA1A
C9GA1A
PFTE
28.1
OPFTE
6.0
$(000)
' H " li" 1' I'*™
2,365.8
4,499.4
6,865.2
SA-46
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Air
DU/PE: Health Effects - Non-Criteria Pollutants
Old Structure
PECode PFTE OPFTE $(000)
A03A1A 114.7 16.0 6,499.8
C03A1A 9,860.0
A115 114.7 16.0 16,359.8
*•
Media: Air
PE:
Monitoring Sys
Monitoring Sys
Health Effects
Health Effects
Monitoring Sys
. & Quality Assurance
. & Quality Assurance
(AGA1D)
(9RA1B)
. & Quality Assurance
(9FA1A)
(AFA1D)
(9QA1B)
New Structure
PE Code
A9FA1A
AAFA1D
AAGA1D
A9RA1B
A9QA1B
CAGA1D
C9RA1B
PFTE
2.0
10.0
88.6
6.1
8.0
TT477
OPFTE
12.8
3.2
TeTo
I(OQO)
6,154.8
345.0
6,499.8
6,832.2
3,027.8
9,860.0
SA-47
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Air
DU/PE: Ecological Processes and Effects
Old Structure
Media: Air
PE: Environmental Processes and Effects
(DWA1A, DTA1D)
New Structure
PE Code
A04A1A
C04A1A
A120
PFTE
11.0
11.0
OPFTE
18.0
18.0
$(000)
975.0
1,320.3
2,295,3
PE Code
ADWA1A
ADTA1D
CDWA1A
CDTA1D
PFTE
6.5
4.5
11.0
OPFTE
10.4
7.6
18.0
$(000)
568.5
406.5
975.0
766.0
554.3
l,l20Tf
SA-48
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Air
DU/PEj Transport and Fate
Old Structure
PECode PFTE OPFTE $(000)
A05A1A 42.0 6.0 2,470.3
CQ5A1A 10,635.4
A125 42.0 6.0 13,105.7
Media? Air
PE: Environmental Processes & Effects
(DWA1A, 9TA1B, DTA1D)
PE Code
ADWA1A
A9TA1B
ADTA1D
CDWA1A
C9TA1B
CDTA1D
New Structure
PFTE OPFTE
15.5 2.5
3.0 —
23.5 3.5
42.0 6.0
• $(000)
925.2
154.2
1,390.9
2,470.3
4,132.8
195.8
6,306.8
10,635.4
SA-49
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Air
DU/PE: Industrial Processes
Media: Air
PE: Environmental Engineering & Technology
(9HA1A, 9SA1B, AIJA1D)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A06A1B
C06A1B
A128
PF'l'E
18.1
18.1
OPFTE
13.3
13.3
$(000)
1,069.0
3,029.8
4,098.8
PE Code
A9HA1A
A9SA1B
AAHA1D
C9HA1A
C9SA1B
CAHA1D
PFTE
10.6
3.6
3.9
18.1
OPFTE
7.8
2.7
2.8
13.3
$(000)
•mwMtnut
627.0
214.2
227.8
1,069.0
1,773.7
605.5
650.6
3,029.8
SA-50
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Air
DU/PE: Characterization and Measurement Methods
Old Structure
PE Code
A07A1D
C07A1D
A130
OPFTE
2.6
2.6
1(000)
3,102.3
4,942,1
8,044.4
Media: Air
PE: Envir. Processes and Effects
(DWA1A, 9TA1B, 9YA1C, DTA1D)
Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance
(9QA1B, AFA1D, 9FA1A)
New Structure
PE Code
ADWA1A
A9TA1B
A9YA1C
ADTA1D
A9QA1B
AAFAlD
CDWA1A
C9FA1A
C9TA1B
C9QA1B
C9YA1C
CDTA1D
CAFA1D
PFTE OPFTE
11.0 —
3.0 -
11.2 1.6
13.0 -
10.5 —
12.5 1.0
61.2 2.6
$(000)
534.6
145.8
544.3
759.8
510.3
607.5
3,102.3
839.8
31.0
920.2
978.7
455.7
707.2
1,009.5
4,942.1
SA-51
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Air
DU/PE: Monitoring Methods and Systems
Old Structure
PE Code
A08A1D
C08A1D
A135
PFTE
21.0
21.0
OPFTE
11.5
11.5
$(000)
2,223.5
2,948.0
5,171.5
Media
PEs
PE Code
A9QA1B
A9WA1C
A9FA1A
AAFA1D
C9QA1B
C9WA1C
CAFA1D
: Air
Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance
(9QA1B, 9WA1C, 9FA1A, AFA1D)
New
PFTE
4.0
5.1
2.3
9.6
21.0
Structure
OPFTE
0.8
3.6
4.0
3.1
11.5
$(000)
328.3
595.0
367.0
933.2
2,223.5
207.7
165.0
2,575.3
2,948.0
SA-52
-------
OLD STHUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Air
DU/PE*. Quality Assurance
Old Structure
PE Code
A09A1D
C09A1D
A145
FFTE
42.2
42.2
OPFTE
$(000)
2,224.7
2,430.0
4,654.7
Media
PE:
: Air
Monitoring Sys.
& Quality Assurance
(9QA1B, 9WA1C, 9FA1A, AFA1D)
PE Code
A9QA1B
A9WA1C
A9FA1A
AAFA1D
C9QA1B
C9WA1C
C9FA1A
CAFA1D
New
PFTE
6.4
1.2
3.6
31.0
42.2
Structure
OPFTE
1.2
—
0.2
2.1
3.5
$(000)
370.1
58.4
185.0
1,611.2
2,224.7
493.2
35.6
121.0
1,780.2
2,430.0
SA-53
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Air
DU/PE: Technical Support
Media: Air, Water Quality, Toxics, Radiation
PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance
(9QA1B, 9WA1C, 9FA1A, AFA1D)
Technical Information & Liaison
(9EA1A, 9PA1B, 9VA1C, AEA1D,
CQL1A, CEF1A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A10A1D
C10A1D
A140
OPFTE
6.3
6.3
$(000)
1,949.5
1,005.2
2,954.7
PE Code
A9QA1B
A9WA1C
A9FA1A
AAFA1D
A9EA1A
A9PA1B
A9VA1C
AAEA1D
ACQL1A
ACEF1A
C9QA1B
C9WA1C
C9FA1A
CAFA1D
PFTE
10.8
.4
7.5
6.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
—
30.6
OPFTE
3.1
— •
2.4
0.8
• —
—
„
• —
—
_
6.3
$(000)
765.9
22.1
546.5
425.0
29.2
16.4
17.7
55.3
44.5
26.9
1,949.5
565.5
55.9
332.5
51.3
1,005.2
SA-54
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Health Effects
Old Structure
Media: Water Quality
PE: Health Effects (AQB1A, AYB1B, BFB1C)
New Structure
PE Code
A27B1A
C27B1A
B103
PFTE
31.8
31.8
OPFTE
18.3
18.3
$(QOD)
2,124.5
5,032.8
7,157.3
PE Code
AAQB1A
AAYB1B
ABFB1C
CAQB1A
CAYB1B
CBFB1C
PFTE
13.5
17.3
1.0
3~O
OPFTE
9.0
9.0
0.3
18.3
$(000)
891.9
1,165.7
66.9
2,124.5
2,638.9
2,208.2
185.7
5,032.8
SA-55
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Transport and Fate
Old Structure
Media: Water Quality
PE: Environmental Processes and Effects (ARB1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A28B1A
C28B1A
Bl'06
PFTE
8.7
8.7
OPFTE
6.6
6.6
$(000)
573.2
694.4
1,267.6
PE Code
AARB1A
CARB1A
PFTE
8.7
OPFTE
6.6
$(000)
573.2
894.4
1,267.6
SA-56
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Medias Water Quality
DU/PE: Chesapeake Bay
Old Structure
Media: Water Quality
PE: Chesapeake Bay Study (ASB1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A29B1A
C29B1A
B145
PFTE
6.4
6.4
OPFTE
4.3
4.3
$(OOQ)
409.7
2,503.3
2,913.0
PE Code
AASB1A
CASB1A
PFTE
6.4
OPFTE
4.3
$(000)
• in i ii i
409.7
2,503.3
2,913.0
SA-57
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Great Lakes
Old Structure
Media: Water Quality
PE: Great Lakes Study (ATB1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A30B1A
C30B1A
B142
PFTE
7.0
7.0
OPFTE
6.3
6.3
$(000)
in. »»»•--.— .,1. .•
945.0
654.5
1,599.5
PE Code
AATB1A
CATB1A
PFTE
7.0
OPFTE
6.3
$(000)
945.0
654.5
1,599.5
SA-58
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Yean 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Marine Ecological Effects
Old Structure
Media: Water Quality
PE: Environmental Processes & Effects (ARB1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A31B1A
C31B1A
B112
PFTE
54.4
54.4
OPFTE
62.4
62.4
$(000)
2,860.7
445.1
3,305.8
PE Code
AARfllA
CARB1A
PFTE
54.4
OPFTE
62.4
$(000)
2,860.7
445.1
3,305.8
SA-59
-------
Years 1981
Media: Water Quality
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Freshwater Ecological Effects
Old Structure
PE: Environmental Processes and Effects (ARB1A)
Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BEB1C)
New Structure
PE Code
A32B1A
C32B1A
B115
PFTE
88.1
88.1
OPFTE
36.9
36.9
$(000)
3,916.7
1,724.1
5,640.8
PE Code
AARB1A
ABEB1C
CARB1A
PFTE
88.1
887T
OPFTE
36.6
.3
3O
$(000)
3,916.7
1,724.1
5,640.8
SA-60
-------
Years 1981
Media: Water Quality
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Industrial Processes
Old Structure
PE: Envir. Engineering & Technology
(AZB1B, BGB1C)
New Structure
PE Code
A33B1B
C33B1B
BUS
PFTE
33.0
33.0
OPFTE
9.3
9.3
$(000>
1,754.9
9,162.8
10,917.7
PE Code
AAZB1B
ABGB1C
CAZB1B
CBGB1C
PFTE
4.5
28.5
33.0
OPFTE
2.0
7.3
9.3
$(000)
270.0
1,484.9
1,754.9
1,485.0
7,677.8
9,162.8
SA-61
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE; Renewable Resources
Media: Water Quality
PE: Environmental Processes <5c Effects (ARB1A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PECode
A34B1B
B133
PFTE
10.0
10,0
OPFTE
$(000)
319.3
319.3
PE Code
AARB1A
PFTE
10.0
OPFTE
319.3
SA-62
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Wastewater Systems
Old Structure
Media: Water Quality
PE: Environmental Engineering <5c Tech. (AZB1B)
New Structure
PE Code
A35B1C
C35B1C
B124
PFTE
56.7
56.7
OPFTE
14.9
14.9
$(000)
2,522.7
4,275.2
6,797.9
PE Code PFTE
AAZB1B 56.7
CAZB1B
OPFTE
14.9
$(000)
2,522.7
4,275.2
6,797.9
SA-63
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Urban Systems, Toxics
Old Structure
Media: Water Quality
PE: Environmental Engineering & Tech, (AZB1B)
New Structure
PE Code
A36B1C
C36D1C
B121
PFTE
55.1
55.1
OPFTE
3,2
3.2
$(000)
2,315.2
5,686.5
8,001,7
PE Code
AAZB1B
CAZB1B
PFTE
55.1
OPFTE
3.2
$(000)
2,315.2
5,686.5
8,001.7
SA-64
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Characterization <5c Measurement Methods Development
Old Structure
Media: Water Quality
PE: Monitoring Sys. <5c Quality Assurance
(APB1A,BEB1C)
Environmental Processes & Effects (ARB1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A37B1D
C37B1D
B127
PFTE
27.7
27.7
OPFTE
4.7
4.7
$(000)
1,302.1
202.8
1,504.9
PE Code
AAPB1A
AARBIA
ABEB1C
CAPB1A
CBEB1C
PFTE
10.7
2.0
15.0
27.7
OPFTE
2.3
2.4
4.7
$(000)
565 . 4
150.0
586.7
1,302.1
135.1
67.7
202.8
SA-65
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Monitoring Methods and Systems
Media: Water Quality, Drinking Water,
Pesticides, Solid Waste, Radiation
PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance
(BEB1C, APBIA, BLC1A)
Technical Information 3c Liaison
(ANB1A, AWB1B, BDB1C, BKC1A, BUD1A,
BY El A, CEF1A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A38B1D
C38B1D
B136
OPFTE
18.4
18.4
$(000)
3,009.9
1,135.2
4,145.1
PE Code
ABEB1C
AAPB1A
ABLC1A
AANB1A
AAWB1B
ABDB1C
ABKC1A
ABUD1A
ABYE1A
ACEF1A
CBEB1C
CAPB1A
PFTE OPFTE
16.0 8.0
32.3 10.4
6.0
1.0 —
1.0 ~
1.0 -
1.0 —
1.0 -
1.0 —
— —
60.3 18.4
$(000)
892.8
1,588.1
300.0
45.9
44.6
35.6
40.6
18.6
39.2
4.5
3,009.9
575.3
559.9
1,135.2
SA-66
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Mediaj Water Quality
DU/PEj Quality Assurance
Media; Water Quality
PEs Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance
(BEB1C, APB1A)
Current Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A39B1D
C39B1D
B139
PFTE
23.0
23.0
OPFTE
5.7
5.7
$(000)
1,233.7
4,055.5
5,289.2
PE Code
ABEB1C
AAPB1A
CBEB1C
CAPB1A
PFTE
16.0
7.0
23.0
OPFTE
4.0
1.7
5.7
$(000)
859.6
374.1
1,233.7
3,658.7
396.8
4,055.5
SA-67
-------
Year: 1981
Media*. Water Quality
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Water Quality
DU/PE: Technical Support
Old Structure
PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance
(AXB1B, BEB1C, APB1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A40B1D
C40B1D
B130
PFTE
9.0
9.0
OPFTE
10.4
10.4
$(000)
773.0
389.1
1,162.1
PE Code
AAXB1B
ABEB1C
AAPB1A
CAXB1B
CAPB1A
PFTE
4.6
.6
3.8
9.0
OPFTE
5.3
2,0
3.1
10.4
$(000)
535.9
237.1
773.0
313.0
76.1
389.1
SA-68
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Drinking Water
DU/PE: Health Effects
PE Code
A60C1C
C60C1C
C105
Old Structure
PFTE
52.0
52.0
OPFTE
20.9
20.9
$(000)
3,054.0
9,305.1
12,359.1
Media? Drinking Water
PE: Health Effects (BMC1A)
New Structure
PE Code
ABMC1A
CBMC1A
PFTE
52.0
OPFTE
20.9
$(000)
3,054.0
9,305.1
12,359.1
SA-69
-------
Year; 1981
Media; Drinking Water
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Drinking Water
DU/PE: DW Treatment and Groundwater
OJd Structure
PE Code
A61C1C
C61C1C
C110
PFTE
77.5
OPFTE
23.2
77.5
23.2
$(000)
3,588.6
10,490.6
14,079.2
PE: Envir. Engineerig & Technology (BNC1A)
Environmental Processes and Effects (BPC1A)
New Structure
PE Code
N
ABNC1A
ABPC1A
CBNC1A
CBPC1A
PFTE
62.0
15.5
77.5
OPFTE
21.2
2.2
2O
$(000)
2,958.5
630.1
3,588.6
9,220.7
1,269.9
10,490.6
SA-70
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Drinking Water
DU/PE; Quality Assurance
Old Structure
Media: Drinking Water
PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BLC1 A)
New Structure
PE Code
A62C1D
C62C1D
C115
PFTE
10.0
10.0
OPFTE
4.0
4.0
$(000)
574.8
433.0
1,007.8
PE Code
ABLC1A
CBLC1A
PFTE
10.0
OPFTE
4.0
$(000)
574.8
433.0
1,007.8
SA-71
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Solid Waste
DU/PE: Control Technology
Media: Solid Waste, Water Quality
PE: Envir. Engineering & Technology (BRD1A)
Mentoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (ESDIA)
Health Effects (BVD1A)
Enviro. Processes & Effects (BWD1A)
Scientific Assessments (BTD1A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code PFTE OPFTE
A73D1C 69.0 19.8
C73D1C
DUO 69.0 19.8
$(000)
3,883.6
22,562.2
26,445.8
PE Code
ABRD1A
ABSD1A
ABVD1A
ABWD1A
ABTD1A
CBRD1A
CBSD1A
CBVD1A
CBWD1A
CBTD1A
PFTE
43.0
18.0
2.0
3.5
2.5
69.0
OPFTE
18.2
—
0.6
1.0
—
19.8
$(000)
2,529.6
940.0
114.0
190.0
110.0
3,883.6
17,070.2
3,638.0
630.0
854.0
370.0
22,562.2
SA-72
-------
Year: 1981
Media: Pesticides
D0/PE; Health Effects
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Medial Pesticides
PEi Health Effects (CAE1 A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A86E1A
C86E1A
E}05
PFTE
31.0
31.0
OPFTE
12.3
12.3
$(000)
2,439.2
321.3
2,760.5
PE Code
ACAE1A
CCAE1A
PFTE
31.0
OPFTE
12.3
$(000)
2,439.2
321.3
2,760.5
SA-73
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Pesticides
DU/PE: Ecological Effects
Media: Pesticides
PE: Environmental Processes <5c Effects (CBE1A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A87E1A
C87E1A
E110
PFTE
49.0
49.0
OPFTE
26.1
26.1
$(000)
2,178.1
244.3
2,422.4
PE Code
ACBE1A
CCBEIA
PFTE
49.0
OPFTE
26.1
$(000)
2,178.1
244. 3
2,422,4
SA-74
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Pesticides
DU/PE: Integrated Pest. Mgt.
Old Structure
PE Code
A88E1B
C88E1B
E120
PFTE
OPFTE
$(000)
117.0
2,783.0
2,900.0
Media: Pesticides
PE: Environmental Processes
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Pesticides
DU/PE: Quality Assurance
Old Structure
Media: Pesticides
PE* Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BZE1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A89E1D
C89E1D
E125
PFTE
12.0
12.0
OPFTE
1.4
1.4
$(000)
517.4
48.0
565.4
PE Code
ABZE1A
CBZE1A
PFTE
12.0
OPFTE
1.4
$(000)
517.4
48.0
565.4
SA-76
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Pesticides
DU/PE: Exposure Assessment
Media: Pesticides
PE; Environmental Processes and Effects (CBE1A)
PE Code
A8PE1A
C8PE1A
El 30
Old Structure
PFTE
11.0
11.0
OPFTE
$(000)
403.9
383.6
787.5
PECode
ACBE1A
CCBE1A
New Structure
PFTE
11.0
OPFTE
$(000)
403.9
383.6
787.5
SA-77
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media; Radiation
DU/PE: Health Effects
Old Structure
Media: Radiation
PE: Health Effects (CGF1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A98P1A
C98F1A
F105
PFTE
28.1
28.1
OPFTE
5.5
5.5
$(000)
1,556.9
1,433.3
2,990.2
PE Code
ACGF1A
CCGF1A
PFTE
28.1
OPFTE
5.5
$CQOQ)
1,556.9
1,433.3
2,990.2
SA-78
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media; Radiation
DU/PE: Quality Assurance
Old Structure
PE Code
A7WF1D
F115
PFTE
5.0
5.0
OPFTE
1(000)
191.1
191.1
Media: Radiation
PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (CFF1A)
New Structure
PE Code
ACFF1A
PFTE
5.0
OPFTE
$(000)
191.1
SA-79
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Interdisciplinary
DU/PE: Anticipatory R&D
Old Structure
PE Code
AIM HIE
C1MH1E
H105
OPFTE
23.4
23.4
- $(000)
3,433.2
11,312.0
14,745.2
Media: Indiseiplinary
PE: Environmental Processes <5c Effects
(BPC1A, CVL1A, DWA1A, 9TA1B,
DTA1D, ARB1A)
Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance
(BSD1A, CRL1A)
Health Effects (CSL1A, 9RA1B, AGA1D,
AQB1A, AVB1A, BMC1A, BVD1A, CAE1A)
Acid Rain (CVN1A)
Exploratory Research Core Program (CHH1A)
New Structure
r* ft n n
PE Code
ABPC1A
ABSD1A
ACRL1A
ACSL1A
ACUL1A
ACVN1A
ACHH1A
CDWA1A
C9RA1B
C9TA1B
CAGA1D
CDTA1D
CAQB1A
CARB1B
CAYB1A
CBMC1A
CBPC1A
CBVD1A
CCAE1A
CCRL1A
CCSL1A
CCUL1A
CCVN1A
CCHHIA
PFTE OPFTE
4.0 -
— 8.0
y * o "™"
2.0 -
15.6 4.9
3.0 —
24.1 10.5
BTT7 23.4
$(000)
169.2
—
380.7
84.6
232.2
126.9
2,439.6
3,433.2
50.0
25.0
150.0
75.0
200.0
25.0
900.0
25.0
75.0
450.8
100.0
75.0
630.3
1,065.4
.8
O y fcft-*>df • L
3,647.6
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year; 1981
Media: Interdisciplinary
DU/PE: Scientific Assessments
Old Structure
PE Code
A1LH1A
C1LH1A
HI 10
PFTE
66.3
66.3
QPFTE
39.2
39.2
$(000)
3,117.4
2,114.2
5,231.6
Media: Interdisciplinary
PE: Scientific Assessments
(9DA1A, 9NA1B, ADA1D, AMB1A,
BTD1A, BXE1A, CPL1A) )
New Structure
PE Code
A9DA1A
A9NA1B
AADA1D
AAMB1A
ABTD1A
ABXE1A
ACPL1A
C9DA1A
C9NA1B
CADA1D
GAMBIA
CBXE1A
PFTE
5.0
25.0
4.5
19.0
1.3
9.5
2.0
66.3
OPFTE
3.0
11.7
3.0
13.5
2.0
4.5
1.5
39.2
$(000)
236.0
1,082.7
221.3
1,011.4
62.0
413.0
91.0
3,117.4
157.0
599.9
171.7
1,146.6
39.0
2,114.2
SA-81 .
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Medias Interdiseplinary
DU/PEj Technical Information
Media: Interdisciplinary
PE: Technical Information & Liaison
(9EA1A, 9PA1B, 9VA1C, AEA1D,
ANB1A, AWB1B, BDB1C, BKC1A,
BUD1A, BYE1A, CEF'IA, CQL1A, CXN1A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A1NH1D
ClNfllD
H115
OPFTE
24.0
$(000)
2,265.0
390.0
2,655.0
PE Code
A9EA1A
A9PA1B
A9VA1C
AAEA1D
AANB1A
AAWB1B
ABDB1C
ABKC1A
ABUD1A
ABYE1A
ACEF1A
ACQL1A
ACXN1A
PFTE
2.5
1.2
.6
5.0
2.7
4.3
2.1
2.6
2.1
.6
.3
3.2
3.2
3074
OPFTE
2.0
.9
.5
3.9
2.1
3.3
1.7
2.1
1.7
.5
.3
2.5
2.5
24.0
$(000)
189.6
85.4
47.3
371.2
197.5
316.0
157.9
197.3
157.9
47.3
23.8
236.9
236.9
2,265.0
SA-82
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Yean 1981
Media: Interdiscplinary Continued
DU/PE: Technical Information
Media: Interdisciplinary
PE: Technical Information & Liaison
(9EA1A, 9PA1B, 9VA1C, AEA1D,
ANB1A, AWB1B, BDB1C, BKC1A,
BUD1A, BYE1A, CEF1A, CQLlA, CX'NlA)
Old Structure
PE Code
PFTE
OPFTE
14000)
New Structure
PE Code PFTE OPFTE
C9EA1A
C9PA1B
C9VA1C
CAEA1D
CANB1A
CAWB1B
CBDB1C
CBKC1A
CBUD1A
CBYE1A
CCEF1A
CCQL1A
CCXN1A
$(000)
13.8
6.2
3.4
27.0
14.4
248.0
11.5
14.4
11.5
3.5
1.7
17.3
17.3
390.0
SA-83
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Interdisciplinary
DU/PE: Environmental Workforce Development
Old Structure
PE Code
A7YH1D
Ml 25
PFTE
6.0
6.0
OPFTE
.7
.7
Media: Interdisciplinary
PE: National Env. Workforce (DVH1A)
New Structure
1(000)
212.3
212.3
PE Code
ADVH1A
PFTE
6.0
OPFTE
.7
$(000)
212.3
SA-R4
-------
Yean 1981
Media: Toxic Substances
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Toxic Substances
DU/PE: Health Effects
Old Structure
PE: Health Effects (CSL1A)
Stratospheric Modification (CML1A)
NCTR (CNL1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A1TL1A
C1TL1A
AlfaLlA
C1WL1A
L105
PFTE
46.2
3.0
49.2
OPFTE
6.0
6.0
$(000)
3,675.3
12,473.0
1,219.1
193.0
1,219,1
17,560.4
PE Code
ACSL1A
ACML1A
CCSL1A
CCNL1A
CCML1A
PFTE OPFTE
46.2 6.0
3.0 —
$(000)
3,675.3
193.0
7,973.0
4,500.0
1,219.1
SA-R5
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year-. 1981
Media: Toxic Substances
DU/PE: Industrial Processes
Old Structure
Media: Toxic Substances
PE: Envir. Engineering &. Technology (CTL1A)
New Structure
PE Code
A1YL1B
C1YL1B
L110
PFTE
11.5
11.5
OPFTE
2.7
2.7
$(000)
614.2
1,157.5
1,771.7
PE Code
ACTL1A
CCTL1A
PFTE
11.5
OPFTE
2.7
$(000)
614.2
1,157.5
1,771.7
SA-36
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Yean 1981
Media: Toxic Substances
DU/PEi Characterization and Measurement Methods
Old Structure
PE Code
A1ZL1D
C1ZL1D
LI 15
PFTE
8.4
8.4
OPFTE
2.0
2.0
$(000)
381.1
574.1
955.2
Media: Toxic Substances
PE: Environmental Processes and Effects (CUL1A)
Monitoring Sys. 6c Quality Assurance (CRL1A)
PE Code
ACUL1A
ACRL1A
CCUL1A
CCRL1A
New Structure
PFTE
5.4
3.0
OPFTE
1.0
1.0
~O
$(000)
234.7
146.4
381.1
203.0
371.1
574.1
SA-87
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Medias Toxic Substances
DU/PE: Technical Support
Old Structure
PE Code
A2AL1D
C-2AL1D
L125
PFTE
18.0
18.0
QPFTE
5.0
5.0
$(000)
1,312.5
970.0
2,291.5
Medias Toxic Substances, Energy, Radiation
PE: Monitoring Sys. <5c Quality Assurance (CRL1A)
Tech, Information and Liaison (CEF1A, CXN1A)
PE Code
ACRL1A
ACEF1A
ACXN1A
CCRL1A
New Structure
PFTE
17.0
1.0
18.0
OPFTE
5.0
5.0
$1000}
1,274.5
21.2
16.8
1,312.5
979.0
SA-88
-------
QLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Toxic Substances
DU/PE: Ecological Effects
Media: Toxic Substances
PE: Environmental Processes & Effects (CUL1A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A1UL1A
C1UL1A
L130
PFTE
43.5
43,5
OPFTE
2.6
2.6
$(DOO)
3t141.4
8?158.1
11,299.5
PE Code
ACUL1A
CCUL1A
PFTE
43.5
OPFTE
2.6
$(000)
3,141.4
8,158.1
11,299.5
SA-89
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year; 1981
Media: Toxic Substances
DU/PE: Transport and Fate
Media: Toxic Substances
PE: Environmental Processes and Effects
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year; 1981
Media: Energy
DU/PE: Fuel Processing, Preparation and Advanced Combustion
Old Structure
PE Code
A2GN1E
C2GN1E
N105
PFTE
47.9
47.9
OPFTE
17.8
17.8
$(000?
2,762.4
15,774.9
18,537.3
Media; Energy
PE: Energy Envir. Eng. dc Technology
(BBN1G, BQN1A, CZN1A)
New Structure
PE Code
ABBN1G
ABQN1A
ACZNIA
CBBN1G
CBQN1H
CCZN1A
PFTE
1.4
1.2
45.3
47T9
OPFTE
3.6
3.6
10.6
17.8
$(000)
210.0
201.6
2,350.8
2,762.4
190.0
148.4
15,436.5
15,774.9
SA-91
-------
Years 1981
Media: Energy
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Energy
PE:
Municipal Spills Energy (AUN1K)
Envir. Engineering and Technology {BBNlG)
DU/PE: Fuel Extraction - Energy
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A2HN1E
C2HNIE
N110
PFTE
19.0
19.0
OPFTE
12.9
12,9
$(000)
1,056.8
1,920.3
2,977.1
PE Code
AAUN1K
ABBN1G
CAUN1K
CBBN1G
PFTE
5.0
14.0
19.0
OPFTE
2.6
10.3
12.9
$(000)
250.8
806.0
1,056.8
361.7
1,558.6
1,920.3
SA-92
-------
Year: 1981
Media: Energy
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Energy
DU/PE: Environmental Assessment of Conventional
and Advanced Energy Systems
PE: Envir. Engineering & Technology (9KN1C
BBN1G, BQ'NIH, CZN1A)
Old Structure
New Structure
PE Code
A2JN1E
C2JN1E
N120
PFTE
24.3
24.3
.,
OPFTE
-8.2
8.2
f(000)
1,644.7
10,305.8
11,950.5
PE Code
A9KN1C
ABBN1G
ABQN1H
ACZN1A
PFTE
7.0
1.0
1.0
15.3
OPFTE
2.5
.7
.8
4.2
$(000)
480.7
86.2
91.0
986.8
C9KN1C
CBBN1G
CBQN1H
CCZN1A
8.2
1.644;?
3,161.3
913.8
1,098.0
5,132.7
10,305.8
SA-93
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Medial Energy
DU/PEs Flue Gas Sulphur Oxide Control
Old Structure
Media: Energy
PEj Energy Envir. Eng. & Technology (AAN1D)
New Structure
PE Code
>
A2KN1E
C2KN1E
N125
PFTE
4.8
4.8
OPFTE
2.0
2.0
$(000?
367.5
3,146.0
3,513.5
PE Code
AAAN1D
C A AN ID
PFTE
4.8
OPFTE
2.0
$(000?
367.5
3 1 146.0
3,513.5
SA-94
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Energy
DU/PE: Nitrogen Oxide Control
Old Structure
Media: Energy
PE: Energy Env. Eng. & Tech. (9BN1B)
New Structure
PE Code
A2LN1E
C2LN1E
N130
PPTE
19.9
19.9
OPFTE
9.9
9.9
$(000)
1,514.0
10,970.2
12,484.2
PE Code
A9BN1B
C9BN1B
PFTE
19.9
OPFTE
9.9
$(000)
1,514.0
10,970.2
12,484.2
SA-95
-------
OLD STRUCTUHE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media; Energy
DU/PEs Flue Gas Partieulate Control
Old Structure
Media: Energy
PEs Energy Env. Eng. & Tech. (AAN1D)
New Structure
PE Code
A2MN1E
C2MN1E
N135
PFTE
15.0
15.0
OPFTE
6.6
6.6
$(000)
1,128.6
6,911.4
8,040.0
PE Code
AAAN1D
CAAN1D
PFTE
15.0
OPFTE
6.6
$(000)
1,128.6
6^911.4
8,040.0
SA-96
-------
Year: 1981
Media: Energy
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Energy
PE: Energy Env. Processes & Effects
(9CN1B, ABN1D, AKN1E, CLN1J, DAN1A)
DU/PE: Transport, Fate and Effects of Energy
Related Pollutants
Old Structure
New Structure
PECode PFTE OPFTE $(000)
A2NN1E 3.5 13.8 902.2
C2NN1E 13,765.1
N140 3.5 13.8 14,667.3
PE Code
A9CN1B
AABN1D
AAKN1E
ACLN1J
ADAN1A
C9CN1B
CABN1D
CAKN1E
CCLN1J
CDAN1A
PFTE
.1
.5
2.0
.2
.7
3.5
OPFTE
.4
1.7
7.9
.9
2.9
13.8
$(000)
26.1
114.0
516.8
57.4
187.9
902.2
378.9
1,652.3
7,924.2
936.6
2,873.1
13,765.1
SA-97
-------
Years 1981
<»
Media? Energy
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Media: Energy
DU/PE: Atmospheric Transportation & Transformation
of Energy Related Pollutants
Old Structure
PEj Energy Health Effects
(9JN1C, CYNIA)
Energy Envir. Processes & Effects
(ABN1D, DAN1A)
Energy Monitoring System Instrumentation Dev.
(ACNID)
Acid Rain (CVN1A)
New Structure
PECode PFTE OPFTE $(000)
A2PN1E 3.0 4.0 224.6
C2PN1E . 7,395.3
N145 3.0 4.0 7,619.9
PE Code
A9JN1C
AABN1D
ACYN1A
ADAN1A
AACN1D
ACVN1A
CABN1D
CCYN1A
CCVN1A
PFTE
_M
.8
—
.4
.2
1.6
3.0
OPFTE
.3
3.2
—
.5
—
—
~o
$(000)
123.9
28.7
-. —
—
72.0
. 224.6
3,046.0
971.3
3,378.0
7,395.3
SA-98
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year: 1981
Media: Energy
DU/PE: Measurement System
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Years 1981
Media: Energy
DU/PE: Health Effects
Old Structure
PE Code
A2RN1E
C2RN1E
N155
OPFTE
3.7
3.7
$(000)
145.6
18,245.3
18,390.9
Media: Energy
PEt Energy Health Effect
(9AN1B, 9JN1C,
92N1D, DUN1F, CKN1J, CYN1A)
Energy Envir. Engineering & Technology
(AAN1D)
New Structure
PE Code
A9AN1B
A9JN1C
A9ZN1D
ADUN1F
ACKN1J
ACYN1A
C9AN1B
C9JN1C
C9ZN1D
CDUN1F
CCKN1J
CCYN1A
CAAN1D
PFTE
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
.5
.5
2.0
OPFTE
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.5
1.2
.9
3.7
$(000)
10.2
12.8
23.0
20.5
43.4
35.7
14O
1,391.6
1,504.5
2,730.7
2,639.5
5,791.9
3,187.1
1,000.0
18,245.3
SA-100
-------
OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK
Year:1981
Media: Management/Support
DU/PE: Program Management
Old Structure
PECode
A2SR5A
R166'
PFTE
87.3
87.3
QPFTE
29.0
29.0
$(OUO)
4,666.1
4,666.1
Media: Management/Support
PE: Program Management (DERIA)
New Structure
PE Code
ADER1A
PFTE
87.3
OPFTE
29,0
$(000)
4,666.1
SA-101
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