------- Page Intentionally Blank \ ------- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 1982 Budget Estimate Table of Contents •Page Summary I Air A-l Abatement and Control; Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards.......... A-11 Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines, A-16 State Program Resource Assistance. 4-23 Air Quality Strategies Implementation............... A-27 Mobile Source Preproduction Compliance Verification A-31 Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment A-36 Enforcement: Stationary Source Enforcement. A-41 Mobile Source Enforcement...... ,. ... A-46 Research and Development: Oxidants A-49 Mobile Source. , A-81 Gases and Particles..... A-89 Hazardous Air Pollutants A-65 Mater Quality.................. WH Abatement and Control: Water Quality Planning and Standards. WQ-16 Effluent Standards aid Guidelines WO-?S Grants Assistance srograms ..**. WQ-36 Water Quality Strategies Implementation WQ-43 Mater Quality Monitoring and Analysis... WQ-W Municipal Source Control.... WQ-63 Enforcement: Permi t Is s ua nee 4Q- 75 Water Quality Enforcement..... , WQ-80 Research and Development: Water Qua! i ty , WQ-85 Industrial Wastewater UQ-118 Municipal Wastewater/Spill Prevention , WQ-103 Drinking Water OW-1 Abatement and Control: Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines , DW-11 State Program Resource Assistance DW-16 Drinking Water Management ^ OW-19 Enforcement: . Drinking Water Enforcement OW-24 Research and Development: Drinking Water OW-27 ------- Page Solid Waste..„ , SW-1 • Abatement and Control: Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines, and Policies...... SW-12 Fi nanci al Assi stance SW-22 Waste Management Strategies Implementation.... SW-27 Technical Assistance SW-34 Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites SW-40 Enforcement: Hazardous Waste Enforcement SW-43 Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites , SW-43 Hazardous Waste Permit Issuance.............. SW-43 Research and Development- Solid and Hazardous Waste.. SW-52 Pesticides. , P-l Abatement and Control: Registrations and Tolerances . "-11 Standards Setting and RPAR .' , P-18 Federal and State Program Support.. "-24 Enforcement: Desticides Enforcement •• D-27 Research and Development: Pestic ides P-31 Radiation -, R-l Abatement and Control : Radiation Policy Council R-8 Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines , R-10 Environmental Impact Assessment R-l4 Program Implementation. R-l2 Research and Devel opment Nonionizi ng Radiation R-l8 Noise , N-l Abatement and Control: Environmental 'toise Strategies and Standards. N-7 Noise Program Strategies Implementation..... N-13 Enforcement: Noi se Enforcement .... , N-21 Interdisciplinary. 1-1 Abatement and Control: Environmental Impact Statements 1-6 Energy Review and Permitting......... , 1-10 Research and Development: Intermedia Program , 1-13 Toxi c Substances TS-1 Abatement and Control: Toxic Substances Strategies......... TS-10 Enforcement: ; Toxic Substances Enforcement TS-23 Research and Development: Chemical Testing and Assessment.... TS-25 ------- Energy. E-l Research and Development: Multi-Media E-10 Oxi dants ,.... E-29 Hazardous Pol 1 utants E-36 Gases and Particles... E-45 Water Quality , ,. E-57 Drinki ng Vater E-65 Industrial Waste Water E-67 Solid Waste (RCRA).... E-70 Toxic Chemical Testing and Assessment E-73 Municipal Spills....... . E-77 Management and Support.... , 1S-1 "Management......... MS-4 Support MS-13 Buildings and Facilities BF-1 Sc i ent i f1c Act i yj 11 es Overseas SAO-1 U.S. Regulatory Council RC-1 Construction Grants CG-1 Comprehensive Envirpnniental Response Compensation Liability Fund tSuperfund) SF-1 Special Analyses Table of Contents SA-1 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Summary SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- EPA BUDGET SUMMARY The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1982 budget proposal totals $5,326,271,000 and 11,674 permanent workyears. The proposal includes $1,376,271,000 for the Agency's operating programs, $3.7 billion for the municipal waste treatment facilities construction programs, and $250 million and 635 permanent workyears to implement the newly enacted Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund (Superfund). Excluding Superfund these totals constitute an increase of $36 million and 209 permanent workyears for the 1982 operating program and approximately $400 million for construction grants. The budget also requests supplemental authority of $26 million in 1981 and $7 million transfer authority from the Construction Grants appropriation for the full costs of the 1981 pay raise. The most significant change in the 1982 budget is the request for implementation of Superfund. The Superfund legislation was passed in December 1980 to provide a means to control and clean up hazardous substance spills, to mitigate and contain the release of hazardous waste from abandoned and Inactive disposal sites, and to pursue claims and enforcement activities against liable parties. A 1981 budget supplemental of $78 million and 142 permanent workyears Is being requested for development of the program and initial implementation activities. The 1982 budget requests additional resources of $133 million and 260 permanent workyears to support the program in its first full year of operation. I. Appropriation Summary A summary of budget authority for EPA's eight appropriation accounts is as follows: EPA's Request by Appropriation Account Appropriation 1981 1982 Current Estimate Budget Estimate ' "~~ Salaries S Expenses 573,492,400 645,618,000 Abatement, Control & Compliance 545,183,000 492,072,000 Research S Development 253,520,400 229,355,000 Scientific Activities Overseas Building 5 Facilities 4,114,600 6,546,000 U.S. Regulatory Council 2,560,000 2.580.000 Operating Programs Subtotal 1,378,870,400 1,376,271,000 Construction Grants 3,304,837,000 3,700,000,000 Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund 78.000.000 250,000,000 Total 4,761,707,400 5,326,271,000 The following briefly describes the content of each appropriation and the changes requested within each from the Agency's current 1981 estimates. Salaries and Expenses EPA requests an increase of $72,125,600 for its Salaries and Expenses appropriation which finances salaries and related costs associated with administering the programs within the Environmental Protection Agency. It incorporates all costs exclusive of grant programs and program-specific contractual agreements. The largest single increase is to cover the full cost of the 1981 pay raise ($32.9 million)i In addition, the increase provides funds for inflationary increases in rent, maintenance and other administratively - related activities. In 1982, major emphases include continuation of the development of a toxics integration strategy, increased resources for enforcement activities across several media, and an increase in resources to replace all of EPA's data processing resources with a single, technically compatible processing utility over several years. I ------- Abatement. Control and Compliance The Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation finances contracts, grants, and cooperative agreement for pollution abatement, control and compliance activites. EPA requests a decrease of $53,111,000 in 1982 for this appropriation, of which $32,367,100 is from the elimination of Section 208 Areavdde Waste Treatment Planning Grants. Other decreases are due to reduction in contracting for effluent guidelines, water quality management and radiation. Program priorities include increases for drinking water state program assistance, as well as increases for pesticides RPAR reviews and energy review and permitting. Research and Development The 1982 budget decreases the Research and Development appropriation by $24,165,400 to $229,355,000. This decrease primarily occurs because of a shift in emphasis away from conventional water quality and energy-related research and development activities. Major program emphasis include Increases in indoor air pollution research, acid rain, and groundwater protection. Scientific Activities Overseas The Scientific Activities Overseas appropriation finances payments in foreign currencies, which the Treasury Department determines to be excess to the normal requirements of the United States, for necessary expenses of the Environmental Protection Agency. Excess foreign currencies, derived through sales of surplus agricultural commodities and other sources, support cooperative environmental pollution research and demonstration programs overseas. No new budget authority is being requested for this activity in 1982, but the program will continue using carryover funds. Bui1dings and Fae i1 i ti es EPA requests an increase of $2,531,400 for the Building and Facilities appropriation which finances the construction, repair, Improvement, extension, alteration, and purchase of fixed equipment of facilities owed, as well as existing facilities occupied by the Environmental Protection Agency. The increase in 1982 will correct health and safety deficiencies in EPA laboratories and modify several labs to permit high hazardous sample •testing. U.S. Regulatory Council The U.S. Regulatory Council appropriation finances the salaries and expenses of the U.S. Regulatory Council and its staff. The Council, established in October of 1973 at the direction of the President, is composed of the heads of those agencies within the Executive Branch that have regulatory responsibilities. Its purpose is to maintain an overview of regulatory activities within the Executive Branch and to assist The President in managing then in a coordinated way so as to limft potential adverse impacts on the economy. The budget requests an increase of $20,000 for the U.S. Regulatory Council in 1982. Construction Grants The Construction Grants appropriation is for grants to local public agencies for construction of municipal wastewater treatment facilities to assist States and localities in attaining and maintaining water quality standards. The 1982 budget requests $3,700,000,000 for the municipal wastewater facilities construction grants program. This request, in addition to more then $2.4 billion available from prior year appropriations, will provide more than $6.1 billion for obligation in 1982. Hazardous Substances Response Trust Fund The 1982 budget requests $250,000,000 to support the first full year of operation for the newly enacted Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund (Superfund). In 1982, these funds will be dedicated to responding to priority hazardous substance sites and spills, assessing natural resource damage and restoration techniques,'and operations support activities. II ------- Summary of Budget Authority, Obligations, Outlays and Permanent Workyears By Appropriation (dollars in thousands) Research and Development Full-time Equivalency...... ...... Abatement, Control and Compliance Budget Authority. ...n... ......... Obi igati ons Outl ays Salaries and Expenses Buildings and Facilities Obi igati ons. .< Construction Grants Scientific Activities Overseas Budget Authority. ................ Operations, Research and Facilities Outl ays Ful 1 -time Eaui val encv Actual 1980 /S233.481 236,888 '77,218 506 430 573,518 503,017 39 s > 524,773 522,137 471 ,062 10,572 12,940 . ,/ 2.177 , 1 ,667 1 ,592 3,400,000 4,673,011 4,343,010 28 2,053 917 2,890 Budget Estimate 1981 $264,984 263,000 255,000 555,338 542,931 406,740 72 562,542 562,542 529,000 11,162 13,659 4,115 3,000 2.500 3,700,000 4,500,000 3 950,000 1 ,000 1 ,200 3,000 800 3,200 Current Estimate 1981 $253,520 251 ,020 232,585 545,183 541 ,533 507,692 72 573,492 573,492 558,573 10,989 13,486 4,115 4,300 2,500 3,394,837 3,900,000 4,200,000 2,500 2,700 1 669 3,200 Estimate 1982 $229,355 227,229 230,886 492,072 497,084 504,133 162 645,618 645,618 661 ,561 10,965 13,460 6,646 6,367 3,965 3,700,000 4,950,000 4 ?30,QOO 805 1,300 ?,ooo Revolving Fund Obligations. Outlays Permanent Workyears... Full-time Equivalency. 580 -92 580 50 650 50 700 100 I.I I ------- Summary of Budget Authority, Obligations, Outlays and Permanent Workyears By Appropriation (dollars in thousands) Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Regulatory Council ludget Authority 2,538 3,338 2,550 2,580 Obligations.... 2,449 3,338 2,560 2,580 Outlays. M69 2,800 2,110 3,000 Permanent Workyears. 9 11 11 11 Full-time Equivalency........... 33 26 26 26 Trust Funds Budget Authority...,. . 16 ... ... ... Obligations........ 4 25 20 25 Outlays......... 7 20 20 20 Reimbursements ' Obligations. 24,781 ... 30,000 30,000 Permanent Workyears........ 58 64 63 63 Full-time Equivalency........... 66 73 73 71 ConsplIdated Worki ng Fund Obligations. ... ... ... ... Outlays... ... 10 17 Hazardous Substances Response Trust Fund Budget Authority . ' 250,000 78,000 250,000 Obligations . 250,000 78,000 250,000 Outlays... . 45,000 39,000 154,000 Permanent Workyears..... . ... 142 635 Full-time Equivalency..... . ... 160 730 Total, Environmental Protection Agency Budget Authority 4,669,415 5,341,317 4,751,707 5,326,271 Obligations 6,035,980 6,127,416 5,385,744 6,610,408 Outlays... 5,602,626 5,197,320 5,548,447 5,800,965 Permanent Workyears 10,639 11,237 11,205 11,674 Full-time Equivalency 13,078 13,830 13,817 14,449 ' IV ------- Summary of Budget Authority Obligations, Outlays and Permanent Workyears By Media (dollars in thousands) Air B~udget Authority Obligations.. ... Outlays....... Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Water Quality Budget Authority Obiigations.... Outlays.. Permanent Uorkyears... Full-time equivalency. Prinking Water Budget Authority Obligations... Outlays Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Solid Waste Budget Authori ty Obligations... Outlays Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Pesticides Budget Authority...... Obligations Outlays. Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Radiation Budget Authori ty Obi igations... Outlays Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Noijse Budget Authority Obi igations Outlays.., Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Actual 1980 247,766 290,059 266,524 1,908 2,312 333,592 344,918 362,476 3,034 3.625 75,053 82,392 69,333 489 581 95,517 109,775 77,533 484 617 69,990 70,513 67,709 1,017 1,150 16,603 15,329 11,638 192 221 12,719 12,411 11,829 97 152 Budget* Estimate 1981 (dollars 252,125 248,470 211,500 1,932 2,315 338,798 328,084 285,300 3,055 3,719 88,152 85,830 74,000 551 653 147,798 145,000 125,500 778 994 74,617 73,156 63,000 925 1,050 17,860 17,562 15,100 268 310 12,927 12,767 11,000 99 153 Current Estimate 1981 in thousands) 248,247 246,459 272,390 1,827 2,197 344,828 343,410 384,971 2,957 3,598 84,009 83,434 68,484 535 641 154,715 152,970 79,612 855 1,080 69,504 69,142 64,823 912 1,026 19,186 19,186 14,776 218 253 12,724 12,724 12,930 94 147 Estimate 1982 255,221 252,772 287,832 1,912 2,286 297,534 298,428 409,337 2,857 3,495 91 ,672 93,198 71 ,666 550 672 143,336 146,762 83,802 713 1,036 72,134 73,125 68,919 874 994 16,970 16,970 17,082 206 242 12,759 12,759 13,356 94 143 ------- Budget* Current Actual Estimate Estimate 1980 1981 1981 (dolTars in Thousands) Estimate 1982 _Interd1 sci o11 nary ""Sii3get Authority. Obligations Outlays...... Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Toxic Substances Budget Authority Obiigations.... Outlays Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Energy Budget Authority Obii gatiohs........... Outlays Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. Hanagement and Support Buaget Suthority...... Obligations..........* Outlays Permanent Workyears.., Full-time equivalency. Facilities Budget Authority. Obligations Outlays... Derations, Research and Facilities ™~~ ooTi gat ions Outlays..*., Construction Grants Budget Authority.. Obligations....... Outlays........... Scientific Activities Overseas Budget Authority. Obligations Outlays.. ReyolyingFund Olsl'i gat Tons'.. Outlays...... 26,322 12,196 27,509 116 137 88,146 90,237 59,163 592 741 100,618 103,410" 137,420 152 238 198,358 200,367 160,163 2,491 3,205 2,177 1,667 1,592 1.853 2,890 3,400,000 4,673,011 4,343,010 28 2,053 580 -92 10,697 27,241 23,200 120 146 109,492 104,691 90,200 775 894 110,994 106,268 105,000 152 256 219,403 219,404 186,940 2,559 3,303 4,115 3,000 2,500 800 3,200 3,700,000 4,500,000 3,950,000 1,000 1,200 3,000 580 50 10,884 10,531 30,289 124 151 106,718 106,759 63,195 750 902 106,578 106,578 117,466 141 245 214,802 214,802 189,914 2', 575 3,318 4,115 4,300 2,500 1,669 3,200 2,500 2,700 650 50 16,011 15,085 32,822 144 178 107,641 107,065 68,394 797 913 96,845 96,845 118,439 142 242 256,922 256,922 224,931 2,675 3,421 6,646 6,367 3,965 2,000 3,304,837 3,700,000 3,900,000 4,950,000 4,200,000 4,230,000 805 1,300 700 100 VI ------- Actual 1980 Budget* Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 (dollars 1n thousands) Estimate 1982 "rust Funds Budget Authority....... 16 .... Obligations.. 4 25 20 25 Outlays ,. 7 20 20 20 Reimbursements- Obligations. 24,781 ... 30,000 30,000 Permanent Workyeafs............. 58 12 64 63 Full-time equivalency 66 11 73 71 Regulatory Council Budget Authority 2,538 3,338 2,560 2,580 Obligations.... 2,449 3,338 2,560 2,580 Outlays 1,869 2,800 2,110 3,000 Permanent Workyears. 9 11 11 11 Full-time equivalency 33 26 26 26 Consolidated Working Fund Outl ays.........'.-............... ... 10 17 Hazardous SubstanceResponse Trust Fund Budget Authority . 250,000 78,000 250,000 Obligations . 250,000 78,000 250,000 Outlays . 45,000 39,000 164,000 Permanent Workyears . ... 142 635 Full-time Equivalency . ... 160 730 Total, Environmental Protection Agency Bulge? Authority,....., 4,669,415 5,341,317 4,761,707 5,326,271 Obligations 6,035,980 6,127,416 5,385,744 6,610,408 Outlays "5,602,626 5,197,320 5,548,447 5,800,965 Permanent Workyears 10,639 11,237 11,205 11,674 Full-time equivalency.. 13^078 13,830 13,817 14,449 *January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. VII ------- Summary of Increase or Decrease Budget Authority and Permanent Workyears (dollars in thousands) Research and Development Budget Authority...... Abatement, Control and Compliance Budget Authority.................... Permanent Uorkyears................. Ful 1 -time Equivalency Sa 1 aries and Expenses Budget Authority... Permanent Workyears Ful 1-time Equi val ency .... Buildings and Facilities Budget Authority. .. Scientific Activities Overseas Budget Authority Reimbursements Permanent Uorkyears Ful 1 -tire Equi valency U.S. Regulatory Council Budget Authority...... Permanent Workyears Ful1-time Equi valsncy. Subtotal Budget Authority.. Permanent Workyears Ful 1-time Equi valency. Construction Grants Budget Authority. Oil andl_ Hazardous Liability Fund Budget Authority Permanent Workyears Ful 1-time Equivalency Total, Environmental Protection Agency Budget Authority.. "-,.... Permanent Workyea rs Ful 1-time Equivalency Current Estimate 1981 253,520 545,183 o • • 72 573,492 10,988 13,486 4,115 64 73 2,560 11 26 1,378,870 11,063 13,657 3,304,837 78,000 142 160 4,761,707 11,205 13,817 Estimate 1982 229,355 492,072 .» • • 162 645,618 10,965 13,459 6,646 63 72 2,580 11 26 1,376,271 11,039 13,719 3,700,000 250,000 635 730 5,326,271 11,674 14,449 Increase + Decrease - -24,165 -53,111 +90 +72,126 -23 -27 +2,531 -1 -1 +20 -2,599 -24 +62 +395,163 +172,000 +493 +570 +564,554 +469 +632 VIII ------- Liquidation of Contract Authority (In thousands of dollars) 1980 198] 1982 Construction Grants $1,500,000 $1,700,000 $1,000,000 IX ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Air SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- AIR Appropriation Research and Abatement, Control and Actual 1980 ...... $79,036 , 40,495 ...... 170.528 , 290,059 1 ,909 , 2,312 , 266,542 , 337.263 Budget Estimate 1981* $78,023 45,558 128,545 252,126 1,932 2,315 211,500 270.167 Current Estimate 1981 (dollars $79,896 41 ,254 127,097 248,247 1 .827 2,197 272,390 270.167 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 in thousands) $89,031 +$9,135 39,369 -1,885 126,821 -276 255,221 1,912 2,286 287,832 * +6,974 +85 +89 +15.442 * Authorization pending. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Qxidants Non-Energy: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development..... Hazardous Pollutants Non-Energy- Research and Development..... Mobile Sources Non-Energy: Research and Development..... Gases and Particles Non- Energy: Total , Research and Oevel opment Program Salaries and Expenses........ Total. 6,160 1 1 ,326 4,286 6,604 4,138 4,109 13,301 18 456 27 885 40,495 68.380 6,605 12,687 4,018 7,776 4,464 4,154 13,179 20,941 28,266 45,558 73.824 5,912 10,984 5,297 6,457 4,875 4,441 12,157 19,372 28,241 41 ,254 69.495 5,771 12,705 5,309 5,742 3,826 2,483 14,231 18 438 29 137 39,369 68.506 -141 +1 ,721 +12 -714 -1 ,049 -1 ,958 +2,074 -934 +8°6 -1 ,885 -989 A1r Quality and Sta- tionary Source Plan- ning and Standards: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Compliance..i 9,263 8,698 9,366 10,297 28,009 20,218 19,333 19,269 Mobile Source Standards and Gui del ines: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Compliance.... 7,228 6,821 4,180 4,578 7,005 8,472 4,747 3,448 +931 -64 +1,467 -1,299 Page A-49 A-66 A-81 A-89 A-ll A-16 A-l ------- State Programs Resource Assistance: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Compl i ance.. Air Quality Strategies Implementation: Salaries and Expenses....... Abatement, Control and Compliance.-. Mobile Source Certifica- ti""i and Testing: Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Compliance.. Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Compliance.... Total, Abatement Control and Com- pliance Program: Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Compliance. Total, Stationary Source Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Compliance.., Mobile Source Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Compliance...... Total, Enforcement Program: Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Compliance Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1992 vs 1981 Total 409 123,370 9,644 198 3,147 287 4,159 311 33,850 156,355 190,205 $13,253 11,356 4,038 2,817 17,301 14,173 31 ,474 (dollars 419 88,334 8,655 221 3,662 922 3,383 610 32,138 114,883 147,021 $13,736 10,696 3,883 2,966 17,619 13,662 31 ,281 in thousands) 301 88,742 9,070 311 3,510 222 4,113 578 33,365 113,933 147,298 $14,300 10,285 3,990 2,879 18,290 13,164 ' 31 ,454 382 88,396 10,462 2,243 4,373 631 4,550 510 38,536 114,497 153,033 $17,145 9,841 4,212 2,483 21 ,358 12^324 33,682 +31 -346 +1 ,392 +1,932 +863 +409 +437 -68 +5,171 +564 +5,735 +52,846 -444 +222 -396 +3,068 -840 +2,228 A-23 A-27 A-31 A-36 A-41 A-46 A-2 ------- Increase + Permanent Positions Oxidants Non-Energy Hazardous Pollutants Non- Energy Mobile Sources Non-Energy. Gases and Particles Non-Energy.............. Total, Research and Development Program Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards.............. Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines State Programs Resource As si stance Air Quality Management implementation...... Mobile Source Certification and Testing: Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment. Total, Abatement, Control and Compliance Program.......... Stationary Source Enforcement..... Mobile Source Enforcement.,,.. Total, Enforcement Program. Ful l-time Equi val ency Oxidants Non-Energy-.. Hazardous Pollutants Non- Energy Mobile Sources Non-Energy. Gases and Particles Non- Energy Total, Research and Development Program Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards. Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines. State Programs Resource Assistance..... Air Quality Management Impl ementati on. Mobile Source Certification and Testing........ Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment........... Total, Abatement, Control and Compliance Program.. Stationary Source Enforcement Mobile Source Enforcement Total, Enforcement Program. Actual 1980 88 78 61 213 440 242 160 7 318 69 114 910 444 115 559 121 99 84 252 556 276 215 33 356 99 128 1,112 487 157 644 Estimate 1981* 96 83 59 2,115 453 244 152 6 .288 84 116 890 471 118 589 134 106 83 256 579 266 190 73 ' 313 107 128 1,077 507 152 659 Estimate 1981 (dollars in 80 97 37 171 385 242 146 6 285 80 116 875 453 114 567 113 118 61 203 500 264 175 73 309 112 127 1,060 489 148 637 Estimate 1982 thousands) 74 78 35 195 382 251 152 6 311 87 116 923 497 in 608 106 101 53 234 494 273 190 73 338 110 128 1,112 537 143 680 Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -6 -19 -2 +24 -3 +9 +.6 « » .• +26 +7 * » • +43 +44 -3 +41 -7 -17 -3 +25 -6 ' +9 +15 » » » +29 -2 +1 +52 +48 -5 +43 A-49 A-6 A-81 A-90 A-n A-16 A-23 A-27 A-31 A-36 A-41 A-46 A-67 A-81 A-9Q A-41 *January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring." A-3 ------- OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY The Clean Air Act authorizes a national program of air pollution research, regulation, and enforcement activities. Under the Act, primary responsibility for the prevention and control of air pollution at its source rests with State and local government, with a strong mandate that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) take action where States do not fulfill their responsibilities. EPA's role is to conduct research and development programs, ensure that adequate standards and regulations are established to meet environmental goals set by the Act, support State and local control activities, and ensure that the standards and regulations are effectively enforced. The environmental goals are generally those prescribed by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Two types of standards are set: primary standards to protect human health and secondary standards to protect the public welfare (prevention of damage to property, animals, vegetation, crop, visibility, etc.). The health and other effects of pollutants are delineated in criteria documents which are the basis for the standards. There presently are National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. Specific limitations on pollutant emissions necessary to meet NAAQS are prescribed in State Implementation Plans (SIP). These controls are supple- mented by federally prescribed national emission standards for new motor vehicles and selected new stationary sources. In addition to the NAAQS, nationally applicable emission levels are pre- scribed for other pollutants deemed especially hazardous, and apply to both new and existing pollutant sources. National Emission Standards for Hazardous, Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) have been established for asbestos, beryllium, mercury and vinyl chloride from a variety of sources. Benzene, arsenic and radionudides have been listed as hazardous air pollutants and emission control regulations are under development. Activities and resources for radionudides are covered under the radiation portion of the Agency's budget. Air program activities have been directed primarily at the attainment and maintenance of NAAQS. Although the combined Federal-State-local effort at controlling air pollution has achieved a notable degree of success 1n improving ambient air quality across the Nation, many areas have not attained all the standards. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, recognizes this problem and sets forth a comprehensive program for achieving the standards for such areas. In general, the Act requires that the standards be attained by the end of calendar year 1982, However, In recognition of the unusual problems some areas have in attaining the standards for ozone and carbon monoxide, attainment of these standards is to be as expeditious as possible, but in no case later than 1987. The Agency's highest air program priority in 1982 will continue to be the consolidation through State Implementation °lans of a firm regulatory base for air pollution control. Extenlons of the ambient air quality standard attainment dates for ozone or carbon monoxide beyond 1982 were granted tp 29 States. For all 29 the law requires submittal of a SIP in 1982 which will demonstrate attainment of standards. Fiscal years 1981 and 1982 will see intensified efforts by State/local control agencies with assistance from EPA to adopt additional measures for control of hydrocarbon emissions from both stationary and mobile sources and to accelerate their implementation. The 1977 amendments to the Clean Air Act required EPA to review and re- vise, if necessary, amb.ient air quality standards. A revised ozone standard was promulgated In 1979 and revisions to the CO standard were proposed in 1980. A revised standard for NOj, may be published in 1981. If promulgated in 1932, this would potentially create new SIP submission requirements for several States, if the standard is significantly changed. Revised standards for sulfur dioxide and particulate matter are expected to be proposed in 1982. - ' A-4 ------- Although activities to complete new source performance standards (NSPS) have accelerated, several proposals have been delayed by the need in 1981 to reprogram resources to produce control techniques guidance documents for additional sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to be controlled by the States' VOC regulations in their 1982 ozone SIP submittals. Consequently, the program to produce NSPS for all major stationary source categories will extend through fiscal year 1982. Considerable effort has been expended in fiscal year 1980 in revising the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) regulations for Set I {TSP, SOo) pollutants to bring them into conformity with court interpretations of the complex PSD provisions of the Clean Air Act. Work on Set II pollutants (CO, hydrocarbons/ozone, NO? and lead) has been delayed and final rules are not expected before fiscal year 1982. In 1981 EPA proposed regulations to protect visibility values in the nations National Park and Wilderness Systems. Work to refine modeling and monitoring techniques which can be routinely applied for regulatory purposes will also continue into fiscal year 19B2. Increased national and international concern is being expressed about the problems associated with acid deposition (acid rain). Sensitive lakes and ecological systems in the northeast U.S.A. and Canada have been adversely affected. The problem in other areas of the country is just now being assessed. It is unclear what remedial action needs to be taken. The 1982 proposed program, based on current authorities, contemplates a significant increase in monitoring efforts and the evaluation of various regulatory and enforcement alternatives directed at the limitation of SOX and NOX emissions. Since air is being increasingly implicated as a pathway in the exposure of large population groups to toxic or hazardous pollutants, EPA is intensifying its programs directed at this problem. Increased use of CAA authority under Sections lll(d) and Section 112 is anticipated. Additionally, States are being encouraged to address toxic related problems through field assessments and appropriate State/local regulation development. The characterization of presently unregulated pollutants from mobile sources is likewise being empha- sized to assess the toxic potential of new fuel sources and auto industry technology devslopment. All of the Nation's programs directed at reducing national dependency on imported oil envision increased use of coal resources either 1n direct energy production or as a raw material in producing domestically available gas or oil. Given a continuing commitment to the environmentally sound utilization of coal as an oil substitute it is essential that EPA's review of various coal conversion proposals be conducted in a manner that 1s expeditious and thorough. The 1982 planned program provides resources toward this end as well as to assure that State/local implementation of regulatory reform measures such as the "bubble" and banking are consistent with the basic environmental protection goals of the Agency, Further federal regulation of emissions from motor vehicles will concen- trate on heavy duty vehicles, where the degree of control has not yet attained that reached with light duty vehicles, and all types of diesel powered vehicles. The program will continue to implement improvements in the motor vehicle certification process which are directed at reducing paper- work and reporting and testing burdens on the affected manufacturers. Also in furtherance of energy conservation goals and to provide an improved public service, increased attention will be given to improving the ability of fuel economy test information to more accurately predict actual in use mileage. Many of the major activities highlighted 1n the preceding discussion of the thrust of the 1982 program requires field work on the part of both the States and EPA Regional Offices. The SIP revision and implementation process, the beginning of analyses necessary in anticipation of new ambient air quality standards, the carrying out of mandates related to acid rain, toxics control, energy, regulatory reform and the continuing delegation of new source review functions all impose significant workload requirements upon both States and regions. A-5 ------- EPA through Federal enforcement will continue to augment State efforts to attain or maintain NAAQS. Federal action will be taken where States fail or cannot act or request assistance. Where States have not accepted the delegation of new source review, Regional Offices will continue to verify compliance and take required enforcement actions. The stationary sourca enforcement program will focus on vigorously tracking consent decrees of major sources which have never achieved initial compliance, initiating civil/criminal actions against recalcitrant sources, and further implementation of the noncompliance penalty program established by Section 120 of the Clean Air Act, which will remove the economic incentive of continued noncompliance. Emphasis will be given to assisting States in maintaining strong programs to ensure compliance by major sources, and encouraging delegation of responsibility for the noncompliance penalty program to as many States as possible. The program will also focus on maintaining continuous compliance of sources that have met SIP requirements; expanding enforcement responsibilities in the new source and national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants programs; and negotiating compliance methods and schedules for coal conversion and other energy related sources. In 1982, the EPA Mobile Source Enforcement Program will continue to assure compliance with motor vehicle emission standards and fuels regulations. The Selective Enforcement Audit (SEA) program is continued to deter the pro- duction of non-conforming light duty vehicles and the recall program will continue to assure compliance of in-use vehicles with emission standards. An aggresive enforcement program will be continued to reduce fuel switching and tampering in order to reduce in-use emissions from mobile sources In areas which are targeted for inspection/maintenance. Furthermore, a special effort to provide support to State/local anti-tampering and anti-fuel switching enforcement programs will be initiated via air program grants. Research will continue to stress the development of information useful in successfully implementing new SIP's or in establishing revised SIP's. Due attention will be paid to developing effects information for further updates of criteria documents. Assessments of sources of and controls for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions continue as major priorities of the oxidant research program as are the development and refinement of air quality models (on both urban and regional scales) for oxidants and their precursors. These new or improved tools should aid the attainment of standards in the 1983 - 1987 timeframe. Hith the objective of providing data for future criteria document updates, research in the health area will focus on the effects of exposures to ozone and nitrogen dioxide. In the gases and particles area research emphasis continues to be placed on development and refinement of a health effects data base relying most heavily on epidemiological and human clinical studies, modeling the transport and transformation patterns of fine particulate matter, and determination of concentrations and sizes of particles in ambient air. The hazardous air pollutant research program, in large measure will continue support to implementation of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act and EPA'5 airborne carcinogen policy. In doing so, it attempts to provide the best data for determining human health risks Of exposure to certain chemicals found in ambient air, sources of those chemicals, and feasibility and costs of reducing human exposure to those "chemicals. The program will also attempt to develop new and improved techniques for generating this data, especially in the areas of bioassay methods, monitoring and measurement. This program will also complement an Agency-wide toxics strategy. The mobile source research program will change in emphasis away from animal inhalation of diesel exhaust and towards assessment of actual human exposures to mobile source pollutants. While animal inhalation studies are being reduced, other live animal and cellular tests of the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of diesel exhaust will continue. Tests of emissions of heavy and light duty diesel engines will continue as a further effort to Identify potentially toxic unregulated pollutants. A-6 ------- Purpose of Research and Development Program The air research and development program is designed to furnish EPA with the knowledge to establish prudent environmental controls, standards and regulations based upon known or potentially adverse health and ecological effects; to define, develop, and demonstrate systems for controlling stationary source pollution; and to evaluate strategies for minimizing the emission of pollutants. To achieve these ends, the program is structured to identify and, to the extent possible, quantify the adverse human health effects of exposure to air pollutants; to quantify the effects and fate of air pollutants on biological systems and processes within the environment; to develop predictive models for pollutant emission, transport, transformation, and removal, and verify these models by actual measurements; and to develop new and improved technology for preventing and controlling air pollution and demostrate the cost effectiveness of such technologies. The air research and development program also provides analytical measurement methods for monitoring air pollutants; procedures and materials to assure the quality of monitoring data; technical expertise, and specialized facilities and equipment to the regulatory and enforcement programs. Purposejaf Abatement.Control and Compli ance Program Abatement, Control and Compliance encompasses the development and imple- mentation of air pollution control strategies and programs. Specific activi- ties include regulations development, technical and policy guidance, financial support to State and local programs and direct Federal action when States fail to fulfill their Clean Air Act responsibilities. The intent of the Act is that States assume responsiblity for most aspects of air pollution control, and that EPA provide guidance and assistance. This total environmental effort is conceived as a working partnership with State and local governments to achieve national environmental goals. The primary goal of the air program is the implementation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) attainment and maintenance strategies. The first priority for States and EPA in 1981 and 1982 is the completion of strategy development actions leading to the adoption by the States and revisions to the State Implementation Plans (SIPs) for areas not presently attaining ambient air quality standards. Included are expeditious follow-up on conditionally approved SIPs and timely action on schedules for inspection and maintenance (I/M), and transportation control measures (TCM); adoption of new regulations covering volatile organic chemicals (VOC); additional review of non-traditional sources of suspended particuTate matter; and development of improved data bases to facilitate the submission and review actions of new SIPs in 1982. In addition, EPA in carrying out the mandates .of the Clean Air Act, must complete the promulgation of New Source Performance Standards for all major stationary sources of air pollution; effectively review all existing ambient air quality standards; regulate mobile sources of air pollution; develop a workable program of prevention of significant deterioration and implement the visibility protection goals of the 1977 amendments to the Clean Air Act. The enforcement program Is designed to ensure that stationary air pollution sources are in compliance with emission limitations under SIPs; that new stationary air sources are constructed in accordance with NSR, NSPS, and PSD provisions; that stationary air sources subject to NESHAPs meet hazardous air pollutant standards; and that all applicable provisions of the Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 are implemented. The program is also designed to ensure that mobile sources subject to federal emission regulations meet such regulations as produced and while in use for their warranty period. Included also is prevention of illegal tampering with engines or control devices and improper use of leaded fuels. A-7 ------- SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars) 1981 Air Program. $248,247 Salaries and Expenses +9,135 The net increase primarily affects 85 additional permanent workyears to mainly support the gases and particles; air quality management implementation, and stationary source enforcement program; offset by decreases in other air activities. Research and Development.. -1,885 This decrease primarily reflects shifts to cover increased payroll expenses, equipment and supplies purchases, and ADP contracts. Also, this decrease reflects the phasing down of inhalation studies of the effects of diesel particles; the technical program's reduced ability to prepare and disseminate technical information and the transfer of funds to emissions testing, analysis and data support. Abatement, Control and Compliance...,. -276 This decrease in extramural support primarily reflects shifts to cover increased payroll expenses, equipment and supply purchases and ADP contracts. 1982 Air Program ... 255,221 SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE 1. Summary of Budget Request An appropriation of $255,220,900 is requested for 1982. This request by appropriation account, is as follows: Salaries and Expenses $89,030,600 Research and Development..... 39,368,900 Abatement, Control and Compliance...... 126,821,400 2« Changes from Original 1981 BudgetEstimate (in thousands of dollars) Original 1981 estimate 252,126 Congressional decreases: General reduction to Abatement, Control and Compl i ance. -998 Consultant services -403 SES bonuses -102 ADP services -220 Travel..... , -134 General reduction to Research and Development.... -3,653 Presidential reduction of $7 million -348 Love Canal and Three Mile Island....i -84 Reprogramming for salary and related costs. . -118 Miscellaneous reprogrammings -1,793 Proposed pay raise supplemental.. +3,974 Current 1981 estimate. 248,247 A-8 ------- The Congress reduced Agency travel costs by $850,000, of which $134,000 is applicable to the air media. ADP services were reduced" by $2 million, resulting in a $220,000 decrease. General reductions to the Abatement, Control and Compliance ($7.5 million) and the Research and Development ($12,214,000) appropriations resulted in decreases of $998,000 and $3,653,000 respectively. A reduction in consultant services ($3,8 million) was made, of which $403,000 affected this media. Senior Executive Service (SES) bonuses were reduced by $750,000 resulting in a $102,000 decrease. Shortly after the budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted budget revisions (House Oocument 96-294); this revision decreased $7 million from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, of which $348,000 was applied to this media. A transfer of $84,000 was made to the solid waste and radiation media in order to support efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island. Reprogrammings of $118,000 were applied to provide for salary and related costs. A supplemental appropriation is proposed to fund the costs of the October 1980 pay raise, of which $3,974,000 is applied to the air media. Miscellaneous reprogrammings to this media resulted in a net decrease of $1,793,000. ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 (in thousands ofaollarsi Prior year obligations , $290,059 $246,459 Effect of congressional changes...... -5,510 ... Effect of pay raise supplemental +3,974 Change in amount of carryover funds available.... -37,392 +1,788 Program changes.. -11,605 +6,974 Effect of reprogrammings -2,259 Change in rate of obligations. ., +9,192 -2.449 • Total estimated obligations 246,459 252,772 (From new obiiation authority).. (241,458) (245,983) (From prior year funds) (5,001) (6,789) EXPLANATION OFINCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS The congressional changes discussed in the previous section are expected to result in a decrease of $5,510,000 to obligations. The proposed pay raise supplemental to partially fund the October 1980 pay raise will increase obligations by $3,974,000. The effect of reprogrammings Included the Presidential $7 million reduction result in a decrease of $2,259,000. Program changes in 1981 and 1982 result in a decrease of $11,605,000 and an increase of $6,974,000 respectively to obligations. The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1931 is ^5,001,000, a decrease of $37,392,000 over the 1950 level; in 1982 it is estimated that $6,789,000 of carryover funds will be obligated, an increase of $1,788,000 from the 1981 level. A change in the rate of obligations is expected in 1981, which will create an increase of $9,192,000; in 1982 a decrease of $2,449,000 is expected. . A-9 ------- AIR Program Levels Number of pollutants covered by hazardous pollutants standards...... Number of automobile engine families awarded certificates for con- formity with emission standards Number of source categories covered by New Source Performance Standards Number of emission tests carried out for motor vehicles certification purposes. Number of fuel economy tests carried out.. . Identified Class A source in -J.S..., As sembl y 1 i ne test i ng test orders Combined fuels/vapor recovery inspections..... Recall investigations..... Number of civil/criminal actions initiated by EPA. Number of administrative orders initiated by EPA, Number of continuous emissions related enforcement actions.. Number of sources that have regular continuous emissions monitoring data validations. Actual 1980 250 34 Budget Current , Increase + Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981 . 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) 250 53 250 40 250 61 +21 660 1,785 23,000 38 22,337 51 131 155 950 1,800 29,000 33 25,000 19 210 220 700 1,850 28,000 35 25,000 40 163 204 700 1,850 29,000 35 25,000 40 180 207 +1,000 500 500 500 10 1,000 +17 +3 +10 +500 A-10 ------- Abatement and Control SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- AIR Air Quality and Stationary .Source Planning and Standards Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Appropriation Emission Standards and Technology Assessment: Salaries and Expenses.. $4,120 $3,504 Abatement, Control and Compliance........ 24,856 16,948 Energy and Pol 1utant St r ateg i es Developine nt: Salaries and Expenses.. 1,886 1,956 Abatement, Control and Compliance........ 1,484 1,559 State Program Guidelines and Regulations Development: Salaries and Expenses.. 3*257 3,238 Abatement, Control and Compliance I,6j69 _ 1,711 Total: Salaries and Expenses.. 9,263 8,698 Abatement, Control and Compliance ?8,009 20.218 Grand Total 37,272, 28,916 Permanent^Positignj Emts¥ion Standards and Technology Assessment: 110 107 Energy and Pol 1 utant Strategies Development: 44 44 State Program Guidelines and Regulations Development , 88 93 Total.... 242 244 Ful 1 -time Equivalency Emission Standards and Technology Assessment: 120 115 Energy and Pollutant Strategies Development: 55 50 State Program Guidelines and Regulations Development 102 101 Total 277 266 Tdol1ars Inthousands] $3,905 $4,429 16,075 16,437 1,900 2,045 1,709 1,527 3,561 3,823 1,549 1.305 9,366 19.333 28,699 106 44 92 242 114 50 100 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$524 +362 +145 -182 +262 -244 10,297 19.269 29,566 114 44 93 251 122 50 101 +931 -64 +867 +8 +9 +8 + 264 273 +9 A-ll ------- Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $29,566,400 and 251 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $867,900 and 9 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $10,297,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $19,269,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $931,600 and a decrease of $63,700 respectively. This increase'primarily reflects work to develop regulations to control toxic pollutants and/or acid rain precursors. Program Description This subactivity includes the setting of emission standards for stationary sources, which involves pollution control technology and cost assessments and other industry analyses which support the standard setting function. Also included are the review and revision, if necessary, of ambient air quality standards; pollutant assessments; the development of pol- lutant control strategies, analytical tools and guidelines; the translation of control strategies into regulatory actions; and the assessment of the energy implications of regulatory actions. Emissions Standards a/id Technology Assessments — National emission standards for stationary sources are set under Section J11 and 112 of the Clean Air Act. Section 111 mandates the Environmental Protection Agency to establish New Source Performance Standards, Section 112 authorizes National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) reflect the performance of the best demonstrated systems of emission reduction, considering cost and energy impact for specific processes or facilities in a source category. The analysis supporting the NSPS considers technical feasi- bility; cost; and economic, energy and environmental impacts. The NSPS setting process results in providing useful data to State agencies in defining best available control technology, lowest achievable emission rates, and reasonably available control technology. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) have been set for asbestos, beryllium, mercury, and vinyl chloride. Benzene and arsenic have been listed as hazardous air pollutants and several NESHAP proposals are under review. Energy and Pollutant Strategies Development -- The major activities of this program element are: (!) Review and revision as appropriate of all existing National Ambient Air Quality Standards as mandated by the Clean Air Act, (2) Identification and assessments of the potential air pollutants, including the listing of additional chemicals as hazardous air pollutants under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, and (3) Analytic support to Agency re- gulatory efforts to set emission standards for pollutants regulated under Sections 111(d) and 112. State Programs Guidelines and Regulations Development — The objectives of this program element are the development of guidelines and regulations that set forth requirements for air pollution control programs implemented by the States under the Clean Air Act (principally State Implementation Plans); development of technical guidance for modelling, emission in- ventory development and air quality standard attainment demonstrations, and maintaining an overview of the development and implementation of air pollution control programs to assure national consistency at the regional, State, and local levels. The State Implementation Plans (SIPs) provide for the attainment and maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, establish programs for prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality in clean areas, and will provide protection of visibility in national parks and wilderness areas. EMISSION STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 1980 Accompli shment s The 1980 resources included $24,855,400 in contract support. These contract resources were used to'tontinue work related to setting standards for the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry and other studies required for setting NSPS and NESHAPs. A total of $1,900,000 was transferred to EPA'S Office of Research and Development for support in standards setting. Work continued on setting performance-standards for all listed source categories. An NSPS was promulgated for the hydrocarbon storage tank revision. NSPS proposals were published for organic solvent degreaslng, auto surface coating, ammonium sulfate, and lead battery manufacturing. Three reviews of existing standards were completed. A nine-volume technical report on the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing "industry (SOCMI) was drafted in 1980, including 39 product reports covering 80 percent of SOCMI process emissions. Control techniques documents for sulfur oxides, particulate matter, and best available retrofit technology (BART) were drafted in in T980, A NESHAP was proposed for one of four benzene categories: maleic anhydride. Work was in progress on 10 NESHAP categories. A-12 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency allocated a total of $19,979,100 and 106 permanent workyears to this program, of which $3,904,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and $16,074,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation. These contract resources are being used for engineering studies and other analyses needed to set NSPS, NESHAP, and to Issue information on reasonably available control technology for review of State implementa- tion plans (SIP). Effort has been reduced on completion of the NSPS schedule mandated by the Clean Air Act in order to complete approximately 10 control technique guidelines for use in developing the revised 1982 oxidant SIPs. Twenty-one NSPS projects will be proposed and six will be promulgated in 1981. The NESHAP projects continued from 1980 will result in five proposals and one promulgation. Five existing standards will be reviewed. Technical support for SIP, best available control technology, lowest achievable emissions rate determinations, and for the review of construction permit applications for synthetic fuels will be provided. An analysis of the benefits and impacts of air pollution and associated emission control standards will be continued. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $472,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $20,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $600,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $208,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Offsetting transfers of $224,700 were made between this activity and air-Energy and Pollutant Strategies Development ($150,500); and air-Training ($74,200); in the Salaries and Expenses, and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. , - A transfer of $50,100 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - A transfer of $900 ./as made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noneompllance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. . 1982Plan The Agency requests a total of $20,866,900 and 114 permanent workyears for this program, of which $4,429,500 is for the Salaries and1 Expenses appropriation and 516,437,400 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an increase of $524,700 and 5363,100 respectively, which will be used to begin to develop regulations as an adjunct to the Agency's program to control toxic pollutants. Efforts will continue on the Clean Air Act mandated NSPS projects. Twenty-three proposals and 21 promulgations are planned. Three reviews of existing standards will be completed. One NESHAP is expected to be proposed and five promulgated. The Initial analysis of the benefits and impacts of selected NSPS will be completed. ENERGY AND POLLUTANT STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT 1980 Accompli shments The 1980 resources included $1,484,300 for contract support for evaluation of national. ambient air quality standards, analysis of the environmental, economic and regulatory impacts of the possible standards revisions, and the development of an improved risk assessment methodology. A-13 ------- The national ambient air quality standard for carbon monoxide has been reviewed and a revised standard was proposed. Work is underway to review and revise as necessary the nitro- gen oxide, participate and sulfur dioxide standards. Work continued on development of a health risk'assessment analysis methodolgy applicable to the standard setting process. Visi- bility and odor reports were completed for Congress. Pollutant assessment was completed for arsenic and listing as a hazardous air pollutant was made. Assessments were underway for coke oven emissions, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, methyl chloroform, methy- lene chloride, toluene, cadmium, ethylene diehloride, nickel, vinylidene chloride, and form- aldehyde. Work on energy impact analysis for industrial boilers was continued and the energy and environmental related data base for fossil fuel fired power plants was maintained. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,609,400 and 44 permanent workyears to this program, of which $1,900,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,709,100 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The program continues to emphasize review and revision of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NA^S) and the assessment of hazardous pollutants in 1981. Review and revision, if necessary, of the NAAQS for nitrogen dioxide will occur. The revised carbon monoxice stan- dard will be promulgated and the hydrocarbon standard rescinded. Technical, health, energy and economic issues raised through litigation and public inquiry will be addressed regarding all revised NAAQS. Listing decisions will be made for eight pollutants. Population exposure estimates for a group of 43 chemicals begun in 1979, assignment of public health priority, and ranking in order of risks to public health will be completed. Preliminary screening for public health risk will be made of a number of chemicals to determine which require further detailed exposure and cancer assessment. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $94,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,700, - Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by 5850,000; a decrease of $2,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $108,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is include- in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Offsetting transfers of $150,500 were made between this activity and air-Emission Stan- dards and Technology Assessment in the Salaries and Expenses, and Abatement, Control and Com- pliance appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,571,700 and 44 permanent workyears for this program, of which $2,044,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,527,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an increase of $144,400 and a de- crease of $182,100 respectively, and reflects reprogramming to meet increased payroll costs. Review of national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide will be completed and revised standards, if indicated, will be proposed. Promulgation of a reaffirmed or revised nitrogen dioxide standard will be published. Listing decisions will be made for three potentially hazardous air pollutants. Evaluations will be made of several alternative approaches to NAAQS risk assessment to determine their feasibility for integrating risk assessment into the decision making framework for NAAOS. Air quality problems resulting from municipal and hazardous waste incineration will be defined and information will be pro- vided to regional offices and States to enhance their ability to deal with toxic chemicals and airborne carcinogen problems. STATE PROGRAMS GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONSDEVELOPMENT 1980 Accomplishments The 1980 resources included $1,700,000 in contract support for the main areas of program emphasis: nonattairment SIPs; and New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration. Follow-up action on the conditional approvals, schedules and commitments in the 1979 nonat- tainment SIPs remained a major activity in 1980. Management of the new source review/ pre- vention of significant deterioration program continued with major effort devoted to revising the regulations in response to court decisions. A BACT/ LAER Clearinghouse was maintained. ------- Efforts were made to encourage additional States to assume the PSD permitting program. Policy papers or regulations were developed on a variety of Issues including new source review, in- terstate equity, stack heights, definition of ambient air, sulfur variability in coal, etc. Policy and technical guidance was issued in preparation for submittal by the States of 1982 03/CO SIPs, and for control of unconventional sources of particulate matter. Major technical and management support was provided to the N.E. Corridor 0* Study. Visibility assessment techniques were developed to support the proposed regulation. Reviews of 15 non-reference models were completed and proposed revisions to the modeling guideline were prepared. Direct technical modeling guidance was provided to regional offices and States. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,110,000 and 92 permanent workyears, of which $3,560,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,549,300 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. Contracts continue to support the work required for technical guidance in the submittal of SIPs for nonattainment areas, with particular emphasis on assisting States deve- loping adequate data bases for their 1982 Oa/CO submittals and for New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration analysis. Follow-up on conditional approvals of 1979 non-attain- ment SIPs and implementation of SIP schedules and commitments will continue in 1981. Submit- tals of schedules for the implementation of transportation control measures are expected. Areas granted 18-month extensions for submittal of plans to meet secondary total suspended particulates (TSP) standards will be submitting plans in early 1981 and these will require review and approval action. Review and approval action on lead SIP submittals will be under- taken. Regulations implementing the revised NAAQS for nitrogen dioxide will be proposed. Continued regulatory efforts will result in promulgation of regulations for stack heights, visibility and regional consistency, and proposal of continuous emission monitoring regulations. The program of policy and technical guidance for States and Regional Offices in preparation of the 1982 ozone/CO SIPs will continue. The Northeast Corridor modeling effort will be given technical direction and data analysis initiated under contract. A program to manage and ensure national consistency in New Source Review will be conducted. Policy and technical guidance for regulatory reform efforts such as banking and the "bubble" will be provided. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $160,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $19,500. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a. decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $190,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Offsetting transfers of $161,700 were made between this activity and A1r Quality and Enission Data Analysis Progress Assessment In the Salaries and Expenses and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations, 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $5,127,800 and 93 permanent workyears for this program, of which $3,823,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,304,600 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an increase of $262,500 and a de- crease of $244,700 respectively, and reflects reprogramming to meet increased payroll costs. The emphasis in 1982 will be to continue national management and evaluation of all major SIP programs which were initiated in previous years. Policy and technical guidance will be provided for Os/CO SIP development and for implementation of new/fevised ambient standards. Development of new models and emission factors for particulates, maintenance of the BACT/LAER clearinghouse, review of State implementation of New Source Review programs, the provision of modeling guidance on power plant emissions, and assistance to States in implementing regul- ations dealing with visibility and continuous compliance will continue. Efforts will also continue to assist the States in implementing EPA regulatory reform Initiatives. A-15 ------- Air Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines Actual 1930 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Toollars In thousands) Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Appropriation Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines: Salaries and Expenses... 4,454 4,325 4,178 4,406 228 Abatement, Control and Compliance.. 2,298 2,059 3,457 2,004 -1,453 Mobile Source !n-'Jse Emissij.i Assessment: Salaries and Expenses... 1<»4 176 227 272 +45 Abatement, Control and Compliance* 1,769 2,369 ' 1,260 1,444 +184 Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Standards and Guidelines: Salaries and Expenses... 2,580 2,319 2,600 3,794 +1,194 Abatement, Control and Compliance......... 113 150___._ JO ,.. __ -30 Total; Salaries and Expenses 7,228 6,820 7,005 8,472 +1,467 Abatement and Control and Compliance..., 4,180 4,578 4,747 3,448 -1,292 Grand Total 11,408 11,398 11,752 11,920 +163 Permanent Positions Mobile Source Standards and Guidelines 108 108 112 113 +1 Mobile Source In-Use Emission Assessment 6 6 7 -7 ... Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Standards and Guide! i,-,^5 46 38 . 27 32 +5 Total 160 152 146 152 +6 Full-time Equivalency Mobile Source Standards and Suildelines 149 135 131 132 +1 Mobile Source In-Use Emission Assessment 6 8 8 8 Emission Testing, Analysis and Oata Support for Standards +14 and Guideline... . u 50 47 36 50 _ Total 214 190 175 190 +15 A-16 ------- Budget Request The Agency request a total of $11,919,900 and 152 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of 5167,700 and 6 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $3,472,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $3,447,900 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $1,467,100 and a decrease of $1,299,400 respectively. This primarily reflects shifts to pay increased payroll expenses, equipment and supplies purchases, and ADP contracts. Program Description This subactivity involves the development of emission standards for mobile sources of air pollution — passenger motor vehicles, heavy duty and light duty trucks, mo tor- cycles, and aircraft — and associated technical activities, such as testing, technology assessments, and emissions characterization. It also involves the development of technical procedures and guidelines applicable to the control of emissions for new and in-use vehicles. The development of standards for mobile sources involves characterization of'emissions and control technology analyses. An essential part of this process is the continuous assessment of new or improved technologies and their associated potential for change in the nature of air pollutant emissions and other related performance factors, such as fuel economy. It also requires tests, monitoring mechanisms, or other strategies to ensure compliance with the standards. This subactivity includes the technical work underlying EPA efforts to assure the compliance of both new vehicles (e.g., certifi- cation) and in-use vehicles (e.g., inspection and maintenance). Included in this effort are activities aimed at determining mobile source in-use emissions performance which provides information on the average emissions that are to be expected from the in-use vehicle population. The, data obtained are used to calculate the emission reductions required for attainment and maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Since testing began in 1973, the results have consistently indicated that between one-half and three-quarters of tested in-use vehicles fail to meet standards. Much of this failure appears to be attributable to in-use maladjustments or disablements of vehicle engines or emission control systems. As emission standards are imposed on additional classes of motor vehicles and the stringency of these standards increases, reassessments of the control technology used by the manufacturers are made to determine energy implications and potential emissions of nonregulated pollutants. For example, emissions of currently unregulated pollutants for diesel-powered and catalyst-controlled vehicles are being assessed to determine if additional regulatory action is necessary to prevent the emission of potentially car- cinogenic or toxic substances. In addition, technical assessments of the motor vehicle fuel economy program ara made including possible revisions of fuel economy test procedures and the need for information about additional classes of vehicles. MOBILE SOURCE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 1980 Accompli shments , : The 1980 resources included $2,298,500 for contracts. These contracts supported standard setting activities, emissions characterization, technology assessments,5nd inspection and maintenance (I/M) program establishment. Operations in the regulatory area focused on the establishments of 'emissions stand- ards for heavy duty vehicles that are equivalent in stringency to those for passenger cars, as well as the development of appropriate standards for diesel vehicles and vehicles operated at high altitude. The standards to «eet the 90 percent reduction requirement for hydrocarbons HC and carbon monoxide (CO) were promulgated, and the evaporative HC emission standard/test procedure was proposed. Work was completed on standards for A-17 ------- participate emission of light duty vehicles, while a heavy duty participate standard will be proposed in early 1981. Other regulations promulgated during 1980 include exhaust standards for light duty trucks; a set of short I/M tests designed as part of the imple- mentation of the Clean Air Act's warranty provisions; and rules aimed at reducing emis- sions from vehicles at high altitude. Substantial technical assistance was provided to States and localities which are in the process of establishing I/M programs. Legal authority was attained in several key States {27 of 29 required States now have authorizing legislation) and final SIP approval action was taken for 19 States. The 10 remaining plans are expected to receive final approval in 1981. Individual studies and analyses which further describe \he benefits to be obtained from I/M were completed in conjunction with the Portland, Oregon vehicle testing program. Technological development in the automotive emissions field were analyzed and major improvements in EPA's national fuel economy program were designed and are being implemented. In the area of hazardous pollutant control, Implementation of Section 202(a)(4) continued. 1981 Program In 1981 j the Agency allocated a total of $7,635,700 and 112 permanent workyears to*"~ this program, of which S4,178,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,457,300 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Regulatory actions include final standards for heavy duty vehicles. Emission standards will be proposed for heavy duty diesel particulates, nitrogen oxide (NQx) gaseous emissions, and HC evaporative emissions. In addition, final action will occur on light duty vehicle and truck high altitude emissions. New regulatory action will be initiated in the areas of allowable maintenance, fuel and fuels additives, and diesel organics control. Reports on railroad emissions and light duty vehicle technology will be prepared for Congress. In the I/M area, public awareness activities will become increasingly important, especially with increased voluntary testing_prior to mandatory inspection in many States. Public awareness guidelines for implementing agencies and broad range support activities, such as quality assurance for decentralized programs, will be provided as well as specific public information materials. New initiatives designed to improve the national fuel economy program will include voluntary labeling and information disclosure on tires, a pilot fuel economy check-up program which could be implemented in States' I/M program, and voluntary labeling of fuel efficient oils. A 19fll fuel economy report to Congress is also planned. In the area of hazardous pollutant control, studies of nitrosamines and bioactive paniculate emissions control will be initiated. Ongoing activities include Section 202(a)(4) implementation. Additional reports will be prepared on critical materials for catalysts, synthetic fuel characterization, evaporative emissions at high temperature, and an analysis of emissions under non-FTP conditions, 1981 Explanati on of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $1,252,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses.; the reduction applied to this activity is $24,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of 58,000 was applied to this activity. A-18 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $119,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $554,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $218,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $2,000 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide addi- tional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 10? of the Clean Air Act. - A transfer of $26,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - Reprogrammings to support increased need for contract funds in the area of in- spection/maintenance* characterization, and technology assessment result in transfers of $1,953,000 from Mobile Sources In-Use Emission Assessment ($1,109,000); from Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Standards and Guidelines ($120,000); from Mobile Source ^reproduction Compliance Verification ($652,000); from Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Preproduction Compliance Verification (548,000); and from Stationary Source Enforcement ($24,000). - Reprogrammings to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP and other in-house contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies, resulted in a transfer of $183,400 to Mobile Sources In-Use Emission Assessment (-$45,000); Emission Testing Analysis and Data Support for Preproduction Compliance Verification (-$30,900); and Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Standards and Guidelines (-$107,500). 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $6,409,600 and 113 permanent workyears for this program, of which $4,405,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,004,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an in- crease of $227,400 and a decrease of .$1,453,300 respectively, and reflects reprogramming of resources to emissions testing, analysis and data support, as well as to meet increased payroll costs. Work will proceed to complete and implement the standards for heavy duty HC, CO, NOx, and particulate emissions. Issues related to evaporative emissions standards for heavy duty vehicles will be addressed, and pollutant specific studies for changing the HC and CO standards will be prepared. Additional work will be done on the control of diesel particulates and organic emissions. Setting of emission standards for high altitude vehicles will proceed, together with an assessment of the need for high altitude emission standards for heavy duty engines. Fuels and fuel additives control regulations will be proposed. Recommendations for waivers of the NOx'standards for model years 1983 and 1984 for light duty diesel vehicles will be made. The NOx emission standard for aircraft for 19S3 will be reevaluated in light of the increased fuel consumption requirements. Support will be provided to all States implementing I/M programs. Improvements in I/M effectiveness will be investigated (e.g., identification of misfueled vehicles, mechanics" training effectiveness), and assessments will be made of the effectiveness of decentralized I/M programs. Diesel emissions carcinogenicity will be assessed, as well as technology aimed at controlling diesel exhaust. Emissions from the use of synfuels and evaporative emissions of HC at higher, non-FTP temperatures will be determined. The assessment A-19 ------- of technology available to meet the light duty vehicles emission standards will provide extensive information on the impact of new technology on unregulated emissions, and will provide an overall air quality impact assessment for regulated pollutants. Technology assessment projects will be conducted for such topics as: electronics sensors for emis- sion control malfunctions, the effect of tampering on electronic emission control systems, and technical solutions to vehicle misfueling problems. . Assessments will be performed on fuel economy trends and the impact of emission controls on fuel economy, and improvement to the representativeness of for EPA fuel economy data will be aimed at enhancing the national fuel economy program. Factors that affect in-use fuel economy will be assessed in depth (e.g., Impacts of various acceleration regimes, variations in octane of gasolines). MOBILE SOURCE IN-USE EMISSION ASSESSMENT • 1930 Accomplishments 1980 resources included $1,768,900 for contracts for testing of in-use vehicle populations in order to provide updated emission factors. This work is a continu- ation of work initiated in 1973 to determine in-use vehicles emissions under various conditions, and to provide appropriate analyses to assess program effectiveness and the need for both State and national control programs. Data were also collected to prepare the AP-42 emissions factors update. Testing of in-use light duty diesels and new technology vehicles will continue in 1981. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,486,600 and 7 permanent workyears to this program, of which $225,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,260,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Testing of in-use vehicles in order to determine their extent of compliance with standards, as well as to assess reasons for any exceedances will continue. A study to assess emission factors methodology will continue through 1982 and new restora- tive maintenance testing will take place in 1981. The development of in-use emission factors for use by States for their Implementation plans is an ongoing activity of this program, 1981 Explanajtijn^gf Changes from Budget Est 1 mate The net decrease of $1,058,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted 1n a decrease of S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $7,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $14,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and 1s included in a proposal supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammi ng to support increased need for contract funds 1n the areas of inspec- tion/maintenance, characterization and technology assessment, resulted in a transfer of $1,109,000 to Mobile Sources Standards and Guidelines. - Reprogramming to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP and other in-house contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies resulted in a transer of $45,000 from Mobile Sources Standards and Guidelines ($45,000). A-20 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,716,400 and 7 permanent workyears for this pro- gram of which 5272,500 is for the Salaries and-Expenses Appropriation and 51,443,900 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $45,900 and $183,900 respectively, which reflects increased emission factors testing. Emission factors for use by States in SIP development will be provided. In-use light duty vehicles will be tested to determine their actual anissions performance to determine causes for failure to meet emission standards. During 1982, the results of a study aimed at improving the sampling methodology of this testing program will be implemented in order to enhance the statistical credibility of the test results. EMISSIONS TESTING.ANALYSIS AND DATA SUPPORT FOR STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 1980 Accompli shments 1980 resources included $112,600 in contracts for data processing and testing support. Activities included baseline testing for a NOX standard for heavy duty engines, support for test procedure improvements aimed at assuring the validity of the FTP, and efforts to characterize emissions of new technology vehicles. Statistical and analytic support to I/M evaluation and for the AP-42 update was provided. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated to total of $2,629,900 and 27 permanent workyears to this program, of which $2,59^,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $30,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation. Data processing and testing support will continue to be provided to the other program activities which require this assistance and efforts tO-enhance the capability of the laboratory to cope with new technology vehicles will be carried out. 1981 ExplanationofChanges from Budget Estimate The net increase of 5160,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1 ------- - Reprogrammings to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP and other in- house contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies resulted in a transfer of $359,700 from Mobile Sources Standards and Guidelines ($107,500); and from Mobile Sources "reproduct ion Compliance Verification ($252,200). 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,793,900 and 32 permanent workyears for this program, of which $3,793,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,194,000 and 5 permanent workyears and a decrease of $30,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This increase reflects funding of projects deferred from 1981 as well as new purchases for in- house contracts, equipment and supplies for heavy-duty testing, and AOP contracts. This program element consists of essential support activities for other program activities in the form of data analysis and laboratory testing. This includes pro- vision of testing and data analysis activity in support of State I/M program imple- mentation, and supervision of the study to improve the statistical methodology of the emission factors program. A-22 ------- AIR State Programs Resource Assistance Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate -Estimate Decrease - _T9jKL 1981 1981 J982 1982 vs. 1981 " (doll a rs inthous and?) ~ Appropriations Control Agency Resource Supplementation: Abatement, Control and Compliance $82,758 $87,673 $87,673 $87,735 + $62 Training: Salaries and Expenses.... 409 419 301 382 + 81 Abatement, Control and Compliance.. ,. 1,022 fifil 1,068 661 -407 Grants for Planning Control of Carbon Monoxide and Photochemical Oxidants in Nonattainment Areas: Abatement, Control and Compliance 38,089 ... ... ... ... Northeast Corridor Regional Project: Abatement, Control and Compliance 1,500 ._._. ... ^ ... ... Total: Salaries and Expenses... 409 419 ' 301 382 +81 Abatement, Control and Compliance • 123.370 88.334 88.741 88,396 -341 Grand Total.. 123,779 88,753 89,042 88,778 -264 Permanent Positions Control AgencyResource Supplementation ... ... ... ... ... Training... , 7 6 6 6 ._._._ Total , 76 6 6 ... Ful1-time Equivalency Control Agency Resource Supplementation, 22 i ; 65 65 65 Trai ni ng •. 7 8 8 8 ... Total 39 73 73 73 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $88,777,700 and 6 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of 5264,800 from 1981. Included in this total is $381,800 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $88,395,9^0 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, with an increase of $80,700 and a decrease of $345,500 respectively. The decrease requested for Abatement, Control and Compliance reflects increased Regional assumption of Draining activities, and the increase is for payroll costs. A-23 ------- Program Description . . "' . This subactivity provides financial support to State and local air pollu- tion control agencies, including Indian tribes, for the prevention, abatement, and control of air pollution, including the provision of contractual assistance to States in lieu of direct grants. Its prime objective is to develop and maintain effective State and local programs for the attainment and maintenance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, the prevention of significant deterioration, and the protection of visibility. ; Grants to control agencies having a major role In developing and carrying out these SIP and other requirements, constitute the major form of EPA resource assistance. Grants assistance is supplemented by the assignment of personnel, training of State/local air pollution personnel, and the provision of services of contractors for specific tasks identified by the States and localities, as required for carrying out or revising the State Implementation Plan. Grant assistance supports numerous State and local control efforts, including enforce- ment of emission regulations, development of emission inventories, application of dispersion modeling techniques, air quality monitoring, control strategy/ regulation development and development of programs for implementation of required transporation control measures and autombile inspection/maintenance (I/M). Emphasis is being given to Improving State/local air quality monitoring, adoption by States of additional regulations for control of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), implementation of new source review programs, particularly for the prevention of significant deterioration, increased inspections of major sources, and expedited enforcement actions. These activities are covered 1n the following program elements. Control Agency ResourceSupplementation Under the Clean Air Act, the control of5 air poVVutiohTlftits; Sourceis primarily the responsibility of the States. States, 1n cooperation with local agencies, are responsible for developing and implementing plans to attain and maintain ambient air quality standards. EPA partially funds the operating costs of these State and local agency programs. Training Resource assistance is further supplemented by the provision of training in specialized areas of air pollution control. Since July 1, 1976, the EPA Air Pollution Training Institute at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, has been operated under contract. New courses are developed as needed, instruction manuals and jnaterials are revised and updated, laboratory courses at Research Triangle Park are conducted, and manuals and instructional materials are provided to university field centers. A small EPA staff monitors the contract, maintains liaison with Regional Offices and State and local agencies, assesses changing training requirements, and ensures that those requirements are met. The EPA staff also works with regional university centers to develop State and local self-sufficiency in training by offering courses at field locations. CONTROL AGENCY RESQURCESUPPLEMENTATION 1980 Accomplishments The 193.0 resources included 582,758,700 in extramural funds. In 1980, major air management efforts included: completion of submittals of 1979 State Implemen- tation Plans (SIPs) for the attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and follow up actions to meet conditions specified in EPA approvals; development of programs for automotive Inspection/maintenance (I/M), transportation control, and the regulation of sources emitting volatile organic compounds (VOC). State/local monitoring programs continued efforts t9 establish the National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) Network, including necessary quality assurance programs, and to prepare a comprehensive data base for the 1982 ozone .(03) SIP within the larger urban nonattainment areas. Enforcement activities focused on major stationary source compl iance. ' ; A-24 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, The Agency allocated $87,673,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation. SIP implementation with emphasis on programs for inspection/maintenance, transportation controls, and the control of"additional sources of volatile organics will continue. Enforcement activities will focus on major source compliance, including assessments of noncompliance penalties. States will develop and implement programs for the review and permitting of new sources for the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) and the regulation of automotive tampering and fuel switching. State/local efforts will focus on the completion of NAMS by the January 1981 deadline and the completion of a data base in preparation for the 1982 03 SIP submittal for all areas granted attainment date extensions beyond 1982. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate There is no change from the budget estimate. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $87,734,900 for this program, an increase of $61,900 from 1981. Essential management and administrative functions will be maintained, including submittal of 1982 ozone/CQ SIPs, enactment of required additional VOC controls, enforcement where delegated of national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) and new source performance standards (NSPS), and maintenance of current ambient monitoring efforts. Development and implement a ion of in-use vehicle control programs, including inspection/maintenance (I/M), trans- portation controls, and anti-tampering/fuel switching will proceed. State implemen- tation of the program for prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) for total suspended particulates (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SO?) will continue. Incorporation of regulatory reforms (e.g., "bubble" and "banking ) while insuring compatibility with progress toward ambient air quality standard attainment will receive increased attention, including efforts to institutionalize these reforms into current State regulation development efforts. In addition, some States will begin to develop programs to deal with air toxics, including problems involving incineration and emissions from Industrial complexes in densely populated urban areas. Special efforts will be made to optimize current programs for the regulation and control of VOC for limiting toxic and potentially toxic air emissions. A limited number of States will also begin to develop and implement pilot/demonstration programs to assess non-compliance penalties. TRAINING . 1980 Acpmpl 1 shment s The 1980 resources included $1,022,500 in extramural funds. Eighty-one direct training courses were conducted and eight courses were developed or revised. Graduate level traineeships were provided for 36 control agency employees and employees doing graduate work at the Environmental Mangement Institute at the University of Southern California. Under EPA grants to Colorado State University, mechanic training related to motor vehicle inspection/maintenance programs was was conducted. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,369,500 and 6 permanent work years, of which $301,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,068,400 is for extra- mural purposes 1n the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Seventy four training courses will be conducted in 20 subject areas for about 1,900 trainees. Three hundred and forty trainees will complete self instructional courses, three new courses will be developed and five courses will be revised. Approximately 25 control agency employees will be supported by graduate traineeships. A-25 ------- 1981 Exp.l ana.t 1 on of Changes from Budget E st i mate The net increase of $289,700 results from several actions, as f ol 1 ows: . - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,000. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress increased the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation by $278,900 to support academic training. - An increase of $13,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-bbard needs result in a transfer of $128,500 to Emission Standards and Technology Assessment ($74,200); and to State Program Guidelines and Regulations Development ($54,300). - Reprogramming of $74,200 from Emission Standards and Technology Assessments; and $54,300 from State Program Guidelines and Regul at1 ons Development, to realign contract funds. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of SI ,042,800 and 6 permanent workyears for this program, of which $381,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $661,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation. This 1s an increase of 580,700 and a decrease of $407,400 respectively from 1981. Increased payroll costs and regional assumption of some control agency employee training are reflected in these shifts. The development and conduct of training on basic aspects of air pollution control will continue in 1982. Twenty-eight training courses will be conducted for 980 trainees and graduate traineeships to 20 control agency employees will continue. A-26 ------- AIR Air Quality Strategies Implementation Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 (do!1ars in thousands; Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Apprgpriation Ai r QuaVity Management Implementation: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compliance... Total. Permanent Positions. Full-time Equivalency.... $9,644 197 9,841 318 356 58,655 221 8,876 288 313 $9,070 311 9,381 285 309 $10,462 2,243 12,705 311 338 +$1 ,392 +1,932 +3,324 +26 +29 BudgetRequest The Agency requests a total of $12,705,200 and 311 permanent workyears, an increase of $3,324,100 and 26 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $10,462,300 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,242,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of 31,392,400 and 51,931,700 respectively. These increases reflect increased involvement by the Regional Offices in EPA/State efforts to accelerate efforts to establish control over toxic air pollutants and assume effective implementation of regulatory reform initiatives such as the "bubble" and banking. Program Description This subactivity includes the provision by the regional offices of policy direction and guidance to States in the development and implementation of strategies for the attainment and maintenance of National Antr'ent Air Quality Standards and the conduct of other control activities required to meet the goals of the Clean Air Act. This involves the review of State developed strategies for consistency with the requirements of the. Clean Air Act and EPA regulations, and tracking the schedules set forth in these strategies, including assessments of State progress toward attaining standards by the statutory deadlines. It also includes the development by EPA of strategies for specific geographical areas where States do not prepare adequate plans for attaining and maintaining standards; the in- corporation of these control strategies into appropriate Federal regulatory action; and the interaction with State and local governments ire implementing these strategies. Other major activities include the audit of State and local control agencies for adherence to Federal requirements and guidelines; consultation with State and local control agencies on specific air pollution control problems; review of the impact of new sources of air pollution; and the management of State and local agency grant resources and their allocation. Air Quality Management Implementation - The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 specify stringent criteria for preparing State Implementation Plans (SIP) and substantially increase the number of plans required. Therefore, major efforts are required for the review and approval of the SIPs and for the promulgation of plans where State plans are inadequate. A-27 ------- Major efforts are also necessary to provide guidance to States in meeting the commitments made in SIP submissions which are essential to the attainment of standards, including esta- blishment of mandatory automotive inspection/ maintenance programs, adoption of.transportation control measures, evaluation of urban fugitive dust and additional stationary source controls. Major EPA regional office activity is also required to guide States in developing the necessary data base and strategy demonstrations which are required for the 1982 SIP submission for ozone and carbon monoxide, where an extension of time for attainment under the Act has been granted. This includes extensive interaction with local elected officials, metropolitan planning organizations, State transportation departments, and the State air pollution control agencies, and requires major EPA regional office coordination efforts. EPA regions must par- ticipate actively with the States in the local planning processes to assure that air quality considerations are taken into account in a meaningful way and that the local plans, parti- cularly the transportation elements, are Integrated into the SIP as enforceable measures in a timeframe consistent with the requirements of the Act. These activities are expected to extend through 1982. Similar activities will have to be carried out to develop and review SIPs for lead and for other revisions to standards as required by the Act. The 1977 Amendments also impose major new requirements on the process for reviewing new sources of pollution to assure that they will not cause deterioration of air quality in areas attaining the National Ambient Qua! ity Standards (NAAQS), or that will not delay attainment or aggravate current problems in areas not yet attaining the NAAQS. The determination of best available emission control technology, analysis of air quality impact, selective source siting, and emission trade-off analyses are all integral to this review process and will require EPA regional office resources. AIR ....QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION 1980Accomplishments The 1980 resources included $197,500 in contract funds for the salaries of NOAA meteo- rologists who provide modeling support to EPA through assistance with computer programs, meteorological assessments and reviews of SIP models. The major efforts undertaken included the tracking, overview, and guidance of State efforts to complete development and begin im- plementation of the various schedules contained in the 1979 SIP. This included securing en- abling legislation for mandatory I/M programs; enacting regulations for control of additional major source categories of volatile organic emissions; developing procedures and making com- mitments to establish I/M programs; analyzing transportation control measures potential; af?d analyzing and developing measures for control of urban fugitive dust. Also included was the annual review of State progress in meeting the reasonable further progress (RFP) requirement of the 19_77 Amendments to the Clean Air Act. The meeting of these requirements is essential to" assure attainment" of air quality"standards. In 1980, the EPA regional offices also provided guidance and review of state lead SIP submissions, and the development of the required 1982 SIPs in nonattainment areas for ozone and carbon monoxide, where EPA has approved a time extension for attainment of standards. This effort focuses upon the development of new emission inventories and other data bases and requires a more sophisticated demonstration of air quality standard attainment. Other activities included the overview of State new source review programs, including the audit of selected State reviews to insure consistency with the requirements of the Clean Air Act and EPA regulations. EPA regions are actively assisting States in developing programs for the prevention of significant deterioration where such programs were not established in 1979. T981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a toal of $9,381,100 and 285 permanent workyears to this program, of which $9,069,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $311,200 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. E^A regional offices will maintain the 1980 emphasis on follow-up and implementation of the 1979 nonattainment SIPs, development of the 1982 ozone/CO SIPs, and State assumption of responsi- bility for New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration. Regional offices will follow up on SIP commitments and schedules for I/M, TCM, and fugitive dust programs. States A-28 ------- requiring additional controls on emissions of volatile organics (VOC) will be assisted in developing consistent regulations. States will be assisted in reviewing applications for use of. the "bubble", a method of assessing emission limitations that covers the emissions from the entire facility. Regions will continue to assist States in completing the 1982 ozone'and CO SJPs. In 1981, many I/M programs will be completing the pilot or demonstration phases, and decisions will be made on full-scale implementation. Transportation control ineasures will be selected and programs for implementation will be presented to the public and appropriate agencies for support and implementation. EPA involvement and leadership is critical in these areas. The management of NSR is especially important in 1981, as many States will just have assumed responsibility for the program. State/local actions which may adversely impact on ambient air quality standards under Sections 109(j) of the Federal Highway Act and 176(c) of the Clean Air Act will be reviewed for consistency with SIPs. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $505,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses; The reduction applied to this activity is $55,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $6,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by J3.8 million; a decrease of $6,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $22,400 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $577,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of 354,500 to Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (-$9,400); from regional management ($24,200); to Stationary Source Enforcement (-594,300); from Water Quality Permit Issuance ($5,800); from Water Quality Enforcement ($12,300); and from Radiation Program Implementation (56,900). - Reprogrammings to support an interagency agreement resulted in a transfer of $13,100 from Ambient Air Quality Monitoring. - Reprogrammings of 53,900 from planning, evaluation an4 analysis reflect the need to increase technical resources available to work on the CAA amendments and the evaluation of sewage sludge incinerators. - Reprogrammings of $12,800 from Ambient Air Quality Monitoring provide for the services of a meteorologist through an interagency agreement with NOAA* - Reprogrammings of $15,000 from noise regional program implementation to support SIP efforts. - Reprogrammings to support SIP activities in the areas of technical review of SIPs, SIP certification review and docket control resulted in a transfer of $135,000 from Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ($54,000); from Stationary Source Enforcement ($43,100) and from noise regional program implementation ($37,900). A-29 ------- - Reprogrammings of $20,300 to Ambient Air Quality Monitoring to provide for the funding of an interagency agreement. - Reprogr awnings of $27,100 to pesticides use management to support the implementation of a Federal pesticide program. - Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer of $50,200 to hazardous waste enforcement (-$10,000); to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (-$39,500); and to toxic substances enforcement (-$700). - Reprogrammings of $4,000 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites were made to reallocate travel funds. - A transfer of $4,600 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $12,705,200 and 311 permanent woricyears for this program, of which $10,462,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,242,900 is for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. Essential regional offices management functions will be: rulemaking on all State- submitted regulatory actions as well as EPA-initiated SIP revisions; Section 105 grants program management; completion of all major new source review/ prevent ion of significant deterioration activities including PSD Set I SIPs; management of all 1982 ozone and CO SIPs, VOC regulations and TCM programs; and activities related to continuing required I/M programs. In addition, Regional Offices will continue to facilitate public participation in EPA regulatory activities, develop State/EPA agreements, perform program planning and budgeting, and conduct performance evaluations of large grantee agencies and consistency audits. EPA will initiate regulatory reform implementation, and toxic pollutant controls. One significant area of airborne toxics which will receive particular attention is the emissions generated in large incinerators, both industrial and municipal. These incinerators are expected to be Increasingly used for hazardous as well as conventional wastes. Extra- mural support for these three initiatives will consist of additional modeling or model runs to support "bubble" proposals and SQj emission limitation changes, as well as modeling and special analysis of toxic air pollutant emissions from industrial concentration and from incinerators to determine their cpntribut'ion to the exposure of specific at risk population groups. A-30 ------- AIR Mobile Source Preproduction Compliance Verification Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Apt>rggrfat_1pn Preproduction Compliance Verification: Salaries and Expenses.. 1,752 2,128 Abatementi Control and Compliance.. 26 754 Emissions Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Preproduction Compliance Verification: Salaries and Expenses.. 1,395 1,534 Abatement, Control and Compliance 261 168r. Total: Salaries and Expenses.. 3,147 3,662 Abatement, Control and Compliance ..J-87 922-:; Grand Total.............. 3,434 4,584 Permanent Positions Preprbduct1 on Compl i a nee Verification.. 50 55 Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Preproduction Compliance Verifications..... n,_,,J;P 29 Total ,. 70 84 Full-time iquivalency ^reproduction Compliance Verification ......... 62 65 Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Preproduction Compliance Verification 38 42 Total 100 107 (do!1arsinthousands; 1,912 102 1,598 120 3,510 222 3,732 46 34 80 58 54 2,467 387 1,906 244 4,373 631 5,004 53 34 87 65 45 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +555 +285 +308 +124 +863 +409 +1,272 +7 +7 -9 112 110 -2 A-.31 ------- BudgetRequest The Agency requests a total of $5,004,500 and 87 permanent workyears for 1982, an Increase of $1,272,600 and 7 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $4,373,100 for Salaries and Expenses and $631,400 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, an increase of $863,200 and $409,400 respectively. Increases in this subactivity provide for implementing new improvements In the certification and fuel economy programs. Program Descri pti on This subactivity includes: (1) engineering review and confirmatory test- ing of prototype motor vehicles and engines in order to certify their compliance with emission standards and verify their fuel economy values; (2) semi-annual publication of fuel economy guides and calculation of corpo- rate average fuel economy values; and (3) related technical, program development, and data processing support. EPA is currently implementing improvements in its certification program. In previous years, motor vehicle manufacturers' complete lines of vehicles and engines had undergone an extensive review and-verification process carried out by EPA, The full certification process involves the submission of applica- tions to EPA by the manufacturers; the development of emissions performance information by manufacturers or EPA on the basis of prototype vehicle testing; and the review of these data by EPA for the purpose of determining compliance with standards. However, the potential air quality impact of improperly certifying a vehicle is not equal for all manufacturers or engine families. Rather, the air quality risk is related to the degree of failure and the number of vehicles sold. Consequently, EPA has undertaken reforms to this program which reduce the paperwork, reporting, and testing burdens on the automobile, truck, and motorcycle industries by giving them more control over the management of the certification process and by limiting EPA involvement primarily to non-routine questions which arise and final review of the completed application. The certification process also results in the generation of vehicle fuel economy data. These data are the foundation of EPA's fuel economy public In- formation activities (carried out jointly with the Department of Energy), and are used to support the Department of Transportation's program of compli- ance with the fuel economy standards as required by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. MOBILE SOURCE PREPRODUCTION COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION 1980 Accomplishments The 1980 resources included $26,000 in contract funds for data processing and analytical support of certification and fuel economy testing. Essentially all manufacturers participated voluntarily in the revised certification pro- cess. Only a very few engine families suspected of compliance problems received the full EPA-directed review, which saved resources for both manufac- turers and EPA. Criteria for the review of vehicles using ^electronic control systems, which had undergone further refinement in 1979, were implemented, as were parameter adjustment regulations. The model year 1981 light duty vehicles (which underwent certification during this year) met more stringent emissions standards for CO, NOX and evaporative hydrocarbons. Implementation of these tighter standards completed the required changes in the basic light duty vehicle standards program, as required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977. A-32 ------- Support to the Department of Transportation's fuel economy program re- ceived a greater level of effort than 1n 1979. A high priority was placed on procedural improvements aimed at assuring more reliable fuel economy values and on an increased level of testing to assure improved compliance with fuel economy standards and better fuel economy public information. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,014,000 and 46 permanent workyears to this program, of which $1,912,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $102,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Com- pliance appropriation. The same level of effort for certification and assembly line audits as 1980 is planned for 1981. The model year 1982 certi- fication process will include for the first time implementation of a particulate standard for light duty vehicles. Final high altitude performance adjustment rules will be implemented. In the area of fuel economy information, revised regulations to improve the representativeness of fuel economy data and revise the fuel economy labels and data base will be promulgated. As part of the national fuel economy pro- gram, EPA will continue to provide data for bi-annual publication of the Gas Mileage Guides by DOE and verification of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards compliance by DOT. 1981 Expl anati on of Changes from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $868,300 results from Several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this ativity 1s $12,200. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $51,300 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $100,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is Included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. I - Reprogramming $652,000 to Mobil Sources Standards and Guidelines to ; support increased need for contract funds in the areas of inspection/maintenance, characterization, and technology assessment. - Reprogramming $252,200 to Emission Testing, Analysis and Data Support for Standards, and Guidelines to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP and other in-house contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies. The Agency requests a total of $2,854,100 and 53 permanent workyears for this program, of which $2,466,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $387,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an increase of $554,900 and 7 permanent workyears, and $285,200 respectively. Increased resouces are earmarked to accelerate development for regulations related to both the fuel economy program and changes in the certification program. A-33 ------- The model year 1983 certification program will include implementation of new standards for light duty vehicles sold at high altitude. Certification of compliance with the emission standards will continue, including a full assembly line audit program for manufacturers of light duty vehicles. In addition, a new set of procedures which reduce reporting and testing requirements in order to expedite the certification process for small manufacturers of light duty vehicles will be implemented. Regulations formalizing further improvements to the certification process will be developed. In the fuel economy area, data will be reviewed and analyzed for potential problems more efficiently as a result of improvements in data handling and review systems. Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) will be determined and transmitted to DOT. Fuel economy labels will be approved and the fuel economy guide data will be provided to DOE. EMISSION TESTING. ANALYSIS AND DATA SUPPORT FOR PREPRODUCTION COMPLIANCE' WRTF'ICATIW ' ' ' ! ! ! ! 1980 Accpinpl i shments 1980 resources included $261,500 in contract funds for support of emission testing and data processing activities. These resources supported laboratory and data processing activities associated with emission certification and fuel economy compliance. 1981Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,717,900 and 34 permanent workyears to this program, of which $1,597,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $120,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources provide for development of special facilities for testing diesel vehicles, laboratory support for certification and fuel economy, computer programming, and related administrative support to the certification and fuel economy programs. 19.81 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $15,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Espenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $6,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $41,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $82,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to support increased need for contract funds in the areas of inspection/maintenance, characterization, and technology assessment resulted in a transfer to Mobile Sources Standards and Guidelines (-$48,000). - Reprogrammings to reflect a reassessment of the needs for ADP and other in-house contracts, as well as laboratory equipment and supplies resulted in a transfer from Mobile Sources Standard and Guidelines ($30,100). A-34 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $2,150,400 and 34 permanent workyears for this program, of which $1,906,200 1s for the Salaries and Expenses appropria- tion and $244,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $308,300 and $124,200 respectively from 1981, which will be used primarily for improvements in the processing and analysis of data used in the fuel economy and certification programs. More sophisticated data generation will be needed as a result of revised fuel economy labels and new types of testing. These resources provide both emissions and fuel economy testing. Cap- ability for testing for compliance with the emission standards for 1984 model year heavy duty engines will be established. Correlation of the EPA test facility with manufacturer's test facilities will be established and addi- tional correlation tests will be performed specifically for cases of suspected or established quality control problems. A-35 ------- AIR Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment Appropriation Ant lent Air Quality Monitoring: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Compliance.. Air Quality and Emissions Data Analysis and Progress Assessment: Salaries and Expenses.... Abatement, Control and Compl i ance Total: Salaries and Expenses.... Abatement, Control and Compl i ance Grand Total................ Permanent Positions Ambient AirQuality Mon 1 tori ng Air Quality and Emissions Data Analysis and Progress Assessment..... Total, Ful1-ti me Equi valency Ambient Air Quality Monitoring.... . Air Quality and Emissions Data Analysis and Progress Assessment Total Budget Request Actual 1980 $2,533 58 114 85 43 128 Budget Current Estimate Estimate Estimate 1981 1981 1982 ftfol1arsinthousands) $2,387 320 4,469 4,493 116 89 39 128 $2,683 181 4,691 116 88 39 127 $2,945 310 5,060 116 89 39 128 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$262 +129 1,625 253 4,158 311 1,496 290 3,883 610 1,430 397 4,113 578 1 ,605 200 4,550 510 +175 197 +437 -68 +369 78 3.6 82 34 82 34 82 34 The Agency requests a total of $5,060,600 and 116 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $369,200 from 1981. Included in this total is $4,550,100 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $510,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of $437,100 and a decrease of $67,900 respectively. Resource shifts primarily reflect increased payroll costs, Program Description This subactivity covers work related to' monitoring ambient air quality, determining source emissions, analyzing their relationships and assessing the progress made toward the attainment of environment goals. A-36 ------- Ambient Air Quality Monitoring - Activity in this program includes: 1) EPA's management and overview of state ambient air quality monitoring networks, associated laboratory and field quality assurance activities and the implementation of air monitoring strategies as delineated in 40 CFR 58; 2) the coordination of regional and State field investigation activities for collecting ambient air quality samples, for subsequent sample analysis and related quality control; 3) the management of source emissions determinations, and 4) the necessary management and coordination for ensuring timely Storage and validation of data obtained from the first three activities. Air Duality Emissions Data Analysis and Progress Assessments - Major activities include national management o^regional office. State ana local ambient monitoring programs and issuance of new/revised regulatory requirements and related technical guidance; active oversight of the National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) to ensure continuing conformance with all regulatory criteria and adequacy of NAMS data for progress assessments and management decisions; operations of systems for storing, retrieving and analyzing ambient air quality and emission data; development and implementation of systems to meet user requirements, and preparation of trends analyses and related air quality and emission progress assessments for policy evaluation and development and to meet public information needs. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING 1980 Accpmpl1shments The 1980 resources included $57,600 in contract funds for quality assurance audits and equipment maintenance. The implementation of the air monitoring strategy through achievement of the requirements of 40 CFR 58 was the major activity during 1980. The regulatory requirements are to be phased in over a five year period beginning in 1979 and ending in 1983. Negotiations with States were completed for defining the State/local air monitoring stations (SLAMS) network needed for SIP purposes and which SLAMS would comprise the national network needed primarily for national trends and progress assessments. The regions continued their program of on-slte visits to review monitoring stations for conformance to EPA siting standards and to review laboratories for proper operating procedures and quality control. A new program for auditing State quality assurance procedures for defining the quality of ambient data submitted to EPA was begun in 1980. Information from this program will provide data users with a check on the States' capabilities of generating precision and accuracy statements. Data base development for 1982 03 SIP revisions was initiated. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,863,700 and 82 permanent workyears to this program, of which $2,682,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $181,100 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The regions will continue the overview and management of State monitoring programs. This effort includes the evaluation and review of State monitoring networks for conformance to EPA regulations, and for adequacy in meeting data needs for trends assessment, compliance evaluation, SIP development and evaluation. This evaluation and review is done on a network basis and on-site at individual monitoring stations. The quality assurance program includes three basic functions: quality assurance audits of State monitoring systems, coordination of State data quality assessments, and validation of all NAMS data for adequacy and timeliness. Programs to validate SLAMS data from critical sites will be initiated. Assistance in special data collection efforts will be provided for the complex photochemical dispersion modeling used in 1932 ozone SIP development. Regions will also actively participate in data collection efforts in all cities where trajectory model s are required for the 1982 submittals and in data base development in large urban areas for particulate control strategies. A-37 ------- EPA will provide management and coordination with States to ensure that necessary State emission inventories are submitted and stored in the national data bank (NEDS). This is necessary to ensure that special analyses for individual nonattainment strategy problems can be undertaken. Regions will participate in performance audits of their laboratories, provide response to emergency spills or air episodes, and overview source operated monitoring networks in controversial PSD or energy source sitings. 1981ExplanationofChanges fromBudgetEstimate The net increase of $156,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity 1s $15,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3,8 million; a decrease of $25,700 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $160,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramnring to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of +$102,700 from air quality management implementation ($23,600); from water quality enforcement ($71,100); to stationary source enforcement (-$1,300); to State programs regulations and guidelines (-$7,600); and from municipal waste treatment facility construction ($16,900). - Reprogramming of $13,100 to air quality management implementation to support an interagency agreement. - Reprogramming of $4,300 to ambient water quality monitoring to realign contract funds. - Regional reprogrammings resulted in a net decrease of -$14,200. - Reprogramming of $12,800 to air quality management implementations to provide for the services of a meteorologist through an interagency agreement with NOAA. - Reprogramming of $22,900 to hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation to provide for sample analysis of"hazardous materials. - Reprogrammings to support the air quality monitoring program resulted in a transfer of $87,200 from energy review and permitting ($12,100); from noise regional program implementation ($31,300); and from stationary source enforcement ($43,800), - Reprogramming of $54,100 to air quality management implementation to support SIP activities in the areas of technical review, certification review, and docket control. - Reprogramming of $20,300 from air quality management implementation to provide for the funding of an interagency agreement, - Reprogramming of $11,900 to noise regional program implementation to support the Senior Environmental Employment Program, - Reprogramming of $8,200 to energy review and permitting to support an interagency agreement meteorologist from NOAA. - Reprogramming of $32,000 to public systems supervision program assistance to realign contract funds. A-38 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,255,800 and 82 permanent workyears for this program, of which $2,945,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $310,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of $262,700 and $129,400 respectively, and reflects reprogramniing 1n both 1981 and and 1982 for increased payroll costs. The program of overview and management of States monitoring programs will continue. Regional Offices will evaluate and review State monitoring networks for conformance to EPA regulations, perform quality assurance audits of State monitoring systems and performance audits of selected NAMS monitors, validate and coordinate the timely reporting and storage of air quality data to EPA data banks, prepare air quality profiles, and respond to air emergency episodes or spills. Necessary coordination for inhalable particulate data collection will be provided. SLAMS monitoring sites located in primary non-attainment areas will be evaluated for conformance to EPA regulations, as will monitoring networks for PSD or energy conversion sources. Quality assurance audits of large local agency monitoring sytems will be conducted. AIR QUALITY AND EMISSIONS DATA ANALYSISAND PROGRESS ASSESSMENT 1980 Accomplishments 1980 resources included $253,200 in contract funds to support assessment of environmental trends and modification of NAMS Information System to permit direct user access to data. Major program emphasis included national management of State/local air monitoring programs, Including periodic assessment of compliance with regulatory criteria and issuance of new/revised regulations and technical guidance; oversight of NAMS through comprehensive on-site audits, maintenance of detailed information base, interaction with Regional Office Coordinators, and issuance of periodic reports; operation and updating of EPA's national air data systems, training and consultation for system users, screening of current NAMS data and identifying and resolving anomalies in historical NAMS data; numerous special air quality and emission analyses to support policy and regulation evaluation and development; publication of annual air quality trends and emission statistics and reports; support for EPA developed data systems Installed in 35 State/local agencies; and development of a new air system designed to be responsive to State, local and EPA user requirements. A continuing program to perform comprehensive audits at a selected sample of NAMS was Initiated with on-site visits at 329 monitors. Findings from these audits serve as a primary source of data for assessment of NAMS and provide clear documentation for the corrective actions needed to comply with EPA criteria. New software and related procedures which can display data graphically are being developed and made available to States. The preparation of a user requirements report, technical feasibility study and cost approximation study for the new system were completed. Final designation of all NAMS was completed for most of the almost 1,300 monitors estimated to be required and should be concluded In 1981. Population exposure methods for carbon monoxide are being developed and tested and preparation of a strategy was begun for the optimum use of ambient and source monitoring and models. Regulations to revise monitoring regulations (Part 58) to include lead were proposed. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,827,700 and 34 permanent workyears to this program, of which $1,430,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $397,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Emphasis will continue on operation and updating of existing air data systems, on providing training and guidance to system users, and responding to requests from the public. For the EPA-developed systems Installed in 35 State/local agencies, assistance and training services will be continued and systems will be upgraded and modified through software packages to be distributed to users. A-39 ------- Major efforts will be continued to oversee the implementation of EPA's revised air quality surveillance regulations* Comprehensive on-site audits for an additional 250 NAMS will be conducted to assess compliance with the regulations. Procedures will be developed to link precision and accuracy values to NAMS data, and incorporating these into national trends analyses and other reports which will rely on NAMS as the primary source of data. By the end of 1981, all NAMS are expected to meet site criteria, use EPA reference methods, and have quality assurance programs fully operational. The program to identify and resolve anomalies in historical NAMS data will be continued.. 1981 Explanation of Chano.es from Budget Request The net increase of $42,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $7,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $17,600 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $68,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Offsetting transfers of $107,400 were made between this activity and . State program guidelines and regulations in the Salaries and Expenses, and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,804,800 and 34 permanent workyears for this program, of which $1,604,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $200,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of $174,400 and a decrease of $197,300 respectively, primarily due to increased payroll expenses. Major 1982 program activities will be to operate existing air data systems and provide guidance to users, process data requests, and identify anomalies in historical NAMS data; modify software and data files to accommodate changes in the ambient standards and highest priority requests by users; produce the Annual Administrator's Report and several special air quality and emission analyses; provide national oversight of RO/State/local air monitoring programs; provide active management of NAMS (workshops, manuals and data validation), maintain site information base on NAMS, and prepare periodic written assessments of the status of NAMS sites and data relative to regulatory criteria. Results of current efforts to develop improved air quality indicators will be published and incorporated into national air publications; comprehensive, on-site audits at selected HAMS will be performed, and specifications for software and data base management systems for a new air data system will be developed. Additional activities include: develop and evaluate statistical air quality models; prepare and publish trends analyses of selected non-criteria pollutants; prepare guidance to implement new air monitoring strategy and redesign non-criteria pollutant monitoring network; prepare operating instructions and training materials for data base management systems, and actively support users of the Comprehensive Data Handling System through improved software, troubleshooting and training services, etc. A-40 ------- Enforcement SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- AIR Stationary Source Enforcement Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 ~ (dollars" in thousands) Appropriation Stationary Source Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses $13,263 . $13,736 $14,300 $17,146 +$2,846 Abatementt Control and Compliance 11.356 10.697 10.285 9.841 -444 Total ,. 24,619 24,433 24,585 26,987 +2,402 PermanentPositions ....... 444 471 453 498 +45 Full-timeJqu.lyalency ...... 487 507 489 537 +48 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of 26,987,000 and 498 permanent workyears in 1982, an increase of $2,401,500 and 45 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $17,145,800 for Salaries 8 Expenses and $9,841,200 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $2,845,500, and a decrease of 5444,000, respectively. Program Description The Stationary Source Air Enforcement program is designed to effectively utilize the enforcement authorities provided by the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, to ensure that all sources comply with requirements of State Implementation Plans (SIPs); that new stationary air sources are constructed in accordance with applicable New Source Review (NSR), New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) provisions; that new and existing sources subject to the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) meet hazardous air pollutant standards; and that relevant provisions of the Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 are implemented. The major concentration of the stationary source air enforcement program efforts has been the major source enforcement effort (MSEE) initiated in 1978. EPA initiated this accelerated enforcement against major stationary source violators which had never come into initial compliance with applicable requirements of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. The stationary source enforcement program is continuing its part of the "SEE by developing and concluding, through settlement and litigation, cases against large stationary source violators and by ensuring compliance by closely tracking source compliance schedules, generally incorporated in judicial consent decrees. A major element of this program's responsibility is the implementation of certain new regulations under the Clean Air Act. ' The noncompliance penalty regu- lations under Section 120, for which implementation began on January 1, 1981, create a positive incentive for compliance for many major sources in violation. Regula- tions are also being implemented under Section 119 of the Act, relating to issuance of administrative orders to primary nonoferrous smelters for the control of sulfur oxide emmissions. The smelter order program should accelerate the movement toward compliance for the smelter industry. A-41 ------- Further, there will he an expanded commitment to develop a comprehensive strategy in cooperation with the States to ensure continuous compliance by station- ary sources. Until this program can be full implemented, EPA will ensure compliance through support of a strong continuous emissions monitoring program. EPA assists State air enforcement efforts by supporting State control agencies through control agency grants, and by providing specialized skill and expertise and special contractual assistance. EPA will take the primary enforcement role with respect to selected sources when the States cannot or will not enforce. 1980 Accompli shments As of December 1980, EPA had initiated 356 civil /criminal actions against air stationary source facilities and concluded 86 of these cases. Several major air pollution control agreements were concluded during 198n, including settlements with steel firms and power plants, which will significantly reduce sulfur dioxide and particulate emissions. During 1980, EPA promulgated regulations which establish procedures by which EPA and States will assess and collect noncompliance penalties under Section 120 of the Clean Air Act. The regulations also set forth the means by which the States may assume delegation of the noncompliance penalty program. Further, regulations were promulgated which establish the substantive requirements of initial primary nonfer- rous smelter orders (NSOs) issued under Section 119 of the Clean Air Act and the pro- cedures to be used in issuing those NSOs. EPA and States have already received, and are currently reviewing, many letters of intent and applications for NSOs. For 1980, planned contract expenditures were $11,356,000 included $4,984,000 for enforcement case support; $4,640,000 for compliance monitoring and field surveil- lance; 5457,000 for regional data system support; $1,275,000 for regional industrial studies support. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $24,585,500 and 439 workyears for this program, of which $14,300,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $10,285,200 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. During 1981, concluding the remaining cases on the MSEE list as rapidly as possi- ble will be a very important objective. Once a case is concluded, the compliance schedule or consent decree must be tracked closely until the source is confirmed as being in compliance. Also, EPA will implement Section 120 by assuring that evidence of violation for major source violators Is current and complete, and proceed with the issuance of notices and the conduct of adjudicatory hearings where necessary. Another substan- tial effort will be EPA support of continuous emisssions monitoring programs which will ensure continuous compliance by stationary sources of air pollution. Other important activities during 1981 will be the issuance of new source permits under the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program, with particular attention to expeditious issuance of energy-related permits, issuance of Section 119 primary non- ferrous smelter orders, responses to any Section 110(f) energy emergencies, issuance of Section 113(d)(5) delayed compliance orders due to coal conversion, and continued enforcement of NSPS and NESHAPS. A-42 ------- Planned contract funds for 1981 total $10,285,000. Activities planned for these funds include $4,861,200 for enforcement case development, $4,170,000 for com- pliance monitoring and field surveillance, $853,000 for regional industrial, techical, and economic studies, and $400,800 for regional data system support. An increase in the rate charged by contractors has resulted in a more limited contractor support program, which is reflected in part in the reduction in the projected number of over- view Inspections which are accomplished largely by contactors. 1981Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $152,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $83,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $51,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced ageneywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $90,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $310,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $22,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $46,700 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $895,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers from air quality management implementation ($82,300); from water quality enforcement ($271,800); from standards and regulations ($16,600); from public systems supervision program assistance ($28,400); to regional counsel ($6,800); from ambient air quality monitoring ($1,300); to water quality permit issuance ($30,300); from air quality management implementation ($12,000); from state programs regulations and guidelines ($20,000); from environmental emergency response and prevention ($9,400); and from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($20,000). - A transfer of $88,900 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - Transfer $204,900 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites within the Office of Enforcement to provide a level of funding consistent with prior year's experience. - Transfer $123,500 to pesticides enforcement within the Office of Enforcement to support grant activities. - Transfer $43,800 to ambient air quality monitoring within Region 5. A-43 ------- - A transfer of $50,700 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - Transfer $43,100 to air quality management implementation within Region 5 to support SIP activities in the areas of technical review, certification review and docket control. - Transfer $1,900 to toxic substances enforcement within Region 5 for PCB compliance inspections and PCB and asbestos lab analysis. - Transfer $5,000 to toxic substances enforcement within Region 9, to realign contract funds. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $26,987,000 for this program, of which $17,145,800 Is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $9,841,200 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of $2,845,500, and a decrease of $444,000, respectively. The majority of these resources will be used to bring major violators of SIPs, NSPS, and NESHAPS regulations into compliance through the use of Section 113 and Section 120 provisions as well as to respond to the increase in compliance monitoring inspections, emissions monitoring, and civil/crimi- nal actions initiated. The major source enforcement effort will conclude most of the cases initiated by settlement or litigation in 1981. Therefore, the workload associated with the MSEE in 1982 will primarily be in tracking and monitoring the hundreds of compliance schedules for these sources. In order to prevent regression from the significant levels of compliance achieved by stationary sources, EPA is greatly increasing its efforts at ensuring continued compliance by sources which have achieved initial compliance with air quality regulations. EPA will be working with the States to develop a long-term comprehensive national strategy that will ensure that sources operate and maintain their control equipment and follow other compliance measures properly. This strategy will identify industries that will be focused upon initially, and will identify appropriate enforcement tools to handle continuous compliance actions. , Since this effort is oriented towards a broad, long-term solution, E?A will also con* tinue to adress the problem through greatly increasing continuous emissions monitoring (CEM) data validation and initiating enforcement actions based on CEM data. CEM is expected to be a significant element in the long-term strategy and expanded experience with CEM enforcement techniques is critical in the interim. During 1982, the Section 120 noncompliance penalty program will continue to be implemented. Noncompliance penalties must be assessed against all major sources not meeting SIP requirements an sources in violation of NSPS or NESHAPS regulations. The noncompliance penalty program will be an effective method for creating incentives for compliance; however, this program will likely result in a large number of adjudicatory hearings and this will cause a major resource demand in 1982. EPA will continue implementation of the primary nonferrous smelter order (NSO) program under Section 119 of the Clean Air Act. Any smelter receiving an NSO is permitted to defer compliance with the sulfur dioxide emission limitation to which it is subject under an applicable SIP. Initial NSOs may extend through January 1, 1983. A smelter that receives a Section 119 order will be placed on a compliance program which includes interim controls, and a research and development program to investigate and demonstrate control methods tht are economically and technologically feasible. A major effort during 1982 will be monitoring the compliance programs and the research and development programs of these smelters. A-44 ------- The Agency will continue to encourage delegation of responsibility for PSD permitting and enforcement of NSPS regualtions to the States. EPA will focus its attention on review of and assistance to State programs and, where necessary, initi- ating enforcement actions against sources not possessing new source permits or constructing in violation of permit requirements. Enforcement of NESHAPS regulations for vinyl chloride, asbestos, beryllium and mercury will continue to be a high priority of this program. In addition, new stan- dards for benzene storage, ethyl benzene styrene and malaeic anhydride will he promulgated in 1982, and EPA will have to initiate a program to review waiver requests. An area of important attention is the relationship and balance between environ- mental and energy concerns. The Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 (FUA) prohibits, with exemptions, new power plants and new major fuel burning instal- lations from using natural gas or petroleum as a primary energy source. Exemptions can be granted by the Department of Energy (DOE) where environmental requirements could not be met if coal is burned as the-primary energy source. EPA must work with DOE to ensure that these new sources are constructed in accordance with applicable environmental requirements and will continue to expedite issuance of energy-related PSD permits. In addition, certain existing power plants having the technical capability to use coal may be required to convert under FUA. Upon conversion, these sources will still have to meet environmental standards. Also, as part of EPA's energy-related programs, EPA will provide quick and thorough responses in these situ- ations, including issuance of Section 113(d)(5) delayed compliance orders. Contracts funds requested in 1982, totalling $9,841,200, include $5,000,000 for enforcement case development, $4,144,600 for compliance monitoring and field surveil- lance, $246,600 for regional industrial technical and economic studies, 5450,000 for data support. A-45 ------- AIR Mobile Source Enforcement Appropriation Mobile Source Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compli ance Total, Permanent Positions... Full-time Equivalency. Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 6,855 115 157 (dollars in thousands;) $4,038 2,817 $3,883 , 2,967 $3,990 2,879 $4,212 2,483 +222 -396 6,850 118 152 6,869 114 148 6,695 111 143 -174 -3 -5 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of *n,694,300 and 111 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $174,200 from 1981. Included in this total is 54,211,700 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,482,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $222,200 and a decrease of $396,400, respectively. Program Descript i on The mobile source enforcement program is directed'primarily towards achieving compliance with motor vehicle emission standards and fuels regulations. The major goals and objectives are to (1) assure that new vehicles meet emission standards; (2) assure that vehicles meet emission standards in-use; (3) assure that emission control systems are not removed or rendered inoperative; (4) assure compliance with emissions inspection/maintenance (I/M) requirements and vehicle miles traveled (VHT) measures; (5) assure control of hydrocarbon emissions during gasoline transfer operations; (6) assure that harmful additives are removed from gasoline; (7) administer California fuel and emission waivers, and (8) administer the emission warranties. 1980 Accompl ishments In 1980, the mobile source enforcement program continued to carry out its responsi- bilities under Title I and Title II of the Clean Air Act by emphasizing programs aimed at reducing the failure of vehicles to meet; emission standards. In 1980, mobile source enforcement program issued 38 selective "enforcement test orders to manufacturers to test vehicles on the assembly line. Recall investigations numbered 51 resulting in the recall of 1,146,700 vehicles. Manufacturers' production compliance procedures were enforced by conducting 17 audits. The tampering and fuel switching provisions were enforced by performing 731 new car dealer- ship inspections, 898 fleet tampering/ fuel switching inspections, and 408 commerical repair facility inspections. A total of 22,337 fuels inspections were conducted to assure compliance with the Stage I vapor recovery, unleaded, and octane disclosure provisions. A survey of 3,290 vehicle refuel ings was also conducted to determine the rate at which vehicles requiring unleaded gasoline are being fueled with leaded gasoline. Results indicate that a rate of 3-10 percent fuel Switching is occurring. A-46 ------- Approximately $2,817,200 in contract funds were obligated in 1980 in support of the above program activities. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $6,868,500 to this program, of which $3,989,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,879,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The extramural funds will be used for recall emission testing, fuels inspections, antitampering and antifuel switching publicity, data management, fuel switching observations, and assistance to States and localities for unleaded gasoline inspections. In 1981, the mobile source enforcement program will continue comprehensive enforcement of the antitampering and antifuel switching provisions aimed at reducing emissions from the in-use fleet thereby supporting the adoption of inspection/maintenance programs. Inspection and investigatory efforts are coordinated nationally to focus on major private and municipal fleets, new car dealerships, and commercial auto repair facilities to maximize deterrent effect when violations are detected. Other major activities in 1981 will be to continue the assembly line testing program for light duty vehicles and the recall program; administer the California fuel and emission waivers; conduct fuels inspections; and provide assistance to States and localities to conduct unleaded fuel inspections. These enforcement activities will result in 35 selective enforcement audit vehicle test orders; recall investigations; 950 confirmatory/surveillance tests; 775 new car dealership Inspections; 1,150 fleet tampering/fuel switching inspections; 600 commercial repair facility inspections; 25,000 combined fuels inspections; 7,000 fuel switching observations; 10 inspection/maintenance audits; 30 warranty investigations; and 25 production compliance audits. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $19,000 results from several actions, as follow: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $22,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $13,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $43,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $87,500 was applied to this activity. ; - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $1,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $13,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $250,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramming of $51,100 to hazardous waste enforcement, to provide a level of funding consistent with prior year's experience. A-47 ------- - An Increase of $250,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and 1s included 1n a proposed supplemental appropriation. *• Reprogramming of $51,100 to hazardous waste enforcement, to provide a level of funding consistent with prior year's experience. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $6,694,300 and 111 permanent workyears for this program, of which $4,211,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,482,600 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This total represents a decrease of $174,200 over 1981. Extramural funds will be used for recall emission testing, fuels inspections, fuel switching observations, data management, and assistance to States and localities for unleaded gasoline inspections. In 1982, the selective enforcement audtt (SEA) program will be continued in order to deter the production of nonconforming light duty vehicles. The SEA program assures that new vehicles on the production line are in compliance with emission requirements before being introduced in commerce. The recall program will continue to assure compliance of in-use vehicles with emission standards. SEA activity, recall testing, and increased public contact due to federally enforceable warranty provisions will serve to identify a greater number of vehicle classes suspected of exceeding emissions standards in use. The centralized enforcement program aimed at controlling tampering and fuel switching in order to reduce in-use emissions will be continued. This effort is intended to complement and facilitate the implementation of inspection/maintenance (I/M) programs by preventing further deterioration of the vehicle fleet before I./M programs are implemented. In 1982, activities of the fuels program will include conducting 25,000 combined unleaded, vapor recovery, and octane inspections at service stations and fleet dispensing facilities. These inspections will be performed with State and/or private testing firms. The program will continue to monitor lead usage reports and the status of refiner efforts to achieve compliance with the lead phasedown program, administer the provision which prohibits the use of fuel and fuel additives, and administer the emission waivers as requi red. A-48 ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- AIR Oxidants Non-Energy Appropriation Environmental Processes and Effects-. Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Scientific Assessments: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.. Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Environmental Engineering and Technology: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development Totals Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Grand Total Permanent Positions Environmental Processes and Effects .-. Scientific Assessment.... Actual 1980 $ 1,857 5,6S4 252 104 22$ 2 1,119 523 2,089 3,298 619 1,715 6,160 11,326 17,486 30 4 Budget Estimate 1981 J3oTlars $2,058 5,758 236 157 219 1* 1,099 485 2,366 4,499 627 1,774 6,605 12,687 19,292 33 5 Current Estimate 1981 in thousands) $ 1,851 5,088 241 110 227 14 999 707 1,940 3,291 654 1,774 5,912 10,984 16,896 30 4 Estimate 1982 $1,785 5,444 183 115 199 7 1,206 436 1,736 4,955 662 1,7*8 5,771 12j705 18,476 23 * Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -S6.G + 356 - 58 + 5 - 28 - 7 + 207 - 271 - 204 +1 ,664 + 8 - 26 - 141 1-1,721 +1,580 - 7 • * * A-49 ------- Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981* Current Estimate 19S1 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Technical Information and Liaison............. Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance....... Health Effects.......— Environmental Engineering and Technology.......... 17 22 11 15 28 11 16 16 11 15 18 11 - 1 + 2 Total. Full-Tune Equivalency Environmental Processes and Effects............. Scientific Assessment.... Technical Information and Liaison Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance....... Health Effects........... Environmental Engineering and Technology..... 88 35 6 22 33 20 96 46 8 22 3* IS SO 37 8 23 22 18 3ft 6 22 21 18 - 3 - 2 Total. 121 134 113 106 - 7 *3anuary 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $18,476,200 and 74 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $1,579,800 from 1981. Included in this total is $5,770,800 for Salaries and Expenses and $12,705,400 for Research and Development, with a decrease of $141,300 and an increase of $1,721,100 respectively, Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Oxidants Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program provides scientific data on the health and environ- mental effects, including ecological effects and material damage, and on moni- toring techniques for ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and other photochemical products to comply A-50 ------- with Sections 108 and 109 of the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act requires that the criteria and standards be reviewed and, if necessary, revised every five years; therefore, continually updated information is needed to support main- tenance or revision of the criteria and standards. As part of the projects which obtain such information, this program provides the regulatory program with tech- niques for the assessment of the transport and transformation processes invol- ving ozone and nitrogen dioxide and their precursors, volatile organic compounds and nitric oxide. Various types of models including, but not necessarily limited to air quality simulation models, are developed to apply on local urban and regional scales. Appropriate field studies to obtain technical results needed to implement such models accompanying the model development work. Further, as part of this program, assessments are made through laboratory and field studies of transport and transformation processes by which photochemically generated pro- ducts other than ozone and nitrogen dioxide are formed and eventually removed from the atmosphere into other media. This progam also supports development and demonstration of the pollution control technologies capable of reducing or eli- minating volatile emissions compounds emissions from industrial sources. Tech- nical and cost data bases that support regulatory standards are provided for direct application by industry in solving pollution problems. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented indi- vidually in the following material. SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $356,400 for this sub-program, of which $252,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $104,400 was for extramural research activities. 1980 Accomplishments The nitrogen oxides criteria document was completed as required by Section 108 of the Clean Air Act. The document was published and used to evaluate standards for nitrogen oxides. Assessments for nitrogen oxides, ozone, and other photochemical oxidants are contained in the oxidants program. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $351,500 and 4 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $241,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $110,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The ozone criteria document published in 1978 will be revised. This re- vision will address new information on health effects from exposure to oxidants, i.e., recent scientific knowledge and criteria dealing with nit- rogen oxides and airborne hydrocarbons. This revision is being done under Sections 108, 109, and 110 of the Clean Air Act which require that the document be re-evaluated every 5 years, 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. A-51 ------- The net decrease of $41,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294}; these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $1,300 was applied to this activity. ~ An increase of $8,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. *• Reprogramming to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer of $47,000 irorn this activity, 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $297,200 and 4 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $182,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $114,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro- priation. This reflects a decrease of $58,000 in the Salaries and Expenses appro- priation and an increase of $5,000 in the Research and Development appropriation. The net decrease of $53,000 reduces support for preparing the ozone criteria document. f The ozone criteria document which was begun in 1981 will be revised. The revision addresses recent scientific knowledge and criteria dealing with nitrogen oxides and airbone hydrocarbons. TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $226,500 for this sub-program, of which $224,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,200 was for extramural research activities. The Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and quidance, and other general documents of interest to the environmental deci- sion making community. Further, it managed systems which tracked ORD's research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Oxidanis included the publication and dissemination of three reports: «• A final report on Environmental Assessment of Source NOx Control Technology. ; A Users' Guide on Intermediate Screening Methods for Environmental Assessment of Fossil Energy Process Effluents. - . The 1980 Northeast Oxidant Study Report. The Regional Services Staff was responsible for effective communications between ORD and the regions. In providing this they: - Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations. A-52 ------- - Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System. - Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance. The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to com. municate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the envi- ronmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in making better coordination between ORD and the regions possible, allowing each to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently, 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2*0,700 and 3 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $226,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $13,£00 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities wills - Continue the Regional Support Management Information System. - Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in the ORD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 19S1 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $8,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $800, - An increase of $8,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $200 to this activity. A-53 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $206,*00 arid 3 permanent work/ears for this sub- program, of which $199,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $34,300. This will reduce the Technical Information program's ability to prepare and disseminate technical information products, the Research Outlook & Research Highlights. It will also reduce the Regional Services Staff's capacity for liaison activities. This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to ensure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUA ASSURANCE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,6*1,300 for this sub-program, of which $1,118,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $523,200 was for extramural research activities. - Overhead monitoring support was provided to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards' Northeast Oxidant Study. Air samples were obtained and analyzed. The results will be used to review and evaluate regional air pollution patterns and regional models of oxidant transport. - Verification, calibration and audits of air pollution measurements continued to ensure the accuracy of oxidant standards. Assistance was provided to regional and program offices to update oxidant data needed for revision of oxidant standards. - The nationwide Air Pollution Background Network was operated to obtain ozone measurements in National Forests. - A 2-frequency LIDAR System was demonstrated as useful for defining plume characteristics and plume transport. This data is also of use to the oxidant program in oxidant transport modeling. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,703,600 and 16 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $998,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $706,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Emphasis is on assisting other EPA offices in obtaining accurate and reproducible data, and upon advancing the state-of-the-art for monitoring in those areas of most importance to the Agency. A-54 ------- Specifically: - Overhead monitoring support, quality assurance, and audits of photochemical pollutant measurements will be provided to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to improve models and determine the effects of regional pollution transport and standards revision. A major task under this program is the continuing operation of the national standards laboratory to provide audits of measurements for the oxidants research programs. It also maintains a repository and distributes standard gas samples for use in the calibration of instruments with emphasis on ozone, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Development and production of a standard reference ultraviolet photometer is also being supported. When completed, these photometers will be provided to Regions and States as standards against which they can calibrate their instruments. - A nationwide Air Pollution Background Network is operating in national forests. This background pollution level data is obtained in areas remote to industrial/municipal emission sources and thus provides a base for comparsion and also for trends analysis. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $122,600 results from several actions, as follows: Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,900. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $7,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $38,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramming to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $1,900 from this activity. - Transfer of $102,300 from air-gases and particles non-energy to support GAP related research. l 1982Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,642,300 and 15 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $1,206,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $436,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $63,300. This will reduce the frequency of audits performed on instruments measuring ozone and nitrogen oxides. A-55 ------- - Overhead monitoring support, quality assurance, and audits of measurement of photochemical pollutants will be provided to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to improve air transport models and to determine the effects of ambient air quality standards. - the national standards laboratory will continue to provide audit measurements and to maintain a repository and distribute standard gas samples for use in calibration of instruments. In the oxidant program, emphasis is upon ozone, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Continued development on production of a standard ultraviolet photometer through contract with the National Bureau of Standards will allow regions and States to eventually calibrate their instruments using these standard instruments. •» The nationwide Air Pollution Background Network will continue operation in the national forests. This background pollution network obtains data in remote areas, far from industrial/municipal sources of emission and thus provides a base for comparison and for trends analysis. - Work will commence on the development of a low cost, portable monitor for volatile organic carbon compounds. These chemicals will be regulated in the near future. Emissions from control devices in dry cleaning establishments may exceed those allowable and present monitoring devices are too expensive to be widely used by local authorities. The successful development of a low cost, portable device or method will be of value in enforcing these regulations. Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical guidance, and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for EPA needs. HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,386,100 for this sub-program, of which $2,088,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $3,297,700 was for extramural research activities. Major accomplishments are Summarized as follows: - Capabilities to incorporate more accurate and sensitive techniques for studies of changes in airway resistance that may result from bronchial challenge were expanded. Such capabilities required the development of experimental tools (aerosol generators and measurement devices) for use in conjunction with the pharmacological definition of airway resistance (PDAR). - A number of human subjects were screened to prepared for a series of clinical studies which will utilize the PDAR technique. The screening process is a necessary component of study protocols which utilize human subjects. A clinical study to determine the effects of nitrogen dioxide on asthmatics was completed. The preliminary results suggest a 1 hour exposure to . Ippm nitrogen dioxide has no demonstrable effect on airway responsiveness in either normals or mildly symptomatic asthmatics. - The pathophysiological effects of ozone and the impact of vasoactive substances on lung metabolism was studied. A report on the study indicates that lungs of control animals (rats) remove essentially all of the administered material (serotonin - a muscle constrictor and neurotransmitter) during a single passage of blood through the lung. Ozone exposures markedly and significantly reduced the ability of the lungs to remove the agent suggesting an alteration of lung vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. A-56 ------- - The effects of ozone exposure (1 ppm) on lung function in dogs were examined. The results indicated a time differential in responses. Gas and water exchange in the lung was not altered at a one hour interval following exposure but did change after a 2* hour period. - Studies were completed which show that phenobarbitol-induced sleeping time in rats was altered by exposure to nitrogen dioxide but that such a response is unrelated to nitrogen dioxide- alteration of brain sensiti- vity to phenobarbitol. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,231,700 and 16 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $1,940,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,291,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The major emphasis in 1981 (and continuing through 1983) continues to be on the effects of exposures to ozone and nitrogen dioxide with lesser effort being devoted to other oxidants and atmospheric reaction products. The research includes a combination of human 'studies (controlled clinical and epidemiolo- gical) and animal studies. Clinical studies of ozone effects are generally based upon short-term exposures at levels approaching the present standards. They evaluate the simultaneous effects of exposure during stress from heat and exer- cise and the impacts on sensitive populations, ascertaining mechanisms of ozone induced cardiopulmonary dysfunction, immune dysfunction and biochemical changes. Animal toxicology studies are addressing the question of effects of both long and short-term exposures to low levels of ozone and nitrogen dioxide (singly and in combination). A variety of animal models are being used in these studies in an attempt to improve estimates of risk to humans based upon extrapolation of the data. The animal experiments are also useful for ascertaining the most sensitive and accurate biological indicators to be used in human health studies of oxidant initiated defects. The epidemiological studies continue to analyze existing health data in order to assess the factors that promote respiratory disease. The data bases to be analyzed include mortality figures from a major metropolitan area, chronic disease prev stance in adults, and lower respiratory disease preva- lance in children. Follow-on epidemiological studies of asthmatics in the Houston and Los Angeles area (sponsored by the exploratory research and energy research program respectively) will be initiated. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. A-57 ------- The net decrease of $1,633,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi- sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $7,200. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $39,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $500,000 was applied to this activity to allow for phasing of research to coincide with the cycle of criteria documents revisions. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $11,600 was applied to this activity. -An increase of $58,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramming to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $900 from this activity. - Transfer of $1,110,000 to air mobile sources/non-energy in order to consolidate all carbon monoxide research activities under the Mobile Sources Research Committee. - Transfer $20,000 to program management to support public awareness and industrial hygienist positions at Research Triangle Park. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $6,691,200 and 18 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $1,735,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropria- tion and $4,955,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $1,459,500. This will be used for epidemio- logical, clinical and animal studies to determine chronic effects of exposure to carbon monoxide and ozone. The 1982 plan will continue to emphasize human health studies (controlled Clinical and epidemiological) of the effects of oxidants on the cardiopulmonary system, the immune system and lung biochemistry for both normal individuals and susceptible populations. Exposures at ambient levels and in the range of the present standards will be emphasized. Studies utilizing a variety of species of animals will also be Continued to assess the biological impacts of exposures to ozone and nitrogen dioxide, both singly and as mixtures, at levels simulating ambient exposures (intermittent brief high levels superimposed upon chronic low level exposures). Additional animal studies will be utilized to develop kinetic information required to improve models for lung dose and injury and to develop more rapid and sensitive indicators of damage that might be used for clinical and epidemiological studies. A-58 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $2,334,600 for this sub-program, of which $619,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,715,400 was for extramural research activities. - An evaluation of control techniques such as activated carbon for reducing hydrocarbon emissions from textile finishing plants was completed. This study will assist in determination of Best Available Control Technology for certain textile industries. - An evaluation of the use of supercritical fluid CO- to regenerate acti- vated carbon used to control volatile organic compound emissions was performed. This project will provide more economical solutions for the control of organic chemical emissions. A study was completed on catalytic incineration of organic vapors from industrial sources. The results will be used to review and possibly revise New Source Performance Standards for sources such as solvent degreasers and drycleaning. - The frequency of hydrocarbon fugitive emissions in the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry was determined. These data will be used in development and review of New Source Performance Standards. - Calibration factors of volatile organic compound analyzer equipment for selected organic chemicals were determined. These data will be used in development and review of New Source Performance Standards that specify measurement techniques. - An evaluation of solvent degreaser operations as completed. The objec- tive was the identification of techniques to minimize volatile organic chemical emissions. A wet scrubber that utilizes surfactant chemicals was designed, fabri- cated, and operated to evaluate the control of solvents from painting operations. The results were positive and an industrial demonstration is planned. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,427,400 and 11 permanent workyears'to this sub-program, of which $653,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,773,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. - An evaluation of activated carbon adsorption systems is being undertaken to provide a fundamental understanding of system performance, cost, size, and maintenance parameters. This knowledge will enable designers to specify optimum systems for a wide range of industrial applications in controlling oxidant emissions. - Catalytic oxidation techniques are being studied to determine perfor- mance parameters in .the control of'volatile organic compounds. - The effectiveness of flares for controlling volatile organic compounds is being studied, and means of improving this technique will be deter- mined. A-59 ------- - The capture efficiency of hoods is being studied in industrial appli- cations such as painting and solvent degreasing. Design parameters such as air flow rates, energy requirements, and capture effectiveness will be optimized in a variety of specific applications. A method to measure the transfer efficiency of spray painting is being developed. This will lead to a more effective operation with a reduction of organic carrier emissions. - Sampling methods are being refined to enable a better evaluation of fugitive emissions from petrochemical plants. Emission studies are determining the fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds from petrochemical plants and from synthetic organic chemical manufacturing plants. - A demonstration of emissions control from paint curing ovens with micro- processor control systems and sensors is being supported. Objectives of this project are to reduce energy requirements while maximizing the concentration of emissions to enable better emission control. Secondary air emissions from textile and organic chemical manufacturing wastewater treatment systems are being characterized. The need for control of these emissions will be determined and methods of control will be suggested. A study of water based finishes for wood office furniture appropriate for purchase by the General Services Administration is being completed. The purchase of such furniture by the federal government could significantly reduce volatile organic chemical emissions in the furniture manufacturing industry and may lead to acceptance of such furniture by the private sector. - A demonstration of volatile organic chemical control at a textile manu- facturing plant is in progress. - Methods of improved regeneration of activated carbon systems using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide are being studied. This technique, when perfected, is expected to result in lower cost control systems that provide recovery of solvents and other valuable volatile organic chemi- cals that would otherwise be lost to the atmosphere or destroyed by conventional thermal carbon regeneration techniques. Energy savings are also expected. - Thermal incineration processes are being studied to determine the effec- tiveness of vapor phase organic chemical distraction. Methods of reducing costs and energy requirements will be sought in the project. Undesirable effects of incineration such as harmful daughter-product generation will be identified, and methods to reduce these effects will be devised. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the. 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. A-60 ------- The net increase of $26,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,200. - An increase of $32,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramming to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $2,200 from this activity. IJgZJglan The Agency requests a total of $2,410,000 for and 11 permanent workyears this sub-program, of which $661,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appro- priation and $1,748,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This increase of $17,400, has no significant program impact. i* The evaluation of VOC emissions from industrial sludge treatment and disposal systems will be continued. An overall performance evaluation of carbon adsorption units in full- scale industrial applications will be completed. - A prototype measurement system will be developed to evaluate the capture efficiencies of hooding systems used in the graphic arts, rubber pro- cessing, plastic processing and metal coatings industries. A final report on the efficiency of flares to burn organic chemicals will be prepared. - A series of performance manuals on the control of VOC will be prepared. This information will be used to develop New Source Performance Standards and to document emission factors. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $7,540,700 for this sub-program, of which $1,557,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,683,400 was for extramural research activities. - A detailed chemical mechanism was developed that describes the atmo- spheric reactions of aromatic and other hydrocarbons. This information will be used to calculate the impact of these compounds on producing ozone in the atmosphere. - A review paper was prepared on the impact of natural hydrocarbon (e.g., isoprenes, terpenes) on ozone air quality. This review paper will provide guidance to the Agency's assessment of the actual contribution of natural hydrocarbon emissions producing elevated ozone levels in rural areas. A-61 ------- - The evaluation of three major types of urban photochemical air quality simulation models based on ten days of data from the Regional Air Pollu- tion Study -St. Louis air quality data base was completed. When com- pletely validated, these models will be used to assess the air quality impact of various control strategies for ozone. Ozone is used as a surrogate for establishing secondary ambient air quality standards for photochemical oxidants. More toxic photochemical oxidants such as peroxyacetyl nitrite (PAN) exist in the photochemical complex. Research was initiated to determine if plant damage can occur from PAN when the National Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is attained. Results from this research will determine the fea- sibility or need for establishing a PAN standard. - Biogenic emissions of isoprene and total nonmethane hydrocarbons from several important deciduous and coniferous trees have been identified. These emission factors will be used in conjunction with regional biornass data to predict regional biogenically emitted hydrocarbons. An S-year field study in the San Bernadino National Forest of southern California revealed a significant impact of ambient photochemical oxi- dants on a mixed conifer forest ecosystem. For example, in heavily polluted sections of the forest, foliar injury sufficient to limit foliage retention occurred on Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines and white fir. Stem growth of Ponderosa pine was limited by as much as 50% and accumu- lated mortality rates reached as high as 10% during a 6-year period. Tree community structure is gradually shifting from predominantly Ponde- rosa and Jeffrey pine to less desirable black oak, incense cedar and white fir. Insect damage is more severe on oxidant damaged trees. These studies show that ambient photochemical oxidants can reduce the produc- tivity of forest ecosystems and reverse normal successional patterns and generate concern for the Nation's forest resources. Research was initiated by request from EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to identify a maximum NO2 concentration that could exist without causing plant damage. The research identified O.t ppm NO2 as the concentration which must be exceeded to cause significant growth effects to crops. This data will be used in establishing a National Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standard for NO2. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $6,939,500 and 30 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $1,850,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,088,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. - Smog chamber studies will be conducted to determine critical kinetic mechanisms of ozone formation from its precursors NOx and volatile organic compounds. This data will be used in developins air quality models. The role of aromatic hydrocarbons will be emphasized in these studies. The photochemical reactivity of selected organics to produce ozone will be determined. The work will emphasize the degree to which low reactive compounds, such as low molecular weight organics, contribute to ozone pollution. A-62 ------- - The existing EKMA (Empirical Kinetics Modeling Approach) model is being validated with ozone air quality data previously collected at a number of different urban locations. This model will be used as the principal modeling tool for assessing ozone control strategies for the 1982 SIP (State Implementation Plan) planning process. - Urban air quality simulation models, previously developed and evaluated will be validated with ozone ambient air quality data collected during the 1972-1977 field study conducted at St. Louis. It is expected that these advanced models will eventually replace the currently used empi* rical approaches. - The results from the Houston air quality studies will be summarized for the aerosol and ozone components of the air characterizaion studies conducted over the past three years. While this will complete the atmospheric chemistry portion of the Houston work, results from the Houston health effects studies will be reported over the next two to three years. - Regional air quality models will be developed and evaluated. Air quality data collected during the Northeast Regional Oxidant Study (NEROS) con- ducted during the Summer of 1979 and 1980 will be used for this purpose. The regional ozone model will allow decision makers to evaluate the impact of oxidant control plans of individual cities from a regional perspective. A number of individual sources will be characterized by their emissions of ozone precursors, namely VOC and NOx pollutants. This work will be used to develop the necessary emission input data to develop ozone air quality models. - Field plots are being established throughout the U.S. to determine the impacts of ozone on crop production. This program, the National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) is integrated with other 1981 tasks to evaluate ozone and the interactive effects of other pollutants on crop yield. Crops grown in field plots will be exposed to realistic simula- tions of air pollution doses which will continue throughout the life cycle of the ;crpps. Crops will be harvested and foliar injury, growth and yield will be measured. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $877,400 results from several actions, as follows: Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $8,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $2,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide' consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $4,200 was applied to this activity. V-63 ------- - The Congress reduced agency wide Senior Executive Services bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $10,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Reserch and Development appropriation; a decrease of $700,000 was applied to this activity to allow for phasing of research to coincide with the cycle of criteria document revisions. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $77,400 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $71,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprograrnrning to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $146,100 from this activity. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $7,229,100 and 23 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $1,784,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appro- priation and $3,444,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Deve- lopment Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $289,600 for developing and field testing regional scale models for ozone. - Smog chamber studies will continue to investigate the specific role of volatile organic compounds and NO pollutants. Emphasis will be placed on determining the contribution of aromatic hydrocarbons for photo- chemical ozone production. This work is motivated by the fact that automotive fuels are being formulated with increased levels of aromatic hydrocarbons. - The EKMA (Empirical Kinetics Modeling Approach) model will increase its predictive capability to treat other photochemical oxidants besides ozone. For example, the EKMA model will be adapted to provide predic- tions of peroxyacetyl nitrate, an environmentally important oxidant. - The validation of studies of the urban photochemical models using the St. Louis air quality data base will be completed. The results will indicate the degree of accuracy and precision that can be expected with these models. - The research program to develop regional scale models for ozone will be continued. The major activity in the 1982 plan will consist of regional scale modeling field studies in the Southeast portion of the U.S. The major purpose of this study is to test the general applicability of the NEROS model which was developed earlier for the northeast regional ozone problem to other areas of1 the country. - Individual sources of major ozone precursors, volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides (NO ) will be studied. The results from this work will be needed to satisfy emission inventory requirements for air qua- lity models. Among the organic pollutants, measurement of reactive organics such as formaldehyde is important. For NO emission rates, the determination of the NO, to NO ratios is critical for the ozone modeling work. 4-64 ------- Field studies initiated in 198Ito determine the effects of ozone on crop production will be continued to provide the dose-response data base for determining the economic impacts of ozone. The research will continue to focus on major agronomic crops and to provide scientific support for secondary air quality standards. Biogenic emission rates for hydrocarbons will be determined for a variety of vegetative sources. Using this data, smog chamber and trajectory modeling studies will be conducted to assess the specific role of biogenic emissions in producing elevated ozone levels in rural areas of the country. Research concerning the usefulness of the present ozone standard in limi- ting plant damage from peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) will be completed. The results of initial studies relating ambient concentrations of PAN with plant injury and yield will be presented in manuscript form. A-65 ------- AIR Hazardous Air Pollutants Appropriation Scientific ' Assessments: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development. Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development...... Environmental Engineering and Technology: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development TOTAL: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development...... GRAND TOTAL: Actual 1980 $ 1,154 400 104 1 2,152 2,263 387 2,159 211 586 278 1,194 4,286 6,603 10,889 Budget Estimate 1981* (dollars in $1,083 600 102 6 1,974 2,245 345 3,053 214 605 300 1,266 4,018 7,775 11,793 Current Estimate 1981 thousands) $ 1,186 600 106 6 1,838 2,289 1,637 1,901 221 533 309 1,127 5,297 6,456 11,753 Estimate 1982 $1,164 417 103 6 2,391 1,278 1,018 2,297 233 585 399 1,159 5,308 5^742 11,050 Increase •+ Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -$22 - 183 - 3 ... + 553 -1,011 - 619 •<- 396 + 12 + 52 + 90 + 32 + 11 - 714 703 A-66 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions Scientific Assessments:.........,. Technical Information and Liaison: Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance Health Effects: Environmental Engineering and Technology:, Environmental Processes and Effects: TOTAL:., Full-Tirne Equivalency Scientific Assessments:... Technical Information and Liaison: ..... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance Health Effects:.., Environmental Engineering and -Technology Environmental Processes and Effects: TOTAL... 20 2 41 6 4 5 78 29 3 45 10 7 .5 99 25 2 40 ' 6 4 6 83 37 3 45 9 6 6 106 25 2 40 21 4 5 97 36 3 44 24 6 5 118 25 2 35 6 4 6 78 37 3 40 9 6 6 101 ... » • • 5 - 15 • • • + 1 - 19 1 _ ^ - 15 ... + 1 17 •January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $11,050,700 for 1982, a decrease of $702,900 from 1981. Included in this total is 55,308,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $5,743,300 for Research and Development^ with an increase of 511,000 and a decrease of $713,900, respectively. A-67 ------- Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Hazardous Air Pollutants Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program provides data which can be used by regulatory decisionmakers to determine: (a) the human health risk associated with exposure to certain ambient air chemicals; (b) the source of those chemicals; and (c) the technical feasibility and costs of reducing human exposure to those chemicals. The program develops and improves techniques for generating the data listed above so that more accurate, faster and less expensive estimates of risk may be generated; more realistic priorities for regulation of chemical species may be developed; major sources of the chemicals may be more accurately defined; and more efficient, less costly control devices can be made available. Currently, the highest priority of the ^research program is to provide assistance in the implementation of the Airborne Carcinogen Policy. However, there is a modest program to evaluate the non-carcinogenic properties of chemicals that might be regulated under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act as well. Some of the major features of the program are: (1) generation of quantitive risk estimates based on literature data for chemicals being considered for regulation; (2) identification of the chemical species, concentration and biological activity of ambient air pollutants and pollutant source emissions to aid in the selection of chemicals for regulation; (3) generation of epidemiological and animal test data which is of sufficient quality for risk estimate determination; (4) development of standard chemical analytical chemical methods, which will be part of the promulgated hazardous air pollutant regulation; (5) evaluation and development of control technologies primarily designed to reduce organic chemical emissions; (6) evaluation of a significant number of chemicals for human health effects other than cancer; and (7) development of methods which will enable more accurate, faster and less expensive estimates of human health effects from animal and other test systems. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program, are presented individually in the following material. SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,554,000 for this sub-program, of which $1,153,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $400,300 was for extramural research activities. Reports on the carcinogenicity of 14 air pollutants were completed which were used by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to prioritize chemicals for future regulatory evaluation. - A quantitative risk assessment on the carcinogenicity of arsenic was completed. This report was one of the documents required to classify arsenic as a hazardous air pollutant. An assessment of benzene was completed which was subsequently used by the Agency to support' the development of emission standards for benzene emitting sources. A-68 ------- Carcinogenic! ty reports on 6 chemicals that are candidates for listing as hazardous air pollutants under the Agency's proposed Air Cancer 'Policy were completed and have been submitted to the Science Advisory Board for review. Draft comprehensive health assessment documents were completed on the following 9 air polutants: methylene chloride. methylehloroform, fluoroearbon 113, trichloroethylene, ethylene . dichloride, perchloroethylene, arsenic, vinylidene chloride, and acrylonitrile. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,786,000 to this sub-program, of which $1,186,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $599,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Carcinogenieity evaluations with unit risk estimations will be completed on approximately 20 chemicals. Chemicals currently being studied are benzo (a) pyrene, cadmium, ethylene dichloride, nickel, vinylidene chloride, formaldehyde, chloroform, aerolein, chloroprene, diehlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, phenol, vinyl chloride, polychlorinated biphenyls, carbon tetrachloride, dioxane, acethylene tetrachloride. Mutagenieity evaluations and/er separate risk analyses will be completed for 6 of 21 cancer chemicals. Exposure assessment reviews and/or technical assistance will be provided using the new Agency guidelines for up to 9 Type n assessments. Comprehensive health assessments will be completed on methylene chloride, fluorocarbon 113, trichloroethylene, methyl chloroform, tetraehloroethylene, ethylene dichloride, acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, and arsenic. Work will be initiated on a health assessment document on toluene for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and the Toxic Substances Priority Committee. Health assessments will also be initiated oh 3-5 other chemicals which will be determined later by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "erosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $103,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,700. - The Congress reduced ageneywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $2,000 was applied to this activity, - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $12,500 was applied to this activity. A-69 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $2,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $56,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. Reprogrammings to realign contracts and salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $69,400 to this activity. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,580,500 and 25 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $1,163,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $416,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $205,500. This will affeet efforts to provide hazard assessments of non-carcinogenic compounds. The scientific assessment program will provide continuing health hazard assessment support to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Type I carcinogenicity evaluations with unit risk estimations will be completed for 21 of 30 chemicals or, if needed, 12 to 15 expanded Type I assessments will be conducted for the Agency. Mutagenieity evaluations will be completed for 5 of 30 cancer chemicals to support the Agency's Airborne Carcinogen Policy. Technical assistance will be provided on mutagenicity or reproductive toxicity policy matters and work will be initiated on four non-carcinogenic health hazard assessments to be selected from the carcinogen dropout list or other OAQPS priorities. Exposure assessment reviews and/or technical assistance will be provided using the new Agency exposure guidelines for up to 9 Type II risk assessments. TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $104,800 for this sub-program, of which $103,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,000 was for extramural research activities. In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance and other general docu-nents 01 interest to the environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan . and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Hazardous Air Pollutants included the Airborne Toxic Organic Chemicals. The Regional Services Staff (RSS) provided for effective communications between QRD and the Regions. A-70 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $112,400 to this sub-program, of which $106,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The Regional Services Staff (RSS) will continue to serve as a liaison between ORD and the Regions. Specifically, RSS will continue to support the Regional Support Management Information System and will develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local governments in the ORD planning process. Various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements will be provided. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort will be prepared. Support will be provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: continue the Regional Support Management Information System. conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional technical assistance requirements. develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in the ORD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $4,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29-lV, these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $400. - An increase of $4,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $400 to this activity. 19J2crglan The Agency requests a total of $109,500 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $103,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $2,900 reflecting a diminished need for technical information services. A-71 ------- This sub-program will continue to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to insure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the Hazardous Air Pollutants Research Committee will be developed. Support to manage systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided. Regional liaison activities will be continued. MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $4,415,600 for this sub-program, of which $2,152,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,263,300 was for extramural research activities. Analytical methods were developed for chlorinated hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons, coke oven emissions, cadmium, and NOx. These hazardous air pollutants represented the highest priorities of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards for promulgating regulations. The repository of standard reference samples for hazardous air pollutants was increased and maintained in order to maintain high quality pollutant measurements. As part of the quality assurance program, audits were completed as scheduled at Regional, State, and local monitoring laboratories. Support was provided for the mandatory quality assurance operation in the EPA monitoring and support laboratories. A mandatory quality assurance program was established to provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of know quality that is appropriate for EPA needs. In the carbon fiber program, field samples collected from five industrial types were characterized, a sampling and analysis technique (light microscopy) was developed as a reference procedure and a study was initiated on continuous monitoring of carbon fiber emissions, A survey of available measurements techniques was completed and four promising techniques are being evaluated. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,126,700 to this sub-program, of which $1,837,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,288,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Analytical methods for asbestos and arsenic being evaluated and modified for field use in regulation surveillance and a system evaluated for hazardous organic vapors using solid sorbents. The research on instrumentation for continuous monitoring of carbon fiber emissions is being completed and the results reported to the Federal Carbon Fiber Research Program coordinated by the Office of Science and Technology. In the source monitoring area, two methods are being standardized; one method is being evaluated and validated. Two continuous emission monitors are also being evaluated. A-72 ------- Performance audits of laboratories are being conducted and the standards repository for ambient and stationary source methods is being maintained. Research standard materials are being developed for gaseous toxic organic compounds. A standard reference material is being developed for asbestos in air in conjunction with the National Bureau of Standards. Biological standards containing Hazardous Air Pollutants are also being validated and maintained. The mandatory quality assurance program is continuing to provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for EPA needs. Emphasis is on application of the Agency-wide program to contract and grant activities. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $92,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the buuget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $8,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $8,700 was applied to this activity. •- An increase of $89,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $3,000 to this activity. - Transfer $167,000 to nonionizing radiation/non-energy ($82,700) and to solid waste non-energy ($84,300), to support efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island activities. - Offsetting transfers of $210,800 were made between this activity and air gases and particles/non-energy in the Salaries and Expenses and Research and Development appropriations. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,699,500 and 35 permanent work-years for this sub-program, of which $2,391,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,278,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $427,200 in methods development work for measuring hazardous air pollutants. Two methods to verify exposure estimates for hazardous air pollutants will be evaluated and improved. A report will be issued on the evaluation of the provisional, method for asbestos monitoring. A-73 ------- In the stationary sources area for the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air pollutants, two methods will be evaluated and one validated. A report will be prepared on the evaluation of a continuous emission monitor for one hazardous air pollutant designated by the OAQPS and the Office of Enforcement. In the area of Quality Assurance, a report will be prepared on the verification of standards received from laboratories who are collecting monitoring data in support of Regional and local monitoring programs. Performance audits will be conducted and the standards repository for ambient and stationary source methods will be maintained. Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for the EPA needs, HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used e total of $2,546,000 for this sub-program, of which $386,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,159,100 was for extramural research activities. The development of a research protocol and computer programs to study variations and trends in U.S. cancer mortality by county, race, and sex. Preliminary data on cancer mortality trends among white males also has been prepared. The utility of using intratrachael injection of compounds (was investigated) as a means of predicting inhalation toxicity. The results which are very similiar to those seen following inhalation permit a more rapid screening of chemicals to determine the impact on the defense system against infectious disease. Biochemical data on manganese toxicity in neonatal rats was analyzed and an increase in manganese levels in brain tissue was shown. A report on psychological-neuropsychological function in children with asymptomatic lead burden was completed. The lead burden had a significant effect on brain waves and electrical-evoked brain potential. The relationship between vapor pressure and mutagenic potential in the development of techniques needed for the collection, delivery and bioassay of volatile organics was established. The relationship between analytical chemical activity and biological systems will help direct future testing and research approaches. An analytical method for detecting nickel-63 in the urine and feces in studies on absorption and distribution of nickel in the developing rodent was developed. This method was tested and evaluated and is now ready for application to obtain pharmacokinetic data. An organ specific bioassay system needed to screen for lung-specific carcinogens and mutagens was developed. This methodology is being expanded to allow the detection of other organ-specific carcinogens and modified to utilize human cells in culture. This research will enable selection of the most appropriate mammalian and human cells for testing and predictive purposes. A-74 ------- A pilot study in which large samples of urban air participate were collected and subsequently chemically fractionated and bioassayed was completed. Significant mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic activity was observed in several fractions. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,537,700 to this sub-program, of which $1,637,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,900,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. A system employing human lung cells to determine the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of hazardous air pollutants is being developed. A rodent lung cell bioassay to aid in identifying and separating different lung cell types and for determining which cells metabolize agents into carcinogenic/mutagenic intermediates is being developed. Human exposure assays for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity using in vitro and cytogenic bioassay techniques to' ascertain whether readily available human tissues (urines, blood, saliva) have been exposed to hazardous substances are being developed. Techniques for assaying airborne mutagens to enable direct comparisons to (1) type of air borne mutagen present in the atmosphere, (2) extent of human exposure, and (3) associated epidemiological data on morbidity and mortality are being developed. Fractions of urban air previously shown to present mutagenic and carciogenic activity are being further characterized and pure compounds that have been identified in active fractions are being tested as pure agents. The immunological effects of mice acutely exposed via inhalation to selected hazardous chemicals and metals are being assessed. An updated cancer mortality atlas is being further refined. Mortality rates are being correlated with data from systematic sampling of air and water. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $139,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease' of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $30,600 was applied to this activity. A-75 ------- - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $232,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced ageneywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $1,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $49,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Transfer $356,700 from air-gases and particles/non-energy to realign funds between the Hazardous Air Pollutants Research Committee and the Gases and Particles Research Committee so that both committees can accomplish their required research. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $ 3,315,100 and 6 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $1,018,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $ 2,296,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $222,600 in development of bioassay methods for screening hazardous air pollutants. Methods tc adapt in vitro microbial and mammalian cell bioassays needed to detect and characterize carcinogens in the ambient air and at their emission source will be developed. Efforts to develop and validate bioassays and screening techniques that are needed to provide suggestive evidence of the carcinogenicity of hazardous air pollutants to evaluate the ability of a chemical to induce chromosomal aberrations which may be related to neoplastic changes will be continued. Five chemicals will be tested. Techniques to assess pulmonary carcinogenesis in whole animals will be developed and validated. Methods to assess the carcinogenic potential of volatile airborne carcinogens will be developed. A comprehensive battery of tests to evaluate the non-carcinogenic toxicity of hazardous air pollutants will continue to be developed. The toxicity of approximately 30 compounds will be compiled for testing in whole animals via several possible routes of exposure of chemical administration. Epidemiological research will on selected hazardous air pollutants which are currently regulated will be continued. The research will focus on asbestos and beryllium. The relationship between airborne cadmium exposure and blood pressure levels in populations living in the vicinity of industrial sources will continue to be evaluated. This is a five year longitudinal study which. through use of an increased sample size, will evaluate the possibility of selective survival suggested in earlier research. The results will be applied to risk assessments for airborne cadmium. A-76 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $797,200 for this sub-program, of which $210,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $586,300 was for extramural research activities. An assessment of atmospheric emissions from petrochemical production processes with emphasis on fugitive emissions was completed. These results provided input data for the development of hazardous air pollutant standards. An evaluation of innovative storage tank seals for benzene was completed. These data were used in the development of New Source Performance Standards for storage tanks. The frequency of hydrocarbon fugitive emissions such as benzene in the organic chemical manufacturing industry was determined. This data will be used in development and review of hazardous air pollutant standards. Calibration factors of volatile organic compound analyzer equipment for selected organic chemicals were determined. These data will be used in development and review of hazardous air pollutant standards that specify measurement techniques. A preliminary environmental assessment of the submerged are ferroalloy furnace was completed. The results identified this source as a major emitter of carcinogenic matter. An environmental assessment for coal preheaters for steel manufacturing which identified this • process as a major source of carcinogenic matter was completed. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $754,400 to this sub-program. Of which $220,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $533,500 is for the Research and Development Appropriation. The industrial hazardous air pollution control program is closely related to the industrial oxidant control programs. Several joint projects are supported because many hazardous chemicals such as benzene are also volatile organical chemicals. Sources of industrial emissions and control technologies for both oxidants and hazardous air pollutants are therefore often coincident. A multi-year assessment of the ferrous metallurgy industry is being continued. Sources planned for assessment include iron foundry melting, blast furnace top, and electric furnace emissions. Hazardous discharges such as heavy metals and polycyclic1 organic material are characterized and methods of control suggested for further study and testing. An assessment of the ferroalloy industry is being completed. Plans are being developed for a later demonstration project to control hazardous air emissions. An evaluation of activated carbon adsorption systems is being undertaken to provide a fundamental understanding of system performance, cost, size, and maintenance parameters. This knowledge enables designers to specify optimum systems for a wide range of industrial applications in controlling hazardous air emissions. The capture efficiency of hoods is being studied in industrial applications that emit hazardous air pollutants. Design parameters such as air flow rates, energy requirements, and capture effectiveness are being optimized in a variety of specific applications. A-77 ------- Emission studies utilizing more refined sampling methods are being conducted to determine the fugitive emissions of hazardous compounds from petrochemical plants, and from synthetic organic chemical manufacturing plants. Secondary air emissions from wood processing and organic, chemical manu- facturing wastewater treatment systems are being characterized. The need for control of these emissions is being determined. Thermal incineration processes will be studied to determine the effectiveness of hazardous air emissions control. Methods of reducing costs and energy requirements will be sought in the project. Undesirable effects of incineration such as harmful daughter-product generation will be identified, and methods to reduce these effects will be devised. 1981 ..Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $65,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,100. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $72,000 was applied to this activity. An increase of $8,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $800 from this activity. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $817,200 and 4 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $232,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $584,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $62,800 for developing control technologies for emissions of volatile organic compounds from industrial sources. Work will focus on the control of polynuclear organic materials and other hazardous air pollutants from the ferroalloy industry. Control of these emissions can require high energy Scrubbers. For economical operation, exit gas volumes must be minimized by controlling combustion and air induction. A field demonstration of optimum control techniques will be undertaken to culminate assessment work that was begun in prior years. - Field tests of catalytic oxidation techniques will be conducted at several industrial sites. Data that is obtained will be used in the development of hazardous air pollutant regulations. A-78 ------- Afterburners and on-site industrial boilers and heaters will be evaluated to determine the potential for hazardous air pollution control. A long-range program will be initiated to predict the mechanism of formation of potentially hazardous air pollutants in chemical manufacturing processes. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,472,100 for this sub-program, of which $278,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,193,400 was for extramural research activities. Research results have been obtained on the nature of the potential carbon fiber emissions resulting from machining and incineration of graphite/epoxy composites. These results will be used to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with the increased use and disposal of materials containing carbon fibers. Urban and non-urban air quality measurements have been obtained for a large number of halocarbons, hydrocarbons and nitrous oxide. These data will be useful for estimating daily doses for use in risk assessment determinations and for estimating global distributions to help assess the impact of some of these compounds on the stratospheric ozone layer. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,436,400 to this sub-program, of which $309,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,127,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Carbon fiber emissions are being characterized from a variety of services including manufacturing processing and disposal facilities. The results of this program will be used by the Office of Science Technology Policy to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with increased usage and disposal of carbon fibers. A report will be prepared that summarizes the precision and accuracy of the ambient air quality data that has been obtained from recent field investiga- tions of hazardous air pollutants. Reports will be used to assess the quality of data currently available on ambient levels of these important hazardous air pollutants and in developing effective hazardous ambient air measurement program plans. Studies are being conducted to determine the lifetimes and atmospheric degradation products of selected hazardous air pollutants, such as halocar- bons. The results of this work will be used to assess risk exposure of hazardous air pollutants and to identify likely atmospheric degradation products that may be more toxic then the original form of the pollutant. Source apportionment models are being developed for hazardous air pollutants such as organic vapors and aerosols. These models will be used to determine the individual source contributions of selected hazardous air pollutant emissions to ambient air quality. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 .President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate A-79 ------- reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $129,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi- sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $2,500 was applied to this activity. •• The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $139,000 was applied to this activity. •- An increase of $12,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $1,300 from other activities. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,558,900 and 6 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $399,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,159,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $122,500 in work on characterization of hazardous pollutants in ambient air. Ambient air characterization studies will be conducted from a selected list which currently contains thirty-six (36) hazardous air pollutants. These Studies will be used to determine the real-time atmospheric levels of these hazardous pollutants. The specific design and locations of the measurement networks will be based on studies conducted in the 1981 program. Laboratory studies that simulate atmospheric processes will be used to assess the potential lifetimes and degradation products ' of selected hazardous air pollutants including a number of halocarbons. The specific list of potential hazardous air pollutants to be investigated will be deter- mined by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. These pollutants are selected as they become candidates for future control under the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants section of the Clean Air Act. Studies to develop source apportionment models will continue. The work will focus on the development of models Applied to organic pollutants which exist in both aerosol and vapor form. A-80 ------- AIR Actual J980 Appropriation Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses. $65 Research and Oevelopment......... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses. 722 Research and Development......... 258 Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses. 2,839 Research and Development......... 3,414 Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses. 513 Research and Development. 437 Total: Salaries and Expenses. 4,139 Research and Development......... 4.109 Grand Total. 8,248 Permanent Positions Technical Information and Liaison. ? Monitoring Syst°-ns and Quality Assurance 12 Health Effects 37 Environmental Processes and Effects, _JQ___ Total........ 61 Ful1-t ime Equ i valency TechnicalInformation and Liaision. ?, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance. 15 Health Effects 51 Environmental Processes and Effects 15 Mobile Sources Non-Energy Budget Current Estimate Estimate Estimate 1981* 1981 1982 . (dollars in thousands^ $65 3 676 825 3,179 2:,670 544 656 $68 3 673 176 3,570 3,856 564 406 $66 3 907 672 2,173 779 630 1,029 4,464 4,154 4,875 1,441 3,826 2,483 8,618 12 34 11 9,316 12 12 11 5,309 13 9 11 59 Total, 84 16 52 13 83 37 16 30 13 61 35 18 20 JLL 53 Increase •+ Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -$2 +234 +496 -1,397 -3,077 +116 +623 •1,049 •1.958 -3,007 +1 -3 -2 +2 -10 -8 A-81 ------- Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $6,309,200 for 19872, a decrease of $3,007,000 from 1981. Included in this total is $3,825,800 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,483,400 for Research and Hevlopment, vrith a decrease of $1,049,400 and 31,95.7,600 respectively. Program Description The program has been developed under the auspices of the Mobile Sources Air Pollution Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program assures and improves the accuracy of the data base necessary for estimation of adverse effects on human health associated with airborne pollutants which are associated with mobile sources (fuels, fuel additives, combustion products and atmospheric transformation products derived therefrom). Improvements in accuracy are considered necessary for decisions on certification of various vehicular models. The program also provides EPA with a scientifically defensible data base on vehicular emissions to support and evaluate mobile source standard setting processes and abatement strategies. Studies determine impacts of motor vehicle advanced control systems and advanced power systems on both regul ated and important non- regulated pollutant emissions. The activities in this program also: determine human exposure to ttoMle source pollutants by developing and applying monitoring equipment and methodologies; determine mobile source contribution to ambient air quality by long-term monitoring; develop methods to collect exhaust for chemical analysis and mutagenic testing; register fuel and fuel additives in accordance with Section 211 of the Clean Air Act; provide all necessary quality assurance for mobile source needs; and provide fuels analysis for regional and enforcement needs. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material. TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1980 Accomplishments In 1930, the Agency used a total of $65,000 for this sub-program, of which $.64,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $500 was for extramural research activities. In 1980, the technical information program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision-making community. It also provided the Office of Research and Development (ORD) with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of mobile sources included the publication and dissemination of a report on the diesel emissions research program. The regional services staff provided for effective communications between ORD and the regions. Specifically, they: - Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System. - Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical asistance. - Conducted GRD/regional senior staff meetings. - Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations. A-82 ------- 1981 Program In 1?81, the Agency has allocated a total of $71,800 to this sub-program, of which $68,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and S3, 400 is for extramural ourposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Co-nmittee requirements. Technical information plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources, Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: - Continue the Regional Support Management Information System. - Conduct ORD/regional senior staff meeting a'nd other liaison activities to provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and technical assistance requirements. - Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of State and local government in the OPJD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1931 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 'resident's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $3,400 results from several actions, ;s follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 95-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses; the reduction applied to this activity is $300. ! i - An increase of $3,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - ?eprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of S300 from other activities. 1932 Plan The Agency requests a total of $69,100 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub-program of which 365,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 53,400 is for extramural purposes, under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects a decrease of 52,500 which will slightly reduce the development and dissemination of technical information products. This sub- program will continue, in 1°32, to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to insure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision-naking community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. A-83 ------- MONITORINGSYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980 Accomp11shments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $979,600 for this sub-program, of which $722,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $257,200 was for extramural research activities. - A study on carbon monoxide intrusion into sustained-use vehicles (schoolbuses, taxicabs, and police vehicles) mandated by the Clear Air Act amendments was completed. The study identified major points of intrusion and developed recmmendations for abating the problem. - Dilot studies measuring direct human exposure to carbon monoxide by using personal air quality monitors were begun in preparation for a full-scale study in 1981. - The third annual report on the Los Angeles Freeway monitoring program, the only continuous cross-exoressway monitoring program in the country, was completed. - Over 200 fuels and fuel additives were registered. - Analytical support was provided to enforcement and health effects programs. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $849,300 to this sub-program, of which $673,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $175,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. - In the mobile sources area, emphasis is being placed on the determination of human exposure to mobile source related pollutants, particularly carbon monoxide. This exposure program, made possible recently by advances in the technology of monitoring personal exposure, will provide much more detailed information on public exposure and therefore will allow more targeted and cost-effective abatement procedures. - The fuel and fuel additive registration program, mandated by Congress, will continue. - Analytical support to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, the Mobile Source Enforcement Division, and the Health Effects Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park (RTF) will also continue to be provided. This support of chemical analysis and monitoring can be supplied on a cost-effective basis by the in-house expertise of the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory at RTP. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross- walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budgst submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as '.veil as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of 5650,700 results from several actions, as follow: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of 57 million to E?A's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,900. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $350,000; a decrease of S3,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,?14,000 to the P>esearch and Development appropriation; a decrease of $117,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $32,100 results from the cost of the October 1930 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. A-84 ------- - ^programmings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $300 from other activities. - Transfer $7,200 from air gases and particles(GAP)/non-energy, to support GAP-related research. - Transfer $568,000 to air mobile sources/non-energy, to realign contract funds. 1932 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,579,400 and 13 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $907,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $672,400 is for extra- mural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation, an increase of $234,000 and $496,000 respectively. This increase reflects a shift in responsibility for planning and conducting full- scale carbon monoxide exposure assessment studies. These studies are based on the successful completion of pilot studies in 1980-1981. - The carbon monoxide exposure assessment program will continue and will emphasize the identification of human activity patterns in selected urban areas. - Fuel and fuel additive registration will continue. - Chemical analytical support will continue to be provided to Agency laboratories and regional and program offices HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 19SO, the Agency used a total of $6,253,500 for this sub-program, of which $2,338,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and 53,415,000 was for extramural research activities. - A report was published on the tumorogenesis of diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust and related emission extracts based on dermal exposure of the SENCAR (SENsltive to CARclnoma) mouse. The study concludes that the SENCAR mouse skin bioassay has utility for comparative potency analysis using both pure substances and complex mixtures. - The results of a study on the release of mutagens from diesel particles when' in the presence of physiological fluids (serum and lung cytosol) was published. The studies suggest that substantial mutagenic activity (as measured with the Ames Salmonelaa typhiinurium plate incorporation assay) is released from diesel particles upon incubation with physiological fluids. - An evaluation of a comparison between the microbial mutagencity effects present after exposure to emissions of light-duty diesel passenger cars and gasoline catalyst cars was completed. The organics in the emissions from both sources stimulated responses in the assay. The biological activity stimulated by the emissions from the diesel system was estimated to be 40-100 times that for the gasoline cat^yst system, presumably due to the higher particle emission rate of the diesel. - Preliminary analysis of the comparative responses of the matrix of short-term bioassays to the test materials (diesel exhaust extracts and surrogates) suggests that :he .response to diesel samples generally fall within the range of responses to the surrogates (cigarette smoke condensate, roofing tar soot and extract, coke oven soot and extract). The results also suggest that a large portion of the mutagenic activity from diesel samples was due to nitrogenated compounds. - A series of experiments focusing on inhalation of diesel exhaust to determine its effects son Tiutagenicity, reproductive performance of females, and teratology ./ere completed. Mutagenic and terotogenic effects were negative in the test animals which included mice, rats and rabbits but small effects on reproductive performance of female mice were observed. A-85 ------- - An international symposium on the health effects of diesels was held. Researchers from- England, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Japan and the United States presented their most recent data on the characterization of diesel engine emissions and the biological responses of exposure to whole diesel exhaust and its components. Controversy over the appropriate method to interpret the available data still exists. 1931 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,425,900 to this sub-program, of which 53,569,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and S3.,856,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development apppropriation. The program continues to emphasize the evaluation -of comparative responses of the matrix of bioassay test systems (both in vitro and in vivo) to diesel exhausts from a variety of vehicles and a series of surrogates. Present emphasis is on the completion of the in vivo bioassay studies for cancer which have required lapse times of several years. Impacts upon cardiovascular, neurobehavioral, reproductive and pulmonary function that may be induced by exposures to carbon monoxide are also being evaluated using both human health studies (epidemiological and clinical) and whole animal studies. The studies conducted in this sub- program are considered necessary to improve the quantitative estimate of the potential health risks associated with agents emitted from diesel systems. Additionally, the program is continuing the development and application of in vitro and in vivo bioassay systems for use in evaluation of fuel, fuel additives, unregulated mobile source emissions and evaluation of the biological activity of gas phase hydrocarbons and of ambient air impacted by mobile source emissions. More specific tasks include: - Continuation of the study on induction of respiratory cancer in Syrian golden hamsters using intratracheal instillation of test materials (surrogates and diesel emissions). - Continuation of the evaluation of the relative potentcy of test materials to produce skin cancer using dermal exposure of the SENCAR mouse. - Completion of the study on rate of tumor induction in strain A mice associated with inhalation of diesel exhaust. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross- walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the cross- walk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $1,576,600 results from several actions, as fallows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, "resident Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million of EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $10,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $77,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $290,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywirte AOP services by $2 million; a decrease of $3,700 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $35,000 results from the cost of the October 1930 pay raise and is inclu-lei in a proposed supplemental appropriation. A-86 ------- - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-bqard needs resulted in a transfer of $1,000 to other activities. - Transfer of 5767,700 from air mobile sources/non-energy, to realign contract funds. - Transfer of $1,110,000 from air-oxidants/non-energy, in order to consolidate all carbon monoxide research activities under the Mobile Sources Research Committee. 1982_P1jn The Agency requests a total of $2,951,800 and 9 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which 52,172,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 5779,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects a decrease of 51,397,000 and $3,077,000 respectively. The decrease reflects the phasing-down of inhalation studies of the effects of diesel particles. The 1Q32 program will consist of (1) human health studies (clinical and epidemiological) of the effects of long-term low level exposures .to carbon monoxide which were initiated in 1931 in response to program office information needs; (2) continuation of the 1980 biological studies of the comparative carcinogenic potency of diesel exhaust and several surrogates utilizing ^invivo test systems (intratracheal instillation in hamsters and skin painting of mice); and |3) continued development and application of_in vivo and In vitro bioassay test systems which have higher sensitivity and lower cost for"u"se~in evaluation of fuel and fuel additives, nonregulated emissions from mobile sources and the biological activity induced by automotive exhaust products in ambient air. ENVIRONMENTAL,PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $949,700 for this sub-program, of which 5513,100 was for Salaries and Expenses and 5436,600 was for extramural research activities. - Emission factors were determined for over 60 individual hydrocarbon compounds emitted from passenger vehicles. This information will be useful in providing risk assessments of the potentially harmful pollutants* - An interm report was completed on the characterization of heavy-duty diesel emissions under the transient (varying speed) driving condition* This report will summarize information on the mutagenic components of diesel emissions. - Over 200 grams of diesel particulate matter were generated, for use in developing a tier bioassay protocol. Once developed, the tier bioassay protocol will be used to assess the potential health impact of automotive emissions. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $969,200 to this sub-program, of which $563,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $405,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. - Research is being conducted to define the character of heavy-duty diesel engine emissions. Particular emphasis has been placed on those emissions which exhibit biological activity. Emissions from in-use gasolines powered vehicles are also being analyzed for their chemical composition and biologic activity. - A methodology is being developed to collect the gas phase emissions from both gasoline and diesel engines that have not been previously characterized in order to identify possible biologic activity. - Subject to fuel availability, emission data will be collected from a small number of diesel and gasoline vehicles operating on synthetic fuels. The relationship between fuel and emission compositions will be defined to the extent possible.. - Using 3-way catalyst equipped passenger cars, tests will be conducted to measure the sensitivity of emissions to variations in speed, load, and acceleration/deceleration rates. A-87 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1931 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $230,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by 5850,000; a decrease of $500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $50,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $25,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramminns to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of 52,300 from other activities. - Transfer 5200,000 to air mobile sources/non-energy ($199,700) and to nonionizing radiation/non-energy ($300), in order to realign contract funds. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,708,700 and 11 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $1,028,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 3680,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects an increase of $116,000 and $623,000 respectively. Thfs increase allows for additional characterization work which will focus on emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles and vehicles powered by synthetic fuels. - Diesel emission characterization studies will continue to emphasize the identification of the mutagenic component. While both light and heavy-duty diesel vehicles will be studied, the major focus will be placed on heavy-duty vehicles. - Emission data will continue to be collected from diesel and gasoline vehicles operating on synthetic fuels. The emission data will be characterized chemically, physically, 3nd biologically. The collection of specific fuels to be tested will be identified and prioritized by the regulatory and enforcement offices of EPA. . - As new technologies are used to control motor vehicle emission, tests will be conducted to determine their impact on environmentally important unregulated pollutant emissions. These tests will be conducted under potentially important non-FTP conditions with variations in speed, load and acceleration/deceleration rates. The pollutants rneasured in this program include compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen cyanide, organic acids, and nitrates. - Validation studies will evaluate existing models that predict population exposures to 'notor vehicle emissions. The field data used for the validation effort will be obtained from existing data bases. A-88 ------- AIR Gases and Particles Non-Energy Appropriation Scientific Assessment: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development..... Environmental Engineering and Technology Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development..... Total: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Actual 1980 235 114 436 4 3,634 5,264 6,410 4,898 225 630 2,361 7,546 13,301 18,456 Budget Estimate 1981* 221 172 426 27 3,592 5,416 6,155 6,907 228 651 ; 2,557 7,768 13,179 20,941 , Current Estimate 1981 248 172 396 27 3,980 4,552 4.855 7,044 232 586 2,446 6,991 12,157 19,372 ' Estimate 1982 216 179 432 27 4,518 4,285 5,900 6,340 243 623 2,922 6.984 14,231 13,438 Increase + Decrease - • 1982 vs. 1981 -32 +7 +36 ... +538 -267 +1,045 -704 +11 +37 +476 -7 +2,074 -934 Grand Total 31,757 34,120 31,529 32,669 +1,140 A-89 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions Scientific Assessments- Technical Information and Liaison Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance. Health Effects... Environmental Engineering and Technology Environmental Processes and Effects Total Full-time Equivalency Scientific Assessments... Technical Information and Liaison Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance Health Effects Environmental Engineering and Technology Environmental Processes and Effects. Total 4 6 72 90 4 37 213 6 9 80 107 7 43 252 4 6 71 89 4 41 215 8 10 78 101 7 52 256 4 6 68 54 4 35 171 8 10 76 66 7 41 208 5 6 70 71 4 39 195 ' 7 10 77 83 7 50 234 +1 , — +2 +17 .., +4 +24 -1 • * « +1 +17 » * * +9 +26 'January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $32,669,200 for 1982, an increase of $1,139,900 from 1981. Included in this total is $14,231,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $18,437,800 for Research and Development, with an increase of $2,074,200 and a decrease of $934,300 respectively. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Gases and Particles Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. A-90 ------- The overall program provides scientific data on health effects from exposure to airborne sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and lead to comply with Section 108 and 109 of the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act requires that the criteria and standards be reviewed and, if necessary, revised every five years; therefore, continually updated information regarding health effects is needed to support maintenance or revision of the criteria and standards. In obtaining such information, the program provides regulatory decision makers with the assessment and prognostication of the environmental effects of S02, lead, and particles. This includes modeling and prediction of ambient concentrations of pollutants, assessment of ecological and material damage of such pollutants, and determination of visibility impairment of fine particles. The program develops and demonstrates pollution control technologies capable of reducing or eliminating gaseous and particulate pollutant emissions from industrial point sources and provides technical and cost data bases that support regulatory standards for direct application by industry in solving pollution problems. Chemical/physical measurement methods are developed and evaluated, while the program also provides quality assurance support. In addition, this program supports the design and operation of research monitoring systems and networks, and development and testing of exposure assessment methodologies. SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $349,600 for this sub-program, of which $235,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $114,200 was for extramural research activities. A draft particulate matter/sulfur oxides criteria document was completed as required by Section 108 of the Clean Air Act. 1,981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $420,200 to this sub-orogram, of which $248,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $172,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. A SOx/particulate criteria document drafted in 1980 as required by Section 108 of the Clean Air Act is being completed. The criteria document on lead will be updated as required by the Clean Air Act with peer and Sceince Advisory Board reviews to be completed in 1982. A draft issue paper is being completed on fibrous particles which will identify scientific issues needing resolution prior to the development of a more in-depth health assessment as required under Sections 112 and 122 of the Clean Air Act. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. A.-91 ------- The net increase of $26,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. - An increase of $10,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in transfers from pesticides scientific assessments ($17,900) and from air scientific assessment ($400). 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $395,300 for this sub-program, of which $216,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $179,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $24,900 stemming from the completion of the SOx/Particulate Matter Criteria Document. An update of the Lead Criteria Document as required by Section 108 of the Clean Air Act will be completed. An issue paper begun in FY 1981 on fibrous particles will be completed. TEgHNICAMNF^RJUTION AN_D LIAISON 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $439,800 for this sub-program, of which $435,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,200 was for extramural research activities. In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation of the Research Outlook, Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance, and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It provided information systems which ORD needed to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of gases and particulates included the publication and dissemination of reports on: - Diffusion, Modeling and Statistical Techniques used in Regulatory Decision Making. - High Efficiency Control System. - Inhalable Particulates Studies and Sampler Evaluation and Sampling Techniques. - Sodium Condition for hit side electrostatic precipitators. -Dual Alkali Demonstration at Louisville Gas and Electric Company. -Fugitive Emission Research Study. A-92 ------- The Regional Services Staff was responsible for effective communications between ORD and the regions. The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making community. • Further, they assisted in making better coordination between ORD and the regions possible, allovring each to meet the needs of "the Agency and the public more efficiently. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $423,200 to this sub-program, of which $396,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $27,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer pulications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information for this research effort have been prepared throughout the year. Support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: Continue the Regional Support Management Information System. Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in the ORD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. - The net increase of $30,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide SES bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $3,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million! a decrease of $36,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $15,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $3,300 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. A-93 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $459,400 for this sub-program, of which $432,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and '$27,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $36,200 which will slightly increase the Technical Informations^ program's ability to prepare and disseminate technical information products to the Research Committee, Congress, and the public. It will, also slightly increase the Regional Services Staff's Capacity for liaison activities. This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to insure that research -information -is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate' Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORB'S research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $897,700 for this sub-program, of which $3,634,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,263,500 was for extramural research activities. New stations were added to the inhalable participate network for a total of 138 stations. Additional instruments were sited at all stations to allow for increased analysis of mass, size,, and chemical composition. This information is needed for establishment and revision of standards for participate matter. Quality assurance guidelines and audits were provided for the National Air Monitoring Sites (NAMS) and the State and Local Air Monitoring Sites (SLAMS). A new massive air sampler capable of collecting very large amounts of atmospheric particles for later chemical analysis and bioassay (e.g. Ames test) was developed. Systems for determining the chemical composition of fine particles collected by dichotomous samplers were tested and applied to field monitoring studies. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,532,100 to this sub-program. of which $3,980,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,551,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The inhalable particulate (IP) network, mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, is being expanded to a total of 180 stations by the end of 1981. Measurement methods for fine particle emissions from stationary sources are being improved. Better methods will provide more detailed knowledge of emissions and more effective abatement techniques. A-94 ------- Quality Assurance procedures, including performance audits of IP network stations and State and Local Air Monitoring Stations, maintenance of a repository of reference samples and materials, publication of new methods and quality assurance guidelines, verification of certified reference materials, and the implementation of the Agency's Mandatory Quality Assurance Program, are being performed on a continuing basis. Chemical analysis of trace metals and statistical analysis of trends at the national air monitoring sites is continuing. These analyses are essential to determine the actual effect of the Agency's policies on the national air quality. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. - The net decrease of $476,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $15,000. * The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $7,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $17,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $9,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $7,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $158,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $43,700 from other activities. •*• Transfer $395,000 to monitoring and quality assurance/uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to support Love Canal efforts. - A transfer of $8,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - Transfer within the Office of Research and Development to support GAP related research resulted in a transfer to air oxidants non-enersry ($102,300); to air hazsardous pollutants non-energy $800; and to air mobile sources non-energy ($7,200). - Transfer 520,000 to program management in order to support public awareness and industrial hygienist positions at Research Triangle Park. A-95 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $8,802,100 and 70 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $4,517,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,284,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $270,000 to allow for expansion of the inhalable particulate sampling- network. Air measurements will continue to be developed, evaluated and optimized and measurement systems for criteria and non-criteria pollutants tested, evaluated, and demonstrated. EPA monitoring methods will be standardized; alternative methods will be evaluated and certified as equivalent to Federal Register methods upon passing prescribed performance standards. Standards and reference materials will continue to be maintained and supplied to laboratories on request. Performance audits of requesting laboratories will continue to be supplied for criteria pollutants and for sulfates and nitrates. Special audits (unanticipated) will also be carried out. Performance specifications will be developed and tested for continuous emission monitors (CEM) used by the Enforcement Office. Support will continue to be provided for the Mew Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Program mandated by the Clean Air Act, Quality Assurance (QA) guidelines, audits, reference samples, and other support will continue to be provided to organizations monitoring air pollution sources and ambient air quality, including the new National Air Monitoring System/State and Local Air Monitoring System (NAMS/SLAMS) network mandated by the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments. Volumes II and III of the QA Handbook will be augmented, updated, and distributed to users. Performance audits and other QA will be supplied for OEMs. QA will also be supplied for' the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) studies and EPA research laboratories involving air measurements. The Agency's mandatory Quality Assurance Program established by the Administrator will continue to be implemented. The inhalable particulate (IP) network will operate 180 stations throughout 1982. Twenty additional stations will be added during the year. The mass, size, and chemical compostion of participates will be measured at each station, as requested by OAQPS. HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $11,307,800 for this sub-program, of which $6,409,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,898,100 was for extramural research activities. A-96 ------- The first phase of study to define the decrements in lung function associated with exercise, increased temperature, and dosage with bronchoconstrictor drugs was completed. This study provided baseline health data and defined the worst case situation for unexposed subjects. The data will be used in a Phase n project which has been initiated to study the acute health effects in humans with repeated exposure to various pollutants and experiencing physical activity and thermal stress. The pollutants of interest include sulfuric acid, ammonium bisulfate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate, alone and in combination with ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Acute and intermittent exposures of normal and impaired animals to ammonium sulfate, a fine-mode pollutant, were completed. Results from this study will provide toxicological data relevant to determining the need for a size resolved standard for inhalable participate matter.' Acute and intermittent exposures of mice and hamsters to ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, and ammonium nitrate to provide data on dose-response relationships for effects on host defense mechanisms against infectious respiratory disease were completed. The first phase of a problem definition study which, in conjunction with a panel of experts, will serve as the foundation for planning epidemiological studies on inhalable particulates was completed. This project identified problem areas in current knowledge and needed research, and determined the types of studies which offer a high probability of success if conducted. Such planning studies with input from experts in the field help ensure that research efforts provide valuable data for the Agency. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $11,898,800 to this sub- program, of which $4,854,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $7,044,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro- priation. Studies are being initiated to determine the subchronie and chronic inha- lation toxicity and immunological effects of carbon particles. Assessment of immunological responses are also being considered for sulfur dioxide. The results will provide needed information on low concentrations of pollu- tants, varied exposure modes, and additional biological and immunological endpoints. Protocols for an in vivo inhalation system will be validated and compared to in vivo assays as part of efforts to develop rapid models for short-term screening of particles for lung toxicity. Clinical studies are primarily concentrating on continued implementation of multi-phased studies. Phase H of research on the effects in humans of acute exposure to sulfate and nitrate aerosols, alone and in combination with gaseous pollutants, is underway, focusing on respiratory mechanical parameters in young, healthy male subjects. Endpoints to be measured include respiratory functioning, spirometry, and exercise stress effects. Epidemiological research on inhalable particles • foEows upon the first stage of the problem definition study completed last year. Potential study communities will be identified by particulate pollution levels and characterized with respect to demographic, industrial, socioeconomic, and other important parameters to support final selection of communities to fulfill research needs for epidemiological studies identified by the Phase I inhalable particulate problem definition study. A-97 ------- Asthmatic patients in Colorado are being evaluated for symptom aggravation, pulmonary function changes, and usage of drugs and medical care in relation to particulate air pollution. Asthmatics have been selected for study because they represent a subset of the population sensitive to air pollution. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $888,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $10,700. •- The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by S3.8 million; a decrease of $12,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $777,000 was applied to this activity to allow for phasing of research to coincide with the cycle for criteria document revisions. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $23,300 was applied to this activity. - An increase of 589,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $35,500 from other activities. - A transfer of $7,100 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. - A transfer of $356,700 was made to air hazardous pollutants non-energy in order to realign funds between the Hazardous Air Pollutants Research Committee and the Gases and Particles Research Committee so that both Committees can accomplish their required research. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $12,240,400 and 71 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $5,900,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,340,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $341,600 for epidemiologlcal studies of population exposed to ambient levels of SOy/particles near existing standards. A-98 ------- Epidemiological studies begun in 1981 will continue and represent a long- term commitment to improving our understanding of the health effects of exposure to sulfur oxides and airborne particles. Inhalation studies will continue on human volunteers exposed to fine-mode (0-2,5 micrometers) aerosols which include sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate; alone and in combination with ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Development and utilization of animal models from which information about deposition of particles in the lungs can be extrapolated to humans will continue. Development and application of techniques far studying pulmonary function in both normal animals and in animals with respiratory disease will continue to focus on improving the extrapolation of animal data to humans who are at risk from exposure to air pollutants. Studies will be conducted on the inhalation toxicity of carbon, organic particles, and gas mixtures. Data collection will be underway in research to develop and compare in vivo inhalation systems to cell and tissue culture assays established for airway and alveolar epithelium. The results should establish the validity of culture models for short-term screening of particles for lung toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $855,000 for this sub-program, of which $224,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $630,400 was for extramural research activities. A report on the feasibility of smelter weak SO- stream control was completed. This information is a key element in tne Agency's Nonferrous Smelter Order program. The report analyzes all technologies currently available for S0» control. • '• I A study of foreign technologies for controlling emissions at a secondary lead smelter was completed. This technology should assist industry in meeting the air quality standards for lead emissions. Emission factors for steel plants have been developed for inhalable participates to support development of regulations for basic oxygen furnace stack, fugitive, and hot metal desulfurization processes and also for fugitive emissions from roads and material piles. A preliminary environmental assessment for the Formcoke process was completed to support the Department of Energy. This new process, which is an alternative to conventional cokemaking, offers the promise of eliminating coke oven emissions. A preliminary environmental assessment was completed for the submerged arc ferroalloy furnace which identified this industrial process as a major emitter of carcinogenic matter. A-99 ------- 1981 Program . In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $817,900 to this sub-program, of which $232,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $585,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. A major technical support program is being undertaken to evaluate Nonferrous Smelter Order proposals that are received from industry by the Office of Enforcement. This program is required by section 119 of the Clean Air Act. Technical assistance is being provided to Regional Offices and other governmental organizations involved in implementing this delayed compliance order for primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters. The demonstration of particulate controls for open sources in steel plants is being supported. A charged fogger is being evaluated at two steel plants to assist in the development of New Source Performance Standards and State Implementation Plans. A test report and users manual will be published for each demonstration. Assessments of gaseous and inhalable particulate emissions from the ferrous metallurgy and ferroalloy industries is being continued. Advanced air pollution control technology that shows promise is being identified for possible large scale demonstration in later years. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $60,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $65,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $6,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogfammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $1,000 from other activities. 1982 Plan ; The Agency requests a total of 5865,500 and 4 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $242,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $623,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $47,600 for support of the Non-ferrous Smelter Order program. A-TOO ------- Activities in 1982 will be a continuation of the three major programs undertaken in 1981. Specifically, Support to the Office of Enforcement will continue in evaluating Nonferrous Smelter Order (NSO) proposals and making technical recommendations on a case-by-ease basis. It is expected that by 1982 the NSO program will be well underway with active projects-at several smelter facilities. The demonstration of controls for open sources of particulate emissions in steel plants will continue. Improved technologies win be tested and evaluated. Plans will be developed for a large scale demonstration of controls at a ferroalloy plant. Assessments of unit process emissions in the ferrous metallurgy industry will be continued. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $9,906,900 for this sub-program, of which $2,361,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $7,545,600 was for extramural research activities. The effects of airborne sulfur pollutants on materials in the Regional Air Pollution Study in the St. Louis Area were determined and the data will be used in the Agency's SOx/Partieulates Criteria Document. Effective sampling techniques for particulate emissions from four atypical stationary source categories were developed and evaluated; these techniques may be used by regulatory and enforcement offices. A national Crop Loss Assessment Network was designed, peer-reviewed, and field-implemented to provide pollutant dose-crop yield responses for important agricultural crops grown under normal cultural regimes in various geographical regions of the U.S. The impacts pf SO2 and pollutant mixtures are being evaluated. These data are needed for caleMating economic effects of air pollution on agriculture and for establishing scientifically defensible Secondary Air Quality Standards. Research has been initiated to quantify interactive effects of mixed pollutants on crop yield. Results of this research to date have established that the threshold for long-term SO, effects on growth, nitrogen fixation and quality of alfalfa is a median concentration of 0.06 ppm. The addition of 0.05 ppm d- did not change this relationship. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,437,100 to this sub-program, of which $2,445,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and 56,991,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Urban plume mapping of a city dominated by heavy and light industries is being conducted to assist in validating the AROSOL-III, an aerosol submodel designed to provide 1-hr. average values for primary aerosol mass, sulfate and visibility due to primary and secondary sources, nucleation, condensation, coagulation, sulfate photo formation, and dry deposition. A-101 ------- Studies are being conducted to provide data on multi-day dispersion and transformation processes that affect the distributions and composition of secondary pollutants, as well as provide new data on processes affecting identifiable urban and industrial pollutant plumes. <• Field studies will be initiated to determine the effects of sulfur dioxide on commercially important trees. Information will be used for the development of air quality criteria for sulfur dioxide. The acute and chronic effects of sulfur dioxide on the genetics and sensitivity of native populations of plants will be assessed. The project will provide information relevant to the occurrence of changes in the sensitivity or resistance of plant populations induced by exposure to sulfur dioxide. Receptor models are being; developed to estimate the impact of sources at receptor sites. This could lead to elimination of the need for expensive emission inventories in developing cost effective State Implementation Plans. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate •» The net increase of $1,163,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $22,000. - The Congress reduced ageneywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $69,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $783,000 was applied to this activity to allow for phasing of research to coincide with the cycle for criteria document revisions. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $4,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $159,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $47,500 from other activities. - Transfer $62,600 to program management to support a technical information coordinator and an international travel coordinator. - Transfer $20,000 to program management to support public awareness and industrial hygienist position at Research Triangle Park. A transfer of $9,000 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncomplianee penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. A transfer of $22,900 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policv Council. A-102 ------- Water Quality SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- WATER QUALITY ApproDnation JG.aries and"Expenses .... Research and Development.. Abatement, Control and Compliance Total Permanent Workyears .. Full-time Equivalency. Outlays Authorization Levels.. PROGRAMHIGHLIGHTS Water Quality-Non Energy Salaries and Expenses .... Research and Development . Municipal Wastewater/Spill Prevention Salaries and Expenses ..... Research and Development .. Industrial Wastewater Salaries and Expenses Research and Development .. Total: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development .. Total, Research and Development Program Water Quality Planning and Standards: Salaries and Expenses .. Abatement, Control and Compliance ........... Standards air1 Guidelines: Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and Compliance Grants Assistance Program: Abatement, Control and Compliance ....... ..... ate'* Quality Strategies Implementation: Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and Compliance .. ......... Actual 1980 $111,612 42,085 191,221 344,918 3,034 3,625 362,476 551,509 514,316 15,822 on 7,074 13.947 3,829 12,317 25,219 42,086 67,305 12,858 11,577 5,084 21,380 109,808 8,918 7,397 Budget Estimate 1981* $113,504 38,362 186,932 338,798 3,055 3,719 285,300 414,719 $14,100 11,944 7,186 14,241 4,084 12,177 25,370 38,362 63,732 12.151 11,636 6,367 23,678 96,230 9,422 6,387 Current Estimate 1981 ' '{"do'ltafs $119,114 39,578 186,136 344,828 2,958 3,598 384,971 444,719 $14,440 14,070 7,29? 14,330 4,434 11,177 26,167 39,577 65,744 11,646 10,582 6,411 22,931 96,667 11,332 7,080 Increase + Estimate Decrease - 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page .in thousands} $125,470 30,277 141,787 297,534 2,857 .3,495 409,337 293,770 $14,592 8,622 V644 12,986 4,609 8,669 26,845 30,277 57,122 10,069 8,676 6,334 12,914 64,300 12,166 7,629 +56,356 -9,301 -44,349 -47,294 -101 -103 +24,366 +$152 -5,448 +351 -1,344 +175 -2,508 +678 __-9,300 -8,622 -1,577 -1,90.6 -77 -in, 017 -31,867 +834 +549 WQ-85 WQ-103 WQ-118 WQ-16 WQ-28 WQ-36 WQ-43 wq-i ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - ' _ 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982vs. 1981 Page Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis: Salaries and Expenses .. Abatement, Control and Compliance Municipal Source Control: Salaries and Expenses .. Abatement, Control and Compliance Total: Salaries and Expenses .. Abatement, Control and Compliance ....... Total, Abatement, and Control Program ......... Water Quality Permits Issuance: Salaries and Expenses ., Abatement, Control and Compliance ............ Water Quality Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses .. Abatement, Control and Compliance Total: Salaries and Expenses .. Abatement, Control and Compliance -.. Total, Enforcement Program Permanent Positions Water Quality-Non Energy. Municipal Wastewater/ Spills Prevention Industrial Wastewater.... Total, Research and Development Program . Water Quality Planning .and Standards ....... Effluent Standards and Guidelines 7,961 2,731 28,950 _22*1S2_ 63,772 186,053 249,825 7,089 2,702 15,532 2,467 22,621 5,169 27,790 287 149 73 509 343 108 8,?n« 2,436 27,759 36.725 63,908 177,096 241,004 7,949 5,927 16,277 3,909 24,226 9,836 34,062 269 146 80 , 495 328 112 (dollars 9,2I 2,476 30,100 35,401 68,708 175,137 243,845 8,230 5,695 16,010 5,305 24,240 11,000 35,240 263 147 71 481 281 109 in thousands! 9,444 1,923 32,103 36,002 70,116 131^944 202,060 9,768 7,330 18,741 2,541 28,509 9,871 38,380 234 146 67 447 193 ino WQ-58 +225 -553 WO-63 +2,003 +601 +1 ,408 -43_il93 -41,785 WQ-75 ' +1,538 +1,635 wq-80 +2,731 -2,764 +4,269 -1,129 +3,140 -29 WQ-S6 _! WQ-103 14 WQ-H9 -34 -88 WQ-16 -9 WQ-28 WQ-J2 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982vs.1981 Page (dollars in thousands"! Water Quality Strategies Implementation Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis Municipal Source Control Total, Abatement and Control Program ... Permits Issuance .. Water Quality Enforcement Total, Enforcement Full-time Egui yalency Water Qua 1 i ty-NonEnergy... Municipal Wastewater/Spill Prevention Industrial Uastewatei* Total, Research and Development Program 233 690 264 716 294 280 688 643 -14 WQ-43 195 921 1,800 229 497 726 411 185 94 191 914 1,809 242 511 753 - 427 183 106 189 886 1,759 238 481 719 406 185 97 191 874 1,638 260 • 514 774 368 183 92 +2 -12 -121 +22 +33 +55 -38 -2 -5 WQ-58 WQ-64 WQ-75 WQ-80 WQ-86 WQ-104 WQ-119 -45 Water Quality Planning and Standards Effulent Standards and Guidelines Grants Assistance Programs Water Quality Strategies Implementation Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis Municipal Source Control ... Total, Abatement and Control Program ......... Permits Issuance Water Quality Enforcement... Total Enforcement, Program.. 447 132 260 247 1,046 2,132 257 573 427 147 ?«« 241 1,057 2,160 295 575 370 • 144 326 240 1 ,028 2,108 287 543 277 131 309 241 1,020 1,978 318 576 -93 ' +1"3 -17 +1 -8 -130 +31 +33 WQ-16 WQ-28 WQ-43 WQ-43 WQ-58 WQ-64 WQ-75 WQ-80 830 870 830 894 +64 OVERVIEW & STRATEGY , In 1982, the water quality program's major emphasis will be the implementation .stage of programs authorized and established by the Clean Water Act (CWA). Regulations and planning which established the foundation for control programs are largely in place. For example, initial water quality management plans have been all certified and approved, industrial effluent guidelines for controlling toxic discharges and water quality criteria for toxic pollutants will be completed in 1982, and much of the delegation of program management functions to the States will have been achieved. With these development activities essentially complete, the water quality program will encourage implementation of control measures at the State and Federal levels through an integrated water quality planning and management process. A key element of this process will be to focus management attention on identifying and prioritizing remaining water quality problems and focusing resources on completing analyses and implementation steps that are necessary to correct these problems. Specific program activities which will require increased resources and attention are as follows: WQ-3 ------- - Implement the BAT (Best Availabile Technology) industrial toxics control program through the permit issuance process at the State and Federal levels. - Emphasize approval of local pretreatment programs to control industrial sources of pollution that discharge to Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs). - Develop realistic, site-specific water quality standards, including the application of toxics criteria, for stream segments that exhibit particular water quality problems; encourage the States to build greater toxic pollutant analytical capabilities, including simplified water quality economic and waste load analysis techniques to make better informed water quality standards and construction grant decisions; continue research and development activities that will provide field validation of water quality data and models to determine maximum allowable levels of toxic pollutants. • Implement tha recommendations of the Construction Grants 1990 Strategy (to be completed in 1981), which will Include major administrative, regulatory and legislative changes in five general areas: funding, operations, planning, compliance and management. - Work toward further integration of the construction grants, water quality standards, and the permit and enforcement programs to increase the rate of municipal compliance with permits and the rate of construction of Publicly Owned Treatment Works. - Use Section 201 grants to facilitate the planning of regional multimedia, integrated waste management strategies. - Re-orient Agency management of the Construction Grants Program to support State delegation of responsibility by stressing general program oversight rather than individual project oversight. - Continue to work with States in developing national, State, and local strategies and projects to remedy problems from both point and nonpoint sources of surface and ground water pollution. - Maximize the use of research and development funds to aid in sound policy, management and enforcement decisions. These priority program activities represent a consistent, logical and necessary extension of the 1981 water quality program initiatives. A broader perspective regarding these critical program efforts is presented below: Industrial Toxics Control During 1982, EPA will complete BAT/BCT (Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology) rulemaking with the promulgation of guidelines for fifteen additional industrial categories required under the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Water Act. In addition, the Agency will provide guidelines for several synfuels production processes to facilitate the permitting process for those industries. Concomitant with BAT/BCT promulgations the Agency must be prepared for litigation. The primary emphasis regarding toxics control, will be the implementation of the BAT effluent guidelines through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). NPDES permitting will be carried out by those States which have delegation, and by EPA in nondelegated States. In the delegated States, Agency permit personnel will provide significant overview and consultation to State permit authorities. Another area to receive increased emphasis in 1982 will be criminal investigation. EPA has focused most of its enforcement efforts to date against violations requiring administrative WQ-4 ------- \ or civil actions. EPA will now direct more attention to potential criminal violations .] of the Clean Water Act. These investigations will require different procedures and techniques than a civil investigation and specialized techniques and personnel trained 1n criminal investigations. Another important element in the Agency's toxic strategy will-be the continuation of the "hot spot" program to identify geographic areas requiring post-BAT toxic control actions. This program will examine and recommend toxic pollutant control action plans for several such "hot spots" in 1982, having begun this mission on a pilot basis in 1980. Research and Development will play an important role in the Agency's industrial toxics control strategy. The 1982 industrial waste water research program will address the development of innovative control methods, such as process changes and materials substitution and continued development of recycle/reuse technology; development of new and improved sampling and analytical procedures for organic and inorganic pollutants; development, improvement and adaptation of bioassay/biomonitorlng methods for use in determining and measuring the "toxicity" of industrial waste waters; development of additional treatability data with an emphasis on the development of surrogate/indicator procedures for measuring and monitoring treatability; and performance evaluations of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System discharger laboratories. Pretreatment A significant par*, of the toxics control strategy will involve the vigorous .imple- mentation of the pretreatment program. This program sets standards for the control of effluent from indirect dischargers, those industrial sources of pollution which discharge their effluents to municipal waste water treatment facilities rather than directly into streams. In these cases industrial wastes, especially toxic substances, may sometimes interfere with the operation of the sewage treatment plant, become deposited in the residual sludges, or simply pass through the system and pollute the receiving stream's waters. •} The environmental importance of indirect dischargers is substantiated by the fact that the number of direct dischargers to be regulated is 12,000, while the potential number of indirect rfischargers to be regulated under the pretreatment program could be as high as 60,000. Thus, the pretreatment program addresses a toxic pollution problem which, in terms of scope, exceeds that encountered with direct dischargers. The pretreat- ment program represents a significant advance in t*"» Agency's efforts to control toxic pollutants. July 1, 1983 is the deadline for pretreatment program approval for publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). Over the past two years, the Agency has begun the process of issuing categorical pretreatment standards for industrial users and assisting in the development of local and State pretreatment programs. In 1982, the implementation shift initiated in 1981 will be accelerated. The Agency will complete the issuance of pretreatnent planning grants, funded under Secion 201, review the local pretreatment programs that have been developed in previous years and oversee the operation of newly-approved State and local programs. The implementation of the pretreatment program at the local level will improve the performance of POTWs funded under Section 201 and help ensure that full benefits are realized from construction grants funding. , In 1982 the pretreatment program will require compliance Sampling and evaluation Inspections to establish whether or not pretreatment requirements are being met. In cases of non-compliance, EPA will issue administrative orders. Where there is no response or noncompliance persists, EPA will initiate enforcement cases. Research support to develop and demonstrate pretreatment technologies and treatment methodologies for combined industrial municipal waste waters will continue in 1982. Water Quajity Standards In the past, the standards program has concentrated its resources on the development of toxics criteria for 65 classes of toxic pollutants. That development stage will WQ-5 ------- near completion by 1932, although some criteria development will continue. The twin goals of the water quality standards program will be: {1} the assessment of beneficial use attainability; and (2) the application of toxic criteria to site-specific areas. This initiative is recognized by both the States and EPA as an important step in setting realistic, implement able environmental policies. The States and regions will jointly conduct evaluations of the designated use of specific stream segments to consider attainability from an environmental, economic and technological standpoint. Waste load allocations and detailed economic studies will be performed to develop cost impacts and control strategies for streams not achieving designated uses* Alternative control strategies and/or stream use re-designations could result in significant cost savings of governmental and industrial expenditures while assuring that expenditures are made where controls are most needed. The States and EPA will use these site-specific analyses to determine the stream segments to which the toxics criteria should be applied. The Agency will use its industrial facility file to pinpoint areas where the relevant pollutants are discharged. Physical factors monitored in the analyses, e.g. p'H and hardness, will be used to adjust criteria to stream-specific conditions. While 1981 research concentrates on "filling the data gaps" in the laboratory-derived criteria, the major emphasis in 1982 will be on development of relationships between laboratory and real world site-specific conditions, and the actual toxicity of the pollutant in question to aquatic life. This information will allow the States to translate the newly completed, laboratory derived criteria to real world, site-specific, natural conditions. Since research on the development of methods for the present Consent Decree priority pollutants will be nearly completed in 1981, the 1982 research will concentrate on a balanced program of biological, microbiological and chemical methodology rather than pursue a chemical-bychemical approach. The research program will also focus on toxico- logies! studies of priority pollutants and the development of short term tests for cardnogenicity and other health effects. Construction Grant Prj^ram Management EPA is conducting a 1990 Strategy study for the construction grants program. The strategy was initiated to analyze the program's current problems, to evaluate alternative directions for the program in the future, and to recommend revisions to the program over the next ten years. The study was initiated in light of the: 1) expanded role of the States and the Corps of Engineers in the management program; 2) extremely large needs for funds in a period of national fiscal austerity; and 3) problems related to the achievability of legislative goals, which are primarily due to lengthy grants processing and completion times, inadequate performance in municipal operations and compliance, and problems in achieving municipal self sufficiency. The 1990 Strategy will make recommendations for program improvement in such areas as funding, eligibility for grant awards, management structure, project streamlining, decreased processing times, improved compliance, and water quality planning. These recommendations are expected to lead to administrative and regulatory changes as well as proposals for legislative amendments which will be forwarded to Congress during 1981. EPA plans to re-orient its role away from day-to-day project management as the States and Corps of Engineers assume increased project level responsibilities in the construction grants program. EPA will focus much more on national program management, oversight of State and Corps activities, increasing the compliance of municipal facilities, and enhancing the operations and management of existing facilities. A major effort in 1982 will be implementing the recommendations of the 1990 Strategy. Municipal Management Strategy An analysis of municipal .compliance with the requirements of the Clean Water Act showed that approximately 60 percent of the Publicly Owned Treatment Works did not meet the requirement for secondary treatment by the statutory deadline of July 1977. In response to this problem area, EPA developed and issued a National Municipal Pol icy andStrategy (NMPS) in October 1979. The purpose of the NMPS is to integrate the pe'rmif,Enforcement, and construction grant activities so as to expedite municipal WQ-6 ------- construction and increase municipal compliance with permits. To ensure that POTWs are operating their facilities in compliance with their permit conditions, compliance sampling and evaluation inspections will be used, as well as appropriate enforcement actions. The Municipal Management System (MMS) is an outgrowth of the NMPS. It serves as the key mechanism through which EPA regional and State enforcement and grant staffs develop formal operating procedures for more effectively managing municipal compliance with the Clean Water Act. The EPA headquarters' role is one pf coordinating and providing direction and policy. Activities associated with MMS will focus on those projects within the top 106 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) which have treatment needs in excess of $50 million and which are on the fundable portion of the State project priority list, and those active grants with pretreatment requirements. Once these projects are under control, MMS will then focus on other high priority treatment needs. The Agency will develop a continuous compliance program for major municipal permittees in 1982. This program will track major municipal permitee performance with their permit conditions. It will focus on municipal plants that have completed required construction of treatment facilities and will be designed to assure that required levels of treatment are maintained. Integrated WasteManagement An approach to pollution control that focuses on removing pollutants from water has a substantial chance merely to substitute one pollution problem for another. For example, the sludges and spent carbon from waste water treatment contain toxic materials and are difficult to dispose of or incinerate. EPA will continue several efforts to try to deal with the multimedia aspects of complex pollution problems. Specifically for industrial problems, research, effluent guidelines and solid waste programs are developing detailed process descriptions of organic chemical manufacturing. These process descriptions will predict the formation of toxic wastes or byproducts and will attempt to predict where these materials will occur in waste and product streams. The strategy used to reduce the environmental impact of a PQTW must reflect concerns for water quality, toxic materials in sludge, system costs, and sludge utilization. The Agency can produce a consistent multimedia approach to planning integrated regional waste management strategies. The program will assist and encourage development and implementation of comprehensive waste management strategies through 75 percent funding (Section 201 grants) for management strategies development and implementation; encourage integration of reporting and permitting requirements into municipal use waste management reports and consolidated permits; extend the innovative/alternative concept to waste management through 85 percent funding for innovative management strategies development and implementation; and encourage on-site waste management to minimize cost. Water Quality Management The long-range goal of the Water Quality Management (WQM) program is to implement a comprehensive integrated and largely self-sustaining planning and analysis process in the States that applies available resources to priority problems and projects which will maximize environmental benefits. This process must cover both point and nonpoint sources of surface and ground water pollution in the context of ongoing problem assess- ments, long-term strategies, and updated plans* To accomplish this goal, the Agency has formulated WQM and construction grants program strategies and has implemented a State/EPA Agreement process with each State to define program priorities and establish State-specific strategies to achieve environmental objectives. In 1982, EPA will award State program grants under Section 106 for support of identified national and State priorities, phase-out the Section 208 grant, and.expand the use of 205(g) funds in delegated States to conduct municipal waste treatment management program activities currently supported under Section 106 grants. Section 106 grants nay be used for State and areawide nonpoint source control program development previously funded under Section 208 grants, particularly with respect to ground water management4 other nonpoint source control programs needs will be assisted to the extent that States Identify these priorities and that funds are available. In support of the Water Quality Management {WQM) program Section 208 grants provided more than $200 million for initial comprehensive Statewide and areawide plans, and WQ-7 ------- more than $180 million since 1977 for continued planning. Continued planning has focused on specific nonpoint source problem solutions, particulaly projects from which results can be transferred to other places with similar problems. By the close of 1.931, 220 initial plans will have baen approved, and all 220 agencies will be working on follow up projects funded in 1979 through 1931. EPA will he assisting these agencies with more than 900 previously funded projects in 1982; and will operate an information network to share technical, financial managenient, arvl institutional solutions with States.and localities which have not solved critical problems. The Agency's multiyear national program and funding strategies establish priorities and funding needs, promote consolidation and integration of funds and programs, and emphasize strongly State planning and management, process implementation. The Agency and States are using the problem analyses developed in the initial 208 .plans, the comprehensive water quality management five-year needs assessment, and implementation programs evaluation to ensure that xater quality management programs focus on solving the most significant problems inhibiting attainment of water quality goals and objec- tives. The WQM strategy for 1982 and the following four years will emphasize less restricted use of EPA's grant programs in order to better focus limited resources on high priority problems. EPA will expand the use of 205(g) funds to conduct municipal waste treatment management programs and will award State program grants under Section 106 for support of identified national and State priorities including the development of ground water management programs previously funded under the Section 208 grant program. Also in 1982, the WQM program will prepare a report to the Congress on urban runoff water quality cause-effect relationships, assess the status of agriculture nonpoint source control, assist the development of Statewide and local ground water management programs and staff, and transfer costeffective technological, financial and institutional approaches to water quality management problems among States, areawide agencies, local governments, and other Federal agencies for their use in refining and Implementing needed programs. Effect1ve Enforcement of the Law Effective enforcement of the law requires that the Agency determine and articulate the requireirents that permittees must meet, as well as follow up to determine that those requirements are being met. EPA expects to emphasize second round permitting for major industrial dischargers In 1982. Efforts to coo.r,djnate..jnd.consolidate permitting procedures for five separate EPA permit programs will continue. To the extent feasible, the consolidated permit regulations will make regulatory standards and application forms consistent for permits issued under the Clean Water Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The Agency expects permit consolidation to produce better permits, reduce delays, simplify permitting procedures, and make more efficient use of Agency and State resources. During 1982, State and EPA enforcement efforts will be directed to insuring compliance with NPDES permit conditions by major Publicly Owned Treatment Works (PQTWs). These now represent the largest categorical source of surface water pollution. This effort will be similar in scope to the enforcement effort against industrial violators of the July 1, 1977 Clean Water Act deadline requiring application of best practical control technology. Compliance inspections and appropriate administrative or civil action will be used to insure compliance. In addition, during 1982, enforcement will conduct a vigorous pretreatment compliance monitoring and enforcement program. This State-EPA program will control the discharge of toxic pollutants to POTWs in order that they may effectively treat the incoming effluent without releasing toxic substances. Compliance sampling and evaluation inspec- tions will be used and, where violations are found, appropriate administrative or civil actions will be taken. Along with the pretreatment program, State and EPA enforcement will conduct a greater number of biomonitoring inspections and compliance sampling inspections to monitor compliance with toxic limitations incorporated into "second round" NPDES permits. Where violations are found an appropriate enforcement will be initiated. WQ-8 ------- Scientific Bases.for Decisions As the technology-based point source control requirements of the Clean Water Act are achieved over the next four years, emphasis increasingly will be placed on water quality-based controls where necessary to achieve the water quality goals of the Act. An integrated approach to watershed management is expected to receive more attention as point sources are brought under appropriate levels of control.- in pursuing the above activities, there will be a full awareness of and sensitivity to the nation's protracted energy and economic problems. EPA will concentrate on providing the technical base for translating the goals of the Act into water quality objectives and associated standards. These will reflect local conditions and identify the most cost-effective and energy efficient water quality management strategy for each pollutant and within each watershed. Significant effort also will be devoted to providing the techniques needed in identifying and documenting water quality problems and standards violations. Research to support toxic pollutant management is a priority in 1982. EPA's predominant effort is to establish procedures for translating the laboratory-derived criteria for site-specific, local conditions. Another important task is to complete the acute and chronic toxicity data bases for the Consent Decree chemicals, as incorporated in the 1977 Clean Water Act. To support the integrated watershed management approach, EPA will work to refine and develop watershed analysis techniques, which include methods for making point source-nonpoint source tradeoffs. In addition, EPA will be studying the applications, limitations, duration of effectiveness and costs of various 1n-lake pollution control/restoration techniques. Finally, the dredge and fill program will continue to assess the potentially harmful impacts associated with the extraction, transport and disposal of dredged materials containing toxic pollutants. An energy component of water quality research is coordinated with the Energy Research Committee. The priority work in this complementary program includes determining the ecological impacts of oil and gas fields in major offshore and estuarine areas, analyzing exposure effects of hazardous or toxic substances on aquatic ecosystems and developing protocols for hazardous and toxic spills. PURPOSE - Research and Development Program Research and Development in EPA's water quality program provides the scientific information needed to support its standard setting and enforcement activities. The multifaceted research program includes the development of efficient and cost effective waste water treatment technology for both municipalities and industries; the determination of the health implications of existing technology for treatment and disposal of waste water and sludge; the determination of useful and defensible monitoring methods; docu- mentation of the validity of monitoring data; definition of criteria for water pollution from spills of hazardous materials; and the prevention or control of pollution from agricultural and forestry sources. The overall goal is to provide the scientific basis for economically and socially viable environmental management. Purpose - Abatement and Control Program i The objectives of the water quality abatement and control programs are to abate surface and ground water pollution from industrial, municipal, and rural sources and to assist State, areawide, and local agencies in controlling water pollution from point and nonpoint sources by providing management, technical, and resource assistance. Industrial point source control is accomplishert by the development of technology- based effluent limitations. The current anphasis is on development of effluent limitations for toxic pollutants which reflect the best available technology economically achievable for existing sources and which represent new source performance standards for new sources. In particular, the emphasis on toxic pollutants has required the concurrent development and use of new analytical methods, substantial- increases in-resources devoted to sampling and analysis activities, development of new and cost-effective analytical methods for routine monitoring of individual toxic pollutants, examination of waste water treatment technologies for effectiveness in removing toxic polluants, and more intensive and thorough engineering investigations of specific Industrial wn-9 ------- a categories. These effluent limitations are aimed at controlling the discharges of 65 - ' classes of compounds for 34 industry categories. Industrial effluent limitations are implemented through National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPOES) permits. Pretreatment standards for existing and new industrial users of municipal treatment works are developed for 34 primary industry categories along with effluent limitations for direct dischargers. Pretreatment standards regulate toxic pollutants which are incompatible with municipal works. Municipal point source control proceeds via Federal grants to municipal, intermuni- cipal, State and interstate agencies which assist in financing the planning, design and construction of municipal waste water treatment facilities, the construction grants program helps municipalities to achieve the effluent limitations required by the Act. As is the case with industries, effluent limitations are implemented through NPDES permits; and construction grants are made to assist municipalities in meeting their permit conditions. Construction grant funds are allocated to each State on the basis of formulas set forth in the Clean Water Act, Within these allotments, grants are awarded on a priority hasis for individual projects, Generally each project is eligible for 75 percent Federal assistance, although grants may provide up to 85 percent federal assistance for projects using innovative or alternative technology in treatment facilities design. As part of the municipal construction grants program, the Section 205(g) State management assistance grant program authorizes the use of two percent or $400,000, whichever is greater, of each State's authorization to cover the cost of delegation of the construction grants program to the States. Beginning in 1982, States which have signed section 205(g) delegation agreements can support all municipal facilities manage- ment activities as well as delegations under Sections 4QH and 404 of the Clean Water Act from Section 205(g) funds which are currently supported in these State with Section 106 funds. Because a primary responsibility for the control of pollution lies with the States, EPA's abatement and control efforts are oriented toward support of State and local efforts ] to develop and maintain their technical, institutional and financial mechanisms in water quality management. The primary mechanism for accomplishing water quality and other environmental objectives is the comprehensive, integrated State/EPA Agreements covering EPA resource assistance programs. The water quality cornerstone of the State/EPA Agreement is the management, technical and resource assistance and guidance provided to States, and local water quality planning and management agencies under the Clean Water Act. These agencies develop water quality problem assessments, water quality standards and detailed water quality management solu- tions to surface and ground water problems. Section 106 State program grants, Section 314 Clean Lakes grants, and the municipal waste treatment program fund implementation programs which support national, State and local point and nonpoint source controls and surface and ground water priority needs. In addition, delegated State management of municipal waste treatment, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and dredge and fill programs can be encouraged and supported with Construction Management Assistance grants under Section 205(g). Combined and integrated with other abatement and control, enforcement, and research programs in EPA and other Federal agencies under the State/EPA Agreements, the water quality management program functions to assure sound management of surface and ground water resources, including drinking water, promote the development and implementation of techniques, management practices and regulatory programs to control nonpoint sources of pollution; promote the consideration of cost-effective alternatives to advanced waste treatment construction; promote water conservation; and assure that effective pretreatment and industrial source control programs are Implemented. The abatement, control and compliance program also includes the development and publication of water quality criteria to reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of identifiable effects of pollutants on health and welfare. These criteria are published under Section 304{a) and under support of Section 307(a) decisions to add substances to the list of toxic pollutants. The program assists States in develop- '^ t WQ.-10 ------- ing water quality standards and reviews of State water quality standards to ensure that acceptable standards are established in each State. The progr?m also includes the development of guidelines, standards and regulations to correct water pollution problems resulting from such sources as in-place toxicants and discharges from vessels and aquaculture projects; the regulation, implementation and the national management of a grants assistance program for the classification and restoration of the Nation's eutrophic lakes; and the national management, coordination and program development regulating the discharge of dredged or fill material, including the review and recommendation of requests from States for Section 404 permit authority. EPA monitoring and analysis activities are coordinated with State and other Federal efforts and include ambient water quality monitoring, data collection, and dissemination of water quality data. Current programs include implementation of a water monitoring strategy to provide data and analyses needed by top management to establish policy and measure results of clean-up programs; establishment of a clearinghouse for water monitoring data to help improve coordination and integration of data collection efforts; and analysis of monitoring data to assist in development and implementation of standards and regulations. Increasing emphasis 1s being placed on improving State capability to monitor toxic pollutants, nonpoint sources, and biological impacts. The emergency response program will direct its priority efforts toward implementation of the new Superfund program, which includes response and prevention of hazardous substance spills and emergency assistance at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The response and prevention activities associated with oil spill emergencies will continue under the authority of Section 311 of the Clean Water Act. The Marine Protection, Research and Sanactuaries Act of 1972, as amended, authorizes EPA to regulate the deposition of materials into the oceans, excepting dredge material. Under this authority, a permit program for ocean disposal of waste has been underway since 1973, In addition, EPA has re-oriented its oceans program to include a coordinated approach to the problems in the ocean environment. This re-orientation includes close interaction with other Federal agencies having ocean-related activities. Purpose - _'|nf orcement Prograni The water quality enforcement program is responsible for implementing a number of components of the Clean V.'ater Act. The permits issuance program has responsibility for both determining procedures and issuing permits under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The permit is the mechanism for imposing limitations, standards and conditions on point source discharges into navigable waters of the United States. At the national level, the program includes regulation writing and revision, national program and policy guidance, and State permit program approval. Regional activities include issuing permits, conducting adjudicatory hearings, and overseeing State permit programs. In 19P? the program will focus on the issuance of second round permits for major industrial dischargers, in accordance with BAT limitations. Permits written without BAT guidelines will use best professional judgment and will be more resource intensive. The goal of the water quality enforcement program is to assure compliance with Clean Water Act requirements. At the national level this involves establishing policy direction and guidance, program overview and support for specific regional compliance monitoring and legal actions. Regional activities include emergency enforcement responses, review and evaluation of self-monitoring reports, inspections, use of administrative sanctions to require compliance, referral and prosecution of lawsuits, and enforcement of non-NPDES requirements. WO-11 ------- SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands Of dollars) ' N 1981 Water Quality Program $344,828 Salaries and Expenses +6,356 The net Increase relates to the standards and regulations activities, water quality moni- toring and analysis, monitoring systems and quality assurance, and water quality enforcement. Research and Development -9,301 The net decrease is a result of the progress made in assessing water quality concerns in the Chesapeake Say, and from the environmental engineering and technology activities. Abatement, Control and Compliance.. -44,349 The net decrease relates primarily to the areawide waste treatment management resources program, environmental emergency response and prevention and the effluent standards and guidelines program. 1982 Water Quality Program "297,534" SUIWARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES 1. Summary of Budget Request A total of $297,534,000 is requested in 1982. This request, by appropriation account, is as follows: Salaries and Expenses.... $125,469,600 Research and .Development 141,787,400 Abatement, Control and Compliance.. 30,277,000 This represents a decrease of $47,294,200 over the 1981 level. The decrease is due primarily to the elimination of the areawide waste treatment management resource program and the effluent standards and guidelines program policy decisions to promulgate standards and guidelines over a longer-time frame. WO-12 ------- 2. Changes from Original 1J)81 Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: (In thousands of dollars) Original 1981 estimate........ $338,798 Congressional decreases: ADP -282 Travel -214 Consulting Services . -765 SES Bonuses..., -186 Abatement, Control and Compliance general directive reduction... -2,689 Research and Development general directive reduction. , -411 Aquatic weeds program . -545 Urban systems activities -250 Clean Lakes -2,500 Congressional increases: Add-on for Academic Training +614 Great Lakes increase +2,000 Control Agency resource supplementation +2,500 Cold climate research +950 Advanced waste treatment support +300 Waukegan Harbor PCB +1,500 Transfer to support Administrative Law Judges..... -22 Transfer to support the Radiation Policy Council -14 Transfer to support the Office of Inspector General -144 Reprogramming to support Three Mile Island activity........ -5 Reprogramming for authorized workyears. +-623 Proposed pay raise supplemental........ +5,713 Miscellaneous reprogrammings... -1.143 Current 1981 estimate 344,828 Congresseional changes to the water quality media include a reduction of $282,000 from ADP, $214,000 from travel, $765,000 from consulting services, $186,000 from SES Bonuses, general reductions of $2,689,000 from Abatement, Control and Compliance and $411,000 from Research and Development, $545,000 from aquatic weeds, 3250,000 from urban systems, and $2,500,000 from clean lakes program. Also, included are congress- ional increases of $614,000 for academic training, $2,000,000 for Great Lakes, $2,500,000 for coantrol agency resource supplementation, $950,POO for the cold cliaiate research, $300,000 for advanced waste treatment program, $1,500,000 for PCSs in Waukegan Harbor. WO-13 ------- A transfer of $22,000 was mads to the management and support media to support the Office of Administrative Law Judges. A transfer of $14,000 was made to the radiation media to support the Radiation Policy Council. A transfer of $144,000 was made to the management and support media to support the Office of Inspector General. A reprogramming of $5,000 was made to the radiation media to support Three Mile Island activities. An overall Agency reprogramming to redistribute salary funds resulted in an increase of $623,000 to this media. The proposed supplemental for partial funding of the October 1980 pay raise will increase the water quality media by $6,713,000. ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 (in thousands of dollars) Prior year obligations $344,918 $343,410 Congressional Changes +22 Proposed pay raise supplemental +6,713 ... Reprogrammi ngs,. -1,143 ... Change in amount of carryover funds available -5,417 +1,418 Program decreases -12,833 -45,876 Change in rate of obligation +11.15Q -524 Total estimated obligations 343,410 298,428 (From new obligation authority)... ;-.* (336,547) (290,147) (From prior year funds).. (6,863) (8,281) EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS The items discussed in the previous section — congressional changes, pay raise supplemental, ADP, consulting services, general reduction, specific reductions and reprogramminns — result in a net increase of $5,592,000. The decrease in budget authority in 1981 is estimated to decrease obligations by $12,833; in 1982 the reduced program is expected to decrease obligations by $45,876. WQ-14 ------- WATER QUALITY PROGRAM LEVELS State and Areawlde water quality management- (Section 208) plans approved ............... State and areawide water quality management (Section 208) Contiu- ation Grants Awarded... Clean Lakes Projects Awards Glean Lakes Projects Completed ............. Ocean Dumping Permits... Construction Grants Awards Step I Awards Step II Awards Step III ft IV Awards.. Active Construction Grants Projects ....... Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 State Program Approvals (National Pollutants) Discharge Elimination System) Adjudieatory Hearings Settled (Major Sources) Permits issued by EDA: Municipal-- Major ,... Minor Nonmunicipal -- Major Minor Enforcement Actions (Administrative Orders), Notices of Violation, and Referrals to U.S.Attorney Compliance Inspections.... 2 1. 11 1 2 70 165 126 15 40 ,392 752) 608) ,032) ,054 33 84 445 687 588 , ,792 771 ,043 150 175 60 20 47 2,550 (400) (1,200) (950) 11,000 39 40 ... 500 • * • 1,004 2,771 100 180 75 15 40 2,862 ( 655) (1,003) (1,204) 11,682 33 126 460 • • • 249 • * « 930 2,860 130 0 75 20 55 3,146 ( 525) (1,113) (1,503) 10,863 33 38 * • * 986 * * * 940 • 2,611 +30 -180 ... +5 +15 +234 (-130) (+115) (+399) -819 t * * -88 -460 • • • +737 +10 -249 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Abatement and Control SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- MATER QUALITY Water Quality Planning and Standards Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Appropri at-1 on State Programs Regulations and Guidelines: Salaries and Abatement, Control Great Lakes Program: Salaries and Abatement, Control Chesapeake Bay Program: Salaries and Expenses ............. Abatement, Control and Compliance. ...... NEPA Compliance/EIS Preparation: Salaries and Total: Salaries and Abatement, Control Grand Total ............. Permanent Positions State Programs Regulations and Gui del i nss .......... Great Lakes Program.,. Chesapeake Bay NEPA Compllance/EIS Total. (dollars in thousands) $11,616 $11,099 $10,542 $8,196 3,231 3,957 ,3,253 2,543 776 664 683 1,466 6,553 5,865 5,515 5,532 259 196 207 407 1,793 1,814 1,814 601 208 192 214 12,859 11,577 24,435 313 17 6 7 343 12,151 11,636 23,787 301 15 5 7 328 11,646 10,582 22,228 254 15 5 7 281 10,069 8,676 18,745 173 15 5 * * • 193 -$2,346 -710 +783 +17 +200 -1,213 -214 -1,577 -1,906 -3,483 -81 » * • * * • -7 -88 WO-16 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (o"ol1ars i n thousands) Ful1-TimeEguivalency State Programs Regulations and Guidelines 412 393 336 250 -86 Great Lakes Program... 21 21 21 21 ... Chesapeake Bay P rogram. 7 6 6 6 ... NEPA Compliance/EIS Preparation.... 7 7 7 ... -7 Total..... 447 427 370 277 -93 BudgetRequest The Agency requests a total of $18,744,500 of which $10,069,000 is salaries and expenses and $8,675,500 is abatement control and compliance. The decrease is due primarily to the reduction in personnel under State Programs Regulations and Guidelines related to the termination of the Section 208 grant program and the transfer of responsibility for overall State-EPA agreement negotiations to another budget activity. Program Description The water quality planning and standards subactivity includes four program elements. State Programs Regulations and Guide!Ines - This program covers management oversight arid' technical assistance activities involved in the implementation of Federal, State, and local water quality management programs, authorized under Sections 106, 201, 208, and 303 of the Clean Water Act. Although Section 208 grants are being terminated in 1982, some support to priority nonpoint source (and related point source) control program activities previously funded under Section 208 is expected to continue under other EPA and other-agency funding sources. Section 106 water pollution control agency grants will continue to support State implementation of ongoing and emerging priority program activities not otherwise eligible for funding under Section 205(g). These programs are managed collectively through the integrated, cooperative State/EPA Agreement process. GreatLakesProgram - The program covered by this subactivity is the Great Lakesprogram, which includes funding for the Great Lakes Initiative program and demonstration grants authorized by Section 108(a) of the Clean Water Act of 1977. The Great Lakes National Program Office was established in 1978 to integrate and consolidate EPA Great Lakes activities and to provide coordinated support to the international Joint Commission's (IJC) Great Lakes Water Quality Board, in complying with the 1978 U.S. - Canada Water Quality Agreement. Chesapeake Bay Prociram - The Chesapeake Bay'-Program was developed in response to a Congressional mandate requiring EPA to conduct a study of the Chesapeake Bay, define the factors adversely impacting the environment, develop research to address adverse factors, and define management strategies to ameliorate degradation in the Bay due to pollution. The program has been developed through a cooperative effort between citizen groups, State environmental agencies (Virginia and Maryland), and the EPA. This program was originally a five-year congressionally mandated program. The sixth year will be used to disseminate information developed during the previous five-years. The results of integrated studies 1n three priority areas i.e., toxic substances, eutrpphication (nutrient enrichment and submerged aquactlc vegetation) will provide a predictive capacity to assess the consequences of pollutant loadings on the Chesapeake Bay in terms of effects on the ecosystem, water quality impacts and uses of the system. Capacity to predict these impacts will aid management decisions at all levels. ------- NEPA Complianee/EIS Preparation - The fourth element covered by this subaetivlty involves environmental Impact statement (£15) preparation on Section 208 plans in voluntary compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This activity will be terminated together with the Section 208 grant program in 1982. STATE PROGRAM REGULATIONSAND GUIDELINES 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency obligated $14,845,900 for this program activity of which $11,615,600 was for intramural purposes and $3,230,300 was for extramural purposes. Grants totalling $37.5 million were awarded under Section 208 to State.and designated areawide agencies for nonpoint source control program development. A total of $49.15 million was awarded under Section 106 to support State water pollution control programs. In addition, a total of $3,168,000 in extramural funds was obligated for contracts in 1980, including: $1,456,000 for expert technical support to the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, groundwater management, point/nonpoint source analysis for Advanced Waste Treatment (AWT) decisions, silviculture training program development, and development of financial and institutional aspects of Water Quality Management (WQM) plans; $460,000 for EPA/USDA lAGs and details supporting the agricultural nonpoint source program; $898,000 for public education, outreach activities, and technology transfer; and $354,000 for the Flathead River Study Major program accomplish- ments were achieved in several areas including: State/EPA Agreements(SEA's) - Signed 59 1981 SEA's with States and other jurisdictions, most of which covered all major EPA and State programs. - Issued integrated annual program guidance providing comprehensive priorities to States and regional offices. - Conducted evaluations of all State SEA processes and issued a national report. Nonpoint Source Control - Awarded Section 208 grants covering more than 200 projects to State and areawide agencies which were successfully implementing approved initial plans and had identified continuing planning needs in priority problem areas. - Provided oversight and technical assistance to over 100 prototype projects including 30 National Urban Runoff Projects (NURP); 29 agriculture (ACP/MIP); 13 Rural Clean Water (RCWP); 10 Financial Management Assistance; 1.0 point/nonpoint source tradeoff; and 10 groundwater management. - Managed approximately 200 other Section 208 funded projects in designated agencies dealing with mining, construction, hazardous and toxic wastes, residuals management, on-site waste treatment, and other priority State needs. - Approved 30 certified initial water quality management plans, submitted by States, bringing the total to 210 of the 225 which were funded in previous years under Section 208. - Participated in national and State Rural Clean Water Coordinating Committees to direct USDA funds to assure focus of implementation cost-share assistance on water quality priority areas; selected jointly with USDA 13 major project areas emphasizing pesticides and hazardous substances control. Funds went directly to farmers to assist them In implementing conservation plans for their lands which will reduce water pollution as well as control erosion. Sections 208/106 Grants Management - Awarded over $86 million to 165 designated 208 agencies and 63 State, interstate and territorial jurisdictions. - Completed a 5-year assessment of State needs covering programs funded with State resources supplemented under Sections 106, 208, and 314. WQ-18 ------- . Public Information and Technology Transfer - Began implementation of a national information transfer program* which involved information and tracking systems, seminars, conferences, and written materials designed to share costeffective technical, financial, and institutional approaches developed among State and local agencies. - Conducted a National WQM Conference attended by approximately 400 State, areawide agency, local, and Federal officials. - Conducted 41 training courses for Regional, State, and local agency staff. - Distributed 2 WQM Reports covering a general overview of the WQM Program and the status of agricultural NPS control. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $13,795,000 to this program, of which $10,542,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,253,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. In 1981, a total of $82.7 million in grants will be awarded including $34 million in Section 208 grants and $51.2 million in Section 106 grants. The total of $3,253,000 for Abatement Control and Compliance will support contracts and grants including $519,000 for the National Urban Runoff Project, $375,000 for the Financial Management Assistance Program, $325,000 for groundwater management, $250,000 for municipal waste treatment management; $250,000 for agricultural technical assistance; approximately $825,000 for information/ tech- nology transfer, training, communications, and public participation and $709,000 for the Flathead River Study. In 1981, major emphasis will be placed on transferring the initial results from prototype and other successful projects to similar problem areas, assisting in State and areawide Implementation of initial WQM plans, implementing approved WQM plans in directing construction grants and permitting; and directing available funds to meet highest priority water quality needs. Improved State and local capabilities to obtain and manage implementation resources continues to be a high priority. Specific outputs in 1981 will include: State/EPAAgreements(SEA's) - Assess the adequacy of WQM coverage in all 1981 SEA's and improve coordination among all programs. - Integrate all WQM programs under 1982 SEA's. Nonpoi nt Source Controls - Provide expert technical assistance to State and areawide agencies on nonpoint source control problems including urban runoff, agriculture, groundwater, and silviculture. Also provide assistance on institutional approaches and techniques for financing implementation of control programs. - Implement 10 new State/local groundwater management prototype projects. - Analyze and document cause-effect runoff/water quality relationships identified in prototype projects. Prepare preliminary NURP Report to Congress and a State of the Art Report on agriculture. - Complete long term nonpoint source control strategies in all EPA Regions covering all States. - Assist State and local governments in implementing WQM programs including control legislation and ordinances. Approximately 30 States and 560 local governments are expected to have strengthened NPS control and cost-share program authorities by the end of 1981. WQ-19 ------- - Assist EPA and other Federal programs in implementing education and assistance programs for agriculture, silviculture! and Federal land management. - Work with States and USDA to select additional RCWP implementation cost-share projects which will assist farmers to apply water quality BMPs on their lands. Sectigns 208/106 Grants Etenagement • Assure use of approved WQM plans in directing State and EPA construction grants and permit programs. - Develop comprehensive policies and priority guidance for Section 106 grants management; work with States to assure that funds address highest priority water quality needs. - Complete approval of all initial 225 WQM plans; review and approve subsequent additions to WQM plan to ensure that they remain as current and comprehensive as possible. - As part of grants management improvement assure all funds are awarded by February 1981. Public. Information and Techno!ogy Transfer - Complete Implementation Information System for use by States and EPA. - Issue four WQM Reports covering Groundwater, Financial Management, Small Alternative Waste Treatment Systems, and the 1990 Construction Srants Strategy. - Conduct more than 30 seminars on urban runoff, groundwater management, and financial management; a coordinated EPA/Forest Service training program on silviculture water quality management; a National WQM Conference to disseminate technical and other results of the Section 208 program and to develop future program policy directions with State and local participants. 1981Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $1,260,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $66,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $60,100 was applied to this activity. .- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $34,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $12,700 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $635,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers from water quality permit issuance ($21,300); to standards and regulations (-$7,500); from dredge and fill ($40,800); from public systems supervision program assistance ($51,800); from environmental emergency response and prevention ($34,500); from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($2,800); from ambient air quality monitoring ($7,600); from manpower planning and training-water quality ($2,500); from water quality enforcement ($17,500); to stationary source enforcement (-$20,000); and to ambient water quality monitoring (-$600). WQ-20 ------- - Transfer $177,200 from NEPA compl1anee/EIS prep-new source discharge, ami $177,200 from areawide waste treatment management research, to provide for Flathead River Study. - Transfer $373,700 from standards and regulations, to support program actfvlties due to reorganization,. - Transfer $20,200 to ambient water quality monitoring within Region 1, to realign contract funds. - Transfer $1,000 from dredge and fill; and $700 from standards and regulations within Region 2 to properly reflect the clean lakes function. - Transfer $3,300 from manpower planning and training-water quality; $5,200 from public systems supervision program assistance; and $16,SOO from energy review and permitting within Region 4, to fund an interagency agreement for a soil conservation expert. - Transfer $104,100 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites for an analytical contract to expand the regions capability to analyze high priority quick turnaround samples. - Transfer $6,000 from water quality enforcement within Region 9, to realign contract funds. - Transfer $30,000 from Corps of Engineers within Region 10 to support an interagency agreement. - Transfer $1..70Q to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites within Region 4, to reallocate travel funds. - Transfer $2,504,600 to standards and regulations to reflect a program restructuring: the movement of the clean lakes program. - Transfer of $29,400 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $10,739,000 and 173 permanent work years for this program, of which $8,196,000 is for salaries and expenses and $2,543,100.is for Abatement Control and Compliance. The decrease of 81 permanent workyears and $2,346,000 reflects a reduction in those resources related to the terminated funding of the 208 grant program and the transfer of responsibility for overall State-EPA agreement negotiations to another budget activity. From the Abatement Control and Compliance funds, $350,000 is to be used for Interagency Agreements with other Federal agencies for technical support, $410,000 for the Flathead River Study, $275,000 for grants for technology and other information transfer and $1,449,000 for expert technical support to the Nationwide Urban Runoff program, groundwater management, point/nonpoint source analysis for Advanced Waste Treatment (AWT) decisions, silviculture training program administration, and financial/institutional considerations in implementing State and local water quality management programs. In 1982 the WQM Program will continue to emphasize assistance in developing and implementing cost-effective State and local point and non-point source control programs. Assistance activities will include developing and issuing integrated funding and management policies and guidance based on long-term national strategies; developing water quality priorities based on demonstrated national, State, and local needs; developing needs based on funding allocation procedures; negotiating problem-oriented State/EPA Agreements; providing national and regional technical assistance; facilitating information transfer, providing training programs tq share costeffective technological and institutional approaches; and conducting evaluation programs to review and target regional and State activities. wn-21 ------- The WQM Program will assure that all available funding sources are directed to identified priority water quality needs. The Agency will target additional Section 205(g) funds in delegated States to support municipal waste management-related activities previously supported under Section 106; Section 106 assistance priorities will be revised to support State and local NPS priorities previously funded under Section 208, particularly groundwater problems, in addition to new emerging State priority activities. Support from other Federal funds and staff (e.g., USDA) will be encouraged and used to the extent possible. State/EPA Agreements (SEA's) - WQM portions of comprehensive Agencywide guidance and coordination will be implemented to assure optimum program Integration and resources management between WQM and other programs. Nonpoint SourceControls - Groundwater management priority needs will be supported at the State level through use of Section 106 funds; 5-6 new demonstration projects will be Initiated; ongoing 1980-81 projects will be completed and documented for transfer. - Interim NURP Report will be submitted to Congress on cause-effect water quality relationships; results of the 28 NURP projects will be documented and transferred to other urban locations nationally for implementation. - Ongoing agriculture (MIP/ACP) prototype projects will receive final EPA financial assistance; USDA resources will be expected to complete, evaluate and transfer results. Ongoing RCW? projects will receive limited EPA technical assistance and oversight. - Section 208 projects funded in prior years will be reviewed and approved; NPS control technology data and implementation accomplishments will be documented for use by other State and local agencies and other Federal agencies. Remaining nonpoint source control needs, point/nonpolnt source tradeoff analyses, and plan update requirements with respect to construction grants and permits will be supported by other available Federal and State resources. 106 Grants Management - Section 106 grants will be negotiated as part of the SEA process with 63 States, Territories, and Interstate agencies. Priorities will include strengthening toxics monitoring and analytical capabilities, review of water quality standards for attainability and appropriate revisions, operation of dredge and fill programs, nonpoint source (NPS) control programs administration, and NPS control program development previously funded under Section 208, particularly comprehensive groundwater management. Outputs will also be negotiated for ongoing programs including: permitting, enforcement, monitoring, emergency response program development and administration, and construction grants management and related activities in States not having 205(g) delegations. Pub1ic Information and Technology Transfer - Cost effective technological, financial and institutional approaches in implementing WQM plans will be documented and transferred to other State and local agencies. This information transfer effort will emphasize results of completed national prototype projects and documentation of generally applicable self-sustaining planning and implementation principles and procedures. GREAT LAKES PROGRAM 1980 Accofiipl i shments In 1980, the Agency obligated $7,329,000 for this program of this program of which $776,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and Expenses appropriation and $6,553,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1980 the Great Lakes National Program continued in the directions resulting from the intensive Agency review in 1979. The basic directions WQ-22 ------- are: to serve as a catalyst to actively involve the Agency's operating divisions and the | States in an accelerated Great Lakes effort; to monitor Lake conditions, trends and responses; and to demonstrate new techniques of controlling pollution within the Great Lakes. Some program accomplishments include: - Funded demonstrations of management practices which provide control of agricultural nonpoint sources pollution, particularly alternative tillage.techiques which limit erosion and save fuel. - Completed an intensive surveillance survey on Lake Huron. - Investigated inplace sediment pollutants was initiated in Indiana harbor in Lake Michigan. - Provided sediment expertise in the Waukegan harbor enforcement case on PCB's. - Initiated fish tissue sampling for toxics in cooperation with the States and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to detect the presence of toxics 1n fish from the open waters. - Developed a strategy for locating toxic hot spots in harbors and estuary areas using fish flesh and sediment. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated $6,198,000 and 15 permanent workyears to this program, of which $683,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $5,515,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Discovery of toxic hot spots will be initiated through sampling of non-migratory fish and sediment in estuary and harbor areas. Highest priority areas throughout the Lakes will be addressed during 1981. - Trend analysis will continue to establish baseline toxics data by sampling throughout 1 the Lakes. ^ - An intensive survey fo the Niagara River, emphasizing toxics, will be conducted in cooperation with the State of New York. - An agricultural nonpoint source control initiative will be undertaken 1n the Lake Erie basin in cooperation with the States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with particular emphasis on control of phosphorus. - Atmospheric loading data will be gathered from the network of stations establish in 1980 and others to be installed during the current year. - Section 108(a) grants will focus on demonstrating agricultural nonpoint source control techniques, particularly fuel efficient tillage practices supportive of improved water quality. - Lake Huron survey data will be analyzed by program staff and an extramural technical assistance team. ; - The Lake Michigan intensive survey report will be published. - Technical expertise in toxic sediments will be provided to support the Waukegan Harbor remedial program. - The catalyst role will continue and state efforts will be formalized in State/EPA Agreements. WO-23 ------- Tj81 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $331,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,400. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $15,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $350,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $37,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total $6,998,000 and 15 permanent workyears for this program, of which SI.466,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $5.532,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Toxics in the Great Lakes Ecosystem will continue to receive priority consideration in terms of both identification and remediation. Coordination and evaluation of toxic and hazardous material control programs will continue, including analysis of the interrelationship between the programs and control of airborne pollutants reaching the Lakes. Eoipahsis will continue to be on translating pollutant source data into remedial action. Regulatory assessments and Section 108(a) grants will continue to be initiated and directed toward the control of toxic pollutants in key Great Lakes areas. The surveillance programs will concentrate on identifying toxic hot spots and their sources while also continuing to provide information on conditions and trends which support predictive "modeling and provide the basis for measuring the need for controls and progress being made by them. CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM 1980Accomplishments In 1980 the Agency obligated $2,052,000 for this program activity including $259,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $1,793,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. - The toxics program developed Chesapeake Bay sediment characterization (physical and chemical parameters) maps of value in assessing dredging projects and critical in defining the State of the Bay. - The eutrophlcation program conducted a Bay-wide survey providing a synoptic set of data for chemical and physical parameters essential to water quality model verification and establishing a baseline against which future water quality can be measured. - The submerged aquatic vegetation program assessed ambient herbicide concentrations in the the shallow water portions of the Bay to aid in determining the role of herbicides in the decline of bay grasses. - A data management system composed of both hardware and software was established and is storing, analyzing and displaying Chesapeake Bay research data. - Coordination continued with State agencies in Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania responsible for water quality to plan and manage the Chesapeake Bay Program. wn-24 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated $2,021,000 and 5 permanent workyears of which $206,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,814,000 is of extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The program will complete many of the studies initiated in 1978 and Initiate the comprehensive effort to integrate the results of research so that management decisions at all the government levels can be based on a capability to assess the consequences of pollutant loadings on the Chesapeake Bay. This will be done in terms of effects on the ecosystem, water quality, aquatic grassess, and on the impact of uses of the system. The three highest priority problem area studies are being integrated through ecosystem simulation, data analysis and synthesis, and identification and evaluation of control alternative in conjunction with the abatement and control decision units of this program. The toxics substances study effort will extend the baeline inventory of the abundance and distribution of toxics in the Chesapeake Bay sediments, pore water, water column, and biota into major tributaries. These efforts are designed to allow identification of the identification of the flux of materials between the Chesapeake Bay and the subestuarles. Comprehensive research tasks are assessing both natural and authropogenic sources of toxic chemicals in sediments, water, and biota and determining their rates of transport and transformation within the system. Study results will serve to delineate options to reduce environmental hazard. The bay grasses study effort is addressing the impact of water quality factors upon Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) and living resources known or suspected to be dependent upon SAV. The role of bay grasses will be determined relative to their relationship to fish and wildlife, their nutrient dynamics and the impact of man-induced factors (herbicides, turbidity) suspected to be involved in the decline in grass populations. Results will provide a knowledge base rom which water quality control alternatives can be developed for the enhancement of SAV and associated living resources. Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) studies are assessing the nutrient loadings to the Bay system and the impact of those loadings on the ecosystem. Current research is directed towards: 1) assessing point source information on municipal and industrial sources; 2) compiling statistics on land use and population trends in the Bay basin; 3) measuring nutrient loadings from the major tributaries to the Bay; 4) estimating nutrient fallout from the atomosphere; 5) calculating nutrient fluxes from the sediments; 6) verifying nonpoint source runoff from data collected on five test drainage basins; and 7) calibrating and verifying mathematical models, including nonpoint source loading models, stream transport models and water quality models. To research the overall goals of the program synthesis and integration will occur using a geo-based approach, called segmentation. The segmentation approach is designed to define the Chesapeake Bay in mangeable units. Natural and cultural parameters will be displayed geographically to identify regions of commonality and assess the health of various segments. As work is completed in the program areas, intermediary reports will be prepared supporting the segmentation analysis by providing both qualitative and quantitative Information on the relationship to the ecosystem of the parameters intended for use in the segmentation analysis. Development of a data management system is "continuing. This system will handle the data produced by this program and provide the basis for a centralized data bank for use by all local, State and Federal groups on the Bay. State participation programs, with the States of Maryland and Virginia, and citizen participation programs are also continuing to provide key coordination links between the States, the public and the Chesapeake Bay Program. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $11,800 results from several actions, as follows: WO-25 ------- - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,000. - An increase of $12,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,008,00 and 5 permanent workyears, of which $407,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $601,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1982 the Chesapeake Bay Program will complete its integration approach to research in the areas of toxic pollutant effects, submerged aquatic vegetation, and eutrophication. This will include the completion of all technical studies, the integration of their results, and the use of an ecological segmentation concept to assess existing information about the biological, chemical, physical, and cultural aspects of the Chesapeake Bay. Major accomplishments and outputs will include: Chesapeake Bay Primer: Explains important ecological relationships and will serve as a reference for the following reports. Nutrients: Explains changes in Bay over time, future codltions, sources, key processes, -and effects' of toxics. Bay Gasses; Explains changes in bay grasses overtime, current Distribution and Abundance, what is knowabout he causes of decline and the role and value of SAV of the ecosystem. 'Segmentation; Describes the basic concept, its use elsewhere, how it will be done, water IjuaTTty dfrjectives, monitoring, and the various institutional alternatives alternatives available to administer it. Management Alternatives; Identifies control alternatives for agriculture, sewage treatment pi ants .industry, lirban runoff, and construction; estimates costs and effectiveness of different approaches to remedy "hot spots." NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (HEPA) COMPLIA_NCE/ENVIRONMENITAL IMPACT STATEMENT PREPARATION - WATER OjJAllTY ; In 1930, the Agency obligated $208,500 for this activity. All final IIS'-s on initial Section 208 plans were completed. Section 208 plans prepared under grants for continuing planning were renewed to arrive that environmental assets required in the WQM planning process were conducted in a manner consistent with the spirit and intent of the NEPA. 70 such plans were approved in 1980. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated $213,600"under the Salaries and Expenses appropriation for this activity. More than 100 Section 208 plans prepared under grants for continuing planning will be reviewed to assure that required environmental assessments have been conducted. 1981Explanation of ChangefromBudget Estimate The net increase of $21,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. WQ-26 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $5,900 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $14,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers from standards and regulation ($12,300); from water quality enforcement ($3,200)j to ambient water quality monitoring (-$2,700), and from municipal waste treatment facility construction ($1,600). 1982 Plan No resources are requested for this activity 1n 1982 due to the termination 1n funding of the Section 208 grant program. Activities to assure that required environmental assessments are conducted in previously funded Section 208 planning will be carried out with resources under the State Programs Regulations and Guidelines section. WQ-27 ------- WATER QUALITY Effluent Standards and Guidelines Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Salaries and Expenses $5,084 $6,367 $6,411 $6.334 -$77 Abatement, Control and Compliance 21.380 23.678 r 22t931 12.914 .-JIP.P17. Grand Total 26,464 30,045 29,342 19,248 -10,094 Permanent Positi ons... 108 112 109 100 -9 Full-time Equivalency. 132 147 144 131 -13 Budget Requjest An appropriation of $19,247,800 and 100 permanent workyears 1s requested for 1982. This is a decrease of $10,094,000 and 9 permanent workyears from the 1981 level of $29,342,000 and 109 permanent workyears. The decreased funding and permanent workyears reflect policy decisions to: 1) promulgate effluent standards and guidelines over a longer time-frame; 2) stretch-out contract support for litigation due to slippages in the effluent standards and guidelines schedule; 3) transfer contract dollars associated with hazardous waste regulatory development to the Office of Solid Waste to ensure better accountability and consistent implementation of the OSW strategy; -and 4) accelerate completion of the revised publicly owned treatment works study with FY 1982 resources. Program Pescription The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 established a comprehensive program to "restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters." Existing Industrial dischargers were required by July 1, 1977, to apply the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) to effluent limitations (Section 3.01 (b)(1 )(A)) and by July 1, 1983, the best available technology economically achievable ("BAT") (Section 302 (b)(2)(A)). These will result in reasonable further progress toward the national goal of eliminating the discharge of all pollutants ("BAT"). New industrial direct dischargers are required to comply with Section 306 new source performance standards (NSPS), based on best available (BAT) demonstrated technology; and new and existing dischargers to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) are subject to pretreatment standards under Sections 307(b) and (c) of the Act. While the requirements for direct dischargers are to be incorporated into National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits issued under Section 402 of the Act, pretreatment standards are made enforceable directly against dischargers to POTWs (indirect dischargers). Accordingly, Section 304(b) of the Act requires the Administrator to promulgate regulations providing guidelines for effluent limitations, setting forth the degree of effluent reduction attainable through the application of BPT and BAT. Moreover, Sections 304(c) and 306 of the Act require promulgation of regulations for NSPS, and Sections 304(f), 307(b), and 307(c) require promulgation of regulations for pretreatment standards. In addition to these regulations for designated industry categories. Section 307(a) of the Act requires the Administrator to promulgate effluent standards applicable to all dischargers of toxic pollutants. Finally, Section 501 (a) of the Act authorizes the Administrator to prescribe any additional regulations "necessary to carry out his functions" under the Act. WH-28 ------- The EPA was unable to promulgate many of these regulations by the dates contained in the Act. In 1976, EPA was sued by several environmental groups, and in settlement of this lawsuit EPA and the plaintiffs executed a "Settlement" Agreement" which was approved by the Court. This Agreement required EPA to develop a program and adhere to a schedule for 21 major industries (37 industry categories) and to promulgate for BAT effluent limitations guidelines, pretreatment standards, and new source performance standards for 65 "priority" pollutants and classes of pollutants (129 specific pollutants). (See Natural Resources Defense Council. Inc. v. Train, 8 ERC 2130 (D.O.C. 1976), modified March 9, 1979). '~ On December 27, 1977, the President signed into law the Clean Water Act of 1977. Altnough this law makes several important changes in the Federal water pollution control programs, its most significant feature is its incorporation into the Act of several of the basic elements of the Settlement Agreement program for toxic pollution control. Sections 301(b)(2)(A) and 301(b)(2)(C) of the Act now require the achievement by July 1, 1984 of effluent limitations requiring application of BAT for "toxic" pollutants, including the 65 "priority" pollutants and classes of pollutants which Congress declared "toxic" under Section 307(a) of the Act. Likewise, EPA's programs for new source performance standards and pretreatment standards are now aimed principally at toxic pollutant controls. Moreover, to strengthen the toxics control program, Section 304(e) of the Act authorizes the Administrator to prescribe "best management practices" ("BMPs") to prevent the release of toxic and hazardous pollutants from plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or waste disposal, and drainage from raw material storage associated with, or ancillary to, the manufacturing or treatment process. In keeping with its emphasis on toxic pollutants, the Clean Water Act of 1977 also revises the control programs for non-toxic pollutants. Instead of BAT for "conventional" pollutants identified under Section 304(a)(4) (including biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, fecal call form and pH), the new Section 3Ql(b)(2)(E) requires achievement by July 1, 1984, of "effluent limitations requiring the applica- tion of the best conventional pollutant control technology" ("BCT"). The factors considered in assessing BCT for an industry include the costs of reducing effluent and the benefits derived compared to the costs and effluent reduction benefits from the discharge of publicly owned treatment works (Section 304(b)(4)(B)). For non-toxic, nonconventlonal pollutants, Sections 301 (b) (2) (A) and (b)(2)(f) require achievement of BAT effluent limitations not later than July 1, 1987. The Agency continues to address toxic pollutants through regulations for BAT, new source performance standards and pretreatment standards as required by the Clean Water Act of 1977, These regulations are aimed at controlling the water discharge of 129 specific toxic chemicals from 34 primary industry categories. All of these 34 industry categories are under study. Many of the studies are nearly completed, and proposed regulations have been issued in 12 industrial categories. Each category requires examination of processes in the industry, water usage, wastewater character- istics, and treatment technologies either in use or potentially applicable. In addition, the requirement for economic achievability has led the Agency to conduct exhaustive studies of the financial and economic achievability of various regulatory options. In those industry categories which require hazardous waste controls under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Agency is formulating best manage- ment practices (BMP) under Section 304(e) of the Clean Water Act. These will be used to control toxic pollutants originating from plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or other waste disposal, and drainage from raw material storage facilities. The new technology-based limitations for conventional pollutants cannot be less stringent than BPT or more stringent than BAT standards. On August 29, 1979, the Agency promulgated its review of existing BAT limitations for conventional pollutants of industries not included in the 34 specifically covered by the 1977 Clean Water Act. This regulation also detailed the methodology which will be used to evaluate BCT when it is established in the future. The BCT regulations will save these industries up to $200 million in water pollution control costs, or about 50 percent of previously estimated future clean-up and control expenditures. WO-29 ------- Consistent with Section 307(b) and (c) of the Clean Water Act, pretreatment standards for both existing and new industrial sources are forthcoming, with approxi- mately 12 industrial categories now proposed,, These standards will include pretreat- ment limitations on the discharge of toxic pollutants that pass through or interfere with the operation of POTWs, consistent with the demonstrated operating performance of POTWs. In developing new regulations and in reviewing existing ones, there is a major effort to Incorporate legislative requirements of the Clean Water Act with those of other statutes in a systems approach to water quality control. As an example, in the development and review of BAT regulations, new technology for recycle and reuse of industrial wastewater is being developed and incorporated with the related RCRA requirements for disposal of hazardous wastes. Studies of how best to integrate the regulatory requirements of the BAT toxics control effort with RCRA are ongoing. The Office of Water Regulations and Standards Is providing data support and formulating specific best management practice regulations for the control of residues and sludges in coordination with both the Office of Water Enforcement and the Office of Solid Waste. In 1982, the Agency will continue collect and analyze technological, economic, health, and general environmental factors for the development of specific regulations required by the Clean Water Act and RCRA. To complete the revision of the existing BAT limitation guidelines, the Agency will continue to characterize effluents with respect to the 129 specific toxic chemicals and metals and to evaluate the effectiveness of appropriate treatment technology and control measures. Technical, statistical, and economic support will be provided to respond to litigation against promulgated BAT regulations. The Agency will also provide technical assistance to Regional and State permit writers in translating BAT, BCT and BW technical studies with particular emphasis on the toxic pollutants. To complete the best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT) regulations, new technical, economic, and statistical data bases will be compiled to determine the necessity of revising BAT regulations to meet the added test of economic reasonableness imposed by the Clean Water Act for conventional pollutants. This will ensure the most appropriate control mechanism define the required level of technology and select the most technically viable regulatory approach. Thorough economic Impact analyses of affected industries will be conducted to assess alternative limitations and, in parti- cular, to assure that the ultimate regulations are economically achievable and equitable. 1980 Accompl 1 shments In 1980, the Agency obligated $26,464,400 for this activity, including $5,084,300 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $21,380,100 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The latter includes $20,880,700 for contracts, $301,900 for ADP costs and $197,500 for interagency agreements. Contract obligations included $13,364,400 for technical analytical studies, $3,733,000 for economic and statistical analysis, $1,744,200 for determination of health effects; and $2,274,100 for analysis of environmental distributions of pollutants and exposure risk. The technical and analytical studies included work on proposal and promulgation of best available techno- logy economically achievable effluent guidelines, new source performance standards (NSPS), and pretreatment standards for new sourc'es and existing sources for the 34 industries specified in the NRDC Settlement Agreement and the 1977 Clean Water Act. These studies also provided for the continution of the development of regulations for BMPs, for RCRA related hazardous sludges, BCT regulations, development of a preliminary POTW toxic pollutant regulatory strategy, and conducting the first phase of the synfuel investigations with priority on gasohol manufacture, During 1980, program accomplishments included: - Completed technical studies for the development of proposed regulations in eight primary industries. This work included detailed laboratory analysis of effluent samples collected from plants In each subcategory of each industry, evaluation WO-30 ------- of the treatment performance of pollution abatement equipment currently used 1n each industry, accounting for variations in plant size, expansion space availability, location, age, and production processes. The technical studies also explored the feasibility of process changes to recycle or reuse water and the range of treatment technologies used in other industries that might apply to the industry under study* For each treatment option, process change, and alternative technology, the costs incurred by plants in the industry were determined. Published proposed regulations establishing national effluent limitations and standards for eight industries as mandated by the NRDC Settlement Agreement and the 1977 Clean Mater Act. Completed economic studies for development of proposed regulations 1n eight of the 34 industries. Because full economic impact information is required before a preferred treatment option is selected, each treatment alternative must be subjected to an economic analysis. These analyses become successively more detailed as the range of options narrows; the final small group of options considerd are examined separately for impacts on prices, production, employment, industry size and concentration, foreign trade, regional economics, and the economics of related industries. A precursor to this step is the analysis of economic data on the industry to determine the economic and financial structure of model plants most appropriate for regulatory economic assessment of the industry. When necessary, economic impacts are determined according to several alternative economic organizational assumptions. Continued to incorporate requirements of other statutes, particulary RCRA, into technical and economic studies to develop industrial effluent guidelines. Information on sludge generation, storage, and disposal and associated costs, and the handling of hazardous materials and other solid wastes played a major role in the development and proposal of effluent guidelines regulations. Support for this work included collection of initial data on sludge generated by two industrial point source categories and by POTW. These data provided a technical input to the Office of Solid Waste on sludges generated by industrial BAT requirements as well as POTW sludges controlled under Section 405(d) guidelines as part of an expanded complementary activity for RCRA. This effort will reduce corporate and governmental administrative burdens in data collection, permit issuance and compliance. Proposed and promulgated Agency analytical methods of analyses of toxics in industrial wastewater and continued investigations of methods applicable to toxic analysis of sludges and other complex Industrial waste streams. Incorporated into new regulations consideration of innovation and alternative treatment technologies (Including cost and energy), and enhanced recycling and reuse of wastewater to reduce industrial costs, alleviate economic impacts, and enhance environmental benefits. Began development of data to define model plants for synfuels in gasohol, high BTU coal gasification, low BTU gasification, direct coal liquefaction, and oil shale synfuel•technologies* The model plants will be used to establish baseline discharges, baseline capital costs and operation and maintenance costs for synfuel facilities using the best availble data from existing pilot scale facilities. WO-31 ------- - Continued to investigate levels of toxic pollutants discharged to and by POTW through wastewater and sludge. The results will guide the Agency's approaches to implementation of pretreatment policies and programs, to sludge disposal or beneficial uses, and to re-exainination of standards for wastewater discharges from POTW. - Conducted environmental studies, including geographical and quantitative industrial profiles fo an overall environmental risk assessment of eight additional BAT industries. This study involved extensive data gathering in each region of the Nation to determine the concentration of pollutants in the environment in those regions. This information will identify the regions and industries that require special attention because of the severity of their point source pollution problems, - Performed best conventional pollutant control technology studies for eight of the 34 industries mandated by- the NRPC Settlement Agreement and the 1977 Clean Water Act. This required examination of data on incremental cost of conventional pollutant removal to determine a reasonable level for treatment of conventional pollu- tants in each subcategory. - Initiated technical support for implementation of the standards in the NPDES integrated permits. The individual plants in each industry will face different limitations, depending on their own process mixes and water use. For NPDES permit writing, methods will be developed to interpret each regulation or set of regula- tions applicable to each plant In the light of process wastewater and sludge generation, wastewater treatment, and waste stream contnnation within the plant. Recycle and reuse of waste- waters as well as other Innovative technologies will be major factors incorporated into permit writing procedures. Because of this, and because of many possibilities for chemical reaction and waste dilution within the plant, these methods will be based on a process and chemical engineering knowledge of the plant's production and discharge practices, and their relationship to the standards. - Initiated further measures to add substances to the Administrator's list of toxic polluants, as required in Section 307(a) of the Clean Water Act, by developing a selection rationale for choosing pollutants; and by documenting the human health and environmental effects of those pollutants. - Continued ongoing studies of industrial BMPs for raw material storage and handling, and control of 1n-plant spills. Incorporated BMP study results into industrial effluent guidelines regulations where appropriate. •- Effluent and sludge from an additional 20 PGTWs were sampled for the "priority 129 toxic pollutants." In addition, two special surveys were conducted to assess the impact of industrial pretreatment standards on POTW influents. 1981 Program For 1981, the Agency requested $29,342,000 and 109 permanent workyears for this activity, including $6,411,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $22,931,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds were requested for technical investigations, economic and statistical support, exposure and risk assessments, analytical and sampling support, and support for court litigation and remands. In 1981, the program will: WO-32 ------- Propose and promulgate regulations for BAT effluent guidelines, new source performance standards, pretreatment standards for existing sources, and pretreatment standards for new sources for 18 of the 34 industries specified in the 1977 Clean Water Act. Complete economic analyses for 18 industries. Because full economic impact information is required before a preferred treatment option is selected, each treatment alternative must be subjected to an economic analysis. These analyses become successively more detailed as the range of options narrows; the final small group of options considered are examined separately for impacts on prices, production, employment, industry size and concentration, foreign trade, regional economics, and the economics and capacities of related industries. A precursor to this step is the analysis of economic data on the Industry to determine the economic and financial structure of model plants most appropriate for regulatory economic assessment of the Industry. When necessary, economic impacts are determined according to several alternative economic organizational assumptions. Promulgate BCT regulations for the above 18 industries to serve as back-up to BAT (toxics) regulations. Supporting industry technical studies will be prepared and will include discussions for relevant alternatives and decision criteria as assistance to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit authorities. Efforts will include final promulgation of amendments or issuance of guidance, for BCT limitations for several food commodity industries in compliance with the review requirements of Sections 301 and 306 of the Clean Water Act. Conduct detailed analyses and sampling for expedited regulatory schemes for snyfuels, including coal gasification, direct and indirect coal liquefaction, and oil shale industries. Included will be a technical effort encompassing an investigation of several major aspects of each of the synfuel technologies, and an economic analysis which includes a review of all existing information on the potential financial and economic structure of the industry for the development of appropriate economic models. Develop and prescribe best management practices (BMP) in support of RCRA controls of hazardous wastes (e.g., treatment and disposal of sludges containing toxic chemicals) for several major primary industries. The data from the sampling and analysis of "spills" and sludge waste streams will be Incorporated into this effort to help define the potential for toxic discharges into surface waters as well as potential mechanisms for treatment or control by traditional or innovative management schemes. If possible, complete documentation of;"innovative" technology to minimize the overall discharge of all toxics for ten industry categories, representing over 300 subcategories. Concepts which reduce costs of pollution control or result in Improved production system efficiency by recycle and reuse of by-products and wastes will be emphasized in "Innovative" technology review. Provide technical support to regional and State permit authorities for non-conventional waivers and how best to Interpret and apply regulations In situations where pollutants have been excluded from the regulations. This technical assistance will provide advice on those industry subcategories or facilities excluded from national standards or problems involving BAT regulation of. non-conventional pollutants. WQ-33 ------- - Continue treatability studies focusing on larger pilot studies for actual industrial waste streams. Specific emphasis will be placed on those pollutants that cannot be readily removed or treated by traditional methods. - Provide contract management support to the Office of Solid Waste in managing industrial waste evaluation programs (see detailed program descriptions for solid waste, waste management strategies, regulations, and guidelines). - Formulate recommendations and publish reports on specific POTW regulatory strategies, including support for mechanisms for pretreatment credits at the local level. Provide support to Office of Water Program Operations and Office of Water Enforcement Program efforts and guidance to regions and States on POTW toxics problems. Recommendations will incorporate definitions of best practicable waste treatment technologies for POTWs and implications for sludge disposal and associated program aspects for municipal grants. - Provide technical and economic analyses to respond to anticipated litigation covering 26 industry categories cited in the 1977 Amendments. Assistance in the preparation of court records for five promulgated BAT (toxics) regulations will also be required. 1981 ExplanationofChanges from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $703,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for.Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $29,200. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $81,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abate- ment, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $696,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $71,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $11,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $264,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of -550,000 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - A transfer of -$13,500 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompllance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. 1982 Program For 1982, the Agency requests $19,247,800 and 100 permanent workyears for this activity, including $6,333,900 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $12,913,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds are requested for technical investigations, economic and statistical support, exposure and risk assessments, analytical and sampling support, and support for court litigation and remands. In 1982, the program will: wn-34 ------- Complete rulemaklng activities for best available technology economically achievable effluent guidelines, new source performance standards, pretreatment standards for existing sources and pretreatment standards for new sources for seven industries specified in the 1977 Amendments. Complete economic analysis for the above seven industries.. Because full economic impact Information is required before a preferred treatment option 1s selected, each treatment alternative must be subjected to an economic analysis. These analyses become successively more detailed as the range of options narrows; the final small group of options considered are examined separately for impacts on prices, production, employment, industry size and concentration, foreign trade, regional economics, and the economics and capacities of related industries. A precursor to this step is the analysis of economic data on the industry to determine the economic and financial structure of model plants most appropriate for regulatory economic assessment of the Industry. When necessary, economic impacts are determined according to several alternative economic organizational assumptions. Complete rulemaklng activities for BCT regulations for the above seven industries to serve as back-up to BAT (toxics) regulations. Supporting industry technical aspects studies will be prepared and will include discussions of relevant alternatives and decision criteria as assistance to the NPDES permit authorities. Propose regulations for BAT effluent guidelines, new source performance standards, pretreatment standards for existing sources, pretreatment standards for new sources for synfuels, including coal gasification, direct and indirect coal liquefaction, and oil shale industries. These standards are being developed 1n support of the national synfuel program, and thus are accorded a high priority in keeping with national energy priorities. Complete economic impact analyses for the synfuels industries, Including coal gasification, direct and indirect coal liquefaction, and oil shale industries. Because full potential economic Impact Information is required before preferred treatment options are selected, each treatment option must be subjected to an economic analysis. These analyses become successively more detailed as the range of options narrows; the final small group of options considered are examined separately for impacts on potential prices, production, employment, industry size and concentration, regional economics, and the economics and capacities of related industries. A precursor to this step is the analysis of economic data on these new industries to determine the economic and financial structure of model plants most appropriate for regulatory economic assessment of the potential industry. When necessary, economic impacts are determined according to several alternative economic organizational assumptions. Provide technical, economic, and statistical support to respond to anticipated litigation covering 18 industry categories. Assistance in the preparation of court briefs and records will be required. wq-35 ------- WATER QUALITY Grants Assistance Program Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 ' 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Appropriation Control Agency Resource Supplementation {Section 106): Abatement, Control and Compl i ance. Areawide Waste Treatment Management Resources (Section 208): Abatement,, Control and Compl i ance Training Grants (Section 104): Abatement, Control and Compl1ance Clean Lakes Program:* Abatement, Control and Compliance (dollars in thousands) $49,158 $48,730- $51,230 $53,300 +$2,070 37,902 34,000 33,823 2,513 ... 614 20.235 13,500 11.000 11.500 -33,823 -614 +500 Total ,. 109,808 96,230 96,667 64,800 -31,867 •Clean Lakes positions are Included in Water Quality Strategies Implementation category, Budget Request The Agency requests a total of 564,800,000 for 1982 under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Included in this total is a decrease of $33,822,800 from the 1981 level in Section 208 areawide waste treatment management resources reflecting termination of this planning grant program. An increase of $2,070,000 in grants for State water pollution control programs, an increase of $500»0°0 in the Clean Lakes program, and a decrease of $614,300 in Section 104 Training Grants due to a nonrecurring 1981 Congressional add-on for academic training. Program Descrlption The water quality grants assistance program under the Clean Water Act includes four elements: water pollution control State program grants under Section 106, Section 208 planning grants, Clean Lakes grants under Section 314 and Section 104 training grants. Control Agency Resource Supolementation Section 106 grants supplement State resources for water pollution control programs. They are negotiated annually as part of the State/EPA Agreements (SEAs) with 50 States, 7 Territorities, and 6 Interstate agencies. Funds have been directed to cover a wide range of water quality programs including permits, enforcement, monitoring, municipal facilities construction and management, oil and hazardous materials spill response, and other priority programs. As States receive Section 205(g) delegations of construction grants management responsibilities, funding is provided under that Section for construction grants management. Wn-36 ------- Beginning in 1982, development of State and areawide groundwater management programs previously funded under Section 208 will be a priority under Section 106. Other priority nonpoint source control needs identified by States may also be supported under Section 106 funds. Areawide Waste Treatment Management Resources The Clean Water Act provides for financial support of State and designated areawide water quality planning agencies under Section 208. This authority, combined with Sections 106 and 303 of the Act, provides the basis for control of nonpoint and point sources under the Act. Section 208 grants are awarded to State and designated areawide planning agencies for continuing planning programs which address National, State and local nonpoint source pollution priorities. The Clean Water Act provides for financial support of State and designated areawide water quality planning agencies under Section 208. This authority, combined with Sections 106 and 303 of the Act, provides the basis for control of nonpoint and point sources under the Act. Section 208 grants have been awarded to State and designated areawide planning agencies for development of continuing planning programs which address highest National, State, and local pollution control priorities. Initial plans have been completed by all 225 funded agencies establishing a basic water quality management framework. Clean Lakes Program Under the Clean Lakes Grant program, financial assistance is provided to States to classify their publicly owned fresh water lakes according to trophic conditions and to carry out methods and procedures to restore and protect the quality of those lakes. To date the Agency has received 267 applications for lake restoration and has funded 206 projects. Training Grants Academic training grants are awarded to institutions of higher education to meet professional manpower needs. Efforts in this area are divided into three primary categories; the professional graduate training program, the State agency fellowship program, and undergraduate training grants. Curriculum development and other special training projects in critical areas of water pollution control are also supported. CONTROL AQENCY .RESOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION (Section 106) 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, $49,158,200 was obligated for Section 106 grants, matched by approximately $100 million in State resources. Traditional State activities funded under Section 106 included NPDES permits issuance and enforcement, monitoring, municipal waste treatment operations and maintenance (O&H), operator training, the State continuing planning process, Water Quality Standards (WQS) adoption, and construction grants program management 1n States which had not yet signed Section 205(g) delegation agreements. Emerging national program priorities were also funded to a limited extent under Section 106. Toxics considerations were introduced into NPDES permitting, monitoring, and WQS development. Other priority areas included emergency response program administration and contingency planning; pretreatment programs; Section 404 dredge and fill programs; and administration of nonpoint source (NPS) control programs. With the support provided by Section 106 grants: - 33 States issued, reissued, and modified permits, and conducted compliance inspections and enforcement activities under NPDES delegations; the other States assisted EPA in most aspects of permits development. - All States progressed in developing full Basic Water Monitoring Programs (BWMP) with special emphasis on improved utilization of intensive surveys in problem assessment and solution design. WO-37 ------- - The States reviewed and certified Corps of Engineers dredge and fill permits as required under Section 401, and worked toward assuming Section 404 responsibilities. - The State emergency response program enabled more than 2000 responses to oil and hazardous materials emergencies. - All States progressed 1n developing pretreatment programs. - Some States gave priority to overseeing and coordinating Statewide NPS control implementation programs developed under Section 208 • planning grants. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency allocated $51,230,000 for Section 106 grants under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Consistent with overall national priorities and State needs, States and EPA will negotiate complementary activities and funding levels in the State/EPA Agreements. 'In addition to continued support of traditional State water pollution control activities, new 1981 national priorities Include: - toxics criteria in WQS reviews and revisions; strengthening of municipal waste treatment 0AM and operator training to improve POTW continuing compliance and operation up to design capabilities; - pretreatment program development; establishment of BWMP limited fixed station network with toxic monitoring capabilities; compli- ance monitoring of toxics, pretreatment, and BAT permits; toxics considerations in permitting and enforcement; - POTW continuous compliance"enforcement. No NPDES delegations are expected. However, 16 States will have new or expanded 205{g) delegations in 1981, with 5 States accepting full delegation of construction grants management responsibilities. Non-delegated States will continue to receive available Section 106 support for their construction grants management and permitting activities as determined in the SEA process. 1981Explanation of Change fromBudget Estimate The Congress increased the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation by $2,500,000 to support the Section 106 State Water Grants. 1982Plan In 1982, the Agency requests $53,300,000 for Section 106 grants under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of $2,070,000 over the 1981 level. The Agency will work through the State/EPA agreeements with the States to ensure that available funds for 106 grants are directed to national priorities and water quality needs identified in the national needs assessment and in State Section 305(b) reports. The Section 106 funds requested will be directed particularly to comprehensive ground- water management program development previously funded under Section 208 grants. The request will also cover additional emerging priority activities including: toxics monitoring and analytical capabilities, review of water quality standards for attainability and appropriate revisions, operation of dredge and fill programs, and nonpoint source control programs administration. Ongoing programs such as permitting monitoring, and compliance will also continue to receive assistance based on national priorities, SEA priorities, and availability of funds-. Two new NPDES delegations are expected in 1982. In 1982, 46 States are expected to have signed a Section 205(g) delegation agreement; 14 will have assumed all or most delegable construction grants management activities. Section 205(g) funds can be targeted in these delegated States to support all municipal waste management-related activities previously supported in WQ-38 ------- these States by Section 106 grants funds. Construction grants management-related activities will include: pretreatment, operations and management, operator training, municipal compliance monitoring, and point and nonpoint source planning related to construction grants decisions. Other activities eligible for funding under 205(g) include development of Section 402/404 delegations. AREAWIDE UASTE TREATMENT MANAGEMENT (Section 208) 1980 Accompli shments In 1980, the Agency obligated $37,901,500 among 165 designated agencies for Section 208 grants under the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. National priorities for grant awards emphasizes the major national problem areas of urban runoff, agricultural nonpoint source (NPS), and ground water management, as described in the 1980 Water Quality Management (WQM) 5-year strategy and the funding guidance. Funding was targeted through State/ EPA Agreements to develop solutions to one or more priority NPS problems identified In those agencies" initial WQM plans. All funded agencies had successfully completed Initial plans and were determined by the regions to be making acceptable progress in implementing significant portions of their initial plans. Another 60 agencies were not funded In 1980, but continued previously funded projects. Additional information on the WQH program will be found under the State Program Regulations and Guidelines Section. In 1980 Section 208 grants; - Supported 30 National Urban Runoff Projects (NURP) designed to establish cause-effect water quality relationships and provide basis for recommendations in 1983 Report to Congress, - Initiated ground water management demonstration projects designed to establish State and local management programs using effective Best Management Practices (BMP). - Funded designated agencies to develop Statewide and local nonpoint source control programs for urban runoff, agriculture, silviculture, ground water, hydromodification, construction runoff and other State priority needs. - Under agreement with USDA, supported cause-effect monitoring and evaluation of BMP implementation in 13 cost-share projects funded under the USDA Rural Clean Water Program. Conducted 29 joint USDA/EPA model agriculture NPS programs under the Model Imple- mentation Program (MIP) and Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP). - Developed State/areawide implementation action programs identified in WQM plans including essential institutional and financial arrangements to support self-sustaining management capability. Cost-effective approaches Identified through prototype projects were documented and disseminated widely. - Assisted the development and adoption ,of agriculture NPS cost- share control programs in 13 States and strengthened control program authorities in 20 States and 370 local governments. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency allocated $33,822,800 for Section 208 grants under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In completing Section 208 grant funding, grants will be awarded for projects which will solve specific nonpoint source water pollution problems. The WQM Strategy and annual funding guidance for 1981 emphasizes continued concentration of limited funds on national priority NPS WQ-39 ------- problems, particularly ground water protection, agricultural NFS, and urban runoff. Potential transferability of project results to other areas with similar problems Is also stressed as a selection criterion. Specific grant awards are negotiated In the SEA process with each State. There are 180 out of 220 eligible agencies which are expected to receive awards for one or more projects in 1981. The others will continue work on previously funded projects. Additional Information on the 1981 program will be found under the State Programs Regulations and Guidelines section. Highlights of the 1981 program include: - Completion of funding for 30 NURP projects Initiated in 1979 and 1980 which will continue in operation through 1982. - Continued funding of BMP Implementation monitoring and evalua- tion in 29 joint USDA/EPA MIP and ACP projects. - Continued funding of 10 prototype groundwater management projects to develop comprehensive State ground water management programs and site-specific BMPs; initiation of 5 new projects. - Results of 10 financial management assistance projects will be documented and disseminated to assist other agencies with similar financial management problems. Fifteen additional projects will be initiated in 1981, concentrating on implementation of NPS Control programs and development of self-sustaining planning and management capabilities. - Funding for 29 State/local urban runoff projects to apply Interim findings of NURP projects; 90 State/local priority ground water projects; 61 agricultural NPS projects to apply prototype technical; and financial management approaches to specific State/local priority problem areas. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The Congress directed a reprograrmring to support the Flathead River project; a transfer of $177,200 was made to state programs regulatons ad guidelines to implement this directive. 1982Plan Financial assistance to State and areawide agencies for high priority nonpoint nonpoint source control program development will be provided to the extent possible through Section 106 grants; ground water management program development particularly will be identified as a Section 106 grant priority in 1982. Some national prototype and State priority projects funded under Section 208 grants in 1980 and 1981 (for groundwater management, urban, agricultural, and other nonpoint sources) will continue to operate through 1982 and will be provided EPA technical assistance. To the extent resources will allow, cost-effective technological and institutional approaches developed through these WQM projects will be transferred nationwide for State and locally funded application in other priority NPS problem areas. Experience and knowledge gained through previously funded Section 208 plans and NPS control projects will be fully taken advantage of on 5a national scale through technology transfer efforts. Completing and updating WQM plans to assure statutory consistency of construction grants and permitting decisions will be funded through Section 106 grants or State resources, depending on priorities and funds available. ACADEMIC TRAINING GRANTS 1980 Accompl 1shments In 1980, the Agency obligated $2,513,200 for academic training grants, including a Congressional add-on to the professional training grant program of $405,000 for training graduate level students in water-related engineering and environmental sciences. The WQ-40 ------- amount of $105,000 was used to support 32 graduate trainees at 28 Institutions. The State agency fellowship program provided $125,000 for 57 State employees from 29 State and territorial water pollution control agencies. Upon completion of this training, the employees returned to their respective agencies to work at least two years for each full year of financial support. An undergraduate training grant of $75,000 was provided to two institutions in water-related environmental disciplines to support approximately 15 students. A total of $100,000 was allocated to a pilot curriculum development project and for support of a minority dual degree program. 1981 .Program Beginning in 1981, a large percentage of the $614,000 academic training funds will be used to support curriculum development projects in areas of critical water pollution control needs. This will be an expansion of the one pilot curriculum development project begun 1n 1980. Also in 1981, the program of State agency fellowships will be evaluated and continued, if justified. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates The Congress increased the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation by $1 million to support academic training; an increase of $614,300 was applied to water quality training. 1982 Plan There are no Agency plans for an academic training program in 1982. CLEAN LAKES J3RANTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, $20,235,400 was obligated under Clean Lakes Program cooperative agreements to initiate 126 projects, including 10 urban lake projects. In addition, 15 projects were completed. 1951 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated $11 million for Clean Lakes Program cooperative agreements. With promulgation of the Section 314 regulations, the Clean Lakes Program has shifted from a demonstration to an implementation program. Therefore, 1n 1981 more funding emphasis will be given to implementation and less to diagnostic/feasibility planning than in 1980. Continued emphasis will be given to implementing lake restoration efforts in urban areas. Because many lake problems involve toxic pollution, the program will also begin to focus on toxic lake problems nationwide. Currently planned program activities include: - Funding 35 diagnostic/feasibility studies - Funding 20 implementation efforts. - Funding 5 State lake classification efforts. - Funding 1 toxic lake restoration pilot project. 1981 Explanation of...Change from Budget Estimate The Congress reduced this program by $2.5 million. WO-41 ------- 1982 Plan In 1982, the Agency requests $11,500,000 for the Clean Lakes program. Total program emphasis will be on funding implementation agreements. Greater emphasis will be given to urban lakes with toxic contamination. Greater emphasis will also be given to funding projects whose purpose is to combine lake restoration activities with other Federal programs to control nonpoint sources of pollution and improve public access and recreational opportunities for lake users. Planned activities include: - Funding 6 diagnostic/feasibility studies. - Funding 47 implementation efforts. - Funding 2 toxic lake restoration projects. - Funding 4 post-restoration evaluation efforts. ------- WATER QUALITY Water Quality Strategies Implementation Appropriation Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Standards and Regulations: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Regulatory EIS Prep-Water Quality: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Compl i ance ............. Ocean Disposal "emits: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Compliance ............ Total : Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Compl i ance . Grand Total .............. Permanent Positions Environmental Emergency Standards and Regulations. Regulatory EIS Prep-WQ.... Ocean Disposal Permits.... Total Full-time Equivalency Environmental Emergency Standards and Regulations. Regulatory EIS Prep-WQ... Ocean Disposal Permits... Total. Actual 1980 $4,887 5,544 2,916 573 682 1,115 598 8,918 7,397 16,315 119 85 * * • 29 233 131 96 • • * 33 26.0 Budget Current - Increase + Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981 (dollars $4,970 4,295 3,573 1,433 500 879 159 9,422 6,387 15,809 130 110 * * * 24 264 138 121 • • • 29 288 in thousandsy $5,328 4,125 4,892 2,314 500 1,112 141 11,332 7,080 18,412 , 131 139 * * * 24 294 139 158 • • • 29 326 $4,285 2,058 6,795 2,277 • • * 1,086 3,294 12,166 7,629 19,795 92 164 * » » 24 286 100 180 • • .* 29 305 +$1 ,043 -2,067 +1 ,903 37 - 500 26 + 3,153 + 834 + 549 + 1 ,383 39 + 25 » * * • * * 14 39 + 22 • • • * * • 17 1JQ-43 ------- Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $19,794,900 and 278 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $1,382,800 from 1981. Included in this total is $12,165,900 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $7,629,000 for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, with an increase of $833,500 and $549,300 respectively. The increase in the standards and regulations program element will provide additional assistance to State and local agencies in assessing water quality problems and in revising standards for toxics control. The increase in the ocean disposal permits program element will cover the study and survey of 23 new dump sites being considered for designation. Also included in this element is the environ- mental impact statement element, shown separately in 1981. Program. je_scri p_tjpn The water quality strategies implementation subactivity covers the Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention Program, the Ocean Disposal Permits Program, and the Standards and Regulation Program. Envirpnmental Emergency Response and.Prevention The primary objectives of EPA's Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention Program have been to protect water quality by preventing and responding to oil and hazardous substances spills, and providing emergency assistance to hazardous waste site incidents. Section 311 of the Clean Water Act of 1977 contains the Congressional mandate to provide a nationwide capability to respond to and prevent spills of oil and designated hazardous substances into the navigable waters of the United States. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 expanded the mandate to include response to and prevention of hazardous releases to all environmental media (e.g. air, land, ground and surface waters) which cause or threaten danger of public health and welfare or sensitive ecological systems. Activi- ties in 1982 related to hazardous substances spills and hazardous waste site incidents are budgeted under the Superfund Appropriation. The Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention Program element covers only oil spills and prevention activities beginning in 1982. EPA continues to share responsibility for the Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention Program with the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). Jurisdictional lines between the agencies for spill response actions in navigable waters are drawn geographically with EPA having responsibility for inland water excluding the Great Lakes. EPA's on-scene coordinator and/or his designated representatives will assume a monitoring role or a Federal removal role, as dictated by the situation. To assure that responses are efficient and coordinated, national and regional contingency "plans are required which delineate procedures, techniques, and responsibilities of the various Federal, State, and local authorities. In order to augment the resources of the program, the Environmental Response Team (ERT) was established early in 1979. It is a team of experienced personnel which provides on-site consultation services to the OSC including spill response and mitigation alternatives ecological damage assessment during an incident, determination of information needs, as well as onsite deployment of prototype spill control devices. In addition to the ERT providing immediate field assistance, the regions also receive technical support from the Technical Assistance Team (TAT) contract. The contract was awarded in 1979 and will remain in effect through 1981 to assist the regions and the ERT in responding to Section 311 spills and environmental emergencies. A .new contract will be negotiated for 1982. Ocean Disposal The ocean disposal programs authorized by the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, have been in operation since 1973. These authorities require EPA to regulate ocean disposal by outfalls and by dumping, designate disposal sites, develop ocean related policies, and participate in interagency programs that deal with development of ocean resources. WO-44 ------- To carry out the ocean disposal permitting functions, the Administrator of EPA is authorized to regulate the disposition of all materials except dredged material (which is regulated by the Corps of Engineers). The Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act further prohibits the transportation and dumping in ocean water of chemical, biological, and radiological warfare agents and high level radioactive materials. EPA has statutory responsibility for designating all ocean dumping sites, including those for dredged material. There are currently 141 sites approved on an interim basis which must be surveyed by an ocean-going vessel and tested by laboratory prior to formal designation. Of these, 127 sites are for disposal of Corps of Engineers' dredged material, which comprises more than 90 percent of all material dumped in the ocean. EPA is currently surveying and preparing EIS's for some of these sites using a major, multi-year contract that began in 1977. The contract is jointly funded by the Corps of Engineers, which is the primary source of funding for field surveys and data analysis. EPA contributes to data base development and funds EIS preparation for the site designation effort. In 1982, the contract is being increased and accelerated to meet statutory and litigation requirements. With the requested funding, EPA expects to designate a total of 42 sites by the end of 1982, and to develop and implement the necessary ocean monitoring program to assess the impact of ocean disposal-practices and resource development on the outer continental shelf. At that time, an additional 23 sites will be under contract for survey and impact review prior to designation. EPA expects to have completed all required activities for designating all interim approved sites by 1985, if budget levels equivalent to this request can be maintained. The ocean program activities ensure that EPA authorities will be applied to the significant new and changing activities in the exploration and development of multiple uses of open ocean resources. The program utilizes water quality criteria, effluent guidelines and ocean discharge criteria to establish the framework for EPA assistance and influence over uses of the ocean resources. Major coordination with the ocean related programs of other agencies is necessary. Standards and Regulations - The standards and regulations program includes several dis- crete functions. Under Sections 304(a) and 307{a), water quality criteria are developed and published to reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on human health and welfare. Assistance in the development and review of State water quality standards is provided to ensure that acceptable standards are established in each State. Basic hazardous substances regulations are developed based on aquatic organisms, and designations are being expanded under Section 311 to include protection of human health. Guidelines, standards and regulations are developed to correct water pollution problems resulting from such sources as in-pi ace toxicants and discharges from vessels and aqua- culture projects. Management of the Clean Lakes grant program under Section 314 of the Clean Water Act addresses the assessment and implementation of watershed and in-lake restorative procedures to insure that Federal grant dollars are used in a manner that will provide cost-effective methods for the improvement or maintenance of the quality of publicly owned fresh water lakes. Finally, national management, coordination and program development regulating the discharge of dredge or fill material (Section 404) are carried out under this program, including the review and approval of requests frorr. States for Section 404 permit authority for specific waterways. Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention 1930 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency obligated a total of $10,425,100 for the Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention program, of which 54,881,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,543,500 was for extramural purposes. W1-45 ------- Over 8,900 notifications of environmental emergencies were received by the regional offices during 1980. The program responded to 152 spills which required a Federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) to direct Federal removal actions and monitored 8771 clean-up actions taken by the spiller. The spill prevention program was continued by the regions during 1980, with a combined regional effort totalling over 2800 spill prevention actions at non-transportation-related facilities. The 8-person Environmental Response Team (ERT), as defined in the program description, responded to 53 incidents through September 1980. It provided assistance during the fical year at the request of the region OSCs both within EPA and outside the Agency. Contract funding of approximately $3 million was used for additional technical field support for emergency response. The Technical Assistance Team (TAT) contract provided 33 contractor personnel to help the regions and the ERT respond to oil and hazardous materials spills and environmental emergencies, perform inspections for compliance with oil and hazardous substance prevention regulations, prepare enforcement cases, and assess spill damages. An additional $1 million was used to fund aerial surveillance and emergency mapping for major spills, operation and maintenance of the spill prevention management information system, and response actions at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites which were not covered under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act. During 1980, the emergency response and prevention program initiated Section 311 or 104 emergency response actions at 61 uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Technical assist- ance, investigation, or other types of support were provided at 446 sites where Section 311 or 104 was not applicable. Response activities at these sites are highly resource- intensive due to the complexities involved in handling hazardous wastes of unknown com- postion and origin. 1981 Plan In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,453,000 and 131 permanent workyears to this program, of which $5,328,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $4,125,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. These resources will be used to continue the current oil program under Section 311 to begin to implement the expanded hazardous spills response program under Superfund. EPA is projected to receive 10,000 notifications of environmental emergencies during this fiscal year. The environmental emergency response and prevention program expects to respond during 1981 to 118 oil spills and 85 hazardous spills which will require a Federal OSC to direct Federal removal actions. EPA will monitor 2,771 oil spills and 2,007 hazardous spills where clean-up actions are taken by the responsible party or State and local agencies. Emergency response action will be provided at 69 uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The increase from 1980 is due to the expected increase of emergencies reported to EPA as a result of increased public awareness of the new reporting requirements under Superfund. The spill prevention program will continue in 1981. It is expected that ivgr 2,000 prevention inspections will be performed following major spills. Inspections at hazardous substances facilities will be a significant factor in the increase in prevention activity. Contract funding of $4,125,000 will be used to provide major technical assistance and support to current EPA efforts. Of these funds, S3,100,000 will be used for the TAT which will provide the regions and the ERT with 53 contract workyears, an increase of 20 workyears over 1980 to support response to uncontrolled hazardous waste site emergencies and hazardous spills. Thirty-three contract workyears will continue to be used to assist the regions in response to oil spill emergencies. The remaining $1,025,000 in contracts will provide for expansion of the Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data Systeni (OHM-TADS) to include newly designa- ted hazardous substances, priority pollutants and uncontrolled hazardous waste site data fields; aerial surveillance and photo mapping for spill prevention inspections, contingency planning and emergency response; and maintenance of the Spill Prevention Control and Counter-measure (SPCC) management information system during 1981. WO-46 ------- Highest priority will continue to be on protecting public health and the environment by emergency response to pollutant spills or discharges. A major EPA emphasis will be on controlling hazardous substance discharges from hazardous waste sites using emergency assistance actions. 1981 Expl anation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $188,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans- mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is $28,800. - A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities was submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increased of $200,000 to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $17,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $2,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $128,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $33,800 was applied to this activity. -The Congress reduced agencywide AOP services by $2 million; a decrease of $13,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $289,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers to ambient water quality monitoring (-$57,700); from public systems super- vision program assistance ($22,200); from drinking water enforcement ($29,900); from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($24,900); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation ($8,100); to State programs regulations and guidelines (-534,500); to water quality enforcement (-$48»;900); to stationary source enforcement (-$9,400); and from water quality permit issuance ($11,000). - Transfer $15,000 from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction within Region 1, to realign contract funds. - Transfer S18,800 from underground injection control program within Region 5, to support the hazardous materials emergency response program. - Transfer of $56,000 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. ; 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $6,343,400 and 92 permanent workyears for this program, of which $4,285,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,058,300 is for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. In addition, a total of $3,740,000 and 42 permanent workyears which was associated with this program in 1981 has been trans- ferred to the Superfund program and is included in its appropriation request for implementation of the expanded hazardous response program under Superfund. Therefore, emergency response to spills of hazardous substances and uncontrolled hazardous Waste sites will no longer be funded under the Water Quality Strategies Implementation subactivlty. WO-47 ------- The major program plans during 1982 include continuation of the oil response and prevention program. The program is projected to respond to approximately 118 oil spills which require a Federal OSC to direct Federal removal actions. EPA will monitor 3,534 oil spills where clean-up actions are taken by the responsible party or State and local agencies. The spill prevention program will also continue in 1982. It is expected that over 2,500 prevention inspections will be performed following major spills, with a major emphasis on hazardous substance facilities. Standards and Regulations 1980 Accomplishments In 1980 $3,488,700 was obligated under this program activity. Major emphasis was placed on development of a national water quality standards strategy, completion of the criteria documents for 65 classes of toxic pollutants, Section 404 State program develop- ment for implementation of the dredge and fill program, management of the Clean Lakes grant program and development of program guidance to assist in revising State water quality standards (WQS) programs. Included in this total was 5573,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation of which $482,700 was for dredge and fill activities and $90,500 for criteria development. AccomplLIshments in 198.0 Included: Criteria and Standards - Published human health and aquatic toxicity water quality criteria far 64 classes of toxic pollutants mandated by the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Defense Council Settlement Agreement. - Initiated development of regulations to revise water quality standards program. - Promulgated Federal water quality standards for two States and proposed Federal standards for an additional two States to meet minimum requirements of the Clean Water Act. - Evaluated standards revisions for 26 States for approval or disapproval consistent with applicable rules and policies. - Reviewed 57 AWT/AST projects for applicability of water quality standards to ensure that selected projects were the most cost-effective means of achieving the desired environmental result. - Proposed regulations for the removal of oil and hazardous substances spills from the U.S. waters and shorelines* - Proposed a rulemaking to delete freon emd bis-(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) from section 3Q7(a) list of toxic pollutants; finalized response to two petitions for removing eight toxic pollutants from the section 307(a) list and completed initial action on two additional petitions. . - Proposed denial of two petitions to designate phosphate, ammonia, and sulfides as conventional pollutants under Section 304(a)(4). - Published 28 digests which summarize State-adopted water quality standards for public information purposes. WO-48 ------- - Developed criteria for designating 12 new hazardous substances under Section 311 on the basis of chronic effects, such as cardnogenidty, routagenicity and bioaccumulation. ~ Completed review of Virginia's petition to establish no-discharge zones under the provisions of Section 312 of the Clean Water Act, regarding the prohibition of discharge of sewage from vessels into State waters. - Initiated Congressionally mandated National Estuarine Study, conducted every six years, to provide a report to Congress regarding the status of pollution and its impact on the nation's estuaries. - Provided section 115 grant to the State of Michigan to study feasibility of removing polychlortnated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls from the Pine and Saginaw Rivers. Dredge and Fill - Reviewed over 1,500 controversial Section 404 permit applications; developed national policy for review and comment on general and individual permit applications and provided recommendations to higher management on controversial permits. - Dromulgated Section 404 State program regulations for State assumption of program responsibility. - Developed strategies and policies for transfer of Section 404 programs to States and provided assistance to six States in developing their programs. - Coordinated Section 404 activities with other Federal agencies (Corps of Engineers and the Fish and Wildlife Service), involved in the section 404 program or related programs. - Executed a Memorandum of Agreement with the Corps of Engineers regarding determination of the extent of U.S. waters for the purpose of coverage under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, and procedures for resolving disputes between the Corps of Engineers and the Agency. Developed ancillary guidance for Corps district engineers and regional offices. - Reviewed and provided comment on Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) associated with Congressionally authorized construction projects for their conformity with the Section 404(b)(1) guidelines for evaluating permit applications for the discharge of dredged or fill materials Into waters of the United States. Clean Lakes Management - Provided management assistance to 120 ongoing Clean Lakes projects. - Assisted 35 States with the implementation of State/EPA agreements on Clean Lakes program requirements. .- Completed evaluation of lake restoration techniques and the economics of Clean Lakes projects, which indicated that benefits exceeded costs by 8:1. - Assisted 15 States to classify publicly owned fresh water lakes according to trophic condition. WO-49 ------- - Published final regulation and program guidance to administer the Clean Lakes program under Section 314. - Initiated development of a national management information system by incorporating Clean Lakes grant water quality data into STORET, and the Grant Information Control System (6ICS). - Conducted four EPA regional/State workshops to explain operational procedures of the Clean Lakes program, completed and distributed public awareness information about lake restoration methods and benefits, and published a users' manual on grant assistance offered under the Clean Lakes program, - Sponsored an international [North American/European) symposium, on Clean Lakes restoration. The objective of the symposium was to transfer information available on methods and procedures for lake restoration for inclusion in the Administrator's Section 3Q4(j) report to Congress in 1981. 1981 Plan The current 1981 allocation for this effort is $7,206,400 and 139 permanent workyears, of which 54,892,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. In 1981, $2,313,700 is planned for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, of which $1,308,700 is for dredge and fill activities and $1,005,000 for aquatic toxicity studies, criteria work on priority pollutants and technology transfer. Continuing emphasis is being placed on the dredge and fill program, with additional assistance to State programs, full review of State Section 404 program submissions, and assistance to regions in specifying disposal sites. Increasing attention is being given to the technical implications of this program, such as energy development, waterways and agricultural ramifications. Continuing water quality standards assistance is being rendered to States and regional offices in developing standards for toxic and non-toxic pollutants. The hazardous substances program is stressing designation of substances whose spills contain immediately active agents. A Clean Lakes Technical Assistance Program will be implemented to assist States and substate grantees. In 1981, the program plans include: Cr1teri a and Standards - Issue regulations for water quality standards which provide for a flexible approach on attainability of uses and focus on coverage of toxics in State water quality standards. Develop criteria modification methodologies for use by States in revising State water quality standards. - Assist States in developing water quality standards for tradi- ditional non-toxic pollutants with coverage of selected toxics pollutants in areas where techno! ogy-ba,sed controls will not adequately protect stream uses. - Develop policy guidance documents on the economic, environmental, and technological attainability of standards for both toxic and non-toxic pol1utants. - Promulgate State water quality standards for four States and pre- pare Federal standards ofr an additional three States. - Develop proposals for additions or deletions to the Section 307{a) list of toxic pollutants and for the development of water quality criteria for toxic pollutants beyond the list of 65; develop criteria for 14 additional compounds. - Develop water quality criteria for 14 toxic pollutants, in addition to the list of 65 toxics covered by the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Water Act. WO-50 ------- - Complete twenty-eight additional aquatic life criteria for the list of 129 priority toxic pollutants. - Evaluate 50 advanced waste treatment proposed projects to ensure that the projects will be cost-effective for the attainment of stream uses. - Provide assistance on 18 water quality standards reviews for approval or disapproval based on applicable rules and policies. - Designate new hazardous substances as required under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, on the basis of protection of human health from spills of acute or immediately acting agents (as opposed to chronic or long-term toxic effects). Dredge and Fill - Review between 1,500 and 2,000 major/controversial permits and exercise Section 404(c) authority in cases where unacceptable discharges are proposed. Refer major issues to headquarters for resolution. - Review and comment on major/controversial proposals and authorized projects that have not reached the permit stage (accounting for up to half the total permit review workload). Review major permits referred to headquarters (under Memorandum of Agreement with the Corps of Engineers) for top-level management resolution. - Provide technical assistance for cases in litigation and assistance to enforcement attorneys in actions against unpermitted discharges and in cases involving litigation against EPA on Section 404 issues. - Provide assistance to States in the development of a Section 404 program and provide full review of State Section 404 program submissions for compliance with delegation requirements. - Review EIS" submitted for major Federal projects for Section 404(b) (1) guidelines compliance. - Assess need for improvements in existing systems of Section 404 related environmental monitoring and work with State, Federal and local offices/agencies to improve effectiveness. - Provide special technical analyses for dredged or fill discharge environmental problems which are region-specific and increase assistance on analyses of technical and policy Issues involved in major permit review. Areas of particular concern include energy development, agriculture, and waterway development. - Complete final regulations for Section 404(b) for evaluating permit applications in regard to potential environmental impacts. Clean Lakes Management - Provide technical review for over 150 clean lake grant applications and recommend appropriate award actions for up to 75 projects. - Provide management assistance to approximately 120 operating Clean Lakes projects. WO-51 ------- - Assist 50 States and Territories in developing comprehensive plans that address lake watershed pollution controls and multi-year priority lists for over 150 Clean Lakes applications. - Implement a Clean Lakes Technical Assistance Program to assist States and substate grantees to resolve complex technical, institutional, and financial problems and transfer the technology and/or approach to other State grantees with similar problems. - Conduct four policy and technical assistance workshops/meetings with State officials. - Develop a program to evaluate the duration of lake restoration techniques, as well as the economic benefits of completed Clean Lakes projects. - Evaluate Agency Management of the Clean Lakes Program. - Publish proceedings from the international symposium on lakes restoration which serves as the Administrator's Section 304(j) report, and transfer proven technology on the Clean Lakes program. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $2,200,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1931 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans- mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $22,700. was - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $11,600 applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $23,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $77,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $7,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $301,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers from water quality permit issuance ($7,800); to State programs regulations and guidelines (-$33,300); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementa- tion ($19,900); from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($3,600); to personnel management (regions) (-$1,200); to regional council (-$12,700); to ambient water quality monitoring (-$21,600); to NEPA compliance/EIS preparation-water quality (-$12,300); to stationary source enforcement (-$16,600); to municipal waste treatment facility construction (-$3,000); and from regional management ($1,000). - A transfer of $400 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - Transfer of $373,700 to State programs regulations and guidelines Salaries and Expenses ($68,300) and Abatement, Control and Compliance ($305,400) to support program activities and program reorganization. WQ-52 ------- - Transfer of $700 to State programs regulations and guidelines to properly reflect the clean lakes function. - Transfer of $2,504,600 from State programs regulations and guidelines Salaries and Expenses ($1,238,000) and Abatement, Control and Compliance ($1,266,600) to reflect a program restructuring the movement of the clean lakes program. - Transfer $20,500 to municipal waste treatment facility construction to support travel costs. - Transfer $3,400 to ambient water quality monitoring within Region 1, to realign contract funds. - Transfer $1,000 to State programs regulations and guidelines within Region 2, to properly reflect the clean lakes function. 1982 Plan In 1982, $9,071,90.0 and 164 permanent work'years are requested for this activity, which is an increase of $1,865,500 and 25 workyears. Included in this request is $6,795,200 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,276,700 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1982, increased resources will be provided to the regions for additional assist- ance to State and local agencies for assessing their highest priority water quality problems and for revising State water quality standards for toxics control. The program will provide an assessment of toxics problems on a State by State basis. In 1972 the program will include: Criteria and Standards - Assist States to develop capability for development and implementation of water quality standards. - Assist States in applying economic, technological and environmental considerations in the designation of attainable stream uses. - Assist States in utilizing criteria modification guidance in developing site-specific standards. - Assist States in identifying local areas that will require more stringent control measures due to inadequate point source controls for toxic chemicals. - Evaluate seven regional and State water quality standards programs to determine their use in decisions regarding the construction of sewage treatment plants. - Review 38 State water quality standards revisions to determine if the standards incorporate attainable uses and if criteria are adequate to protect those uses,lwith special consideration of specific toxic pollutant problems in each State. - Conduct water quality standards reviews of Advanced Waste Treatment/Advanced Secondary Treatment projects to ensure that the funded projects will provide for the attainment of designated uses and that the selected projects are the most cost-effective means of achieving the desired environmental results. Wn-53 ------- - Complete development of 20 national water quality criteria documents for toxic pollutants as required by the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Water Act. - Develop information on 10 petitions identifying and designating pollutants as conventional, toxic or non-conventional. - Continue development of selection criteria for designation of hazardous substances that enter the environment other than through effluent discharges and which present an imminent and substantial danger to the public health or welfare. - Promulgate regulations adding to list of section 311 hazardous substances, with emphasis on compounds having multimedia exposure. - Develop responses to State requests to prohibit the discharge of vessel wastes within State waters, as provided under the Marine Sanitation provisions of the Clean Water Act, Section 312. - Assist regions to develop, propose and promulgate standards for up to 15 States where State revisions are inadequate to meet minimum requirements of the Clean Water Act. Dredge and Fill - Review major/controversial permits and exercise Section 404(c) authority in cases where unacceptable discharges are proposed. Refer major issues to headquarters. - Review and comment on major/controversial proposals and authorized projects that have not reached the permit stage (accounting for up to half of the total permit review workload). - Review major permits referred to headquarters (under Memorandum of Agreement with the Corps of Engineers) for top-level manage- ment resolution, - Provide technical assistance for cases in litigation and assistance to enforcement attorneys in actions against unpermitted discharges and cases involving litigation against EPA on Section 404 issues. - Develop a management information system to track dredge and fill program activities, better account for personnel and resource uses and provide information regarding the disposition of permits, - Provide assistance to States in the development of a Section 404 program and provide full review of State Section 404 program submissions for compliance with delegation requirements. - Review environmental impact statements submitted for major Federal projects for Section 404 guidelines compliance. - Assess need for improvements in existing systems of Section 404 related environmental monitoring and work with State, Federal and local offices/agencies to improve effectiveness. CleanLakes Management - Provide technical review for over 100 Clean Lake grant applications and recommend award actions for up to 75 projects, which maximize project benefits. Provide oversight to approximately 150 operating Clean Lakes Projects. ------- - Assist 50 States to develop State Clean Lake programs and plans that integrate other funding sources for lake watershed management controls with In-late restoration funded techniques. - Assist 30 projects to resolve complex technical institutional and financial problems and transfer the technology and/or approaches to other States or substate grantees. - Conduct four policy and technical assistance workshops/meetings with State officials. - Continue to improve the management of the Clean Lakes Program through the evaluation of headquarters and regional office management of the Clean Lakes Program. - Initiate special projects that evaluate the duration and effectiveness of in-lake restoration techniques, integrate project approaches and utilize innovattve watershed management techniques. - Sponsor a symposium in lake restoration to serve as the basis of the Administrator's Section 304(j) report to Congress in 1983 and to transfer recent methods and procedures for lake restoration. OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMITS PROGRAM 1980 Accomplishments The ocean disposal permits program obligated $1,712,800 in 1980. This funding included contract support for the development of impact statements for ocean disposal site designation. Baseline surveys were conducted on sites included in the continuing contract. By the end of 1980, 33 dumpsites had field surveys, five Environmental Impact statements (EIS) had been completed, and four sites had been designated as official EPA dumpsites. Dredged material dumpsite surveys for the Corps of Engineers (COE) were completed on 15 sites of the 33 sites. The program reviewed environmental impact statements (EIS) for offshore oil and gas lease sales and participated in an on-going interagency project which uses the Flower Garden Banks in the Gulf of Mexico as a model for measuring the environmental effects of oil and gas drilling and production on sensitive environmental underwater areas on the outer continental shelf. The program was also involved in a multiyear effort with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Department of Interior (DOI) to determine the quality of open ocean waters and the state of marine technology against which conditions were established for permitting specific ocean-related industrial operations, such as ocean thermal energy conversion and deep seabed mining. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total' of $1,252,700 and 24 permanent workyears to this program of which $1,111,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $141,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The extramural resources are to develop impact state- ments for ocean disposal site designations. Also, $1,500,000 is to be provided by the Corps of Engineers to support studies on dredged material disposal sites. The Agency expects to continue its 1980 ocean program, dealing with the following highest priority activities: - Issue revised ocean dumping criteria and bioassay procedures. wn-55 ------- - Designate 16 dump sites, conduct baseline surveys for site designations on six new dumpsitest monitor existing sites and prepare environmental analyses and dumpsite EIS's using contract support. (Impact-monitoring will be required under revised criteria.) - Review and issue approximately 40 special permits for compliance with ocean dumping criteria and regulations. - Provide cursory review and coordination for Corps of Engineers' permits and Federal project proposals. Because of the statutorily required termination of ocean dumping of harmful sewage sludge as well as the termination of all interim permits by the end of 1981, alternative disposal practices will increase. The volume of ocean dumping under special permits will continue at present or slightly higher levels as a result of implementation of the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act, the elimination of marginal and unsatisfactory disposal landfills, and an increase in incineration-at-sea applications which will require site designations and monitoring. Probable changes in the International Ocean Dumping Conven- tion will require revisions in jj. S. ocean dumping criteria, particularly in radioactive waste disposal and incineration at sea. The program is responsible for both international negotiation of the Convention and revision of criteria. The rate of ocean disposal site designations is being increased; approximately 20 site will have been designated by the end of 1981. The ocean program will concentrate on environmental effects of offshore oil and gas activities with emphasis on special NPDES permit conditions, definition of sensitive marine areas, environmental guidance, and technical assistance. The Agency will continue to participate In an on-going, multiyear interagency project with the Department of Commerce (DOC), NOAA, DOI, and Department of State of measure the environmental effects of oil and gas drilling and production on sensitive environmental underwater areas on the outer continental shelf (the Flower Garden reef off Texas and the Georges Bank off Massachusetts). EPA will also continue to participate in multiyear Interageney effort with the Department of Energy (DOE), and NOAA to establish conditions for permitting specific ocean-related industrial operations such as ocean thermal energy conversion and deep seabed mining. 1981 Expl an at1 on of Change from Budget .Estimate The net increase of $214,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans- mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expense's. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,500. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $18,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $56,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprografnmings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers from water quality permit issuance ($7,400); from water quality enforcement ($119,500); from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction (3700); fron uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($9,000); and from public systems supervision program assistance ($34,500). WO-56 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $4,379,600 and 24 permanent workyears for this program, of which $1,085,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,294,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance, an increase of $3,153,000 in extramural funds. The increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance will provide support for designation of 22 additional dumpsites and initiation of field surveys on 23 new sites. It includes 5500,000 previously budgeted under Regulatory EIS Preparation which will continue to be used for the pre- paration of impact statements as part of the dumpsite designation process. Under the contract in 1982, 22 additional dumpsites will be designated bringing the total to 42. A three-year designation effort will be initiated on 23 new sites, requiring collection of field survey data during at least two different seasons. In 1982 the Agency will: - Manage the EIS contract to complete 32 EIS/EIAs on ocean dumping sites and designate 22 dumpsites. - Review and issue 55 special permit applications for ocean dumping , and screen and coordinate Corps of Engineers' permits and Federal project proposals. - Respond to major crises by issuing emergency and research permits and waiver requests and provide technical support against litigation. - Compile data and prepare annual reports as required by statute for Congress and the International Ocean Dumping Convention. - Coordinate open ocean-related programs within EPA and with outside Agencies including Outer Continental Shelf (DCS) oil and gas operations (DOI, OOC), ocean thermal energy conversion (DOC, DOE), and deep-sea mining (OOC, 001). - Analyze major open ocean related documents of other agencies (DOI, DOC DOE) under responsibilities of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act. - EPA will achieve coordinated approaches to permit issuance for DCS activities in some key open ocean areas. Through its analyses of OCS EISs for oil/gas operations, some major environmental problems are anticipated which will effect changes in DOI's lease stipulations and DOC's marine sanctuary regulations. wn-57 ------- WATER QUALITY Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 1981 1981 1982 vs. 1981 1980 Budget Current 1982 Increase +• Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - " (Hollars''In thousands) Appropriation Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis Salaries and Expenses $7,961 $8,209 $9,219 $9,444 +$225 Abatement, Control and Compliance.... 2,731 Grand Total 10,692 Permanent Positions. -. 2,731 0,692 195 247 2,436 10,645 191 241 2,476 11,695 189 240 1,923 11,367 191 241 -553 -328 +2 +1 Full-time Equivalency Budget Request An appropriation of $11,366,600 and 191 permanent workyears is requested for 1982 including $9,443,700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,922,900 for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an decrease of $327,500. Included in the extramural funds 1s $1,472,900 for contracts and $450,000 for interagency agreements. Program Descri pt i on This program's responsibilities include: Development of systematic monitoring systems to provide consistent measures of environmental quality; toxic pollutant data collection and analysis to determine discharge rates, transport characteristics, and environmental risks; review and management of Regional and State monitoring programs; waste!oad allocation oui^ance and review; analysis to measure changes in water quality; analysis of point and non-point sources of pollutants; and maintenance, enhancement, and user assistance for ADP systems used to manage EPA's water data. Specific activities pursued by this program are described below. This program coordinates State and EPA monitoring efforts to provide specific informa- tion on water quality and to implement a monitoring strategy to provide statistical sampling to support regulatory controls. In response to the requirements stipulated under the Clean Water Act of 1977, this program provides: pollutant control strategies based on assessments of environmental pollutant distribution, exposure/risk analysis and fate studies for evaluat- ing pathways through which human and aquatic life are exposed to pollutants, calculating the consequent risks of that exposure and recommending necessary levels of pollutant control for the 65 classes of toxic pollutants stipulated in the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Water Act, area-by-area regulatory strategies and guidance to the States for geographic areas where best available technology (BAT) may not be adequate to control pollution, including identification of toxic pollutant "hot spots"; industrial /environmental assessments for the 21 primary industrial categories to assist in the development and defense of BAT regu- lations; assessments of the sources of toxic pollutants entering publicly owned treatment works (POTW and recommendations for appropriate regulatory strategies); Implementation of the State Basic Water Monitoring Program to provide increased intensive surveys, biological monitoring, and toxic pollutant monitoring; and resources devoted to field sampling and analysis to detect and measure the 129 priority pollutants. WO-58 ------- In support of the Agency's toxic pollutant strategy, this program coordinates its ana- lytic activities with the Effluent Standards and Guidelines program. Additional activities included in this program are: operation of EPA's water quality data systems for management of toxic pollutant and other data, including standardization of storage protocols and quality assurance; ongoing evaluations of ambient water quality trends to measure the success of EPA control strategies and development of wasteload allocation regulations and guidance. It also includes managment overhead for the regional Surveillance and Analysis Divisions which are responsible for monitoring in all media (water, air, toxics, enforcement, and pesticides) and for coordinating surveillance and analysis among States and other Federal agencies. 1980 Accomplishments In 1980 the Agency obligated a total of $10,691,900 to water quality monitoring and ana- lysis, including $7,961,300 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,730,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This program used approximately $2,730,600 for contracts and interagency agreements to determine geographic distributions, to assess exposure/risk of toxic pollutant contributions to publicly owned treatment works (POTW), and to perform biological and chemical monitoring. Accomplishments included: - Assessment of environmental exposure/risk and geographic distribution of toxic pol lutants to set revised Best Available Technology (BAT) regulations, pretreatment and New Source Performance Standards, and water quality criteria, and to make additions/ deletions from the 307(a)(l) list of. toxic substances. - Investigation of 1.5 potential toxic "hot spots" to determine actual levels or toxic pollutant contamination in geographic areas where BAT regulations will not satisfy toxics criteria. - Providing technical review of 25 proposals for advanced waste treatment (AWT) projects. - Development of detailed assessment of the sources of toxic pollutants to publicly owned treatment works (POTW), with resultant analysis of regulatory strategies, including controls under TSCA and RCRA. - Continued evaluation of quality assurance procedures in selected State and contractor water laboratories for accurate detection and measurement of toxic and other pollutants in ambient waters and effluents. - Operation of water quality and toxic pollutants data management systems to provide access to and analysis of available information on toxics and other pollutants. - Analysis and publication of reports of water pollution improvement in six geographic areas to describe and document programs which are successful and may be adapt- able to other areas. Developed Environmental Profiles for water quality. - Development and beginning implementation of a water nonitoring strategy to collect and analyze water quality information for use in policy decisions and in measuring effective- ness of programs. Initiation of a review and redesign, of water monitoring networks to improve statistical coverage and utility of data for national analyses. - Management of the State Basic Water Monitoring Program, which included toxic pollutant and biological monitoring, and intensive surveys. - Implementation of a data system for storage and analysis of toxic pollutant data; continued and improved data systems to provide pollution control agencies, at all levels of government, with widespread access to toxic and other pollutant data. - Performance of limited biological sampling and data interpretation to screen for presence of toxics, to pinpoint needs for chemical monitoring, and to evaluate effects of chemical pollutants. WQ-59 ------- - Continuation of an interagency agreement with the National Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey to collect and analyze water samples and fish tissue, (this will help determine geographic distributions and exposure/risk of toxic pollutants, and measure trends in overall water quality). - Publication of State water quality assessment reports as required by Section 305(b) of the Act. 1981 Program In 1981 the Agency has allocated a total of $11,694,100 for this program, including $9,218,50^ cor the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,475,600 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Abatement, Control and Compliance funds support con- tracts and interagency agreements to determine geographic distributions and to assess exposure/risk of toxic pollutants and contracts to assess toxic pollutant contributions to publicly owned treatment works (POTW). Major accomplishments planned for 1981 include con- tinued efforts to manage toxic pollutants and continued implementation of a toxic water monitoring strategy. Program objectives include the following: - Expand the assessment of sources of toxic pollutants to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), and assess the effectiveness of pretreatment. - Collect and analyze effluent samples and develop environmental exposure/risk and fate data to identify and recommend which toxic pollutants require further regulatory controls or which should be added or deleted from the Section 307(a) list of toxic substances. - Identify and rank 20 toxic "hot spots," and develop control strategies for selected geographic areas. - Provide detailed technical evaluations for use in water quality based decisions, in- cluding review of 25 Advanced Waste Treatment (AWT) proposals and proposed revisions to water quality standards. - Collect/analyze toxic pollutant samples to determine geographic coverage and ambient concentrations of toxic pollutants in the Nation's waterways. Ten pollutants will be screened for possible inclusion on the 307(a) list of toxic pollutants. - Continue development and implementation of a national water monitoring strategy to collect and analyze data (including biological monitoring data) needed for policy decisions and program evaluation. - Provide policy and technical guidance on the use of wasteload allocations in water quality standards review and AWT review studies. - Operate a clearinghouse of water and other related monitoring programs to maintain an inventory of what data is being collected and help screen new monitoring programs to ensure that they are integrated with efforts of other offices in EPA. Provide computer systems support to approximately 742 water quality data users, - Gu4He the - implementation of quality assurance programs for collection and analysis for Headquarters, Regions and States. - Complete Environmental Profiles for all EPA regions, detailing environmental progress and remaining environmental concerns. 1981 Explanationjtf Jjhange frorn^ Budget Estimate The net increase of SI.049,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's-request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is 343,700, wn-60 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $11,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $22,400 was applied to this activity, - The Congress applied a general reduction of 37.5 million to'the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $77,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Services bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $17,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $458,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation, - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of $593,000 from water Quality permit issuance ($57,500); from environ- mental emergency response and prevention ($57,800); from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($9,000); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation ($178,300); from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($89,800); from water quality manpower planning and training ($42,000); from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($30,500); from water quality enforcement ($91,900); from State programs regulations and guidelines ($600); from water quality NEPA compliance/EIS preparation (52,700); from dredge and fill <$21,10Q); and municipal waste treatment facility construction ($1,800). - A transfer of $1,000 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil non-compliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - Reprogrammings of $65,100 from the underground injection control program to cover basic operating costs of ADP support to the Central Regional Lab. - Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer of $34,800 from State programs regulations and guidelines ($20,200); from dredge and fill ($3,400); from ambient air quality monitoring ($4,300); and from NEPA compliance municipal waste facility construction ($6,900). - Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer from municipal waste treatment facility construction ($52,800); from water quality permit issuance ($27,600); and from water quality enforcement ($1,800). 1982 Plan In 1982, the Agency requests a total of $11,366,600 and 191 permanent workyears for this program, including $9,443,700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,922,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Major accomplishments planned for 1982 include development of a national assessment of water quality conditions and the design for a groundwater strategy. Program objectives will ^include the following: - Complete a basic assessment of national water quality conditions and problems based on biological and ambient water analyses conducted as part of the water monitoring strateg;'; provide preliminary analyses of causes of selected key problems. - Design the initial multimedia monitoring programs needed for the A^ncy's integrated toxics control strategy, including a systematic approach to identifying remaining toxics problems through exposure analyses; operation of a toxics data system; and review of the suitability of data for inclusion in the system. - Analyze the national extent and severity of nonpoint source problems, based on li- terature search, State reports, extrapolations from site studies, and review of ambient and biological data. HO-61 ------- - Develop ,a conceptual approach and initial design for a groundwater monitoring strategy. f Provide environmental fate and transport information to help develop integrated waste management controls* - Implement the basic toxic pollutant management program for the areas that require WQ based controls, providing pollutant-by-pollutant and area-by-area studies. - Complete the analysis of sources of toxic pollutants in publicly owned treatment works (PCTW's) to develop recommendations for deleting or adding pollutants to the Section 307(a)(l) toxic pollutant list, - Collect and analyze toxic pollutant samples to help determine environmental exposure and fate; analyze toxics samples from industrial waste streams; conduct sampling to help determine causes of local toxics problems. - Review the water quality justifications 1n proposals for advanced waste treatment (AWT) projects. - Coordinate the Regions' participation in the Agency's mandatory quality assurance program; conduct on-site evaluations of State quality assurance programs. - Work with each State to redirect and improve State monitoring programs, including operation of field monitoring networks, conduct of intensive surveys, performance of limited biological monitoring, analysis of toxic pollutants, and implementation of quality assurance procedures. Assist States in developing their toxic pollutant monitoring programs. - -Perform analyses of ambient water data and review waste!oad allocations and intensive surveys to help make Regional decisions on attainability of water quality standards in selected States and areas, and to assist in making decisions on permits and other regulatory actions. WO-62 ------- WATER QUALITY Muncipal Source Control Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982_vs 1981 [idolTars in thousands) ~"! "*~* "~ Appropriation Munici pal Waste Treatment Facility Construction: Salaries and Expenses $24,007 $22,692 $24,981 $26,417 +$1,436 Abatement, Control and Compliance 3,839 4,940 4,653 4,179 -474 NEPA Compliance- Municipal Waste Facility Construction: Salaries and Expenses 2,467 2,683 2,728 2,680 -48 Abatement, Control and Compliance 6,102 6,600 6,337 6,600 +-263 Corps of Engineers: Abatement, Control and Compliance . 20,70? 21,955 21,257 22,518 +1,261 Waste Treatment Operation and Maintenance: Salaries and Expenses 1,064 1,040 1,102 1,528 +426 Abatement, Control • and Compliance 98 542 527 80 -447 Subtotal, Construction Grants Program Management: Salaries and Expenses 27,538 26,415 28,811 30,625 +1,814 1 Abatement, Control and Compliance.... 30,748 34,^37 32,774 33,377 +603 Manpower Planning and Training- Water Quality: Salaries and Expenses.. 1,412 1,345 1,289 1,47.3 +189 Abatement, Control and Compliance 2.412 2.6922.627 2,625 I2__ Grand Total: Salaries and Expenses........ 28.95Q 27,760 30,100 3:,103 +2,003 Abatement, Control and Compliance 33.160 36.729 35.401 36.00? +601 Total 62,110 64,489 65,501 68,105 +2,604 wn-63 ------- Permanent Positions Muncipal Waste Treatment Facil i ty Construct ion NEPA Compliance-Municipal Waste Facility Construction.. Operation and "aintenance..... Manpower Planning and Training-Water Quality , Total, Full-time . "'Treatment Faci1ity Construct ion. NEPA Compliance-Municipal Waste Facility Construction., Operation and Maintenance..... Manpower Planning and Training Total, Budget Actual Estimate 1980 1981 777 . 888 89 26 43 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Tdollars in thousands) 766 894 95 29 39 744 1,046 1,057 870 92 28 38 1,028 719 848 95 37 40 1,020 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs 1981 -25 85 25 34 921 95 28 25 914 92 27 23 886 94 35 26 874 +2 +8 +3 -12 -22 +3 +9 +2 -8 Budget Request The Agency requests a total $68,104,800 and 874 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $2,603,300 from 1981. Included in this total is 532,102,500 for Salaries and Expenses and $36,002,300 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $2,002,300 and $601,000 respectively. The increase will fund 301(h) ocean waiver activities, the full year cost of the 1980 pay raise, and increased costs in the Corps of Engineers agreement. Program Description The municipal source control subactivity is composed of two program areas: construction grants program managment, and waste treatment training and technical assistance. A general description of each of these areas is as follows: Construction Grants Program Management This area involves the management of the program which awards grants for planning, design, anrl constitution of municipal wastewater treatment facilities. The grants are made by EPA to municipalities who, in most cases, contract with architects/engineers and construction firms to do the actual planning, design and construction. The objective of the program is to eli-iinate the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated pollutants into the Nation's waters and, thereby, restore, and maintain the quality of these waters. For budgetary purposes, construction grants program management is dividied into the following four principal program elements: Municipal Haste Treatment Facility Construction This program includes most of the day-to-day i n- hous eliianagement a ct i vi t i es associated with the consturction grants program both in Headquarters and the EPA Regional Offices. wn-64 ------- NEPA Compliance. This involves environmental evaluation activities, including the assessment of environmental information documents and negative declarations, and the preparation and oversight of environ- mental impact statements. The purpose of these activities is to assure that municipal wastewater treatment facilities are planned and constructed in conformance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Corps of Engineers. This program covers a series of construction management activities assigned to the Corps of Engineers to assure the technical and fiscal integrity of projects under construction. Opera/tion and Maintenance. This part of the program involves the cohtThuous assessmeninsf publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) in accordance with Section 210 of the Clean Water Act. It also provides for the support of State, local, and private sector efforts to achieve compliance with established effluent standards through improved opera- tions and management. EPA provides sup'port for both new and existing POTWs by developing guidance materials, conducting demonstration pro- jects and public awarenees activities, identifying research needs, and developing and supporting training projects. In the past, direct grants management activities were performed primarily in the EPA regional offices. EPA is in the process of delegating many of these grant-related activities to the State under Section 205(g) of the Clean Water Act. Delegation agree- ments between EPA and the States provide for delegation in phases. Although 46 States and territories will have signed delegation agreements through 1982, full delegation responsibilities will not be assumed in -iany of these States until 1983 or later. With the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers also assisting in Construction management activities, EPA is changing its management orientation from project-by-project management to overall program management. However, the Agency must still provide considerable training and assistance to the States, before the goals of the delegation program can be accomplished. The funding provided under construction grants program management covers only direct operating costs of the program. It does not include the funds for the 205{g) State manage- ment assistance grants or the actual grant funds for municipal treatment facilities, which are included in a separate appropriation account (Construction Grants). The Agency is undergoing a major evaluation and planning effort, the "1990 Strategy", to determine the long-term (1990) goals for the construction grants program and the steps needed in the 1980's to reach these goals. The "1990 Strategy" will result in recommenda- tions for both legislative and administrative changes in five major areas: compliance, funding, operations, management, and planning. Haste TreatmentTrainingandTechnicalAssistance The activities in this program area include: (a) program support (courses, materials, etc.) for training and certification of municipal wastewater treatment facility operators anrf related personnel to improve plant efficiency in existing plants and to assure efficient and reliable operation of new federally-funded plants; and (b) training of D'A, State and private sector agency personnel in the technology of abatement and control of water pollution through short-term training courses, development of audiovisual training aids, and delivery of course packages and other training resources for the purpose of developing effective State and local water pollution control training programs. CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 1980 Accomplishments The construction grants program management obligations for 1980 totalled $58,286,100 of which 527,538,000 was for salaries and expenses and $30,748,100 for extramural act- ivities. EPA awarded 2,392 grants totalling $4,673 million. Approximately 11,054 pro- jects were in the preconstruction or construction stages by year end, including 4,982 facility planning projects, 1,538 design projects, 600 combined design and construction WQ-65 ------- projects, and 3,934 projects under construction. The following table summarizes the program for 1980. Item 1980 Number Amount (dpi 1arsin mil 1 ions) Total Obligations - Gross a/ $4,673 Total Outlays 4.343 Awards Processed: Step 1 Awards 752 Step 2 Awards 608 Step 3 Awards 279 Step 2+3 Awards 303 Step 3 Completions (including Step 2+3) 845 Active Projects 11,054 New EISs and Related Studies Inititated 56 aj This represents gross obligations during the year. Net obligations, reflecting recoveries from past awards, totalled 34,376 million. The $4,673 million in gross 1980 obligations represents a decrease of $127 million from the level projected in EPA's budget request to Congress last year. This decreased level of obligation activity occurred largely because of the deferral of 1980 funds during the year. This deferral caused many States to slow down their grant activities because of lack of available funds. Additional progress was made in delegating major management responsibilities for the program to the State under Section 205(g) of the Act. Eight States signed delega- tion agreements in 1980, bringing the total number of States with 205(g) agreements to 38. EPA continued to train and assist the States to fully assume the delegated functions. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and EPA extended their interagency agreement for an indefinite period, subject to annual funding. The terms of the revised agreement are basically the same as those in the original agreement, with most of the Corps' efforts devoted to conducting interim inspections on projects under construction, providing full- time on-site presence on large complex projects, serving as project officers on grants for actual construction, and reviewing plans and specifications to assure that plans are bidable and constructable before contract awards are let. In 1980 EPA began the "1990 strategy" reassessment. Issue papers were prepared in the areas of compliance, funding, operations, management, and planning; and meetings were held on a regular basis with approximately 15 interest groups, including State and local governments, consulting engineers, sewerage agency administrators, and rural residents. The National Municipal Policy and Strategy was published at the beginning of 1980. The purpose of this policy and strategy is to improve the degree of compliance of publicly owned treatment works by integrating the activities of the grants, enforcement and NPDES permit compliance programs. This is a joint strategy for EPA and the States which will focus initially on non-compliance in major urban areas and be carried out through the municipal management system. The operation and management program continued to develop a coordinated, broad-based approach to impact the design of new POTWs to assure their meeting effluent objectives. Three on-site demonstration projects were initiated in three States to assess procedures Wn-66 ------- for encouraging the private sector to market techical service's to PQTWs not currently in compliance. Also, two region-wide pilot projects began, which are designed to identify POTWs not in compliance, assure a remedial program is established for them, and track all action necessary to achieve compliance. The first year that the innovative and alterna- tive (I/A) technologies program was fully operational was in 1980. The purpose of I/A technologies program is to promote reduced costs, energy savings,- improved treatment of toxic substances, better operations and management, recycling of wastewater, and better joint treatment by municipalities and industries. EPA initiated an "active" I/A technology program, which is a joint effort of the construction grants and research and development staffs, to encourage greater use of I/A technologies and to generate more I/A projects. Under the "active" program, the Agency identifies potential I/A projects and provides technical assistance in the design of these projects. In 1980, EPA established a special advisory board to help the administrator review and make recommendations for the I/A program. The Agency has funded 549 I/A projects as of September 30, 1980. In 1980, EPA initiated 56 EIS's and related studies, began processing grants for the development of pretreatment programs, and issued policy prohibiting retroactive require- ments. The Agency also evaluated 535 advanced treatment projects. Thirty-five of these projects involved incremental costs above secondary treatment levels of more than S3 million and EPA's evaluation of these 35 produced a total capital cost savings of $80 million. In addition, the Agency reviewed 12 applications for waiver of secondary treat- ment requirements for communities with ocean outfalls, and completed all of the field work and analysis on the joint State-EPA Needs Survey in compliance with Section 205(a) and 516{b){2) of the Clean Water Act of 1977. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $61,585,000 and 863 permanent work- years to this program of which $28,810,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and S32,774,4no is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. EPA expects to award approximately 2,862 grants totalling $4.2 billion. Approximately 11,682 projects will be in the preconstruction or construction status by year end, including over 4,764 facility planning projects, 1,950 design projects, 980 combined design/construction projects and 3,988 projects under construction. The following table summarizes the program planned for 1981: Item 1981 Number Amount (dollars in millions) Obligations - Gross _a/ $4,200 Total Outlays 54,200 Awards Processed: Step 1 Awards 655 Step 2 Awards 1,001 Step 3 Awards 7b9 Step 2+3 Awards 415 " Step 3 Completions 1,487 (including Step 2 and 3) Active Projects (all steps) 11,682 New EISs and Related Studies 51 Inititated a/ This represents gross obligations during the year. Net obligations, re- flectTng recoveries from past awards, are projected to total $3,95 billion. WQ-67 ------- EPA will complete the construction grants 1990 Strategy in 1981. The Strategy is being developed to analyze the program's current problems, to evaluate alternative directions for the program in the future, and to recommend revisions to the program over the next ten years. The study was initiated in light of: 1.) the expanded role of the States and the Corps of Engineers in the management program, 2) extremely large needs for funds in a period of national fiscal austerity, and 3) problems related to the achievability of legislative goals, lengthy grants processing and completion times, inadequate performance in municipal operations and compliance, and problems in achieving municipal self-sufficiency. The 1990 Strategy will recommend significant changes in the construction grants program. Recommendation for legislative changes will be forwarded to Congress in the near future. This 1990 Strategy will be making recommendations in five general areas. In the compliance section recommendations will be made to improve the current performance of municipalities in achieving compliance with permit requirements. Increased emphasis will be placed on the development of compliance tracking systems and the use of the private sector to assist localities in improving operations and management capabilities. *n *ne funding, section, the strategy will evaluate current eligibilities, the current allotment formula, the effectiveness of the categorical grant approach, the impact of inflation, and alternative funding mechanisms. In the operations section the strategy will address current problems with red tape and excessive project processing/pro- ject completion times. Recommendations will be made to streamline the entire grant process and to bring projects on line in the most expeditious manner possible. In the management section recommendations will be made concerning EPA's future role in a fully delegated program. Responsibilities of EPA, the States, the Corps of Engineers and municipal grants recipients will be fully articulated. In the planning section, current legislative goals and technology based treatment require- ments will be fully evaluated in light of total fiscal needs and funds likely to be available in the years ahead. Six additional States are expected to sign 205(g) delegation agreements in 1981. EPA will continue to train and assist the delegated States and will evaluate the effectiveness and quality of the State delegation program and oversee construction management functions assigned to the Corps of Engineers. Among the activities being delegated to the States ara data entry and use of the construction grants management system (GMS). With delegation of the day-to-day management activities to the States, it is essential that GMS be responsive to the new management orientation of EPA, as well as to the needs of the States. Therefore, at the beginning of 1981, the Agency organized a Grants Management System Work Group, comprised of EPA and State representatives, to improve both the management system and the training of State staffs, During 1981, EPA will develop action plans for implementing the Municipal Manage- ment System and will identify and track several projects on a nationwide scale, with particular emphasis on facilities in the largest metropolitan areas which have not yet achieved minimal secondary treatment requirements. Also in the area of compliance, the operations and management program will continue initiatives begun in 1980. The results of the three State demonstration projects, designed to stimulate the marketing of operational services to POTWs by the private sector, will be published and dissemi- nated. The two region-wide projects designed to assure non-complying POTWs are brought inot compliance will continue and four additional projects in other regions will begin. EPA will develop a Community Guidebook to assist communities in dealing with the consulting community when procuring O&M services and will develop training courses for design consultant on factoring OSM considerations into the construction grants process. In 1981, EPA will continue to promote the development and use of intervative/ alternatives technologies. Guidelines will be developed for a national I/A excellence award for consulting engineers. The Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufactures Associa- tion, Inc. and EPA will continue the I/A seminars that began in 1980. EPA will also continue its "active" program to promote the development and use of I/A technologies. The current 3-year I/A program will expire on September 30, 1981. WO-68 ------- EPA has established a detailed review process related to funding of advanced waste treatment projects. This evaluation ensures that such funding 1s strictly limited to those situations where the higher level of treatment is both necessary to meet water quality standards and be effective in meeting higher standards. In accordance with the Conference Report of the 1981 appropriation for construction grants, the EPA Administrator will continue to evaluate all waste treatment projects involving treatment levels more stringent than secondary where the incremental cost of the advanced component 1s greater than S3 million. The evaluation of these projects will not be delegated to the regions but will be performed by staff in headquarters; the regional offices will be responsible for review of similar projects with an Incremental cost of $3 million or less. Other activities planned for 1981 are the issuance of guidance for streamlining program compliance with 57 Federal laws and Executive orders, the evaluation of 469 advanced treatment projects, the issuance of revised policy to improve the review procedures for advanced treatment projects, and the preparation of three generic model facility plans to simplify and speed-up facility planning for small communities. In addition, the Agency will summarize and report the results of the joint State-EPA Needs Survey to Congress, and as part of the 201 Construction Grant program, award over 1,000 grants for the development of pretreatment programs and over 500 grants for the pur- chase of monitoring equipment and construction of facilities needed for pretreatment. As part of the 301h program, EPA will also evaluate at least 24 applications for waiver of secondary treatment requirement for communities with ocean outfalls and begin making decisions on these applications. 1981 Explanation of Budget Estimate Municipal Haste Treatment Faci1 ity Construction - The net Increase of $2,002,100 results from several actions, as follows:""" - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $141,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $44,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 mill ion; a decrease of $193,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Con- trol and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $188,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress increased the Salaries and Expenses appropriation by $300,000 to support 10 advanced waste treatment positions. - An increase of $1,606,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites($13,70Q); from solid waste management program implementation($36,700); from toxics management($11,900); from planning, evaluation and analysisflSl.ZOO); from manpower planning and train-? ing - water quality($80,900); from water quality permit 1ssuance($7,200); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation($453,600); from solid waste technical assistance delivery - reg1ons($4,20Q); from hazardous waste enforce- ment($l,600); from pesticides enforcement($4,400); from public systems supervision WO-69 ------- program assistance($102,400); from regional management (567, 100); from standards and regulations($3,700); from hazardous permit enforcement($8Q,000); from ambient air quality monitoring ($16, 900); from ambient water quality mon1toring($l,800); and to NEPA compliance/EIS prep-water quality($l,600). - A transfer of $5,300 was made to the Administrative Lay; Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - Transfer $27,800 to program management OWWM, to support the needs of the DAA, Office of Water Program Operations. - Transfer $92,800 from standards and re ------- - Transfer $15,000 to environmental emergency response and prevention; $13,900 to water quality enforcement, and $13,000 to noise regional program implementation to realign contract funds. - Transfer $49,700 from underground injection control program to cover required printing of EIS. Corps of Engineers - The net decrease of $698,500 results from several actions: .- The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $668,600 was applied to this activity. - Transfer of $30,000 to State program regulations and guidelines, to support an interagency agreement. Waste Treatment Operations and Maintenance - The net increase of $47,400 results from several actions-, as f611 ows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans- mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $.7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,400. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $6,100 was applied to this activity. - The Corgress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $30,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reducion of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control • and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $14,700 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $63,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - P.eprograrnmings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites($25,200); from pesticides enforce- ment ($6,600) ; from radiation program Implementation($500); from noise regional program implementation($6,300); from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction($4,000); from public systems supervision program assistance ($3,000); and from manpower planning and training - water quality($l,800). - A transfer of $7,400 was made to the Office pf Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. 1982 Plan In 19"? E°a will be primarily concerned with implementing the recommendations of the 1990 Construction Grants Strategy. These recommendations will include delegating as many of the day-to-day project management related activities to the States and to the Corps of Engineers as possible and reorganizing the EPA role away from project manage- ment to overall program management. In addition to exercising overall program management responsiblities and training the States, EPA will continue to be responsible for day-to-day project level activities for non-delegated States. EPA will also place increased emphasis on several program activities which are causing major problems and which have been identi- fied in the 1990 strategy as needing special attention. In 1982, EPA will develop a State delegation quality assurance program, emphasizing program oversight rather than project monitoring. EPA specialists in planing, finance, engineering, and environmental protection will do oh-site financial and program management evaluations of each delegated program on a routine basis. The objective" will be to minimize risk, assure environmental and technical Integrity, minimize costs, reduce the WO-71 ------- impact of political factors, and provide for uniformity and consistency in the national program. Followup reviews will be conducted as needed to assure that problems identified in the financial and program management reviews have been resolved. Additional assistance and training will be provided when necessary. By the end of 1982, 46 States will have signed State delegation agreements. With significant problems having been identified in the compliance of municipal waste water treatment facilities with permit or design requirements, EPA will signifi- cantly e."i.ance operations and management functions in several ways. • First, the muncipal management system, which links grant, permit, and enforcement activities will be fully implemented to assure that non-complying facilities are identified and subjected to enforcement action, where appropriate. Non-complying facilities with poor operations -• and management practices will be encouraged to obtai'n expert assistance from the private sector to solve their problems. Second, EPA will place increased emphasis on operations and management throughout the entire grant process, including intensified efforts at the front end facility planning and design stages. Third, States will be encouraged to assure that non-complying facilities in need of grant assistance are placed on the priority list. Finally, no newly constructed treatment facility will be accepted for grant close out unless compliance with operational requirements is achieved. EPA will also concentrate on enhancing the fiscal management and user charge systems at the local level to assure that sufficient revenues are collected to operate, maintain, and replace existing facilities. The objective will be to promote municipal self-sufficiency in the long-run and EPA will provide support to grantees in developing rate structures, user charge systems and financial management systems as a component of the grant process. E^A plans to complete the issuance of all pretreatnent grants in 1982. EPA also plans to explore Innovative ways for using construction grants funds to assist in communities total waste management problems. Other activities planned for 1982 include the evaluation of 394 advance treatment projects, completion of 80 quality reviews of facilities plans, completion of the joint 1982 State/EPA Needs Survey, and full implementation of the Municipal Management System. The Agency will also complete the remaining review and decision on the applications for waiver of secondary treatment requirement, and continue to award grants for the purchase of equipment related to pre- treatment. WASTE TPFATMENT TRAINING &TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the manpower and training program expended 34 permanent workyears and $3,823,600 of which $1,411,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,411,800 for ex- tramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Train- ing activities continued to encourage and support the development of water pollution control manpower planning and training capabilities at the State and local levels. Manpower planning and training activities in 1980 concentrated on: - Development and delivery of training programs, curricula, and courses to support construction grants and municipal operations program ob- jectives (i.e., Section 205(g) State delegation). - Grant funding to the National Joint Training Coordinating Committee and State Operator Training Coordination Committees for the develop- ment and coordination of operator training at the State and local levels. - Grant funding to the Association of Boards of Certification. - Development, demonstration, and distribution of course packages and naterials in support of State and local training programs. - Continued development of the Instructional Resource Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, to provide training course packages, instructional material and information to the private and public sectors. WQ-72 ------- - Initiation of a pilot area training center (ATC) at the University of Massachusetts to develop curriculum and determine the feasibility of establishing additional ATCs« 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,916,500 and 23 permanent workyears to this program of which $1,289,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,626,900 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. With the exception of seven permanent workyears in the regional offices to perform liaison and coordination between State and local training programs, the total training program has been consolidated at the National Training and Operational Technology Center (NTOTC) in Cincinnati, Ohio. With these resources the training center will be engaged in: - Developing, demonstrating and delivering training courses supporting State agency delegations under Section 205{g). - Providing POTW operator training program support (courses, materials, and consultation) and developing operational technology for waste water treatment facilities. - Conducting a new program to provide specialized instructor training throudh establishuent of National Trainers Institutes at selected sites. - Developing and expanding the operations of the Instructional Resources Center at NTOTC, Cincinnati, Ohio. - Continuing area training center demonstration project and ex- panding support to program by placing five additional area training centers. - Assisting States 1n initiating State training facilities and programs for Operator training under Section 109(b). - Providing training assistance to new environmental programs for hazardous waste site control and ground water protection programs. 1981, Expl anati on of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $120,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $7,800. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $54,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $68,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related,costs to meet on-board needs re- sulted in transfers to municipal waste treatment facility construction (-$80,900); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation ($4,100); to ambient water quality monitoring (-$42,000); to water quality EIS reviews (-$10,500); to State programs regulations and guidelines (-$2,500); from public systems supervision program assistance ($4,100); from underground injection control program ($13,100); and to waste treatment operations and maintenance (-$1,800). WQ-73 ------- - Reprogrammings of $3,300 to State program regulations and guidelines, to fund the interagency agreement for a soil conservation expert. - Reprogrammi ngs of 54,000 to toxic substances enforcement for PCE compliance inspections and PCS and asbestos lab analysis. - Reprogrammi ngs of $2,900 to energy review and permitting to support an interagency agreement for a NOAA meteorologist. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $4,103,000 and 26 permanent workyears for this pro- gram, of which $1,477,800 is for the salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,625,200 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1982, a greater emphasis will be placed on training to assist States to assume State construction grants delegated responsibilities under the Clean Water Act and to develop self-sufficiency in treatment works operation and management (08M) training. There will be a continuing support of publicly owned treatment works (POTU) operator training and continued operation of the Instructional Resources Center. The new pro- gram to provide specialized training to instructors in the State, local and private sectors will be evaluated and expanded. WO-74 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Enforcement SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- WATER QUALITY Permits Issuance Budget Current Increase* Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease- 1980 1981 1981 1932 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands} Appropriation Salaries and Expenses ..... .. $7,089 $7,949 $8,230 $9,768 +$1,538 Abatement, Control and Compliance ....... •. _________ 2.702 5.927 5,695 7,330 *1,635 Total..... .................. 9,791 13,876' 13,925 17,098 +3, 173 Permanent Positions. ........ 229 242 238 260 +22 Full-time Equivalency... _____ 257 295 287 318 +31 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $17,097,500 for National 'ollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits issuance in 1982, an increase of $3,172,900 from 1981. Included in this is $9,676,900 for Salaries and Expenses and $7,329,600 for Abatement, Control, and Compliance, representing an increase over 1931 of $1,537,800 and $1,635,100 respectively. The 260 permanent workyears requested reflect an increase of 22 positions from 1981 levels. Program .. The NPDES permit program 1s part of a comprehensive effort provided by the Clean Water Act (CWA), to reduce or eliminate point source pollution from industrial, municipal, commercial, and agricultural discharges. The Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into all waters of the United States unless a permit is issued by EPA or an EPA approved State program. The permit is a mechanism for imposing on point source dischargers the uniform national effluent limitations and national performance standards for new source facilities which EPA is required to promulgate. These effluent limitations and standards, set by the Office of Water and Waste Management, establish maximum amounts of various pollutants which can be legally discharged by a facility. Where effluent limitations or standard regulations have not been promulgated for- a particular Industrial discharger, the effluent limits are set by available and economically feasible abatement technology. Such Best Professional Judgement (BPJ) permits are issued on a case-by-case basis. Additionally, if at a given facility, established national effluent limits will iot reduce pollutants enough to meet the ambient water quality standards set by the State or EPA, the permit can impose more stringent limitations as necessary in order to meet the water quality standards. Permits also include time schedules which specify deadlines for pollutant reductions. Controlling discharges of toxic pollutants is the major emphasis of the NPDES permit program. Direct discharges of toxic pollutants into navigable waters are controlled by the addition of Best Available Technology (BAT) limits into the permits of industries which discharge toxics. A recent focus of the permit program is the implementation of the pretreat- ment program, which gives municipalities and States the responsibility of enforcing national pretreatment standards against industries discharging toxic pollutants into municipal waste treatment facilities. Vin-75 ------- As part of its effort to improve the regulatory process, Ef>A has consolidated procedures for permits issued under five separate programs, including NPDES. The Consolidated Permit Regulations were promulgated May 19, 1980, and the Agency is currently refining its permitting mechanism to complement these regulations. Coordinating and consolidating permit regulations is of benefit, both to the public and the Agency, by reducing delay and simplifying the permit process. Another important function of the NPDES program is the resolution of evidentiary hearings held on the te-^)s, conditions, and effluent limitations in permits and requests for variances from permit effluent limitations. These activities clear the way for a finally effective and enforceable permit, EPA also conducts non-adversary panel hearings for municipalities which have requested marine discharge modifications under Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act. Non-adversary panel hearings are used to process any first issuance of an NPDES permit to a discharger that has not previously held an NPDES permit, as well as a first decision on any variance requested by a direct discharger. A primary function of the permit program is the encouragement of State assumption of responsibility for the NPDES program. At present, 33 States have approved NPOES programs. The permit program devotes a sipificant number of workyears to overviewing these State NPDES programs to ensure that State issued permits conform with national permit program policies and procedures. EPA is committed to involving the public in all of its permit issuance activities by publishing and disseminating informational materials, answering questions, and holding public hearings and meetings. 1980 Accompli s.hments In 1980, EPA issued a total of 1,033 major and 2,479 minor permits, 2,330 to industrial dischargers and 1,132 to municipal sources. During the year, $2,701,500 was obligated for contract support of permit issuance activities, including pretreatment program assist- ance, evidentiary hearing support, and information system development. EPA also began collecting toxics data from applications and preparing technical documents in order to issue "second round" permits designed to ensure control of toxic pollutants. The Matural Resources Defense Council (NP.DC) Consent Decree of June 1976 {modified in March 1979, to resolve litigation against the Agency regarding its control of toxic pollutants under the Clean Water Act) requires that EPA regulate up to 129 priority pollutants for 34 industrial categories. The Decree requires that permits issued to dis- chargers in these 34 industries incorporate the Best Available Technology (SAT) guidelines when they are promulgated. Because most BAT toxic effluent limitation guidelines in the 34 industrial categories identified by the NRDC Consent Decree were not available in 1980, the issuance of second round permits was difficult. In June 1979, the Agency proposed consolidated permit regulations and application forms outlining procedures for coordinating five permit programs, including NPDES. Final regu- lations were promulgated in May 1980. The regulations are increasing the quality of environmental protection while reducing the regulatory burden on industry and the government. The development of the pretreatment program in 1980 continued to focus attention on the indirect discharge of industrial toxics through Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs). Resources were used to assist municipalities and States in developing pretreatment programs and to implement recently developed construction grants/permit guidance on the pretreatment program. For a variety of technical, financial and administrative reasons, a large number of PQTWs are not in compliance with the Clean Water Act's treatment requirements. The development of the National Municipal Strategy to deal with these cases has paved the way for effective control of noncoraplying PQTHs by coordinating EPA's construction grants, permit issuance, and water enforcement programs. wn-76 ------- EPA review of State NPOES programs in 1980 ensured issuance of effective and enforceable permits; uniform application of policy, regulations, and effluent limits; and technical and/or policy support where needed. The permit program continued to strive for the goal of maximum State participation in the NPDES program by working with States in their development, of NPDES programs. In 1980, EPA also reviewed and approved state programs to penult dis charges from Federal facilities and to implement the pretreatment program. 1981 program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of «$;13,924,600 for the permits issuance program, of which $8,230,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appro- priation and $5,694,500 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contracts provide support for pretreatment program assistance, for technical assistance for permit writers, and for general program operations. In 1980, permit program activities focused on reducing discharges from secondary industries and on preparing for second round tox-ics permitting for the most signifi- sources of pollution. In 1981 a detailed strategy for second round permits issuance is being developed which focuses primarily on BAT permits issuance for toxic dis- charges. This strategy addresses setting priorities for permits issuance, using industry teams, and developing training programs for EPA regions and States. . The. issuance of permits to major municipal facilities will be emphasized in 1981 while BAT guidelines for industrial discharges are issued by the Office of Water and Waste Management. Permits for major industrial dischargers for which guidelines are available will be written during the final quarter of 1981. It is estimated that EPA will issue approximately seven hundred major municipal and industrial permits in 1981. The permit program will also resolve approximately one hundred and twenty- six evidentiary hearings to clear the way for effective and enforceable permits. A considerable amount of permit program effort in 1981 is being devoted to implementing the general pretreatment regulations (-40 CFR 403) promulgated in June of 1978. These regulations are designed to control toxic pollutants introduced by sources discharging into municipal systems. The number of industrial facilities affected is comparable to that covered by the NPDES regulations for direct dis- chargers. Efforts in 1981 are focused on approving_State pretreatment programs, establishing compliance schedules for municipal permittees which require them to develop pretreatment programs, and reviewing and approving such programs. 1981 Explanation of Change From judget Estimate The net increase of 549,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $49,600. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $6,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $91,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $164,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executiye Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $2,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $4,100 was applied to this activity. wn-77 ------- - An increase of $526,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included 1n a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of -$71,900: to dredge and fill (-$7,800); to State programs regulations and guidelines (-$21,300); to ambient "water quality monitoring (-567,500); to ocean disposal permits (-$7,400); to municipal waste treatment facility construction (-$7,200); to air quality management implementation (-S5,£CC); from noise regional program implementation ($400); from EIS review-air ($3,200); from NEPA compliance/EIS preparation-new source discharge ($2,500); from regional management ($1,100); from stationary source enforcement ($30,30'1); from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($12,400); to environmental emergency response and prevention (-$11,000); from water quality enforcement ($5,900); and from public systems supervision program assistance ($300). - Transfer $20,000 to NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction to provide for the printing of EIS statements. - - Transfer $26,800 to toxic substances enforcement for PCB compliance inspections and PCB and asbestos lab analysis. - Transfer $13,200 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites for an analytical contract to expand regional capability to analyze high priority, quick turn- around samples. - Transfer $27,600 to ancient water quality monitoring in order to realign contract funds. 1982 Plan ... The Agency requests a total of $17,097,500 for NPDES permits issuance program in 1982, of which $9,767,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $7,329,600 in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. The two hundred and sixty workyears requested represent an increase of 22 positions from 1981. About $5,900,000 will go towards toxic control in the pretreatment program including review and approval of pretreatment programs; the remainder will be used for technical assistance for permit writers and general program support. Virtually all of these resources will be used for the control of direct or indirect toxic discharges. Control of direct toxic discharges will be achieved Sy imposing new and more stringent controls on industrial dischargers through the issuance of "second round" permits using BAT guidelines or, in the absence of guidelines, using BPJ. The issuance of permits without guidelines is necessary in order to meet the July 1984 statutory deadline and will result in a significant additional resource burden in 1982. Of the one thousand major nonmunicipal permits EPA will issue in 1932, about seven hundred will be to industries covered by the NRDC consent decree. The pretreatment program will provide control over indirect discharges of toxic pollutants into municipal treatment systems. EPA has significant pretreatment responsibilities in non-NPDES States. They include providing technical assistance directly to municipalities, develop- ing pretreatment compliance schedules and including them in permits, and approving local permits, and approving local pretreatment programs. Nationally, EPA will be developing legal and technical pretreatment guidance. Additional resources will also be devoted to approving State pretreatment programs in those States responsible for the NPDES program. As part of its efforts to Improve the regulatory process during 1982, EPA will continue to implement the consolidated permit regulations that were promulgated during 1980. By coordinating permit issuance procedures for five separate permit programs, EPA expects to reduce delay to permit applicants and simplify permitting procedures. wn-78 ------- Using technical and legal resources, the resolution of evidentiary and panel hearings for major industrial discharge permits will continue to be important activities in 1982. Particular attention will focus on resolving evidentiary hearings relating to permits with toxic concerns. Approximately forty evidentiary hearings will be settled. Resources will also be used in 1982 to issue permits with Section 301 (h) modifications to municipalities discharging into marine waters. This provision is intended to reduce the economic impact of complying with Clean Water Act standards when municipalities discharge into marine waters. WO-79 ------- WATER QUALITY ENFORCEMENT Budget Current Increase* Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease- 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 ~ ~ ("dollars in thousands] Appropriation Salaries and Expenses $15,532 $16,277 $16,009 $18,741 +$2,732 Abatement, Control and Compliance , 2.467 3,909 5,305 2.514 -2,791 Total 17,999 20,186 21,314 21,255 -59 Permanent Positions , 497 511 481 514 +33 Full-time Equivalency - 573 575 ' 544 575 +33 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $21,255,300 for 1982, a decrease of $59,200 from 1981. Included in the total is $18,741,100 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,514,200 for Abatement, Control, and Compliance. This represents an increase of $2,731,500 and a decrease of $2,790,700 respectively. The 514 permanent workyears requested for 1982 is a 33 permanent workyear increase from the 1981 level. The increase in Salaries and Expenses will go to implement our criminal enforcement program in the Regions and to implement the continuous compliance and municipal enforcement program as well. The decrease in Abatement and Control is primarily due to the completion of the Waukegan Harbor project, as well as the reprogrammings to other high priority Agency activities. Program Description The highest priority of the water quality enforcement program is response to emergency situations that threaten public health and safety. The second major goal is the initiation of enforcement actions against municipal violators who have failed to achieve secondary treatment by July I, 1977, as required by the Clean Water Act (CWA). The third major goal is the enforcement of pretreatment regulations and compliance monitoring and enforcement activities for priority pollutants and toxics. The water quality enforcement program also emphasizes compliance monitoring and enforcement of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) wastewater discharge permits. Other activities include enforcement actions necessary to achieve compliance with regulations on spills and hazardous substances, ocean dumping, dredge and fill, and other related requirements of the CWA, the Rivers and Harbors Act (Refuse Act), and the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act. Most water quality enforcement activities are conducted cooperatively with the States; maximum State assumption of these activities is a primary goal. EPA's WPDES compliance monitoring program includes compliance review, compliance inspections, and enforcement actions initiated because of noncompliance. Compliance review is the evaluation of all compliance schedule reports (on construction) and discharge monitoring reports (effluent quality) submitted by permittees to EPA. These reports provide information on facility planning, construction progress, plant operation, and the characteristics of the effluent. Compliance inspections include all field activities conducted to determine the status of compliance with statutory audit (nonsampling) Inspections, sampling inspections, and surveillance and analysis in response to emergencies and toxics enforcement. WQ-80 ------- The CWA provides for various enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with the requirements of the Act. Primarily, these are issuance of Section 309(a)(l) Notices of Violations to States with approved NPDES permit programs; issuance of Section 309 (a)(3) Administrative Orders to dischargers with EPA-issued permits and to dischargers with State-issued permits if State responses do not have a positive effect; and referrals to U.S. Attorneys for civil or criminal relief for violations or NPDES permits and Aministrative Orders. The law provides for $10,000 civil penalties and $35,000 criminal fines per-day of violation. The non-NPDES enforcement program is responsible for providing legal support to achieve compliance with Section 311 and 404 of the CWA. Section 311 controls oil «£gd hazardous substance spills or releases to surface water and Section 4D4 controls the disposal of dredged and fill material. The latter is a shared responsibility with the Corps of Engineers. In addition, the non-NPDES enforcement program is responsible for enforcement actions initiated under the ocean dumping provision of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act. 1980 Accompl1shments With expenditures of $17,998,500 during 1980, the Water Quality Enforcement Program continued its efforts against major industrial permittees not in compliance with the July 1, 1977 deadline for meeting specified, technology-based, effluent criteria, and against Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) for compliance schedule violations. By the end of 1980, 73 percent of cases planned under the Major Source Enforcement Effort (MSEE) have been concluded. In States without approved NPDES programs, Regional offices reviewed all industrial and municipal self-monitoring reports. In additon, 1,027 compliance evaluation Inspections, 560 compliance sampling inspections, 147 performance audit inspections, 227 biomonitoring inspections and 82 toxics inspections were completed during FY 1980. From these reports and inspections, violations were identified and reviewed for possible enforcement action. Follow-up enforcement activity for 1980 consisted of 569 Administrative Orders, 89 Notices of Violation, 63 civil and criminal cases initiated, and 50 cases concluded. The Agency continued to monitor and bring enforcement actions in accordance with the oil spill requirements of Section 311 of the Clean Water Act and the Ocean Dumping Provision of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act. Regional offices referred 985 oil spill civil cases to the Coast Guard, and conducted 490 proceedings for violations of oil spill prevention and counter-measure and control plans (SPCC program). During 1980, five Section 404 cases were referred to DOJ. By the end of 1980, several new programs were well under way. The Municipal Management System was developed and 1s now being tested in the regions. Contract compliance inspections were completed 1n Regions IV, VI and VII. These are a major test of the private sector's ability to conduct compliance inspections. Finally, the Discharge Monitoring Report Quality Assurance Program is operational with performance samples sent to permittees. These samples will be used as a means of assessing precision and accuracy of their analytical laboratories. For 1980, approximately $2,467,000 was obligated for contract support to water enforcement activities and was used to meet ADP information needs, evaluate on-going programs, conduct feasibility studies, provide technical and legal case support, implement pretreatment program enforcement, and conduct monitoring and inspection training. 1981Program The Agency has allocated a total of $21,314,500 and 481 permanent workyears to this program for 1981, of which $16,009,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $5,304,900 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. During 1981, the activities supporting enforcement actions in emergency situations involving substantial threats to public health and safety will continue to receive the highest program priority. un-81 ------- Next in priority is enforcement against those municipal facilities which did not meet the requirement for secondary treatment by the statutory deadline of July 1, 1977. Under the guidance of the municipal management system, permit, enforcement and construction grant activities will be coordinated so as to expedite municipal construction and increase municipal compliance. A third major priority for the year is the conclusion of major source enforcement (HSEE) actions against industrial facilities. Any MSEE case not yet completed will be brought to conclusion. Enforcement of pretreatment regulations will be emphasized-along with the implementation of a compliance monitoring program, the issuance of Administrative Orders (AOs) and Notices of Violations (NOVs) to major permittees in violation of pretreatment requirements, and the referral of civil actions to the Department of Justice (DQJ). In states without approved NPDES programs, EPA will review all major industrial and POTW discharger self-monitoring reports for compliance with permit conditions. To support compliance activities, the regional offices will conduct approximately 2,800 compliance inspections to verify permittee selfmonitoring Information. Where'necessary, appropriate enforcement actions will be initiated, including Issuance of NOVs, AOs, and referral of cases to the DQJ. An automated system to detect discharge monitoring report violations 1s being implemented in 1981 to provide for automated processing and initial review of all discharge self-monitoring reports. Non-NPDES enforcement of Section 311 oil spill requirements and the Ocean Dumping Act will be held to 1980 levels. Enforcement of Section 404 provisions will receive higher priority during 1981 than in previous years. Increased attention will be given to identifying Illegal discharging activities, those Incidents performed by individuals not possessing a permit, and appropriate legal action will be taken against the violators. In 1981, contract funds totalling $5,304,900 have been allocated to provide for the following activities: specific case support, litigation training for Regional personnel, performance samples (self-monitoring quality assurance) for major NPDES permittees or labs used by permittees, technical manuals development, b1omon1toring activities, and NPDES compliance sampling inspections. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $1,128,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $94,500. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $17,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $26,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $145,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $75,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress directed an increase of $1,500,000 for the Waukegan Harbor PCB's was applied to this activity. W1-82 ------- i - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $195,600 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $997,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet qn-board needs resulted in transfers of $561,000 to ocean disposal permits ($117,700); air quality management implementation ($12,300); ambient air quality monitoring ($71,100); stationary source enforcement ($271,800); uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($18,300); state programs regulations and guidelines ($17,500); NEPA compliance/EIS preparation-water quality ($3,200); ocean disposal permits •($1,800); ambient water quality monitoring ($91,TOO); permit issuance ($5,900) and from environmental emergency response and prevention ($48,900). - Transfer of $13,900 from NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction to realign contract funds and support interagency agreements, - Transfer of $335,300 to hazardous waste enforcement ($165,800) and hazardous waste permit enforcement ($169,500) to provide additional support for hazardous waste funding and, a level of funding consistent with prior year's experience. - Transfer of $35,900 from underground Injection control program to cover fixed operating costs of regional lab support. - Transfer of $23,200 to hazardous waste enforcement to cover costs of providing expert witnesses and case support for hearings and/or trials. - Transfer of $7,800 to toxic substances enforcement for PCB compliance inspections and PCB and asbestos lab analysis. - Transfer of $12,100 to ambient water quality monitoring ($1,800); state programs regulations and guidelines ($6,000) and toxic substances enforcement ($4,300) to realign contract funds in needed areas. - A transfer of $23,500 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. - A transfer of $500 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $21,255,300 for this program of which $18,741,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,514,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Enforcement action in emergency situations that threaten public health and safety will continue to have the highest program priority in 1982. 'Enforcement will continue to provide any legal and technical assistance needed in preparation for emergency actions taken under the authority of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and any assistance in preparation and expeditious conclusion of major enforcement referrals. The enforcement program's second major priority will be the initiation of enforcement actions against those POTWs that have failed to achieve secondary treatment as required by the CWA. These POTWs now represent the largest categorical source of surface water pollution. The scope of this effort will be similar to the successful enforcement effort against industial violators of the July 1, 1977 CWA deadline and it will include compliance inspection activity and appropriate enforcement actions. W1-83 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- WATER QUALITY Water Quality - Non-Energy Appropriation Scientific Assessment: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Technical Information: Salaries and Expenses Research and De velopm ent , Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses Research and ' Development...... Health Effects? Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Chesapeake Bay: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Great Lakes: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development...... Total: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... Grand Total Actual 1920 $1 766 212 2 2,568 1,311 543 2,8*7 8,155 5,753 798 2,547 Budget Estimate 1981 * (dollars ,074 1,147 243 14 2,779 1,198 892 2,664 7,820 3,764 410 2,503 $936 2,596 14,316 15,822 654 14,100 11,944 Current Estimate Estimate 1981 in thousands) $1,011 944 252 14 2,685 1,428 984 2,358 8,164 4,169 420 2,503 $945 2,654 14,440 14,070 1982 689 247 14 2,817 944 1,084 2,156 7,506 3,339 1,115 868 $918 612 14,592 8,622 Increase +• Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 $1,017 - 255 - 5 — •f 132 *• 484 + 100 - 202 - 658 - 830 + 695 - 1 ,635 $994 +76 . 2,042 + 152 - 5,448 30,138 26,044 28,510 23,214 - 5,296 WO-85 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - t980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions Scientific Assessment 15 19 19 12 -7 Technical Information and Liaison 44 * 4 —*• Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 60 56 56 49 - 7 Health Effects 11 14 14 14 — Environmental Processes and Effects 182 163 157 142 - 15 Chesapeake Bay 8-6 66 — Great Lakes 7 7 7 _7 — Total 287 269 263 234 - 29 Full-Tlme Equivalency Scientific Assessment 25 33 32 21 - 11 Technical Information and Liaison 56 66 — Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 77 73 73 65 8 Health Effects 15 22 22 23 + 1 Environmental Processes and Effects 265 269 Chesapeake Bay 10 11 Great Lakes 14 13 Total , 411 427 406 368 - 38 •January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $23,214,400 for 1982, a decrease of .$5,296,100 from 1981. Included in this total is $14,592,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $8,622,400 for Research and Development, with an Increase of $152,100 and a decrease of $5,448,200 respectively. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Water Quality Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program provides the necessary scientific information, techniques and technical assistance to select the most appropriate water quality goals; assess current and future water quality problems; and identify cost-effective water quality management strategies. WQ-86 ------- Specifically, the Program: provides reports and information used to establish the relationship between assumed exposure to pollutants and potential adverse tpxicity to human health and aquatic life; - develops monitoring technology capable of quantifying those environmental measurements of importance to the Agency; provides health effects data for use in developing water quality criteria and in defining sound watershed management approaches; develops: 1) water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life; 2) exposure analysis predictive techniques for conducting toxic materials balances necessary to identify major sources, pathways and fates of toxic pollutants and to devise cost-effective nationwide, regional, or local control strategies; 3) watershed analysis techniques for identifying water quality problems and selecting cost-effective point and nonpoint source control strategies; *f) techniques for assessing water quality problems in lakes and selecting cost-effective restoration measures; 5) techniques for assessing the impacts of dredge and fill operations on wetlands and other aquatic environments; and 6) techniques for assessing the impacts of ocean discharges and dumping activities on the marine environment. provides, through a field assessment program, the scientific information needed to effectively manage water quality in the Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay. SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,839,500 for this sub-program, of which $1,073,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $765,600 was for extramural research activities. A preliminary mutagenicity test battery for non-conventional pollutants was developed for possible use under Section 301(g) of the Clean Water Act. Carcinogenicity summaries and final calculations of water quality criteria for thirty-three carcinogenic chemicals of the sixty-five chemicals on the water quality criteria list were completed. Responses were also made to rebuttal comments on each chemical and on the methodology for calculating the criterion calculation for carcinogenicity. Final criteria documents were completed for the 65 water pollutants which were in the public comment phase in 1979. Health summaries were completed for eleven 301(g) water pollutants to address the Agency's enforcement needs in developing scientific criteria for waste water permit waivers. Water quality criteria documents with a total exposure analysis component, were initiated for 12 new pollutants (Mirex/Kepone, Malathion, Parathion, Acetone, chlorophenoxy herbicides, methoxy- clor, dibenzofuran, iron, manganese, ammonia, barium, and chlorine). 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,961,200 to this sub-program, of which $1,017,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $943,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. WQ-87 ------- Criteria documents for twelve new water pollutants which were begun in 1980 are being completed and work on two others have been initiated. These documents will be used by the Office of Water Regulations and Standards as a scientific basis for proposing water quality criteria under Section 30* of the Clean Water Act. Work has been started on up to ten new criteria documents which are being selected by the Office of Water Regulations and Standards based on their current priorities which will include a section on carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive risk assessment. If needed, because of new data, revisions will be made to the criteria documents for the 65 water pollutants which were completed in 1980 to satisfy the mandates of the Consent Decree. Work will be accomplished on four to eight 30l(g) waiver documents for the Office of Enforcement. These documents will provide a scientific basis for evaluating the merit of granting a waiver for waste-water discharge permits under Section 301(g) provisions. Consultation, on an as-needed basis, is being provided to the Regional Offices and Program Offices on the use and adjustment of water criteria to local conditions for the revision or establishment of local water quality standards. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $196,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter submitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is $5,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $8,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $45,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $27,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign contract funds resulted in a transfer of $52,800 to scientific assessment-air ($17,900); scientific assessment-air ($21,900) and scientific assessment - pesticides ($13,000). - A transfer of $105,000 to monitoring and quality assurance-uncontrolled sites to support efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island activities. - A transfer of $5,000 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,518,100 for this sub-program, of which $828,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $689,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. WQ-88 ------- This reflects a decrease of $443,100 which will provide a decreased level of effort for preparation of water quality criteria documents. - Drafts and/or final documents for up to & water quality criteria documents begun in 1981 will be completed. These will include a section on carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive risk assessment. Four new criteria documents will be started using pollutant priorities established by the Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Four 301(g) waiver documents will be produced for the Office of Enforcement. These will provide the scientific basis for granting a waiver for wastewater discharge permits under Section 30 Kg) provisions. Continuing technical assistance will be given to the Regional Offices and Program Offices on the interpretation and use of the 65 Water Quality Criteria released by the Agency in November 1980. TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1980 Accomplishments In 19SO, the Agency used a total of $244,800 for this sub-program, of which $242,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,300 was for extramural research activities. In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance, and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Water Quality included: - The preparation, publication and dissemination of a manual on the Clean Lakes Program. -The Manual was prepared to guide the States in developing their own lake restoration and protection programs, in obtaining Federal Clean Lakes Program Assistance, and in methods for ,the assessment and clean-up of polluted lakes. - The conduct of seminars on inland waters and lake restoration and on biological monitoring and its use in the NPDES Permit Program. The Regional Services Staff provided effective communications between ORD and the regions. Specifically, they: - developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System; - carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance; - conducted ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings; - advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations; The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in enhancing coordination between ORD and the regions allowing each to better fulfill its role and meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently. WQ-89 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $265,800 to this sub-program, of which $251,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $14,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This part of the program k providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD"s research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: Continue the regional Support Management Information System. Conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and technical assistance require- ments. Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in the ORD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $8,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,500. - An increase of $9,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $261,200 for this sub-program, of which $2*6,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1^,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $4,600 which will slightly affect the development and dissemination of technical information products. In 1982, this sub-program will continue to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to ensure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. WQ-90 ------- MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $389,600 for this sub-program, of which $2,568,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,311,100 was for extramural research activities. A master analytical scheme was developed for the systematic identification and quantification of volatile organic pollutants. This scheme significantly improves analytical productivity by reducing the costly pre-analysis trial-and -error approach to evaluation. Quality control calibration standards were distributed to laboratories measuring pollutants regulat- ed under Section 104, 106, 208, 3Q4(h) and 307(a)of PL 95-217. Standards were also supplied to the Chesapeake Bay Program and other marine monitoring projects. A project was initiated to design a national water quality monitoring program. The project consists of several components: (1) providing consultation services to the Office of Water Regulations and Standards in the development of a national water quality strategy; (2) characterization of present water quality monitoring networks (NASQAN and AWQSS) in terms of the statistical validity of their data, and the adequacy of this data to support EPA control policy decisions; (3) design of water quality networks to monitor priority toxic pollutants; and (4) the development of new statistical techniques specifically for the analysis of water quality monitoring data. A field survey of 25 toxic hot spots was completed. The apparently paradoxical finding in the Agency's water quality data base, STORET, that areas with highly toxic heavy metal pollution concentrations did not show corresponding loss in biological activity in the water body was confirmed. A guidance document was developed for use in determining the feasibility of implementing advanced waste treatment based on the biological effects of the waste on receiving waters. This document should prove very useful in the Advanced Waste Treatment decision-making process. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,113,700 to this sub-program, of which $2,685,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,428,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Reference methods for priority pollutants, toxic and hazardous substances and chlorinated organics are being developed which are applicable to the ambient water matrix. Development of bioassay techniques applicable to monitoring industrial effluent plumes and marine discharges has been initiated. Deficiencies in currently existing reference methods are being corrected. A surrogate biological screening method is to be standardized as a toxic monitoring alternative to chemical testing. Work on the development and refinement of sampling, preservation and transport regimes which assure the validity of the environmental water quality sample prior to analysis is being conducted. WQ-91 ------- Distribution of 6-10 thousand quality control samples to assure the accuracy of water quality measurements is continuing. Current water quality monitoring networks are being studied statistically to ascertain their adequacy in trend monitoring as well as their ability to detect episodic events. Specialized support is being provided to regional and program offices as well as to enforcement projects. For example, the adequacy of EPA Regional Biological Quality Assurance Programs is being evaluated and overhead photography using the Enviro-pod and photo interpretation is continuing to be made available to support specialized monitoring projects. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $137,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $15,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $5,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $16,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $6,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $127,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $200 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - A transfer of $8,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - A transfer of $400 from Water Quality-monitoring systems and quality assurance to realign contract funds. - A transfer of $100,000 from Water Quality-monitoring systems and quality assurance to support efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island Activities. - A transfer of $160,000 from Water Quality-monitoring systems and quality assurance to provide support for the development of monitoring methods for monitoring of ambient water quality. - A transfer of $196,200 to Water Quality-monitoring systems and quality assurance to maintain and prepare one standardized quality control sample for distribution to analytical labs to check the ability of analysts to perform analytical measurements. WQ-92 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,761,000 for this sub-program, of which $2,817,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $943,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $352,700. A reduced level of effort in the development, standardization and validation of measurement methods for priority pollutants and overhead imagery for special studies will be provided, and the number of sampling sites will be reduced for the toxics hot spot field studies. Methodologies will be developed to monitor the quality of ambient fresh and marine waters. The methodologies will include: o Standardized biological screening tests that will promote rapid, inexpensive demonstration of toxicity to aquatic lifeforms. o Chemical methods for newly identified toxic polluants. o Improved measurement techniques for monitoring levels of trace organic chemicals which cannot be positively identified by conventional Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometrie techniques but which are known to exhibit toxic properties. o Expansion of the Master Analytical Scheme to inorganic chemicals. o Techniques for extraction, concentration, separation, identification and measurement of organic and inorganic materials bound to sediment or particulates. Water quality network design studies will continue to evaluate monitoring networks and develop statistical data reduction and analysis techniques. Quality Assurance support will continue to assure the development of a sound data base through interlaboratory validation testing of proposed priority pollutant methods, protocol development to assure the validity of virus enumeration, and provision of calibration samples for toxic substances monitoring in drilling fluids. Analytical studies will be performed to supply needed data to evaluate instrument systems, to test analytical techniques for toxic hot spot analysis studies which will ascertain the recovery zone definition, to evaluate biomonitoring techniques, and to process overhead imagery. > HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,389,800 for this sub-program, of which $5*3,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,846,800 was for extramural research activities. Marine recreational water quality criteria were completed and published. They were reviewed by peers and have been well received by experts in the field. Toxicological studies were begun on ten of the sixty-five priority pollutants in order to resolve deficiencies in the health data bases which were identified when the water quality criteria for these pollutants were initially produced. The results will be available late 1981. WQ-93 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,3*1,700 to this sub-program, of which $984,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,357,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Freshwater recreational water quality criteria are being completed. The data base for these criteria will include data from epidemiological studies which link infectious disease in swimmers to water quality characteristics. Efforts to fill deficiencies in the health data base for the consent decree pollutants are continuing. Research on the first set of pollutants which began in 19SO is being completed. Several more will be selected and studied each year until the total number of 65 is complete. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $214,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document (96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $14,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 miljion; a decrease of $23,900 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $29,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $300 from Radiation-health effects to realign contract funds. - A transfer of $203,200 to Water Quality-health effects ($306,400); and from health effects ($103,200) to realign funds between the Water Quality Research Committee; the Municipal Wastewater Resarch Committee, and the Industrial Wastewater Research Committee. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,240,400 for this sub-program, of which $1,084,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,155,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $101,300. This will affect the development of short-term tests for identifying health-effect and points other than cancer. Toxicological studies for the consent decree pollutants started in 1981 will be completed and the next phase of studies begun. Much of this research emphasizes fetotoxic effects, although some addresses carcinogenicity. A technology transfer publication will be prepared to assist local officials in applying the dose response curves generated in 1980 and 1981 during the development of marine and freshwater recreational water quality criteria. The publication will make it possible for local officials to determine the most reasonable action necessary to protect the public health. WQ-94 ------- Research will be initiated to develop curves which relate water quality to illness in swimmers for swimming areas receiving almost solely AST/AWT effluent and for those impacted primarily by pollutants from non-point sources. Research will continue to seek improved lexicological methods for predicting the impact of water contaminants on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 19SO Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $13,907,700 for this sub-program, of which $8,154,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,753,100 was for extramural research activities. Procedures for generation and interpretation of aquatic life effects data were completed for use in preparation of water quality criteria for the sixty-five Consent Decree pollutants. The procedures were applied in the preparation of proposed freshwater criteria for twenty-two and marine criteria for thirty-one of the sixty-five pollutants. Results will be used by the Office of Water Regulations and Standards in the publication of water quality criteria for these pollutants, consistent with the Consent Decree requirements. A first-generation multi-species test for determining ecological impacts of contaminated sediment was developed. This improved solid phase testing methodology will be used by the Agency to regulate disposal of dredged material under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-500) and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-532). Methods for predicting impacts of reduced nutrient loadings to lakes were completed for use in screening the effectiveness of proposed lake restoration measures. The Clean Lakes Program of the Office of Water Regulations and Standards will incorporate these methods into guidelines for use by local and state agencies in deciding which restoration technique to use when they apply for clean lakes grants, and to determine which restoration techniques are most cost effective in achieving in-lake nutrient control over extended periods of time. Guidelines for defining wetland boundaries and characterizing their structure and function were completed. This information will be used by the Office of Environmental Review to assist state agencies in reviewing and processing wetland dredge and fill permit applications. The first generation Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS), designed for use Agency-wide in calculating expected environmental concentrations of toxic organic chemicals, was completed. It will be used in assessing environmental risks associated with alternative pollution control strategies. (This work was funded jointly with the Toxic Substances and Energy Research activities.) The Center for Water Quality Modeling was established, providing a central file and distribution point for four carefully selected water quality models, and offering workshops and seminars on their use and specific instruction in the application of individual simulation techniques. The primary use of the models is to translate water quality goals into point and nonpoint source control requirements. Two mathematical models, describing loading and transport and transformation processes of toxic organic chemicals were completed. They are designed for WQ-95 ------- developing site-specific estimates of contaminant concentrations in runoff and stream channels in both coastal rivers and estuaries and in upland watersheds and river systems. National estimates of pollutant discharges from agricultural nonpoint sources were revised. They permit comparisons to be made of water quality impacts from point versus rural nonpoint sources and identification of those areas where implementation of rural nonpoint source controls will and will not produce significant water quality benefits. 1981 Program In 19S1, the Agency has allocated a total of $12,332,600 to this sub-program, of which $8,164,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,168,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The preparation of proposed water quality effects criteria for the Consent Decree and other priority toxic pollutants is continuing at the rate of approximately of five pollutants per year. Improved ecological effects assay procedures are being developed for use in generating more reliable chronic and acute toxicity data sets used in developing water quality criteria for priority pollutants. Interim procedures are being developed and tested for adapting current water quality criteria to site- specific field situations. Work has been undertaken on the development of field techniques for documenting nonpoint source (NFS) pollution ecological effects in surface waters. Work is continuing on procedures for defining wetland boundaries. Work is continuing on the development and testing of watershed management models for assessing impacts and benefits of alternative NFS and point source control of conventional and selected toxic pollutants. Operation of the Water Quality Modeling Center is continuing at a minimal level. Characterization of the effectiveness of selected in-lake restoration techniques is continuing. Development of a systematic procedure for selection/evaluation of proposed/completed clean lakes projects is being undertaken. Improvement of a marine benthic bioassay method to assess acute and chronic effects and bioaccumulation potential of contaminants in settleable components of dredged material is continuing. Development and validation of bioassay procedures (acute, chronic, bioaccumulation) for assessing the impacts of waste discharges to marine waters is continuing. Work is continuing on a methods manual for evaluating sediment toxicity in marine waters. Technical assistance is being provided in the preparation and revision of regulations and associated guidance materials concerning the discharge and dumping of wastes in marine waters. HQ-96 ------- A research program is being planned and will be implemented in early 1981 to fulfill the highest priority needs associated with cold climate-related environmental problems. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $415,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (Houuse Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $47,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $14,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $26,100 was applied to this activity, - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.£ million; a decrease of $43,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress directed that a reduction of $545,000 be transferred to Pesticides-environmental processes and effects for aquatic weeds. - The Congress applied an increase of $950,000 for Cold Climate research. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $13,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $441,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $47,600 from within Office of Research and Development. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $10,845,000 for this sub-program, of which $7,505,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,339,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This decrease of $1,487,600 reflects a transfer of resources to the higher priority area of hazardous waste. This reduction will affect the development of water quality criteria for priority pollutants, watershed analysis techniques (modeling), and wetlands impact and value assessments. In 1982, the environmental processes and effects program will pursue the following activities: Work will continue on the generation of minimum data sets needed for preparation of water quality (ecological) criteria for the priority toxic pollutants. Guidelines will be developed for translating laboratory-derived water quality criteria (derived under one set of conditions) to the range of conditions WQ-97 ------- encountered in the field, as necessary to ensure the promulgation of reasonable and valid State and Federal water quality standards. Techniques will be developed for effectively documenting the ecological effects of urban and rural nonpoint source pollution, as required in assessing and documenting the ecological significance of nonpoint source pollution. Operation of the Center for Water Quality Modeling will be continued at a minimal level, providing technical assistance to EPA operating programs in the conduct of wasteload allocations and assessment of nonpoint source problems and alternative solutions. Work will be continued on improvement of watershed analysis models as needed in identifying the most cost-effective mix of point and nonpoint source controls necessary to achieve water quality goals and making wasteload allocations. Work will be accelerated on the development of a systematic procedure (emphasizing cost- effectiveness considerations) for selection/evaluation of proposed/completed Sec, 31* clean lakes projects. Work will be undertaken to characterize the extent and seriousness of the problem of toxicants in lake sediment deposits and potential adverse environmental impacts of their attempted removal. Work will be continued on the development and validation of testing methods for estimating the ecological impacts of dredged material disposal in marine waters. Work will be continued on the development of techniques for use in assessing the impacts of reduced treatment levels (as permitted under Sec. 301(h) of the Clean Water Act) and of other discharge and dumping activities on the marine environment. Technical assistance will be provided in the preparation and revision of marine discharge and dumping related regulations and associated guidance materials. CHESAPEAKE BAY 19SO Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,3*5,000 for this sub-program, of which $797,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,5*7,300 was for extramural research activities. The toxics program developed Chesapeake Bay sediment characterization (physical and chemical parameters) maps of value in assessing dredging projects and critical in defining the state of the Bay. The eutrophication program conducted a Bay wide survey providing a synoptic set of data for chemical and physical parameters essential to water quality model verification and establishing a baseline against which future water quality can be measured. The Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) program assessed ambient herbicide concentrations in the shallow water portions of the Bay to aid in determining the role of herbicides in the decline of bay grasses. WQ-98 ------- A data management system composed of both hardware and software was established and is storing, analyzing and displaying Chesapeake Bay research data. Coordination continued with state agencies in Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania responsible for water quality, development of Chesapeake Bay Program plans and management. 1981Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,923,500 to this sub-program, of which $420,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,503,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Intergrated studies, initiated in 1978, are continuing so that management decisions at all the government levels can be based oh a predictive capability to assess the consequences of pollutant loadings on the Chesapeake Bay. This will be done in terms of effects on the ecosystem, on organisms, and on the economic impact of the uses made of the systems. The three highest priority problem area studies are being continued through ecosystem simulation, data acquistion and synthesis, and through identification and evaluation of control alternatives in conjunction with the abatement and control decision units of this program. The toxics substance study effort is developing a baseline inventory of the abundance and distribution of toxics in the Chesapeake Bay sediments, pore water, water column, and biota. Comprehensive research tasks are assessing both natural and anthropogenic sources of toxic chemicals in sediments, water, and biota and determining their rates of transport and transformation within the Chesapeake Bay system. Study results will serve to delineate options to reduce environmental hazard. The Bay grasses study effort is addressing the impact of water quality factors upon SAV and living resources known or suspected to be dependent upon SAV. Results will provide a knowledge base from which water quality control alternatives can be developed for the enhancement of SAV and associated living resources. Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) studies are assessing the nutrient loadings to the Bay system and the impact of these loadings on the ecosystem. Current research is directed towards: o assessing point source information on municipal and industrial sources; o compiling statistics on land use and population trends in the Bay basin; o measuring nutrient loadings from the major tributaries to the Bay; o estimating nutrient fallout from the atmosphere; o calculating nutrient fluxes from the sediments; o verifying nonpoint source runoff from data collected on five test drainage basins; o calibrating and verifying mathematical models, including nonpoint source loading models and stream transport models. WQ-99 ------- Development of a data management system is continuing. This system will handle the data produced by the Chesapeake Bay program and provide the basis for a centralized data bank for use by all local, state and Federal groups on the Bay. State participation programs, with the states of Maryland and Virginia, and citizen participation programs are also continuing to provide key coordination links between the states, the public and the Chesapeake Bay Program. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $10,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimated was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294)} these revision resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,400. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs .by $850,000; a decrease of $1,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $7,400 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $19,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer $1,400 from within Office of Research and Development. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,983,100 for this sub-program, of which $1,114,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $868,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This decrease of $940,400 reflects the progress made in assessing water quality concerns in the Chesapeake Bay. In 1982 the Chesapeake Bay program will complete its integration approach to research in the areas of toxic pollutant effects, submerged aquatic vegetation, and eutrophication. This will include the completion of all technical studies, the integration of their results, and the use of an ecological segmentation concept to assess existing information about the biological, chemical, physical, and cultural aspects of the Chesapeake Bay. Major accomplishments and outputs will include; Chesapeake Bay Primer: Explains important ecological relationships and will serve as a reference for the following reports. Nutrients: Explains changes in the Bay over time, future conditions, sources, key processes, and effects of nutrients. Toxics: Explains changes in the Bay over time, future conditions, sources, key processes, and effects of toxics. Bay Grasses: Explains changes in bay grasses over time, and what is known about the causes of decline and the role and value of submerged aquatic vegetation to the ecosystem. Segmentation: Describes the basic concept, its use elsewhere, how it will be done, water quality objectives, monitoring, and the various institutional alternatives available to administer it. WQ-IOO ------- Management Alternatives: Identifies control alternatives for agriculture, municipal treatment plants, industry, urban runoff, and construction; estimates costs and effectiveness of different approaches to remedy "hot spots," Summary Report: Summarizes previous reports and includes the legislative charge, Chesapeake Bay Program organization and resources. GREAT LAKES 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,532,000 for this sub-program, of which $936,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,395,700 was for extramural research activities. A study was completed of the sources and losses of PCB in Lake Superior; this study provides a basis for separating local and long-range atmospheric inputs of PCB to Lake Superior. Various mathematical models describing the fate of hazardous materials in Saginaw Bay were evaluated. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,572,000 to this sub-program, of which $917,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,654,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The quantity of PCBs entering Lake Huron from atmospheric deposition is being determined as well as the identity of other atmosphere transported, prevalent organic substances in Lake Huron. Manuals are being developed on sampling and analysis of dredged spoil and on assessing water quality impacts of confined site and open lake disposal; evaluation of physical, chemical, and biological changes that have occurred at existing disposal sites will also be completed. The effects on fish populations of power plants using open-cycle cooling technology is being evaluated. Mathematical models describing the movement, fate, and losses of PCBs in Lakes Michigan and Huron are being developed. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $1,972,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimated was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29f); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $1,800 was applied to this activity. WQ-101 ------- - The Congress applied an increase of $2,000,000 to support this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a'decrease of $»6,W30 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $24,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $2,700 from within the Office of Research and Development. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1.605,600 for' this sub-program, of which $993,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $611,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $1,966,400 which results from a Congressional add-on which was not carried into 1982. The program will continue activities underway in 1981, including the transport and fate of persistent toxic organic chemicals in the Great Lakes, but with a lower level of funding. The research program will be directed at: Comparison of predictions of waste load reductions made by mathematical models versus actual, field-observed responses will be completed and resultant water quality improvements will be reported on. Studies of the major physical and nutrient requirements of the important Great Lakes phytoplankton species will continue. Relationships between the prevalent organic compounds found in the atmosphere, fish, and water samples from the same water body will be described. Guidelines to assess the suitability of proposed confined and open-lake dredged spoil disposal sites and schemes will be issued. wq-ioz ------- WATER QUALITY Municipal Wastewater/Spfll Prevention Appropriation Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development—....... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development..., Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses., Reseach and Development.......... Environmental Engineering and Technology: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development .... TOTAL: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development GRAND TOTAL., Permanent Positions Technical Information and Liaison............. Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance:,..... Health Effects Environmental Engineering and Technology TOTAL.. Actual 1980 $ 365 39 664 227 710 2,388 5,335 1L,293 7,074 13,947 21,021 5 10 13 121 149 Budget Estimate 1981* (dollars in $ 360 • 248 552 313 1,166 2,233 5,108 11^447 7,186 14,241 21,427 5 7' 18 116 146 Current Estimate 1981 thousands) $ 374 248 560 301 1,137 2,475 5,222 11,306 7,293 14,330 21,623 5 8 18 116 147 Estimate 1982 $ 377 248 525 392 872 2,241 5,870 10,105 7,644 12,986 20,630 5 7 18 116 146 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$3 * B • -35 +91 -265 -234 +648 -1,201 +351 -1,344 -993 • • • -1 * • * .... -1 WQ-103 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Full-Time Equivalency Technical Information and Liaison 8 9 8 8 Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance.... 15 12 13 12 -1 Health Effects 18 26 28 27 -1 Environmental Engineering and Technology 144 136 136 136 Total T85183 185 183 -2 •January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $20,630,100 for 1982, a decrease of $993,300 from 1981. Included in this total is $7,644,200 for Salaries and Expenses and $12,985,900 for Research and Development, with an increase of $351,200 and a decrease of $1,344,500, respectively. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produced outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program has two distinct facets: Municipal Wastewater Engineering and Technology and Hazardous Materials Spills. This program furnishes the engineering and technology support for the Agency Construction Grants Program, the Sec. 208 Areawide Waste Treatment Management Program, the National Urban Runoff Program, the Clean Lakes Program, the Effluent Guidelines Program, the NPDES program and the Solid Waste Program (sludge management regulations). These programs are major activities within the Office of Water Program Operations, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, the Office of Water Enforcement and the Office of Solid Waste. Another part of the program furnishes the engineering and technology support required by the Oil and Special Materials Control Division within the newly created Office of Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention within the Office of Water Program Operations (OWPO). The engineering design and equipment development, field control techniques and on-scene technical assistance are provided for the control and mitigation of spills of hazardous materials. WQ-104 ------- TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1980Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $4,041,000 for this sub-program, of which $364,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $39,400 was for extramural research activities. In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highligtits, technical information plans and guidance and other documents of general interest to the environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Municipal Wastewater included: - The preparation, publication and dissemination of a technology transfer manual on Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems and of a revision of the technology transfer design manual on Sludge Treatment and Disposal. - Conduct of seminars for target technical audiences on the following subjects: a. Wastewater Treatment Facilities for Small Communities. b. Water and Waste Management in the Arctic Environment. c. Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment. d. Overland Flow Technology for Municipal Wastewater. - Support for the Small Wastewater Flows Information Clearinghouse. The Regional Services Staff provided effective communications between ORD and EPA's regional offices. Specifically, they: - Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System. - Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance. - Conducted ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings. - Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations. The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in enhancing coordination between ORD and the regions allowing each to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $621,500 to this sub-program, of which $373,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $248,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. UQ-105 ------- This sub-program is providing various research program and project summaries decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans listing the explicit information products for this Research effort are being prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison Activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: Continue the regional support Management Information System. Conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings- and other liaison activities to provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special. staff and policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and technical assistance requirements. Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local governments in the ORD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $12,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,600. - An increase of $15,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $500 to areas within Office of Research and Development. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $625,100, for this sub-program, of which $377,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $248,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $3,600 which will provide support for the development and dissemination of an additional number of technical information products. This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to ensure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate 'Research Committee .will be developed. Support to management systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional Offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. WQ-106 ------- MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $891,200 for this sub-program, of which $664.500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $226,700 was for extramural research activities. Ten spill prevention control and counter-measure studies and 10 oil and hazardous spill emergency spill response projects were completed. Study results were utilized by EPA Regions for compliance monitoring. Overhead monitoring and data analysis support was provided to the Regions and Program Offices for land use, thermal pollution discharges and industrial spill analyses. Overhead monitoring and data analysis support was provided to the Chesapeake Bay, Beaumont/Lake Charles, Poplar River and Atchafalaya River special projects. Fifty field studies were completed for the regions and Program Offices. The studies included thermal pollutant surveys, wetland and land use surveys, point and non-point surveys and leachate and septic tank problem analyses. Expert witness and overhead monitoring data acquisition support for the enforcement case preparation was provided to the Office of Enforcement and the regional enforcement divisions. The 301(h) Ocean Discharge Program received overhead monitoring support and data analysis, 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $860,900 to this sub-program, of which $559,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $301,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Resources have been provided to respond to ten spill prevention and countermeasures and fifteen emergency spill requests. The data obtained from these requests will be used by the Regions for compliance monitoring and support of on-scene coordinators. •* Staff are participating in approximately 150 hazardous waste site investigations by providing aerial photography and multi-spectral scanner imagery and analysis support. Fifteen Environmental Impact Statements are being prepared for the Regions. These studies support the Construction Grants Program. Ten septic field analyses are being completed for the Regions . These studies will provide data supporting the Construction Grants Program. Technical assistance is being provided to more that 70 regional projects covering land use, thermal pollution discharges and industrial spill analyses. Expert support to the Regions and the Hazardous Waste Enforcement Task Force is being provided. WQ-107 ------- 1981 EKplanatSonjrf Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $4,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7' million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,300. - The Congress reduced ageneywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $2,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $22,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $9,800 to areas within Office of Research and Development. - Transfer $400 to monitoring systems and quality assurance to realign contract funds. - Transfer $11,500 to monitoring systems to provide support for the development of monitoring methods for ambient monitoring of water quality. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $917,500 for this sub-program, of which $525,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $392,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation, This reflects an increase of $56,600 which will provide an additional level of support for the Agency's Mandatory Quality Assurance Program. Analysis of 10-14 septic tank fields wlfl be made for the Regional Construction Grants Program. A portable, airplane-mounted camera system which can provide aerial photography of spill sites to determine the extent of contamination is called "Enviro-Pod". Enviro-Pod support will be provided to the regions and program offices. - In support of compliance monitoring, this program will produce 10 Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Studies for the Office of Water Program Operations and the Regions. Response to Regional requests for support on 15-20 emergency oil and hazardous spills will provide data to the on-scene coordinators. Aerial photography, multi-spectral scanner imagery and enviro-pod support will be provided for industrial spills and approximately 150 hazardous waste site investigations. WQ-108 ------- Data to complete 10-12 Environmental Impact Statements will be provided for the Regions, Office of Environmental Review and the Construction Grants Program. - -- Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for EPA needs. HE ALTH EFFECTS 1980Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,097,500 for this sub-program, of which $709,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,387,600 was for extramural research activities. A symposium on the evaluation of health risks associated with animal feeding and land application of municipal sludge brought together most of the investigators studying this problem. The data presented at the symposium is being used in developing policy on the disposal of municipal sludges on land and for the use of these sludges as possible animal feed products. Epidemiological studies of sludge composting workers completed at several sites within the U.S., indicate that exposure may cause inflammation. The exact cause of the inflammation is unknown, but one possible cause may be the presence of endotoxins in the compost dust. It was recommended that compost workers be protected from sludge compost dust by wearing protective masks. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,611,500 to this sub-program, of which $1,136,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,474,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Highlights of the 1931 research program include: Studies of the health implications of land application for treatment and disposal of wastewater and sludge are being continued. Criteria for the safe reuse of municipal wastewater for aquaculture and potable purposes is being developed. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $212,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was' submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,100. WQ-109 ------- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million, a decrease of $20,000 was applied to this activity. The Congress reduced ageneywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $4,200 was applied to this activity. An increase of $39,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. Reprcgrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $2,000 to areas within Office of Research and Development, Transfer $204,900 from health effects to realign funds between the Water Quality Research Committee; the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee; and the Industrial Wastewater Research Committee. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,112,600 for this sub-program, of which $871,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,241,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $498,900, which will provide a reduced level of effort in determining the health effects of municipal wastewater specifically in the areas of urban runoff and water reuse. Major emphasis will continue on the health effects resulting from the use of wastewater and sludge from land treatment. The most critical research relates to the impact of bacteria, viruses and parasites in sludge as well as heavy metals and toxic organies in sludge on human health' through this bioeoncentration in the food chain or their contamination of groundwater. Pretreatment requirements, particularly disinfection, are to be deferred in large measure, pending the outputs of this program. Investigation of the health effects resulting from the reuse of wastewater for aquaoultural and potable purposes will continue. o The emphasis on aquaculture arises from recognition that, although nutrients can be utilised in aquaculture systems, more data'are needed to determine if the products themselves will create a public health problem. o Research in the area of potable reuse will be concerned with determining: whether the treatment system affects the nature and toxicity of organic substances, the health risk resulting from viruses in water intended for reuse; and whether groundwater aquifers recharged with treated effluents have a health impact on humans. Data from this research will support the development of criteria or guideline documents for the safe reuse of wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $16,627,700 for this sub-program, of which $5,334,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $11,293,100 was for extramural research activities. wq-no ------- WASTEWATER RESEARCH PROGRAM Reports on control technologies such as biodegradation, activated carbon adsorption, and air stripping for the removal of priority pollutants from municipal wastewaters were published. A sampling apparatus and analytical protocol for the quantitative nfeasurement of the transfer of volatile priority pollutants to the atmosphere as they pass through municipal wastewater treatment facilities were developed. The utility of the Composite Correction Program (CCP) concept was developed and demonstrated. It is now being used by the Agency as a major tool in the New Publicly Owned Treatment Works Compliance Strategy. The Innovative and Alternative (I/A) Technology Assessment Manual was published for use by the regional and state offices and design engineers. A report on Urban Storm water Management and Technology based on 12 case- histories was published. These case histories represent the most promising approaches to stormwater control. Thru the first National Seminar on Overland Flow Technology for Municipal Wastewater. Presented the current state-of-the-art for design and operation of overland flow systems. The Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems was completed. The manual presents site evaluation, design, construction, operational and managerial information in a form useful to planners, engineers, sanitarians, and regulatory agencies concerned with onsite wastewater systems for small community applications. HAZARDOUS SPILLS PROGRAM A portable battery-operated automatic enzyme-based system for detecting spills of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in water was developed and demonstrated. An in-stream warning system consisting of a number of individual probes and sensors (total organic carbon, conductivity, UV absorption,, etc.) for the continuous detection of a broad variety of spilled hazardous chemicals in water was demonstrated. A new and more effective system for collecting and treating rinsates from agricultural pesticide spraying operations for the purpose of protecting groundwaters was demonstrated. Fire-fighting foams to reduce the rate of vaporization of spilled hazardous liquids were developed. Alternative techniques (e.g., classfication, bromination, alkali fluxing) for the ultimate disposal of spilled refractory chemicals were evaluated. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $16,529,500 to this sub- program, of which $5,222,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $11,306,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. WQ-111 ------- WASTEWATER RESEARCH PROGRAM Sludge Management The sludge management program continues to hold a high priority due to the Agency's new regulations and policies resulting from implementation of RCRA and the 1977 Clean Water Act (CWA) amendments. Design and operation of anaerobic digesters that maximize solids reduction and energy production are being improved. Best management practices for land application are being developed. Toxic Pollutants. .Control The toxic pollutants control program is designed to produce information on the characterization and sources of toxic pollutants, on the treatability by conventional and/or innovative technology to provide cost analyses to enable selection of the most cost-effective solution. Data bases from a 25 city survey on priority pollutants in terms cf sources contributing to POTW's, occurrence and concentration in POTW influents, effluents and sludges, and removals obtainable by unit processes are being developed. Treatability and removability of priority pollutants and other toxic organics by a variety of conventional and advanced waste treatment processes are being assessed. I/A Program The ORD innovative and alternative (I/A) technology program is continuing to provide technical support to the Construction Grants Program for implementing I/A projects. The program is also assessing emerging technologies and providing technology transfer to state and local governments. Operation and Design The plant operation and design program is continuing to focus on the development of methods and practices that improve plant performance and reliability, reduce operating costs and support enforcement activities. Urban Runoff The urban runoff program develops methods for controlling pollution from stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows through development of such things as a storage/sedimentation design manual to assist the user in choosing a system to meet specific needs. Process Development The Process Development Program is developing and evaluating new technologies that enhance the ability of municipalities to meet discharge limitations in a cost-effective manner. This program focuses on four areas: new biological process development; biodegradation of specific pollutants; wastewater disinfection; potable water reuse and water conservation. wq-112 ------- Wastewater Disinfection The wastewater disinfection program is being directed toward completing a number of projects which will serve as input to specific manuals of practice. Areas of research include ozonation, ultraviolet light and chlorination. Ultimate product of this program will be a disinfection manual of practice expected to be completed in December 1983. Potable Water Reuse Activities in the potable water reuse area are being phased out. The only activity in 1981 will involve monitoring a few existing projects. The major project here is the Congressionally mandated demonstration project in Denver, Colorado which is fully funded and is expected to be completed in about five to seven years. Small Wastewater flows The Small Wastewater Flows program develops alternative treatment systems for individual homes and small communities. In order to meet the changing needs of the operating programs, the program is broadening its activities from technical research and development to activities which emphasize the applicability, economics, management, health implications and other areas which will promote the adoption and use of alternative small flows technologies by the user community. LandApplication The Land Application of Wastewater program is directed to design and operating criteria for the three major land treatment processes (overland flow, rapid infiltration and slow rate infiltration). The principal effort in 1981 will be devoted to providing additional design and operational data on rapid- infiltration and overland flow systems for updating the design manual Land ..Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. This is a priority need for the construction grants program. The first design manual revision is being completed in 1981. The evaluation of the first full scale overland flow project is being completed and transport and transformation of toxic substances through soil treatment system are being studied. Aquaculture In the area of municipal wastewater treatment by aquaculture, several studies are continuing to provide design and operational data for the Construction Grants Program. Among them are the studies of the effectiveness of a variety of plants and of natural and artifice! wetlands receiving municipal wastewater, and the effectiveness of filter-feeding fish for removal of pollutants from municipal wastewater effluents. Land Treatment The Land Treatment Task Force is continuing to provide technical assistance to Regions VI and VH and the nine state governments in those regions with the objective of increasing land treatment systems funded by the Construction Grant Program. WQ-H3 ------- Spills Prevention The hazardous incident program continues the development of technology for the prevention, identification, and control of hazardous and • toxic material spills. Major emphasis will be on the finalization of the new portable incineration system and contingency planning for spill response. A portable incineration system, complete with air pollution control equipment, for on-site destruction of spilled organic hazardous chemicals collected during cleanup operations is being demonstrated. '» A system to detect the location of insoluble spilled hazardous materials which have settled on stream bottoms. Guidelines for use by state and local government officials in preparing contingency plans for effective local level response to hazardous chemical spills is being developed. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $25,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $26,000. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $3,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $2,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $1,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a reduction of $250,000 was applied to this activity for urban systems. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $262,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed suplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $12,100 from other areas in within Office of Research and Development. - A transfer of $7,700 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. - Transfer of $109,900 within Office of Research and Development from water quality health effects and water quality environmental engineering and technology to realign contact funds with operating costs. WQ-114 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $15,974,900 for this sub-program, of which $5,870,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $10,104,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $554,600 which will provide a reduced level of effort for process development in the area of water reuse. " MUNICIPAL WASTEWATSR Sludge management program will continue research work on: o evaluation of thermal processes and energy recovery; o composting and other conversion processes; and o characterization of emissions of sludge disposal facilities. In the land application management and disposal of municipal sludge, the following will be completed: o fate and effects of toxic organies in sludge applied to agricultural land; o assessment of high rate application; and o evaluation of sludge landf illing. The toxic pollutant control program will continue to develop a data base assessing the magnitude, composition and source of toxics in municipal wastes Full scale plants using conventional and non conventional technology for the removal of metals will be evaluated. New treatment processes which enhance removal of priority pollutants from wastewater will be developed. The plant operation and design program will continue its effort on the development of procedures to develop the design, cost, and energy effectiveness of new and upgraded wastewater treatment plants, improved methods to assure proper performance of existing facilities through improved operation and maintenance, and increased systems reliability and the application of instrumentation and automation to process control and system management. Design operation, and maintenance guidelines for conventional systems and land application/alternative technology will be developed and an energy effectiveness report on wastewater and residuals will be produced. Technical support to selected POTW's on operation and maintenance problems will continue. The specific goal of the I/A technology program is greater use of systems that reclaim and reuse wastewater, productively recycle wastewater constituents and otherwise eliminate the discharge of pollutants or recover energy. The program will consist ofs WQ-115 ------- o review of Step I facility plans involving T/A technology applications} and; o completion of effectiveness studies of T/A program and development and presentation of regional T/A technology assessment seminars for consulting engineers, and federal/state personnel. The urban runoff research program will study sediment impacts and benthic effects (multi-city); compile BMFs for urban runoff pollution control! and assess dual wet weather treatment facilities^ — •»-•• Treatment Process Development will include new biological process development, biodegradation and specific pollutants removal, wastewater disinfection and conservation and wastewater reuse. Novel technologies for more efficiently disolving oxygen in wastewater while reducing overall aeration costs will continue to be developed and demonstrated. Included in this work will be an evaluation of the deep shaft activated sludge process, and an evaluation of the two zone reactor/clarifier. A final report on the degradation protocol for priority pollutants will be prepared. The conservation and reuse program will be phased out, but the Denver project will be monitored. The small wastewater flows program will continue to support the operating program without significant changes. The small flews information clearinghouse will be continued, as will the operating and monitoring of the specific technologies being studied at the Center for Small Flow Technology. The comprehensive Septage Treatment and Disposal Handbook will be completed. The natural treatment systems program includes the land treatment and aquaeulture programs. The baseline data on the Lubbock project and a research program will be initiated. Optimum loading cycles for rapid infiltration nitrogen management using large-scale lysimeters will be completed. The evaluation of fate' of naturally occurring organies in overland flow systems will be completed. SPILLS The hazardous substances spill program will continue to develop and demonstrate technology in the five areas outlined under the 19S1 program, namely: information transfer and prevention; pre-spill response planning, safety and assessment; containment, confinement, separation and concentration; ultimate disposal; and restoration. Major emphasis will be on the development of information and procedures for use by hazardous spill coordinators and "first-on-scene" personnel. Specialized techniques will be developed for ensuring personnel safety during spill cleanup operations, and procedures will be demonstrated for the decontamination of personnel and equipment following these operations. WQ-T16 ------- A manual will be prepared to assist spill coordinators in evaluating alternative spill cleanup and disposal techniques to determine the most cost-effective approaches and the extent of required cleanup ("How Clean is Clean?"). A computerized system will be developed for storage and retrieval of spill control information, including cleanup options and diposal alternatives. WQ-117 ------- WATER QUALITY Industrial Wastewater - Non-Energy Appropriation Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.,... Environmental Engineering and Technology: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Total: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Grand Total... Actual 1980 $195 2 2,231 4,100 40 200 1,363 8.015 W J w * ------- Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981* Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions Technical Information and Liaison Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance....... Health Effects.... Environmental Engineering and Technology... , Total....... Full-Time 45 1 24 73 48 1 28 80 48 20 71 43 1 20 67 - 5 + 1 • *« «• 4 ij valency Technical Information and Liaison....... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance....... Health Effects Environmental Engineering and Technology.......... 60 1 29 1 36 5 64 * * * 28 59 1 27 - 5 + 1 - 1 Total. 94 106 97 92 *3anuary 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $13,278,100 for 1982, a decrease of $2,332,700 from 1981. Included in this total is $4,609,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $8,668,700 for Research and Development, with an increase of $175,000 and a decrease'of $2,508,500 respectively.. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Industrial Wastewater Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program provides the necessary technical information and tools to support the Agency's regulatory, permitting and enforcement programs relating to the control of industrial wastewatef effluents. WQ-119 ------- TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $196,700 for this sub-program, of which $194,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,900 was for extramural research activities. In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, Research Highlights), technical information plans and guidance, and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Industrial Wastewater included the preparation, publication and dissemination of, a five volume manual on wastewater treatment performance data. The Regional Services Staff provided effective communications between ORD and the regions. Specifically, theys - developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information system - carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance - conducted ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings - advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its research Information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in enhancing coordination between ORD and the regions, allowing each to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $213,000 to this sub-program, of which $201,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $11,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation, This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: continue the Regional Support Management Information System conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff meetings and other liaison activities to provide technical assistance. ; These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and technical requirements. WQ-120 ------- develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in the ORD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $8,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29ft); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is - An increase of $8,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $206,400 for this sub-program, of which $196,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $10,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $6,600 which will slightly affect the dissemination of technical information products. This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to ensure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track QRD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 19.81. MQMTQRING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1 980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $6,331,900 for this sub-program, of which $2,231,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,100,300 was for extramural research activities. Major accomplishments of the program: - Methodology for analysis of toxic pollutants in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) were validated, and standardized for seven categories of pollutants, and additional reference methods were developed, proposed, or corrected for toxic and hazardous substances and Consent Decree pollutants in wastewater and sludges. Computer software was developed as required for computerized spectral matching of organic compounds recorded on Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectral tapes for the Effluents Guidelines Division, Office of Water and Waste Management, and 9781 of 20,000, GC/MS data runs from analysis of industrial effluents were processed and 950 different organic compounds, other than consent decree chemicals, were detected. The intitial protocol was developed for ' the Master Analytical Scheme to detect, identify and quantitate unsuspected volatile organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters. WQ-121 ------- Five equivalent methods for nationwide use and 30 evaluation for case-by-case were evaluated and approved for use in NPDES. EPA-approved automatic sampling and monitoring instrumentation specifications were developed for enforcement of existing and planned standards and regulations. Sample preservation and transportation techniques were developed for conventional and toxic pollutants to comply with Department of Transportation regulations and to assure integrity of sample. The quality control reference materials were developed for seven categories of pollutants. National guidelines were developed to assure uniformity in laboratory evaluation of the NPDE5 compliance monitoring laboratories. The mandatory quality assurance program ,was established to provide technical guidance, support, and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that is appropriate for the EPA needs. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $6,295,200 to this sub-program, of which $2,582,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,713,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Reference method validation studies for the priority toxic pollutants are being completed and deficiencies in currently approved methods identified and corrected. An approved bioassay technique for monitoring the toxicity of industrial waste water is being developed. Continuous monitoring systems for measuring toxic substances are being developed for more cost-effective compliance monitoring. Alternate test procedures are being approved for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). More cost-effective ab-initio techniques are being developed for identification of previously undetected organic chemicals in industrial wastewaters, suspended solids and sediments, and a method is being developed to identify toxic metals by chemical species. These techniques are critical in developing correlations between toxicity-based pollution control and technology-based effluent limitations. Verification and identification of all the important compounds on the Effluent Guidelines Division gas chromatographic/rnass spectrometric survey tapes is being completed. The quality assurance reference materials repository is being expanded to include materials which are critical to the Agency enforcement programs. Assistance is being provided to the Office of Water Enforcement in the evaluation of analytical performance of discharger laboratories. WQ-122 ------- The mandatory quality assurance program continues to provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for EPA needs. Emphasis is being placed on the application of the Agency wide program to contract and grant activities. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $345,600 results from several actions, as follows; - Shortly after the 19S1 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,700. The Congress reduced agencywide of $2,200 was applied to this activity. The Congress reduced agencywide ADP decrease of $35,700 was applied to this activity. travel costs by $850,000; a decrease services An increase of $102,700 results from the cost raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. by $2 million; a of the October 1980 pay A transfer of $200 was made to the Administrative Law Dudges is to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. A transfer of $190,000 from monitoring systems and -water quality non-energy to maintain and prepare quality control sample for distribution to analytical check the ability of analysts to perform analytical measurements. quality assurance one standardized laboratories to A transfer of $148,500 to monitoring system and water quality non-energy to provide support for monitoring methods for ambient monitoring of water quality. quality assurance the development of A transfer of $440,000 to solid waste assurance - , water quality non-energy quality assurance/uncontrolled sites support efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island. monitoring systems and quality ($100,000) and monitoring and solid waste ($340,000) to 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $5,888,500 for this sub-program, of which $2,773,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,115,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This signifies a decrease of $406,700, reflecting the reduced need for industrial wastewater research in support of the Agency's regulatory program. Major activities planned permitting and enforcement effluents are: for 1982 to support the Agency's regulatory, programs to control industrial wastewater New and improved sampling and analytical- procedures for pollutants in industrial wastewater will be developed including: improved Gas Chro- matography/Mass Spectroscopy techniques; Gas Chromatography/Fourier transform infarared spectroscopy applications; developing Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy methods for compounds -on Section 311 list, e.g., carbarn ates, urea pesticides, and nitrosamines; and correcting deficiencies in newly developed analytical reference methods. WO-123 ------- Methods validation studies for high priority wastewater analytical procedures, will be conducted and alternate test procedures for National Pollution Discharge Elimination System support evaluated. Analytical surrogate/indicator test procedures for selected classes of organics will be developed. One biological parameter testing procedure for quantitative expression of an effluent limitation for one industrial class will be adapted and standardized. Quality assurance support will be provided, including: Preparing and -maintaining repository of performance evaluation samples and conducting performance evaluation • as part of the Mandatory Quality Assurance program; maintaining quality control sample repository and distributing quality control samples; developing new performance evaluation/quality control samples; developing new protocols and key performance evaluation samples and providing statistical and other support for evaluation of 8000 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System dischargers' laboratories for analytical performance, and conducting interiaboratory' performance studies, method validation studies, and on-site evaluations for radiation analysis. Support to the Mandatory Quality Assurance Program will provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data that are appropriate for the EPA needs. HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $239,500 for this sub-program, of which $40,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $199,300 was for extramural research activities. Investigation of the potential health problems resulting from organic chemicals and pesticides in two food processing industries was initiated. The data from these two studies will be used to write interim criteria for reuse of wastewater in the food industry. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $250,600 to this sub-program, all of which is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Research to support development of interim criteria for the safe reuse of industrial wastewater in specific food processing industries is being completed. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $1,900 results from several actions, as follows: Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*}; these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $300. WQ-T24 ------- - A net transfer of $1,600 to health effects - municipal spills ($204,800); and from health effects - water quality non-energy ($203,200) to realign funds between the Water Quality Research Committee; the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee, and the Industrial Wastewater Reserach Committee. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $199,600 for this sub-program, of which $42,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $157,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $51,000 due to a phase out of the new and innovative technologies program. Efforts to develop bioassay techniques which will serve as a rapid means of determining the health effects of toxic compounds in industrial wastewater will be accelerated. Research activities to support the development of bioassay biomonitoring techniques, specifically for industrial wastewater, will begin in Fiscal Year 1982. This research supports the Agency's efforts to develop guidelines and permits for industrial discharges under the NPDES program. Appropriate wastewater reuse guidelines in the food industry will be developed. These guidelines will be useful in writing interim criteria for water reuse in certain food industries and to encourage private industry to apply innovative technologies to control their pollutant discharges as well as to recover a valuable resource. ENVIRONMENTAL ENqiNEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accom plishroents In 1980, the Agency used a total of $9,377,900 for this sub-program, of which $1,362,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $8,015,200 was for extramural research activities. the following 1980 accomplishments addressed the development and demonstration of economically achievable technology which assisted in the development of industry specific effluent guidelines and provided treatability data for the issuance of discharge permits on a pollutant by pollutant basis. In addition, a comprehensive program leading to the development and demonstration of reuse/recycle systems for the iron and steel, textile, organic chemicals, and petrochemical industries was initiated. - Preliminary tests showed that powdered activated carbon is effective for treating leather tanning wastes. - Pilot scale tests showed that ion exchange technology can remove chlorinated organics from pulp and paper wastewaters. - Plant tests showed that color can be removed from Kraft pulp mUls by the use of ultraf Utration. An economical hyperfiltration process was developed for the treatment and renovation of textile wastewater. HQ-125 ------- A closed loop reuse system was demonstrated in a full scale fiberglass textile plant, This demonstration will serve as the basis for the effluent guidelines for this industry. Treatabiiity studies were performed on various pesticides, such as atrazine/carbaryl, and glyphosate, manufacturing wastewaters to provide a basis for the issuance of discharge permits on a pollutant by pollutant basis. Field tests showed that soluable sulfide precipitation can be used for the treatment of copper-lead smelting wastewater. A full scale demonstration showed that a microfiltration system can be used for the treatment of battery manufacturing wastewaters. An on-site pilot unit successfully demonstrated the treatability of several organic process wastewaters, such as chlorinated aliphatics, chlorinated benzenes, and aromatics by use of activated carbon adsorption. A "Treatability Manual" was prepared for use by discharge permit writers in instances where industry effluent guidelines were not available. A mobile wastewater treatment system was used to demonstrate advanced -treatment technology for coke plant and blast furnace wastewaters. Solvent extraction treatment of wastewater from the manufacture of acetic acid was demonstrated on a plant scale. The extent to which heavy metal and organic chemicals interfere with the operation of municipal treatment systems was determined by laboratory and pilot plant tests. This information will be used as a basis for the-) (/ determination of pretreatment requirements for industrial facilities which discharge .to publically owned treatment works. A quick response inhouse testing and evaluation capability for performing industrial wastewater treatability studies was established. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,852,000 to this sub-program, of which $1,650,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $7,201,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. In 1981, research activities are continuing to • support the effluent guideline regulations program, consisting mainly of the development of back up data to assist in final promulgation of effluent guidelines and court challenges to Agency regulations. The major thrust of the research program is shifting from support of guideline regulations development on an industry by industry basis in support of enforcement for regional and state permit programs. The treatability research effort is defining' the extent to which existing and new technology can be applied to treating toxic pollutants. This data provides the basis for writing discharge permits in situations not covered by existing regulations. WQ-126 ------- The new program initiated in 1980, for the demonstration of reuse and recycle options for industrial wastewater discharges is being continued at a high level. Background studies in specific industrial areas are being completed; they will be followed where indicated by pilot plant or demonstration scale projects. Industrial areas under specific study are iron and steel, textiles, organic chemicals, and petrochemicals. Development efforts underway will yield the necessary data for the implementation of full scale industrial wastewater reuse/recycle system. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $310,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $6,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $830,000; a decrease of $5,500 was applied to this activity. The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Development appropriation; a decrease of $366,000 was applied to this activity Research and - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $7,900 was applied to this activity. An increase of $75,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $109,900 between appropriations from environmental engineering and technology-industrial wastewater ($109,900) to environmental engineering and technology - municipal wastewater ($109,900) in the research and development appropriation; and from environmental engineering and technology - municipal wastewater ($109,900) to environmental engineering and technology - industrial wastewater ($109,900) in the salaries and expenses appropriation to realign contract funds with operating costs. - A transfer of $700 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompli ance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. 1982Plan The Agency requests a total of $6,784,300 for this sub-program, of which $1,413,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $5,371,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $2,067,700 due to a phase out of the new and innovative technologies program. The 1982 program will focus on support for the enforcement activities of the Agency with extensions of wastewater treatability and toxicity reduction studies, and further development and demonstration of innovative pollution control technologies, but at a reduced level as effluent guidelines support is decreased. WQ-127 ------- Major research results to be achieved in 1982 include the following: Models of the best treatment systems to predict treatability of organic chemicals in industrial waste waters will be developed. Methodology and demonstration of innovative technology to control wastes for an existing organic chemical plant will be developed. The Treatability Manual will be revised. Synthetic resin adsorbent treatment systems for the treatment of -petrochemical wastes will be developed. The removal characteristics of organic priority pollutants in biological wastewater treatment plants will be determined. The applicability of the biological activated carbon process to the treatment of industrial wastewaters will be determined. Pilot scale evaluation of biological treatment mixed coke plant and blast furnace wastewaters will be conducted. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments No resources were requested for this research in 1980. 1981 Program No resources were requested for this research in 1981. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $199,300 for this sub-program, of which $184,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $15,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $199,300, which will provide methods for quantifying toxicity levels of a select number of industrial wastewater effluents. A generic screen or screens to be used in identifying a toxic problem will be developed and evaluated. Guidelines similar to the water quality guidelines for determining a permit based on the toxicity unit concept will be developed. The need to test the toxicity discharge unit concept on a pilot basis will be determined. A toxicity-reduction manual will be developed. UQ-128 ------- Drinking Water SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- DRINKING WATER Appropriation Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Abatement, Control and Corapl iance. ............ Research and Development Total Permanent Positions..... Full-time Equivalancy... Authorization Levels.... PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Drinking Water Non- Energy: Salaries and Expenses... Research and Development Total, Research and Development Program: Salaries and Expenses... Research and Development Total Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Actual 1980 $18,822 47,359 16,211 82,392 489 581 69,333 85,569 6,807 16,211 6,807 16,211 23,018 4,521 4.903 Budget Estimate 1981* $25,719 44,664 20,769 88,152 551 653 74,000 107,447 7,924 20,769 7,924 20,769 28,693 5,458 3.837 Current Estimate 1981 (dollars $22,729 42,615 18,665 84,009 535 , 641 68,484 107,447 8,109 18T665 8,109 18,665 26,774 5,492 3.758 Estimate 1982 in thousands} $25,770 44,414 21 ,488 91,672 550 672 71,666 90,000 8,939 21,488 8,939 21,488 30,427 6,038 3.828 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$3,041 +1,799 +2,823 +7,663 +15 +31 +3,182 +830 +2,823 +830 + 2,823 +3,653 *546 +70 State Program Resource Assistance: Abatement, Control and Compl 1 ance 41,401 39,575 37,681 39,524 Drinking Water Management: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Compliance Total, Abatement, Control and Compliance Program: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Compl 1 ance Total 6,839 8,582 8,262 9,822 1,008 1,243 1,176 1,062 11,360 14,040 13,754 15,860 47.312 44.655 42.615 44,414 58,672 58,695 56,369 60,274 +1,843 +1,560 -114 +2,106 +1,799 +3,905 Page DW-27 DW-11 OW-16 DM-19 Dl'M ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page (dollars in thousands) Drinking Water Enforcement: DM-24 Salaries and Expenses... 655 755 866 971 . +105 Abatement, Control and Compliance.... 47, , .9 ,„.*,*,?:,-,,, *** ... Total. Enforcement Program: Salaries and Expenses... 655 755 866 971 +105 Abatement, Control and Compl iance. 47::i , ; LJ_ 9 r ,„,.•«• •«...• . . , • *,• Total 702 764 866 971 +105 Permanent Positions Drinking Water Non-Energy. : 143 rr 153 ., ' 146 t^r:i:jj53 +7' DW~2' Total, Research and Development Program...... 143 153 146 153 +7 Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines 91 100 98 109 +1] Dl.M1 State Program Resource Assistance....... ... ... ... ... ... DH-16 Drinking Water Management. 237 270 264 260 -4 DW-19 Total, Abatement and Control Progrm 328 370 362 369 -.7 Drinking Water Enforcement 18 28 28 28 .^ OH-24 Total, Enforcement Program 18 28 28 28 F ul 1 -1 i me Equi v al ency Dr ink ing Water Non Energy. 189 203 196 203 +7_ W-& Total, Research and Development Program 189 203 196 203 +7 Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines Ill 119 120 128 +8 0!-M1 State Program Resource Assistance ... ... ... ... ... DH-16 Drinking Water Management. 258 299 294 309 +15 DM-19 Total, Abatement and Control Program... 369 418 414 437 +23 Drinking Water Enforcement .,...,,,,,23 32 ' .31 32 +1 DW-24 Total. Enforcement Program 23 32 31 32 +1 * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by Office of Research and Development restructuring. DW-2 ------- OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY EPA's drinking water program is primarily a public heatlh protection effort to ensure the quality of the nation's drinking water. The Safe Prinking Water Act (SDWA) requires that EPA develop national drinking water standards, that utilities undertake periodic monitoring to ensure compliance with these standards and that- a cooperative Federal-State effort oversee the implementation of the associated programs. Two major regulatory programs were established under the legislation which provide the foundation for EPA's activities: the Public Water Systems Supervision (PWS) program, to assure the compliance by utilities with appropriate quality standards and the Ground Water Protection (GWP) program, to protect present and future sources of drinking water from contamination particularly from injection wells. In addition, financial assistance to States to support their implementation efforts is authorized. The Agency's strategy is to implement the Drinking Water Program in stages: first, establishing the institutional framework and defining specific regulations and procedures; and second, ensuring that high levels of compliance are attained and maintained. The Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, which contain numerical standards for the traditional contaminants of health concern in drinking-water, were promulgated in 1976 and Have been in effect since 1977. These were amended in 1979 to limit harmful by- products of disinfection, to add a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for trihalomethanes, the most frequently found carcinogens in drinking water. Work is also underway to develop standards for man-made organic chemicals which are being detected with increasing frequency in drinking waters derived from ground water. Secondary Regulations, specifying standards for aesthetic quality such as taste, odor, color and appearance, were promulgated in 1979. The SDWA places primary responsibility for implementation and enforcement of the standards with the States. EPA worked closely with the States in formulating the Public Water Systems program (PWS) and by the end of 1980, 49 States and territories assumed primary enforcement responsibility for the program. Final program regulations for the Ground Water Protection Program, designed to protect underground drinking water sources from contamination related to injection wells, were promulgated in June 1980. Initial State grants were awarded to conduct a national assessment of the threat to ground water quality from surface impoundments and to prepare for State delegations of the UIC program. Now that the regulations defining minimum requirements for States to assume delegation responsibility for the program have been promulgated, major emphasis is being placed on helping States develop effective programs and qualify for primacy. EPA will promote delegations to States for the underground injection control program as well as initiate Federal implementation of both public water system and underground in- jection control programs in States which are unable or unwilling to assume primary enforcement responsibility. In 1982 added emphasis will be placed on the safety of drinking water which is being contaminated with synthetic chemicals not previously regulated. The major priorities are as follows: expanding monitoring for organic contaminants; expanding the basis for defining safe levels for previously unregulated organic contamtnats which are now being found in ground water supplies; pursuing full nationwide compliance with traditional standards; and providing assistance in dealing with instances of significant contamination as they are detected. This latter activity will require close coordination with activities under the Resource Recovery and Conservation Act and Superfund to assure a coordinated ground water protection strategy, especially related to the disposal of hazardous wastes. Expanded Public Health Protection Drinking Water is a significant route of human exposure to natural and synthetic substances which pose a risk to health. The greatest concern is contamination by synthetic organic chemicals, especially those associated with toxic and hazardous wastes. Setting safe levels for organic chemicals in drinking water presents exceptional difficulties. First, the ever growing number of synthetic organics being used in our society outrun both the methods to detect their occurence and knowledge about their effects on human health. This requires a considerable investment by EPA to generate health effects-information, expand monitoring assess new cost-effective treatment technologies, and determine appropriate regulatory responses. Further, since these contaminants have not typically been measured in drinking water, expanded monitoring efforts to determine which chemicals are in fact invading the nation's drinking water are required. DW-3 ------- A major challenge in expanding public health protection related to drinking water is the development of Revised Primary Drinking Water Standards which are required by the SDWA. This will include standards for a number of man-made organic chemicals, (many of which are carcinogenic), and a reassessment of a number of the traditional standards based on new scientific data which become available. EPA plans to propose these standards during 1982 for public review and comment. Of particular concern are the contaminants found in drinking water from underground sources which are in proximity to improperly disposed hazardous wastes. In addition to developing expanded standards to trigger periodic monitoring by utilities. States and localities have an acute need for prompt Federal assistance in dealing with the growing number of incidents of significant contamination. Consequently, EPA will be expanding its capability to provide guidance and advisory information on the health effects and control methods for unregulated contaminants, In 1981 maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for six to ten organic chemicals, primarily solvents currently being found in drinking water derived from ground water, will be proposed. In addition, during 1982 EPA plans to issue 10 additional formal health effect guidances for contami- nants for which MCLs have not yet been established. Other sources of harmful organic contaminants are direct and indirect additives to drinking water. These are substances added to drinking water supplies either deliberately (as contaminants in chemicals used in the treatment process} or incidentally (e.g., leaching from pipe coatings, etc.). EPA agreed to assume responsibility for their control in an agreement with the Food and Drug Administration in 1979. Work in this area was started with an initial resource allocation in 1980, but through procedural oversights, this program was not included in EPA's 1981 budget. Consequently, the 1982 budget request included a modest increase in resources for this important activity. During 1982, the additives program will develop protocols which will allow EPA to begin providing technical advice to States on the health implication of products used in water treatment. In addition, EPA has funded the National Academy of Sciences to develop a CODEX (quality control standards) for chemicals used to treat drinking water. Not only is the program necessary to assure the quality of drinking water from a heretofore uncontrolled source of contamination, but information developed may reduce the need for formal and extensive national standards saving resources and limiting the need for added regulations. Promoti nt; Com piiance with Standards and Regul at ions Now that the institutional framework for the PWS program is in place, comprehensive monitoring for the traditional contaminants of concern has begun and overall data are becoming available. Nearly 9,000 public water systems out of a universe of 62,000 community systems, or about 14 percent of the national total, are currently estimated to be out of compliance with one or more maximum contaminant level standards. For many of these, the prinicipal obstacle to compliance is the capital costs involved, especially for the small systems which service populations of 2,500 or less. These make up about 90 percent of the water sytems. In reponse, EPA has prepared a small systems strategy which prescribes a uniform plan of action to promote compliance through a combination of technical assistance and selective enforcement. The strategy is intended to prioritize response to instances of noncompliance based upon relative health risk, size of exposed population, the availability of remedial actions and level of cooperation. The strategy provides a framework for the States to identify those systems that have feasible options for compliance and permits flexibility in dealing with systems that are unable to comply. EPA will continue to provide technical assistance to States to facilitate the application of cost effective technologies for small systems. An important activity in 1982 will be providing expanded technical assistance to States on the control of organic contaminants in drinking water. Compliance with new regulations related to harmful organic chemicals involves complex analytical techniques and new applications of control technologies which are often beyond the conventional expertise of many water plant operators and State regulators. EPA will work extensively with the States to meet these new requirements for technical expertise and sophisticated monitoring procedures. DM-4 ------- Implementing a CoordinatedGround Water Protection Program Ground water is the source of drinking water for more than half the nation's population. However, when EPA's role in protecting drinking water supplies and sources was established in 1974 with the SDWA, protection of ground water was a secondary concern, eclipsed by the need to establish national regulation for public water systems. Ground water was generally thought to be naturally protected from contamination by man-made organic chemicals. Recently the Nation has been confronted with a growing number of cases in which chemical contamination has been detected at relatively high concentrations resulting in abandonment of some water supply wells. While many of these situations are related to improper disposal of hazardous wastes, the full magnitude of the problem will not be known until the conclusion of national monitoring studies now in progress. The threat to ground water quality is perhaps the most acute contemporary environmental problem now facing the nation. There is an urgent need to formulate a national EPA ground water policy and strategy and to implement a coordinated ground water protection program. EPA's drinking water program is responding in several ways. First, it is taking the initiative in developing responsive health guidance documents and undertaking full implementation of the program to control underground injections. The UIC program has been formally defined with promuglation of the program regulations, clearing the way for full nationwide implementation. The process of promoting state delegations was initiated with grants to States for the purpose of establishing these programs. Developing effective delegated programs will be a critical priority in 1982, as part of comprehensive effort to protect ground water quality in the future. SDWA specifies implementation timetables which require regulatory programs in operation one year after final promulgation, either by States granted primacy or by EPA — with a nine month extension available. EPA is aggressively pursuing the delegation of UIC responsibilities, in accord with statutory intent. The importance attributed to implementing a nationwide UIC program is reflected in the increase in resources requested. A significant portion of this increase comes from a corresponding reduction of PWS program resources. The Safe prinking Water Act Amendments of 1980 provide an alternative means for States to achieve primary enforcement responsibility for the portion of their underground injection control program related to oil and gas production. Rather than meeting specific technical and administrative requirements established by regulation, a State may qualify for primacy if its existing program meets general statutory requirements and is effective in preventing contamination which endangers drinking water sources. EPA is working with the States to develop an approach to implement this provision which should accelerate delegations in this important program. Second, it is implementing other ground water protection programs, such as the sole source aquifer program mandated by the SDWA. Third, it is contributing to and leading the development of a ground water protection strategy which should provide the basis for improving coordination of Federal and State programs to protect ground water quality. An important goal of the ground water strategy is the coordination of the many disparate programs and authorities which function separately to meet some part of the problem. SDWA, RCRA, CWA, FIFRA, and TSCA all contain authorities related to some aspect of the problems: regulating specific contamination sources, monitoring, or technology development. Enforcement For 1982, the highest priority of the drinking water enforcement program will continue to be enforcement response in emergency situations presenting substantial endangerment to public health and safety. Drinking Water Enforcement will focus on support for enforcement actions in non-primacy States. UIC activities will increase with a reprogramming of 21 workyears of effort from PWS enforcement to the issuance of UIC permits and enforcement activities. A total of 210 UIC permits will be issued in 1982. Enforcement program activities for 1982 will also include review and approval of the enforcement sections of primacy applications for both the PWS and UIC programs, and overview of UIC enforcement programs in delegated States. OM-5 ------- SUMMARY OFINCREASEANDDECREASE (inthousands ofdollars) 1981 Drinking Water Program..... $84,009 Salaries and Expenses +3,041 The primary increase is for additional regional implementation resources for the UIC and the drinking water treat- ment and ground water protection; Standards and regulations development and drinking water enforcement Research and Development..... +2,823 The major portion of this increase ($2.1 million) is focused specifically on the needs of developing cost-effective tech- nology for small water systems (pop. 10,000 and under). The additional funds {$.7 million) will be used to conduct research on health effects of contaminants in drinking water e.g. carcinogens, and other toxicologies! studies which relate to human reproduction and early childhood development. Abatement, Control and Compliance +1,799 The net increase of $1.8 million represents $2.0 million additional grants to the States to support the establishment of State underground injection control programs, a decrease of $.1 million in criteria, standards and guidelines development which funded extramural projects relating to the additives program and a decrease of $.1 million due to the mon-recurrlng training activity. 1982 Drinking Ma tar Program 91,672 SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES 1. Summary of Budget Estimate An appropriation of $91,672,100 is requested for 1981. This request, by appropriation account, is as follows: Salaries and Expenses "525,770,500 Research and Development. $21,487,800 Abatement, Control and Compliance....'-.... 544,413,800 This request represents an increase of $7,563,300 and provides for additional grants to the States to support the establishement of State UIC programs (52.0 million)* An increase of $2.1 million will support the development of costeffective technology for small water systems (10,000 population and under). An increase of 5.7 million is to conduct research on health effects of contaminants in drinking water. 04-6 ------- 2. Changes from Original Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: Original 1981 estimate. Congressional change: Presidential $7m reduction..... Travel •.. Consultant Services Abatement Control & Compliance. Research and Development (in thousands of dollars) $88,1.52 -128 -43 -183 -2,080 -1,848 ADP SES.. Academic Training. Proposed pay raise supplemental. Miscellaneous reprogramming..,.. Current 1981 estimate... ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASE TO OBLIGATIONS Prior year obligations..... Effect of congressional changes Effect of reprogrammings... Proposed pay raise supplemental Change in amount of carryover funds available......... Program i ncrease Change in rate of obligation........ Total estimated obligations....... (From new obligation authority), (From prior year funds) Current Estimate 1981 -132 -9 +107 +1,199 -1.0.26 $84,009 Estimate 1982 (in thousands of dollars) $82,392 -4,316 -1,026 +1.199 -5,167 •"+1,617 +4.276 $83.484 +525 +7,663 +1,526 83,484 (79,450) (4,034) 93,198 88,639 (4,559) Congressional changes, reprogrammings, and the proposed pay raise supplemental discussed in the previous section are expected to result in a decrease of $4,143,000. The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1981 is 54,034,000, an decrease of $5,167,000 over the 1981 level. In 1982, it is estimated that 54,559,000 of carry- over funds will be obligated, an increase of $525,000 from the 1981 level. The 1981 increase in budget authority was previously estimated to increase obligations by $1,617,000. In 1982, the program increase is expected to result in increased obligations of $7,663,000. A change in the rate of obligation is expected, thereby increasing obligations by $4,276,000. Purpose - Research and Development Program The research and development effort provides scientific and technical information relating to contaminants in drinking water. Research and evaluations are conducted relating to: (1) the detection and characterication of harmful substances occurring in drinking water supplies; 2) the causes, diagnosis and prevention of diseases and other adverse human health effects resulting directly or indirectly from those con- taminants; 4) the procedures & protocols for laboratory analysis and quality assurance of drinking water monitoring samples; and 5) the characteristics of ground water sources of drinking water and the movement, fate and ecological effects of ground water con- tamination. Dtf-7 ------- Purpose - Abatement and Control Program The abatement and control program provides for the protection of the public health by assuring the safety of the Nation's drinking water supplies and under- ground sources of drinking water. The quality of the drinking water is assured through the development of primary drinking water standards which specify maximum permissible levels of contaminants in -drinking water and minimum monitoring frequencies. In addition, secondary drinking water standards which prescribe guidelines for the aesthetic quality of water have been developed and minimum requirements for State public water Systems supervision and underground injection control programs have been designed to protect the public health and underground sources of drinking water. The priority of the drinking water program 1s protecting the public from harmful contaminants such as synthetic organic chemicals found in drinking water. To meet this goal, EPA is developing and implementing standards and regulations to protect the public from harmful contaminants in drinking water, such as man-made organic chemicals which are finding their way into the nation's sources of drinking water with Increasing frequency. Financial assistance is provided to those State that assume primary enforcement responsibility to help defray the increased administrative cost associated with establishing and implementing programs which assure the safety of drinking water sources and supplies. Technical assistance is available to help States in the implementation of their programs. However, direct Federal implementation of public water systems and/or underground injection control programs is required when a State is unwilling or unable to assume primary enforcement responsibilities for the programs. The abatement and control program is divided Into the following activities: Criteria. Standards and Guidelines - This subactivity related to the development of standards and regulations designed to control the quality of the Nation's drinking water, to establish minimum requirements for State enforcement of public water systems supervision and underground injection control program and to develop guidance documents to assure uniform implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act. This activity also includes the development, review and assessment of information on health effects, occurence, monitoring, and control technology of hazardous substances such as toxic chemicals from natural and synthetic sources for the purpose of establishing or revising primary drinking water regulations and providing guidance on unregulated contaminants in response to detected instances of contami- nation. Economic analyses are performed to determine the cost and financial impact of all proposed regulations. In addition, EPA provides national oversight and evaluations of the public water systems, underground Injection and sole source aquifier programs. State Program Resource Assistance - This subactivity provides for financial assistance to support state activities in the implementation of the public water system supervision and underground injection control programs. In the UIC grant program, should a State fail to qualify for a grant, EPA may use the grant funds to directly implement a program in that State. Financial assistance in the form of grants 4s also provided to State rural water associations which assist small rural drinking water supplies in complying with the primary drinking water regulations. ; Drinking Water Management - This subactivity supports Federal implementation and oversight Of the public water systems and underground injection control programs. EPA provides oversight and technical assistance to those States with primary enforcement responsibility and provides for full implementation activities on Indian lands and in States unable or unwilling to enforce such programs. Other activities include managing the sole source aquifer program, assisting in ground water contamination cases which threaten drinking water sources and supplies, and coordinating State implementation of water protection programs. DW-8 ------- Purpose - Enforcement Program The drinking water enforcement program assures compliance with standards and regulations established under the SDWA relating to public water system and underground injection operations. This entails initiation of enforcement actions in response to emergency situations if required, as well as provision of legal assistance and oversight to states which have implemented enforcement programs for OWS and UIC standards X regulations to ensure their requirements are adequately enforced. The enforcement program issues permits in States that have not achieved program delegation and on Indian lands. DI-/--3 ------- DRINKING WATER Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Increase -+ Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 PROGRAM LEVELS Number of States with primary enforcement responsibility Public Water Systems Supervision programs......... 49 51 51 Number of States with primary enforcement responsibility for Underground Injection Control programs ... 11 11 Underground Injection Control grants... 41 57 57 Variances and exemptions granted by EPA in non-primacy States.. 1 150 20 Sole source aquifer petitions received.......... S 5 3 Sole source aquifer designations 333 Laboratories certified.... 46 100* 60 Enforcement actions.. 6 40 23 51 24 57 15 7 * • • 60 10** +13 -5 +4 -3 0 * • -13 *Labs in non-prinfiacy States. **Includes compliance agreements and court cases. DW-10 ------- Abatement and Control SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- DRINKING WATER Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines Appropriation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement. Control ami Compliance............ Grand Total.. Permanent Positions. Full-time Equivalency. Budget Actual Estimate 1980 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands; $4,521 4,903 9,424 91 111 $5,458 3,837 9,295 100 119 $5,492 3,758 9,250 98 120 $6,038 3,828 9,866 109 128 +$546 +70 +516 +11 +8 Budfet Request The Agency requests a total of $9,866,100, an increase of $617,200 from 1981. Of the total, 56,033,300 will be used for Salaries and Expenses and $3,827,800 will be used for Abatement, Control and Compliance. These figures represent an increase of $546,700 and an Increase of $70,500 from the 1981 appropriations respectively. The increase supports the program to control direct and indirect additives to drinking water. Under this activity, protocols to evaluate the potential hazards of products and substances, and toxicological opinions on additives will be developed. In addition, the program will focus on controlling synthetic organic and other toxic chemicals in drinking water as a means of controlling a significant route of human exposure. As such, E^A will promulgate maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for six to ten contaminants most frequently found in ground water, oversee compliance with trihalemethane (THM) standards and expand its effort to issue formal health effect guidances for unregulated contaminants. These funds will support the promulgation of comprehensive revised primary drinking water regulations including MCLs for microbiological, inorganic, pesticide and radio- nuclide contaminants, and corrosion control procedures; national oversight of both the public water system supervision and the underground injection control programs; and guidance on the Ground Water Protection Strategy. Program Description The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requires EPA: 1) to set standards for drinking water quality which specify maximum permissible levels of contamination and minimum monitoring frequencies; 2) to protect sole or principal sources of drinking water from contamination by Federally assisted projects, 3) to protect underground drinking water sources from contamination through underground injection: 4) to establish regulatory programs for assuring compliance with these standards and criteria; 5) to ensure proper implementation of these programs, either through oversight and technical assistance to State programs or, if necessary, through direct implementation; 6) to provide financial assistance to States in their implementation of programs; and 7) to better understand the current state of drinking water quality by collecting and analyzing information about nationwide drinking water supplies and drinking water sources. OW-11 ------- The drinking water program's principal regulatory mechanism is the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR). These regulations specify the maximum permissible levels of contamination that may be present in drinking water to protect public health considering economic feasibility. These maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) have been established for bacteriological, microbiological, and radiological quality; and for specific organic and inorganic chemical contaminants. The NPDHRs also specify monitoring frequencies and methods. Alternatively, treatment criteria may be specified which provide effective general protection without specifying MCLs for specific substances. Interim Primary Drinking Water Pvegulations which cover a limited number of bacteriological, turbidity, inorganic chemical, pesticide and radionuclide contaminants have been in effect since 1977. Amendments were promulgated in 1980 setting MCLs for trihalomethanes (THMs) to limit the presence of unwanted disinfectant by-products in drinking water. Maximum contaminant levels for six to ten additional man-made organic chemicals (mostly carcinogenic) will be proposed in 1981. In 1982, the priority is the proposal of revised primary drinking water Regulations including new contaminants of concern, synthetic organic contaminants (mostly carcinogenic) and the reassessment of traditional standards. In order to support the problems of spills and migration of hazardous wastes into drinking water sources, EPA will expand its capacity to provide health effects guidance documents on previously unregulated contaminants. This is necessary to facilitate responses to the growing number of ground water contamination instances being detected. In addition, programs to control direct and indirect additives to drinking water will be developed to limit these sources of harmful organic contaminants in drinking water. The SDWA's mandate for the program places primary responsibility for implementation and enforcement of standards with the States. EPA regulations, which set minimum requirements for States seeking delegations, are intended to be reasonable and flexible in order to accommodate varying State and local conditions. In addition to developing drinking water standards, the Criteria, Standards and Guidelines program is responsible for developing the underground injection control (UIC) program requirements to ensure that the underground sources of drinking water are protected from contamination from injection wells. The UIC program complements the sole source aquifer program. Section 1424(e) of the SDWA provides for protection of aquifers designated as sole or principal sources of drinking water by EPA. Any project receiving Federal financial assistance may have those funds denied if it is determined that the project poses a significant contamination threat to the aquifer. EPA designated 8 sole source aquifers, and expects 5 new petitions for designation to be reviewed in 1982. DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 1980 Accomplishments During 1930, obligations totalled "19,4.24,300, of which $4,521,300 was for the Sa and Expenses appropriation, and $4,903,000 was for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Significant strides have been achieved in the drinking water program since the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations became effective in 1977. In 1969, 64% of the 19,?00 public water systems met chemical and bacteriological standards. Currently 86% of the 62,000 community systems are in compliance. The organic contamination problem resulting in the formulation of trihalomethanes, a human carcinogen, was addrfisse^ by regulations which were promulgated in November 1979. EPA continues to build a strong, cooperative relationship with its counterpart'State agencies. Forty-nine States have assumed primary enforcement responsibility for the public water system supervision program. DM-12 ------- EPA has increased Its effort to reduce the number of violations which involve immediate health threats: gastrointestinal illnesses, giardiasis, gastroenteritis and other serious diseases. The majority of these violations occur among a small number of syste-ns, EPA developed a Small Systems Strategy which sets forth an action plan for States to set priorities in dealing with systems out of compliance and to bring such systems into compliance wherever feasible. EPA and the Food and Drug Administration signed an agreement under which EPA will be responsible for evaluating the safety of direct additives (those mixed into the water during treatment) and indirect additives (those which leach into the water from paints and coatings used in pipes, storage tanks, etc.)* EPA initiated a program that is examining the use and potential health risks of additives and their alternatives. To further ground water protection, the Agency initiated the development of an Agency ground water protection strategy. The strategy is intended to marshal the authorities of all environmental statutes including RCRA and Superfund into a coherent, integrated attack on the pollution of ground water. As an integral part of this effort, the underground injection control regulations were promulgated in June 1990. These regulations set forth minimum requirements for State,programs to prevent injection through wells that endangers drinking water supplies. These regulations will become effective in March 1981. Other program accomplishments include the completion of the study of the reaction of chlorine and humic acids, and the effects of the resulting contaminants on the public health; national oversight of the implemention of the public water system supervision program through regional and State evaluations; completion of the national study of the ground water contamination potential of surface impoundments; administration and development of data management activities relating to the public water system and under- ground injection control programs; completion of public hearings on the underground injection control regulations; and development of program guidance documents on program implementation. In addition, EPA devoted considerable attention to defending the THM regulation under court challenge by the American Water Works Association. 1981 program In 1981 the Agency has allocated a total of $9,248,900 to this program of which $5,491,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,757,300 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The program will focus on the development of maximum contaminant levels for some of the most prevalent ground water contaminants, and the review of the basis for some of the traditional contaminants covered by existing regulations. Concurrently, guidance documents on unregulated contaminants will be developed to provide the States with scientific advice to help deal with detected instances of contamination. Work is being initiated to revise the drinking water standards on radiation. As part of this effort a uranium criteria document will be developed, data on radiotoxicity of radium will be evaluated, existing policies will be reassessed and revisions to the drinking water standards will be prepared. Extramural funds will provide assistance in performing assessments of the occurrence of contaminants in drinking water, including a determination of the applicability of technology, costs and economic impact of proposed regulations; in maintaining data management activities; and in the development of technical guidance. National activities relating to the public water system supervision program will be directed at program oversight to ensure that regions and States are implementing delegated programs. Oversight and guidance activities will emphasize addressing noncotnpliance problems, particularly in small systems. A compliance strategy which integrates previously issued policies relating to enforcement, noncommunity and small systems will be developed to integrate State compliance actions. OW-13 ------- To further the Agency's ground water protection program, the ground water protection strategy will be completed. A joint EPA-State ground water monitoring survey is being undertaken to determine the presence of volatile and aromatic organic chemicals in drinking water derived from ground water. The requirements of Underground Injection Control regulations will become effective in March 1981. Guidance documents on EPA implementation of UIC programs in nonprimacy States and on Indian lands will be issued; primacy applications for an estimated 11 States will be reviewed; data management systems will be developed and administered; and a public awareness/participation program will be initiated. The final report on the assessment of surface impoundments will be completed. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $46,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $25,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $13,000 ws applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by 53.3 million; a decrease of 550,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $80,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $91,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $243,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $28,300 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $9,356,100 for this program, of which $6,038,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropropriation and 53,827,800 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will be used to support development of regulations, to conduct economic analysis of regulations, to support assessment of state programs, and to provide analytical services for ground- water related projects. The drinking water program activities will focus on expanding public health pro- tection. Efforts to control synthetic organic contaminants and other toxic contaminants primarily found in underground drinking water sources will be continued. Maximum con- taminant levels for six to ten solvents will be promulgated. Revised °rimary Orinking Water Regulations including the establishment of MCLs for chloroform, turbidity, inorganics and pesticides, organic chemicals and disinfectants, and corrosion control and radionuclides will be proposed. In addition, in order to assist State and local officials in dealing with the growing incidences of detected contamination of drinking water sources, the program for providing guidance on health effects for unregulated contaminants will be DW-14 ------- accelerated. A technical rationale will be developed for wastewater reuse criteria and implementation of the critical elements of the groundwater strategy as-well-as coordi- nation this strategy with other Federal programs. Studies and analyses to be conducted during 1982 include the completion of the groundwater monitoring survey directed at the evaluation of the occurrence of organic contaminants in groundwater, and evaluation and analysis of organic contaminants and the development of additional MCLs if necessary, continued analysis of the causes of groundwater contamination, and economic analysis in • support of regulation development. In addition, EPA will continue implementation of the program to evalaute direct and indirect additives to drinking water. This will include promulgation of test protocols to evaluate the toxicity of additives in drinking water and the periodic revision of these protocols, issuance of new toxicological opinions and the review of past informal toxicological opinions, compilation and analyses of existing toxicological data, and maintenance of an information retrieval system on various additives. Guidance documents to promote compliance with new standards such as the organics MCLs will be prepared. Activities in the PWS program will include the continued over- sight and management of the public water system supervision program which will include ten Regional evaluations and monitoring of State program grants. Other activities will include monitoring of the Regional implementation'of the small systems strategy to increase compliance with the NPDWR, continued monitoring and technical assistance in support of program regulation development activities, implementation of THM regulations, and providing ADP support for data management. In the Ground Water Protection program major program emphasis will be on Federal implementation of the underground injection control program in nonprimacy States. EPA, however, will continue to promote delegation for the underground injection control program. An estimated 13 primacy applications will be reviewed; guidance on priority activities to be included in UIC grants will be developed; national policy direction to assist the Regions in addressing unique problems in non-cooperating UIC States on a case-by-case basis will be provided; and an evaluation of regional implementation activities on Indian lands and nonprimacy States will be conducted. In addition, an estimated five sole source aquifer petitions will be reviewed. Data management support will continue to be provided. ------- DRINKING WATER State Program Resource Assistance Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation PuDlic Water Systems Supervision Program Grants: Abatement, Control and Compliance $30,779 $29,450 $29,450 $29,450 Underground Injection Control Grants: Abatement, Control and Compliance . 9,823 ' 8,574 6,574 8,574 +2,000 Special Studies, Demonstrations, and Training: Abatement, Control and Compliance 799 1.550 1.657 1.500 -157 Total: Abatement, Control and Compliance 41,401 39,574 37,681 39,524 +1,343 Permanent Positions. Full-time Equivalency ... ... ... ... ... Budget Request The Agency requests a total of 539,524,500 in 1982 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, an increase of $1,843,200 from 1981. The increase to the underground injection control grants will provide additional support to States to increase their efforts to assume primary enforcement responsibility for the program. The request also includes funds for State public water system supervision programs, as well as State rural water associations that provide assistance to small systems. Program Description Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, (SDWA) the States are encouraged to assume primary responsibility for implementing and enforcing the public water system supervision and underground injection control regulations. In recognition of State financial needs in implementing these regulatory requirements, grants are provided to support State programs that meet minimum program requirements designed to protect the public from potential health threats caused by unsafe drinking water, and to protect underground sources of drinking water from contamination resulting from underground injection practices. In both the public water system supervision and underground injection control programs, only those States which have assumed primary enforcement responsibility (primacy) for these programs are eligible for grants. In the underground injection control program, should a State not elect to assume primacy, EPA may use the grant funds for its UIC implementation activities which includes permit review, on-site visits, data processing, etc. Financial assistance is extended to State rural water associations to provide additional assistance to small systems in their efforts to achieve compliance with existing regulations covering the traditional drinking water contaminants -bacteria, turbidity, ten inorganic contaminants, six pesticides and radiation. DW-16 ------- PUSL 1C JjATER SYSTEM SUPER VI SI ON PROGRAM GRANTS 1980 AccornpTishrnents In 1980, the Agency obligated $30,779,400 for public water system supervision grants. Grants were awarded to 49 States that had assumed prinacy. The States used these funds to establish, implement and maintain public water systems supervision programs; implement the trihalomethanes regulation; process compliance and monitoring data; enforce the National Interim Prinary Drinking Water Regulations, implement public participation, public notifi- cation and public awareness activities and conduct training programs for State personnel. 1981 Program Grants total linn $29,450,000 will be awarded to 51 States for the continuous main- tenance and implementation of State public water systems supervision programs. In 1981, State grants will emphasize the expansion of non-conpliance follow-up activities including enforcement programs, implementation of the small systems strategy, assistance to communities in locating potential Federal and State funding sources for improvements to public water sys*e is and implementation of the regulations on trihalomethanes, and radionuclides. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate There is no change in this activity. The Agency is requesting a total of 329,450,000 in 1982 to provide continued support to States with primary responsibility for the implementation and enforcement of the public water system supervision program. Continued emphasis will be placed on non-compliance followup activities. State activities directed at ensuring compliance by small systems serving a population of 2,500 or less are expected to increase. The States will improve their ability to respond to contamination incidents, especially those involving organic compounds in ground water. STATE PROGRAM RESOURCE ASSISTANCE - UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM - (DIG) A total of $9,822,600 was obligated in 1980 to 41 States. In those 11 States which did not elect to apply for grants, EPA used the funds to initiate required activities. During these first years of the grant program, the States have applied their grant dollars to onetime data collection activities such as the identification of aquifers; inventory of injection wells; identification and assessment of Class IV and V injection wells; establishment of areas of review and identification and investigation of polluted aquifers. These represent basic activities essential to the development and implementation of UIC programs. 1981 Program In 1981, $6,574,500 is available to all 57 States and territories to assist then in developing and administering their underground, injection control programs. EPA will use the funds earmarked for those States failing to participate and for Indian lands to develop and implement a program. State activities that will lead to the establishment of institu- tional and administrative frameworks for implementing primary enforcement responsibility for the program will be funded. While many States will be pursuing the completion of the one-time data collection activities, the primary emphasis will be on recruiting qualified personnel to enable State program implementation, developing permit procedures, increasing their data management capabilities, preparing primacy applications and conducting public hearings on their proposed UIC program, DW-17 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The Congress reduced this activity by S2 minion. 19S2 Program The Agency requests a total of $8,574,500 to support State or EPA implementation of underground injection control programs. Both EPA and State activities will focus on program implementation which will include such activities as review of permit applications for new Class II wells and existing Class I, II, III wells; compliance inspections on regulatory schemes; and regulation of a limited number of wells by rule, etc. EPA will use part of these funds to collect and evaluate data necessary for permit review, to conduct on-site technical reviews on injection facilities, and to train State personnel. SPECIAL STUDIES, DEMONSTRATIONS AND TRAINING 1980 Program Grants totalling $798,700 were awarded in this program during 1980. Of this total, $400,000 was awarded to State rural water assocations, to maintain their current program of providing technical assistance, training, and public awareness activities for owners/operators of small rural water systems. Also, 104 fellowships and university grants totalling $398,700 were awarded to increase State expertise relating to drinking water and ground water technology and management. 1981 Program A total of $1,656,800 supports continued maintenance of the current rural water assistance programs in 24 States. In addition to continuing technical assistance and training programs for local operators, interested citizens and owners/operators of rural water systems, the associations will focus on compliance problems of small systems. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate - The Congress increased the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation by $1 million to support academic training. An increase of $106,800 was applied to this activity. 1982 Program The Agency requests a total of SI,500,000 for 1982 to fund programs in 23 State rural water associations, a decrease of $156,800 from 1981. Technical assistance in the fora of workshops, printed material, training programs, reporting systems, and coordination with other rural programs will emphasize methods by which the small systems may achieve compliance with standards for the traditional contaminants found in drinking water e.g., bacteria, turbidity, and inorganic chemicals. DW-18 ------- DRINKING WATER Drinking Water Management Appropriation Public Water Systems: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compliance..... .. Underground Injection Control: Salaries and Expenses..... Abatement, Control and Compl i ance Total Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compli ance Grand Total, Permanent Positions Public Water Systems.. Underground Injection Control Total. Full-time Equivalency Public Water Systems.. Underground Injection Control.............. Actual 1980 $5,702 936 1,137 72 6,839 1,008 7,847 197 40 237 216 42 258 Budget Estimate 1981 $6,199 1,208 2,383 35 8,582 1,243 9,825 209 61 270 232 67 299 Current Estimate 1981 (dollars in $6,334 1,141 1,928 35 8,262 1,176 9,438 201 63 264 225 69 294 Estimate 1982 thousands} $5,996 1,027 3,826 35 9,822 1,062 10,884 177 83 260 198 111 309 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -$338 -114 +1,898 • • •• +1,560 -114 +1,446 -24 +20 -4 -27 +42 +15 Total... , Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $10,883,700 for 1982, an increase of $1,445,400 from 1981. Included in this total are $9,822,200 for Salaries and Expenses and SI,061,500 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The figures represent an increase of $1,560,200 and a decrease of $114,800 respectively. The increase is for regional activities in the ground water protection program which will focus on encouraging State assumption of primary enforcement responsibility for the underground injection control program as well as fulfilling EPA's implementation responsibilities for the program. Drinking Water Management-Public Water Systems activities performed in the regions will emphasize compliance with existing and new standards. The regions will work with the States to implement the THM regulations and to apply the small systems strategy to increase compliance by the small systems with traditional standards, e.g., turbidity, bacteria, inorganic chemicals. Oversight of States with primary enforcement responsibility for the public water system program will be conducted to assure that the Federal mandate is being implemented. DW-19 ------- DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT -PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMSUPERVISION 1980Accomplishments During 1980 a total of $6,638,600 was obligated of which $936,400 was used for extramural purposes. EPA successfully worked to assist five States to assume primary enforcement responsibility, thus making a total of 49 primacy States. EPA also implemented a program in 8 States and on 25 Indian lands. The Regions worked with the States to promote compliance with the existing standards. Examples of region-specific activities included assistance in the Bucks and Montgomery Counties (PA) emergencies involving trichloroethylene, investigating and providing advice to the States on the leaching of tetrachloroethylene from vinyl lined pipes, and technical assistance in the Manassas/ Fredericksburg (VA) oil spill which threatened local drinking water supplies. 1981 Program The Agency has been allocated a total of $7,475,500 of which $6,334,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,141,300 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Two additional States and territories are expected to achieve primacy for the public water system supervision program, for a total of 51; the Regions will continue to implement programs in the remaining 6 States and on Indian lands. Because most States have achieved primacy, program emphasis will shift from program implementation in non-primacy States to oversight of program implementation in primacy States to ensure full compliance with the requirements of the SOWA. The regions will continue to provide guidance and technical assistance to the States in implementing the THM and other standards, will ensure that necessary revisions are made by the States to their legislation and regulations to meet the new requirements, and will conduct evaluations of State programs. In non-primacy States and Indian lands, EPA Regions will Include the conduct of sanitary surveys, issuance of public notifications for violations of the primary drinking water regulations; recordkeeplng; data management and the review of exemption requests. Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation funds will support these activities in the non-primacy States and Indian lands. 1981 Explanatipn of Change fro§ Bjjdget Estimate The net increase of $68,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $38,200. I - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $12,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $64,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $4,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $394,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of $265,900 to stationary source enforcement ($28,400); to State programs regulations and guidelines ($51,800); to ocean disposal permits ($34,500); to environmental emergency response and prevention ($22,200); to municipal waste treatment facility construction ($102,400); to waste treatment operations and maintenance ($3,000); to Water Quality manpower planning and training ($4,100);. to regional counsel ($3,700); to Water Quality permit issuance ($300); to drinking water enforcement ($23,600); to hazardous waste management regulatory strategy implementation ($16,400) and to pesticides use management ($6,100), and from UIC Program ($23,100); and from regional management ($7,500). DW-20 ------- - Transfer $20,000 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to realign contract funds. - Transfer $32,000 from ambient air quality monitoring to realign contract funds. - Transfer $5,200 to State programs and guidelines to fund the intragency agreement for a Soil Conservation expert. .- Transfer $125,800 from underground injection control program to cover necessary lab support contracts. - Transfer $73,200 to toxic substances enforcement for PCB compliance inspections and PCB and asbestos lab analysis. 1982 Program The Agency requests a total of $7,023,300 of which $5,996,300 will be used for Salaries and Expenses and $1,027,000 will be used for Abatement, Control and Com- pliance. The Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will be used to support regional efforts in training, general program augmentation and activities in non-primacy States and on Indian lands. ADP funds totalling $415,800-will be used for operation of MSIS and to enter annual Reproting Data into the Federal Reporting Data System. In primacy States, the regions will provide oversight of the 51 State programs. This oversight will highlight State compliance programs such as public notification requirements and compliance with MCL standards and monitoring and reporting requirements, and activities associated with the requirements of the THM regulations. The objectives of this oversight activity are to ensure that grant funds are being utilized in the most effective manner, that States are actively ensuring compliance and implementing the small systems strategy, and that required changes have been made to State regulations and States emergency response plans. Activities in non-primacy States and on Indian lands will include the establishment of a cooperative effort with the Indian Health Service to develop a coordinated surveil- lance program to meet monitoring and reporting requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act. The regions will also conduct sanitary surveys; maintain an inventory of systems and catalogue of compliance standings; issue notices of violations of MCLs and monitoring requirements; establish an emergency response plan; and follow up activities for MCL violations. In non-primacy States, the regions plan to emphasize the surveillance and compliance portions of the public water system supervision program which will include the conduct of sanitary surveys; issuance of public notices for MCL violations and of monitoring and reporting requirements. Also, regional staffs will begin implementing the THM regulations and provide technical advice and input for emergencies involving water supplies. DRINKING UATER MANAGEMENT- UNDERGROUND INJECTIONCONTROL PROGRAM(UIC). 1980 Accom£l i snments During 1980, a total of $1,209,800 was obligated, of which $71,600 was used for extramural purposes. In 1980, the program vigorously encouraged State assumption of primary responsi- bility for the implementation and enforcement of underground injection control programs. Priority was given to regional efforts directed at assisting States in building and expanding their existing institutional framework for the regulation of underground injection. Accomplishments included the completion of the assessment of surface impoundments; awards of grants to States (or EPA use of funds in those State not electing to receive grants); and review of five petitions for the designations of sole source aquifers. For those States in which EPA used the UIC grant funds (because the State declined to take a grant) to initiate program activities, contracts and/or grants were awarded to initiate the inventory of injection facilities and identification of exempted aquifers. 1981 Program In 1981, a total of $1,962,800 has been allocated for this program, of which $1,927,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and $35,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. EPA will be working with the States in their assumption of primary enforcement responsibility DW-21 ------- (primacy) and expects to delegate primacy to 11 States during 1981. The regions will con- tinue to provide assistance in developing programs to the remaining States that are working toward primacy. General ground water protection assistance such as emergency response, advice on ground water contamination problems, consultation on the implementation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and review of Environmental Impact Statements will be provided. In addition, the regions will administer the UIC grant program and continue to develop and implement programs 1n non-primacy States and on Indian lands. In the sole source aquifer program, five petitions for sole source designations are being evaluated and the Regions will hold public hearings prior to the designation of three aquifers. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $455,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted , President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted 1n a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000, a decrease of $5,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $31,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $119,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprograirmings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of $311,300 to public systems supervision program assistance ($23,100); to drinking water enforcement~T-$47,700); to regional counsel ($30,100); to pesticides enforcement ($68,100); to Water Quality manpower planning and training ($13,100); to radiation program implementation ($1,600); to EIS review-air ($22,200); and to EIS review Water Quality ($12,400); and from hazardous waste mangement regulatory strategy implemen- tation ($11,800); hazardous waste enforcement ($23,200); and from regional management ($39,400). - Reprogrammings to provide for the printing of EIS statements resulted in transfers to NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($10,000); and to NEPA compliance/ EIS preparation-new source discharge ($5,000). --!Reprogrammings to provide support to the hazardous material emergency response program resulted in a transfer to environmental emergency response- and prevention ($18,800). - Reprogrammings to cover basic operating costs of ADP support to the Central Regional Lab resulted in a transfer to quality monitoring ($65,100). - Reprogrammings to cover travel costs resulted in a transfer to municipal waste treatment facility construction ($72,300). - Reprogrammings to cover fixed operating costs of regional lab support resulted in a transfer to water quality enforcement ($35,900^. - Reprogrammings to cover required printing of EIS report resulted on a transfer to NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($49,700). - Reprogrammings to cover necessary lab support contracts resulted in a transfer-to public systems supervision program assistance ($125,800). 19.82 program The Agency requests a total of $3,860,400 for 1982 of which $3,825,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $34,500 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The protection of under- ground drinking water sources from contamination resulting from improper injection practices DW-22 ------- will be a high Agency priority. In the underground injection control program, program delegations to the States will be pursued. EPA will continue to work with cooperating States by reviewing the adequacy of existing programs, legislation and regulations and by providing assistance in emergency responses in an effort to promote delegation of the program in the future. The regions will implement programs on Indian lands and in all States that were unwilling or unable to assume primacy. In non-primacy States and on Indian lands, EPA will (1) prescribe individual programs taking into consideration any existing programs, geologic and hydrologic conditions; (2) review permits for Class II wells; (3) issue violation notifications; and (4) evaluate Class I (waste disposal), Class II (oil and gas production and storage) and Class III (mining and special process) injection wells. The regions will provide the leadership in the implementation of coordinated ground water protection programs. States will be encouraged to develop comprehensive plans for addressing ground water contamination problems including the use of the State authorities to deal with sources of pollution not covered by Federal programs. nw-23•. ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Enforcement SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- DRINKING WATER Drinking Water Enforcement Appropriation Salaries and Expenses.......... Abatement, Control and Compliance.... Budget Current " Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 TdolTars iri thousands) Total... Permanent Positions Ful 11-Time Equi valency $655 47 702 18 23 $755 9 764 28 32 $866 • * * 866 ' 28 31 $971 * * • 971 28 32 +$105 * «.« +105 • * • +1 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $970,900 for 1982, an increase of $105,100 from 1981. This total is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The 28 permanent positions re- quested for 1982 reflects no change from the level requested in 1981. Program Pescrij)tioji The Safe Drinking Water Act(SDWA) of 1974, as amended, provides the statutory require- ments for a Federal/State drinking water program. The Act ensures the safety of drinking water through two mechanisms: the establishment and enforcement of Primary Drinking Water Regulations, which specify the maximum allowable levels of drinking water contaminants, and Underground Injection Control (UIC) regulations for protection of underground drinking water supplies. The SDWA provides for State assumption of the drinking water program, and requires EPA to implement the program in States that have not been delegated enforcement responsibility. The Public Water System (PWS) program encompasses the following enforcement activities: in- vesliigate violations and take legal action against violators of the Primary Drinking Water Regulations in primacy States which request such assistance and in all non-primacy areas; review variances and exemptions granted by primacy State to assure compliance with the regu- lations; issue variances and exemptions in non-primacy areas; and where necessary initiate emergency enforcement actions. The UIC program requires that EPA designate States which can assume the UIC program. It is projected that all programs will be delegated to the States by 1985. Enforcement pro- gram activities will include approval of the enforcement sections of primacy applications for State UIC programs, issuance of UIC permits in non-primacy states, preparation for implemen- tation of UIC permits, investigations and initiation of enforcement actions against violators of the regulations and response to emergencies when necessary. 1980 Accpmplishments In 1980, a total of $702,500 was obligated of which $655,400 was used for Salaries-and Expenses and $47,100 for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Included in this amount was $10,000 for purchase of a mobile microbiologic laboratory to support investigations where long travel time prevents microbiologic samples from reaching the regular laboratory within the recommended holding time. DW-24 ------- During 1980, six civil'actlons for violations of the SDWA were initiated by the Agency, Three of these actions were subsequently referred to the Department of Justice (DQJ) for filing and prosecution. The remaining three actions are presently under review at head- quarters prior to being forwarded to DOJ. These actions represent a significant increase from the 2 cases Initiated in 1979 and Indicate that the Regions will now use the judicial enforcement option in cases that cannot be resolved administratively. Drinking water enforcement activities also included oversight responsibility in 49 primacy States and territories, enforcement responsibility in 8 non-primacy States and territories and review of the enforcement aspects of 2 State primacy applications. In addition, an overall enforcement strategy for PWS was developed. Implementation of the strategy will begin in 1981. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated $855,800 to this program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. During 1981, the highest priority of the drinking water enforcement program will be response to emergency drinking water situations that involve imminent and substantial hazards to public health and safety. Drinking water enforcement wfll also focus on two programs: PWS implementation and l/IC. For the PWS implementation program, activities will include overview of drinking water enforcement programs in primacy States, providing legal support for variance and exemption activities in non-primacy States, support for the initiation of 23 new enforcement actions, and continued support for enforcement pro- ceedings initiated in 1980. Activities will also include issuance of Notices of Violation to primacy States that have not adequately enforced provisions of the Act. Implementation of the UIC program will begin in 198].. The implementation plan includes legal and technical support for overview of 11 States by the end of 1981, and compliance monitoring and enforce- ment activities in non-primacy States. If necessary, a limited number of UIC permits will be issued by EPA in non-primacy States. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $10,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million of EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $4,900. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $4,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $58,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramnings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of $62,600 from drinking water standards and regulations implementation ($71,400); financial management ($6,700); and to Water Quality Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention ($29,900). A transfer of $9,300 to Toxic Substances Enforcement for PCB Compliance Inspection and PCB and Asbestos Lab Analysis. DW-25 ------- 1982 Plan In 1982, the Agency requests a total of $970,900 for this program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The request for 28 permanent workyears is the same as the level requested in 1981. During 1982, the highest priority of the drinking water enforcement program will continue to be in response to emergency drinking water situations that involve imminent and substantial hazards to public health and safety. Prinking Water Enforcement will continue to focus on two programs: PWS and UIC. PWS activities will focus on support for enforcement actions in non-primacy States. UIC activities will increase with a reprogramming of 21 workyears of effort from PWS enforcement activities to the Issuance of UIC permits. A total of 210 UIC permits will be issued in 1982. Enforcement program activities for 1982 will also include review and approval of the enforcement sections of primacy applications for both PWS and UIC programs and overview of UIC enforcement programs in delegated States. DW-26 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- DRINKING WATER Drinking Water - Non-Energy Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate JLg80_ 1981* 1981 (dollars in thousands) . Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Appropriation Energy Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses.. $ 237 $ 238 Research and Development 2 14 Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses.. 760 875 Research and Development 423 433 Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses.. 2,719 3,054 Research and Development...... 8,624 9,380 Environmental Engineering: and Technology Salaries and Expenses.. 2,353 2,958 Research and Development 5,955 9,221 Environmental Processes and Effects: . Salaries and Expenses.. 738 799 Research and Development........... 1,207 1,721 Totaij *___ Salaries and Expenses.. 6,807 7,924 Research and Development 16,211 20,769 Total, Research and Development Programs: $ 247 $ 241 14 14 901 318 3,099 8,242 2,925 8,471 937 1,620 1,083 735 3,045 8,961 3,274 8,040 1,296 3,738 8,109 18,665 8.939 21,488 -$6 -t 182 + 417 - 54 * 719 •*• 34? - 431 + 359 + 2,118 830 2,823 23,018 28,693 26,774 30,427 3,653 DW-27 ------- Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981* Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 17 58 16 52 16 47 17 46 48 17 62 19 60 19 60 26 '+7 21 83 61 19 20 73- 83 21 20 68 81 22 21 67 81 28 +1 -1 ... +6 Permanent Positions Technical Information and Liaison......... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance.. Health Effects........... Environmental Engineering and Technology... Environmental Processes.. Full-time Equivalency Technical Information and Liaison Monitoring Systems and Qutuity Assurance- Health Effects Environmental Engineering and Technology... Environmental Processes.. * January 1980 President's Buedget as adjusted by the ORD restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $30,426,000 and 153 permanent positions for this program of which $8,939,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $21,487,500 is for the Research and Development appropriation. This represents an increase of $6,653,000 and 7 position; $830,000 respectively. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Drinking Water Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or subprograms) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The Drinking Water program 1) identifies substances that occur in drinking vyater supplies at a sufficient number of locations to warrant regulations; 2) defines drinking watr contamination effects on human health;- 3) establishes analytical procedures to monitor contaminants; and 4) decribes changes in treatment processes or new treatment technologies to minimize contaminant formation or reduce concentration levels. The contaminants addressed her fall +1 +1 ON-28 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $8,800 results from several actions, as follows; - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,400. - An increase of $10,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $255,500 for this sub-program, of which $241,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $14.400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $5,600 reflecting diminished need for technical information services. Specific activities planned for 1982: The development and production of technical information products to insure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision-making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track . ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,183,200 for this sub-program, of which $759,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $423,300 was for extramural research activities. - Studies to optimize the liquid-liquid extraction method for volatile halides were completed; a total organic halide analyzer was developed; and a simple, rapid field test for visible detection of trihalomethanes was developed. - Methodology was developed and provided in support of Drinking Water programs. This included methodology for chlorine dioxide and low levels of total organic carbon (TOO monitoring for use by water supply laboratories. - Quality assurance support for the Drinking Water Laboratory Certification Program included; (a) semi-annual performance evaluation studies of 700 EPA. State and local laboratories for trace metals, nitrates, fluoride, pesticides, herbicides, trihalomethanes, turbidity, and residual chlorine measurements; (b) distribution of 10,000 quality control check samples; and (c) formal interlaboratory method validation studies conducted for organic compounds in the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) regulations. DW-29 ------- - A repository for toxic and hazardous reference materials was established. - Twenty-two alternate test procedures applications were processed. - Laboratory certification actions were completed for Regions tt, VI, VII and X. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,219,500 to this sub-program, of which $901,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $318,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. - Standard samples and reference materials are being distributed to water supply laboratories. - Methods validation and performance evaluation studies for EPA, State and local laboratories are being conducted. - Sampling and analytical methodology and quality control guidelines and manuals to support the Agency's Drinking Water Program are being developed. - On-site evaluations are being conducted for three Regional Surveillance and Analysis Laboratories for certification as water supply laboratories. - Quality control and performance evaluation samples for the water supply laboratory certification program are being produced and distributed. - Methods validation studies are being conducted for organic compounds in support of the SDWA regulations. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $88,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294}*, these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,100. - An increase of $37,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation, - A transfer of $120,700 to solid waste monitoring and quality assurance/uncontrolled sites to support efforts in Love Canal. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,817,800 for this sub-program, of which $1,082,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $735,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $598,300. This increase will accelerate the development of sampling procedures and equipment for groundwater analysis and augment the development of procedures to document pollutant concentration and migration in drinking water sources. DW-30 ------- - Procedures for measurement of radionuclides in drinking water will be evaluated and improved. - Alternative membrane filter media will be developed for the analysis of total conforms in public drinking water supply. - Sample holding times will be evaluated for microbiological analyses of public drinking water supplies. - Deficiencies in measurement of coliform group in drinking water samples will be corrected. - Evaluation of alternate test procedures to meet requirements of Safe Drinking Water Act will be continued. - Quality control and performance evaluation samples for water supply laboratory certification program will be produced and distributed. - On-site evaluation of EPA regional laboratories for the Drinking Water Certification Program will be conducted. - A repository of 1,500 radioactive standards and reference samples will be maintained and distributed to Federal, state and local laboratories. - Twenty laboratory performance studies will be conducted for radiochemical analysis of public drinking water. These studies will include up to ten on-site inspections and performance evaluations for principal State and other laboratories making radiochemical measurements of public drinking water. - The following areas for groundwater research will be investigated: o Modify well sampling equipment to control contamination. o Demonstrate operational sampling procedures for ground water analysis. o Locate abandoned wells nationally. o Determine movement of fluids in injected wells. o Develop optional sampling for 15 aquifer types. o Determine monitoring schemes condensing aquifer, soil and climatic characteristics. Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for the EPA needs. HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $11,342,700 for this sub-program, of which $2,719,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $8,623,700 was for extramural research activities. - The data from two clinical studies of humans were found to indicate that the ingestion of as few as ten virus particles caused infections OW-31 ------- in a significant portion of the exposed population. Similar studies of pigs indicated that infection may also occur when lower numbers of viruses are fed to pigs over a longer period of time. These data may be important in determining the role of disinfection in the drinking water treatment process and in developing potable reuse treatment criteria. - An epidemiologies! study found a statistically significant correlation between water chlorination and cancer in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. This finding will be useful in reevaluating water treatment processes, particularly chlorination. - The first conference on algal toxins successfully brought together world scientists for the exchange of information and ideas, and for discussion of problems encountered in case studies and labortory research. The conference was extremely useful in conveying EPA's expertise, e.g., the States of Pennsylvania and South Dakota requested assistance in investigating such illnesses. - Several waterborne disease outbreaks were investigated for municipalities and the causative agents were sucessfully isolated. Appropriate improvements were also recommended to alleviate the problem. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $11,341,500 to this sub- program, of which $3,099,400 is for the Salaries end Expenses Appropriation and $8,242,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Health effects research on drinking water continues to focus on organic contaminants and is concentrated on carcinogens. Epidemiological, chemical, and toxicological data will be used by the Agency to provide guidelines for setting preliminary limits for selected chemicals that are known to be carcinogens and/or toxic. The results of chemical analyses and biological screening tests will potentially provide the data base for the establishment of maximum contaminant levels of several widely occurring carcinogens in drinking water. Screening tests based upon mutagenic effects are being developed to predict carcinogenic activity for various organics found in drinking water at very low levels (i.e., part per billion). These tests supplement the current bioassay tests which have limitations. Development of methods devoted to the preparation of organic concen trates and identification of biologically active fractions will continue. Key compounds such as benzene; 2,4, dichlorophenol and 1,1- dichloroethylene will be the subject of long-term toxicologic study to determine the carcinogenic risk of these organic contaminants. Research on the health effects of inorganic contaminants in drinking water includes epidemiological studies to establish the relationship of hypertension to sodium and barium levels in drinking water and the relationship of heart attack rates to magnesium levels in drinking water. Also, the effects of using home water softeners are being examined since many of these devices increase the level of sodium. Toxicological studies on the impact of various combinations of DW-32 ------- calcium, magnesium, lead, cadmium, sodium and other chemical substances found in drinking water are long-term ongoing studies to provide data for verifying the preliminary observations. Other toxicological studies are being continued to determine whether blood lead levels, which are currently considered to be in the normal range, delay central nervous system development in children. Epidemiological studies which examine the incidence of cancer are being completed to determine whether asbestos occurring in drinking water from natural erosion, mining operations, and asbestos-cement pipe is a contributing factor to increased cancer rates. This research will provide the necessary data base for deciding if a treatment technique is necessary to reduce leaching of asbestos fibers from pipes. Efforts which support the assessment of alternative practices for disinfecting drinking water are being completed. Both the epidemiologies! studies of the carcinogenic effects from by-products of disinfectants and the studies on comparative toxicity of organic reaction products of ehloramines, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone disinfection are included here. In collaboration with the Center for Disease Control, EPA is continuing to provide technical assistance on microbiological contaminants in drinking water and investigates ongoing water-borne disease outbreaks. In addition, -the health effects research is continuing to examine waterborne outbreaks of infectious diseases to determine the causative agent. •Work is continuing on improving methods for the concentration and identification of viruses found in drinking water which are known to be associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. These improvements will permit a more accurate assessment of the significance to health of viruses in drinking water. Studies on the potential health effects associated with the reuse of highly treated wastewater are being continued. This is part of a ten year program to develop a data base sufficient to set reasonable criteria for reuse standards. Criteria will be developed by 1985 for reuse of treated wastewater in emergency situations. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net deerease of $1,092,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a deerease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $13,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $25,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $938,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agenoywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $20,000 was applied to this activity. DWT33 ------- - An increase of $105,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $197,800 to solid waste monitoring and quality assurance/uncontrolled sites to support efforts in Love Canal. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $12,006,400 for this sub-program, of which $3,045,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,961,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $664,900. This increase will provide for conduct of mulitple stress studies to more closely approximate . real world exposure to complex mixtures and expanded efforts to correlate in vivo and in vitro short-term tests to quantitatively predict health endpoints when more expensive long-term tests are now in use. The drinking water health effects research program will continue to focus on five areas: organic contaminants, inorganic contaminants, microbiological contaminants, alternative disinfectants, and the reuse of highly treated wastewater. Research performed in the organic contaminants area will address the occurrence and related health effects of specific organic drinking water contaminants that have been identified by the Office of Drinking Water as being important with regard to health problems. Compounds which have been identified include the chlorinated ethanes, eth'ylenes, and ' benzenes; disinfection by- products such as gasoline and kerosene. lexicological tests will be performed to determine the carcinogenic, reproductive and teratogenic human health effects resulting from consumption of water contaminated with these compounds. Further lexicological testing will investigate the effects of complex mixtures of organics extracted from actual drinking water samples taken before and after treatment with granular activated carbon to determine whether this technology is effective in protecting humans. Research on inorganic contaminants in drinking water is primarily concerned with .disease of two health endpoints; cardiovascular and neurological. Studies on the effects which various levels and combinations of inorganic compounds such as sodium, magnesium and calcium have on the development of cardiovascular disease will continue. The role of toxic metals and viruses as etiological agents of certain neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis will also be investigated. Research of microbiological contaminants in drinking water will continue to be concerned with investigating waterborne outbreaks of infectious diseases by identifying the causative agents in drinking water, determining route of entry and recommending corrective action. Research on the health impact of alternative disinfectants and direct and indirect additives will be conducted. The program includes the completion of a study to assess the effectiveness of alternative disinfectants and the impact of the by-products resulting from their use. Data, from this work will be useful in the assessment of disinfection techniques other than chlorination which may be used by water suppliers. DW-34 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TEqHKQLQGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1P80, the Agency used a total of $8,308,000 for this sub-program, of which $2,353,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,954,600 was for extramural research activities. Accomplishments under the program include: - A state-of-the-art report on trihalomethane treatment techniques and of the impact of trihalomethane control on the mierobiologic quality of the treated water has been written. This report will be used by the water utility industry, and by State and local water supply agencies in meeting the trihalomethane standard. - A second report was made available that describes the results of full scale studies at several utilities in the Ohio River Valley to control trihalomethane levels by treatment plant modifications or changes in plant operations. - An electric furnace was evaluated to test the cost and effectiveness of reactivating granular carbon. The exhausted carbon was restored to near-virgin conditions and the costs were competitive with fossil fuel furnaces. - A report on the removal of barium and radium from drinking water has been published and a report on sodium removal has been prepared for publication. These documents are being used as treatment guides by the water utilities, and by State and local water supply agencies. - A seminar entitled "Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems" was attended by approximately 120 researchers and covered topics such as measurement techniques, control strategies, health effects and cost. The seminar defined the present state of knowledge on corrosion control. - The first generation of a Master Analytical Scheme, a scheme to allow measurement of organic compounds which are difficult to detect, was developed and made available to an initial user community. 1981Program ' • In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $11,395,200 to this sub- program, of which $2,924,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,470,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation* - A major effort is focused specifically on the needs of small drinking water systems (serving a population of 10,000 and under), which comprise 80 to 90 percent of all drinking water systems and which regularly serve approximately 20 percent of the U.S. population. Research is needed to develop and evaluate information on cost-effective technology and illustrate the use of cooperative arrangements for small systems. This type of data will enable these systems to meet national and state drinking water standards established to protect public health. DW-35 ------- - The program is continuing to provide information on economical treatment processes to control specific contaminants of health concern which are discharged to, and are found in, our drinking water sources. Work on specific synthetic organics is being emphasized and includes development of improved analytical methods. Efforts are also being made to produce, evaluate and bring together information on the performance of existing units producing drinking water from questionable or suspect sources. The evaluations will include cost data and information on the effects of treatment and treatment changes on microbiological quality. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $784,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 . million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is 126,100. - The Congress reduced agenoywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $5,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $8,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $909,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $20,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $136,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A net transfer of $49,200 from environmental processes and effects ($149,900) which affected the Research and Development appropriation and to environmental processes and effects ($100,700) which affeced the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to realign contract funds with operating costs. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $11,313,700 for this sub-program, of which $3,274,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,039,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $81,500. This decrease reflects as slight reduction in drinking water reserch which does not directly suport the regulatory program. DW-36 ------- Various surveys have shown that certain organic compounds of health concern retain their form through rivers, reservoirs, treatment, and distribution systems. They also demonstrated that other organic compounds formed during water treatment are equally persistent. However, data from pilot plant activities and modular and full scale field evaluations have illustrated that by modifying disinfeetion/ehlorination and treatment practices, a considerable reduction in certain organic ohlorination by-products can be attained. Currently under study are the organic halogen compounds which are of health concern that occur widely where chlorination is practiced. Research will investigate the influence that factors such as precursor concentration, disinfectant dose, temperature, pH, and time have on the rate and quantity of organic halogen material formed. In addition, large-scale pilot plant and full-scale plant evaluations will be conducted to determine the fate of various organics, not only during: water treatment but throughout the entire system-from source to tap. The objective of the projects will be to provide more ecomical and efficient treatment methods. Field-scale pilot projects will be conducted in cooperation with drinking water utilities and local and state governments to determine how effectively and at what cost certain experimental treatment processes remove specific environmental contaminants. These research projects are necessary to determine how these technologies will perform under actual operating conditions. Furthermore, the results of these studies will facilitate our ability to describe water treatment methods when a health risk from organics is suggested and monitoring is not practical. Chlorination has been the primary method used in this country to destroy microbes in drinking water. But, though this disinfection process has proved to be highly successful in reducing waterborne disease, there is concern about the microbiological contaminants in drinking water, particularly in light of the use of alternate disinfectants and possible changes in treatment processes. This concern has been deepened by the discovery of disinfectant-resistant pathogens and because in widespread areas of America only limited treatment is applied to purify water. Pilot and field-scale studies will determine whether changes in treatment processes bring about new microbiological problems. These studies will examine such changes as shifts in the location of disinfectant application, the use of alternative disinfectants, eoversion of rapid sand filters to granular activated carbon filters, and use of biologically activated carbon as a treatment unit process and any other methods used to reduce undesirable by-products. Field studies are planned to evaluate how water turbidity effects the efficiency of microbiologie disinfectants. Also to be studied are the physical, chemical, and microbial characteristics that permit the growth of microbes in water distribution systems with inadequate treatment practices, such as poor pipe corrosion control. Also, treating water for the removal of inorganics can present technological problems, particularly for small communities. To alleviate these problems, EPA will improve treatment technologies. Field and pilot-scale studies will examine a number of treatment processes for their effectiveness in removing arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, flouride, lead, mercury, nitrate- nitrogen, selenium and radionuclides. The effort will include investigations of those polymers that may be used to improve coagulation or filtration. Analytical methods for the measurement of the toxic species of arsenic, selenium, and chromium will be developed as will measurement methods for DW-37 ------- monitoring the removal of specific inorganic contaminants by treatment systems. | The work will focus on applying technology to small communities. Several studies .• : will provide cost data for technologies capable of removing one or a combination of contaminants from a variety of source waters. Field testing and cost analysis of full-scale facilities will be a necessary aspect of this future work. EPA is examining existing package plant systems being used by small communities to determine the effectiveness of the systems in • removing contaminants from a variety of surface waters; a technical evaluation of the package plants will be provided to allow more widespread application of effective systems by small utlities. Methods to minimize costs of successful treatment technologies will be emphasized. The relative value of regionalization of several water utilities is being examined as are the parameters for determining whether or not this approach will solve some of the small system water quality problems. This program also identifies critical water stabilization factors and will develop cost-effective treatment methods to prevent corrosion of metal or asbestos-cement pipes. Difficulties in drinking water distribution systems and effects of these systems on water quality will likely demand increased attention in the future. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,944,700 for this sub-program, of which $737,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,206,800 was for extramural research activities. - A book was published describing indicators which can potentially be used in groundwater investigations to detect biochemical contamination. - Workshops were held for the grondwater protection community (Federal, State, and local managers, consultants, researchers) on the state-of- the-art of groundwster modeling. - An article was published describing the behavior of arsenic in the subsurface. * A geohydrologic study was begun at Love Canal to assess the extent of the imminent hazard resulting from the disposal of hazardous wastes at that site. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,557,200 to this sub-program, of which $937,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,620,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The 1981 program is concentrating on assessing surface methods for detecting subsurface pollution, completing the Love Canal geohydrologic study, determining the mobility of selected organic chemicals in poundwater in DW-38 ------- different soil regimes, publishing a manual (in cooperation with the municipal technology program) describing how State and local groundwater managers can j protect groundwater from pollution by septic tanks, determining the natural ' microbial populations in groundwater, and publishing a manual on groundwater sampling practices. Technical assistance will continue to be provided on the development of an Agency graundwater strategy, implementation of the UIC regulations, and assessment and remedy of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Additional resources in the Solid Waste program will allow development of methods for approximating the subsurface mobility of hazardous wastes and predicting their environmental movement. In addition, field evaluation of these methods will begin. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $37,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $3,900 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $93,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A net transfer of $0 from toxic substances monitoring systems and quality assurance ($49,200) and to solid waste monitoring and quality assurance/uncontrolled sites ($49,200) to realign support to all programs supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds. * A net transfer of $49,200 to environmental engineering and technology ($149,900) which affected the Research and Development appropriation and from environmental engineering and technology ($100,700) which affected the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to realign contract funds with operating costs. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $5,033,500 for this sub-program, of which $1,296,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,737,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $2,476,300. This increase is directed toward expanded research on transport and fate of pollutants in groundwater. DW-39 ------- In 1982, the groundwater research program will, with additional resources described in the solid waste area, concentrate on _ developing models for predicting the movement and transformation of trace organic chemicals in the subsurface environment. Of great improtanee to the success of this effort is the characterization of geologic materials in terms of their effects on processes in groundwater. Work will also continue to characterize the pollutants of concern in groundwater from specific polluting sources. The development of methods for conducting groundwater pollution investigations remains a high priority, as does technical assistance for groundwater investigations and development of state-of- knowledge documents. The program will provide (1) the capability to develop a first-generation classification of subsurface geological materials a step beyond characterization , (2) accelerated transport and fate research which can be applied in various hydrogeological regimes, (3) guidance for translating quality requirements into source control plans, and (4) quality requirement documents for unregulated groundwater pollutants as well as for non-drinking uses of groundwater. DW-40 ------- Solid Waste SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- SOLID WASTE Appropriation .Salaries and Expenses... Research and Development Abatement, Control and Compl i a nee Total Permanent Workyears ..... Full-time Equivalency... Outl ays ••••••«•••«•••••• Authorization Levels.... PROGRAM JHISHLIGHTS Solid Waste Non-Energy(RCRA): Salaries and Expenses... Research and Development Total , Research and Development Program.... Waste Management Regulations, Gui del i nes and Pol ices : Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Financial Assistance: Salaries and Expenses.... Abatement, Control and Waste Management Strategies Implementation: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Technical Assistance: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compl i ance Total: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Total , Abatement and Actual 1980 $19,760 11,224 78,791 109,775 484 617 77,533 130,243 1,889 11,224 13,113 5,111 9,997 .* * * 45,992 4,401 108 1,695 5,482 1,271 16,567 12,478 78,146 90.624 Budget Estimate 1981* Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 (dollars in thousands) $33,133 $37,017 $35,324 22,674 25,059 23,432 91,991 92,639 84,580 147,798 778 994 125,500 166,446 4,122 22,674 26,796 6,369 18,637 48,000 10,130 3,033 1,600 5,094 1,736 16,570 19,835 91,334 111.169 154,715 855 1,080 79,612 166,446 . * 4,505 25,059 29,564 7,288 16,941 * * • 42,000 8,118 4,009 1,601 5,081 ; 4,216 21,661 21 ,223 89,692 110.915 143,336 713 1,037 83,802 150.000 8,536 23,432 31,968 7,114 21,833 • * • 54,300 8,627 2,973 1,929 4,994 * * • 17,670 84,100 101 .770 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs 1981 -$1,693 - 1,627 - 8,059 -11,379 -142 -43 +4,190 +4,031 -1,627 +2,404 -174 +4,892 ft * * +12,300 +509 -1,036 +328 -87 -4,216 -21,661 -3,553 -5,592 -9.145 Page SW-52 SW-12 SW-22 SW-27 SW-34 SW-40 SW-1 ------- Budget Currant Increase + Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Hazardous Waste Permit Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Hazardous Waste Enforce- ment: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Total -. Abatement, Control and Total , Enforcement Permanent Positions Solid Waste Non-Energy(RCRA). Total, Research and Devel opment "rogram. . . . Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies*. Waste Management Strategies Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Total, Abatement, and Control Programs...... Uncontrolled Hazardous Wa ste Si tas .»....»»... » . . Hazardous Waste Permit Hazardous Waste Total , Enforcement Actual 1980 2,711 2 187 * * * 2,495 643 5,393 645 6,038 33 33 112 * a * 138 33 •23 306 71 8 66 145 Estimate 1981* Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 {dollars in thousands) 1,925 4,313 . ... 2,271 4,090 4.039 4,981 25 24 25 3,161 2,937 4,137 632 652 455 9,176 11,289 9,118 657 2,947 480 9,833 73 73 140 * * * 262 27 19 448 53 121 83 257 14,236 78 78 133 * « • 253 25 65 476 103 114 84 301 9,598 105 105 133 * • • 220 27 * • • 380 » * • 135 93 228 Decrease - 1982 vs 1981 Paqe -4,313 -2,271 +942 +1 +1,200 -197 -2,171 -2,467 -4,638 +27 +27 * a * » * * -33 +2 -65 -96 -103 +21 +9 -73 SW-43 SW-43 SW-43 SW-53 SW-12 SW-22 SW-27 SW-34 SW-40 SW-43 SW-43 SW-43 SW-2 ------- Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981* Current Estimate 1981 (do!Tars In thousands)" Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs 1981 64 64 145 * • * 160 44 105 105 197 * • * 313 34 109 109 187 * * * 301 32 ' 155 155 187 9D 272 34 +46 +46 • * * +90 -29 +2 28 19 67 377 8 10 78 563 53 175 98 587 111 172 101 583 * * • 189 109 -4 -in +17 +8 Ful 1 -time Equi val ency Solid Waste >ion-£nergy{RCRA) . Total, Research and Development Program...... Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies... Financial Assistance....... Waste Management Strategies Imp! emen tat ion, .......... , Technical Assistance. ...... Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites....... ....... . Total , Abatement and Control Program ........ Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites..... .......... Hazardous Waste Permit Enf orcement ............... Hazardous Waste Enforcement. ..... ... ...... Total » Enforcement Program _____ ...... ..... . 176 326 384 January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the ORD's restructuring. OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY Despite recent legislative and regulatory achievements, hazardous waste management remains the major environmental problem facing the nation. The extent to which the new Federal efforts under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental P.esponse, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ("Superfund") will effectively bring under control the problems caused by decades of improper management depends on strong implemen- tation and enforcement programs in the near-term. Without a concerted Federal and State commitment, as reflected by the resource levels featured in this budget request, thousands of American communities face the possible risk of public health and environmental damages from poor hazardous waste management practices. Incidents at Love Canal , Valley of the Drums and Toone, Tennessee have already demonstrated the high cost to health, quality of life and environment, as well as public dollars, of insufficient governmental attention to industrial waste practices. -67 Page SW-53 SW-12 SW-22 SW-27 SW-34 SW-40 SW-43 SW-43 SW-43 298 -86 Approximately 500 million metric tons of municipal and industrial, wastes are generated each year in the United States. This amount is growing steadily. In 1981, an estimated 41 million metric tons;will be classified as hazardous, Including toxic organic chemicals, pesticides, acids, caustics, flammables and explosives. EPA estimates that approximately 20 percent of this amount is speci- fically included in the promulgated lists of hazardous wastes. Another 50 percent can be identified as hazardous by the four RCRA §3001 characteristics of ignita- bility, corrosivity, reactivity and EP (Extraction Procedure) toxicity. The remaining industrial wastes cannot be identified with enough specificity for inclusion in the hazardous waste system. Existing coverage of the RCRA hazardous waste program is incomplete. For example, many organic chemical wastes, which are highly toxic, are not covered by the toxicity characteristics. If they are not specifically listed — and many are not — they will not be covered by the RCRA hazardous waste program." This incomplete coverage must be added to the fact that only 10 percent of previously generated hazardous wastes were disposed of safely. The remainder found their way into municipal or insecure dumpsites, waterways and community sewers. Many thousands of waste dumpsites may already be contaminated by hazardous wastes; EPA estimates 1,200-2,000 sites may pose significant threats to public health and environmental quality in the vicinity. SW-3 ------- EPA's program is to attack the national waste management problem on two fronts: initially, by continuing to develop and administer a regulatory program under RCRA for the current and future management of hazardous wastes-, and more recently, by implementing a strategy to identify, investigate, evaluate and, as necessary, respond to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in anticipation of full administration of new SUperfund authorities. Hazardous/Solid Waste Regulatory Program The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), as amended, establishes the first national program to protect public health and the environment from damages caused by Improper waste management operations. To handle prospective hazardous waste problems, EPA will continue to develop and initiate, on a priority basis, the regulatory program outlined by RCRA to reduce risks from improper hazardous waste management practices. EPA established a phased schedule for issuance of hazardous waste regulations which, in accordance with promulgation commitments made to the Federal District Court, put the core regulatory program in place during 1980: Phase I February 1980 Section 3002 Section 3003 Hay 1980 Standards for Generators of Hazardous Waste Standards for Transporters of Hazardous Waste Section 3001 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes Section 3005/6 Consolidated Permit Regulations Section 3004 Interim Status Standards July 1980 Section 3001 Phase II November 1980 Section 3001 January 1981 Section 3004 Additional Listing of Hazardous Wastes Additional Listing of Hazardous Wastes Technical Performance Standards (BEJ) for tanks, pilas, containers, site selection, incineration and (proposed) landfills Section 3004 Financial Responsibility Requirements The Phase I regulations signaled initial implementation of the hazardous waste program. Since November 19, eight States have already been granted interim authorization. EPA anticipates that 39 States will be granted interim authorization by FY 1982. Interim authorization allows States to administer their hazardous waste program for two years while continuing to work toward final authorization. SW-4 ------- To be eligible for final authorization, the State program must be fully equivalent with that of the Federal government. EPA will also negotiate Cooperative Arrangements (CA's). Through Cooperative Arrangements States are encouraged to work toward qualifying for authorization, and to operate selected delegated aspects of the Federal hazardous waste regulatory program as EPA's agent; however, EPA maintains overall responsibility for administering the program until the State achieves interim or final authorization. Under this alternative financial assistance program, States will receive federal funds commensurate with the elements of the Federal hazardous waste program they administer as EPA's agent. 1982 will be the first full year of RCRA permitting against the §3004 Best Engineering Judgement (BEJ) Standards issued during Phase II. The six-year strategy for EPA and State permitting of the estimated 30,000 hazardous waste management facilities nationwide concentrates 1982 efforts on permitting new facilities, the best facilities, and the worst facilities in order to minimize health and environmental threats while increasing disposal capacity. • Permit issuance will require legal review, administrative processing and technical evaluation of individual permit applications against the technical performance standards for treatment, storage and disposal facilities. In un- authorized States, where EPA will issue facility permits, the Regional Abatement and Control and Enforcement Offices will share responsibility for developing the permit conditions and issuing the permits. The limited scope of the May and July §3001 promulgations and the general nature of the BEJ technical performance standards now being finalized demand that extensive regulatory efforts (Phase III) continue through the decade* These efforts will be directed toward extending RCRA coverage and tailoring management guidance or standards to specific hazardous wastes or industries. The solid waste enforcement program has been developed to assure that all affected parties comply with standards established under the Resource Conserva- tion and Recovery Act regulating generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes. RCRA enforcement will take place through the permitting of hazardous waste management 'acilities and subsequent monitoring of those facilities to verify compliance. Permitting and compliance monitoring programs will regulate not only the generators of hazardous wastes, but treatment, storage, and disposal facili- ties as well. A separate enforcement mechanism, the hazardous waste manifest system, will monitor hazardous waste transporters to ensure that waste transported from a generator to a treatment, storage, or disposal facility actually reach the intended destination. The enforcement activities will center upon the administrative and public hearing requirements of permit issuance, and upon compliance monitoring activi- ties in those States which do not assume responsibility for hazardous waste management. The enforcement program "is responsible for developing enforcement provisions of the regulations; mechanisms for Regional oversight of authorized States and enforcement programs in unauthorized States; and mechanisms for taking enforcement or prosecutory actions, ,and negotiating enforcement agree- ments. During 1982, Regions will have established compliance monitoring programs in unauthorized States. In these Stastes, EPA will conduct site inspections; initiate enforcement actions, {Compliance Orders, Civil and Criminal Actions) where generators, transporters, and storage, treatment and disposal facilities fail to comply with the interim status standards or permit requirements, and operate ADP tracking systems to maintain and monitor manifest, inspection, and enforcement Information. For authorized states, EPA will conduct oversight activities, including joint inspections with the States, to determine whether or not States are adequately enforcing PvCRA requirements. Additionally, a new initiative to identify and investigate suspected illegal activities will be established. SW-5 ------- The Resource Conservation and Reccovery Act complements the extensive hazardous waste control program with programs for managing other-than-hazardous solid waste and encouraging resource conservation and recovery. In 1932, States will be implementing their comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plans and continuing their Open Dump Inventories. Through EPA's resource recovery activities the Federal government will continue to encourage and cooperate with local governments and private enterprise to establish the necessary national momentum towards resource recovery as a self-sustaining, preferred solid waste management tech- nique. The Local Resource Recovery Grant Progam, extended only through 1982, will assure a nationally visible level of resource recovery implementation. Financial and technical assistance will continue to be provided to assist the States in implementing their responsibilities under RCRA, Assistance to Federal, State and local agencies is provided 1n all areas of waste management through Technical Assistance Panels of expert contractors, experienced public administra- tors and EPA staff. Grants to States are awarded annually for the development and operation of State hazardous and solid waste programs. Subtitle D grants are being phased out over five years (1980-1984) as self-sufficiency of State non- hazardous waste programs improves. Research And Development The focus of ORD's solid waste research has shifted from non-hazardous waste to hazardous waste to provide support for implementation of the hazardous waste management regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the newly enacted Superfund legislation. Research in the area of non-hazardous waste, including resource recovery, was for the most part phased out in FY 1981. One of the top priority activities in FY 1982 and a key component of the solid waste research will be the continuation of a program to develop new or improved sampling and analytical methodologies and validation procedures for identification of hazardous waste. Another top priority activity will be the creation of a quality assurance program to ensure the validity of all data generated. Efforts will continue on incineration and land disposal research for hazardous wastes in FY 1982. This effort will provide useful technical data to EPA permit writers for hazardous waste treatment, disposal and storage. Empahsis will be placed on the thermal decompositon and containment of hazardous wastes. Attention will also be directed to research in the hazardous waste risk assessment area, both for health and ecological effects and pollutants trans- port and fate. Health effects efforts are directed toward development and application of screening techniques, identification of bioassay methods and evaluation of relative risk of exposure to complex mixtures from hazardous waste sites. Health hazard profiles and exposure analyses and guidance will be developed in support of waste management regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Superfund activities. A new initiative will be undertaken to develop techniques for assessing ecological damage and bioenviromental stress arising from disposal of hazardous wastes. These results can also be used for detecting and evaluating uncontrolled sites and determining the potential for entry of mismanaged hazardous wastes into the human food chain. In the pollutant transport and fate area, efforts will continue to develop methods and models for predicting the movement of hazardous wastes through the subsurface environmental and a new Start will adapt existing environmental assessment models for use in hazardous waste mismanage- ment scenarios. Purpose - Research and Development ' The solid waste research and-development program, consistent with the goals of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), is directed to the development of technologies, methodologies, and the scientific data base necessary to achieve environmentally acceptable, cost-effective solid and hazardous waste management from generation through disposal. SW-6 ------- The research program provides the scientific bases which will allow the private and public sector to (1) reduce the quantities of waste, especially hazardous waste, requiring disposal through process change, waste recycling and reuse, or waste treatment, (2) ensure the environmentally sound disposal or destruction of the future wastes and (3) correct the past mismanagement practices. The major objective is to support the regulatory and enforcement offices: in the identification and listing of hazardous wastes, hazardous waste streams from industry and "polluting" hazardous waste disposal sites; in the development and revision of regulations for disposal of wastes by land disposal, thermal destruction or chemical, biological or physical treatment; in the evaluation of permit applications; and in the assessment of risk from hazardous waste pro- duction and mismanagement. Purpose-Abatement and Control Program The solid waste abatement and control budget activity is comprised of activities for promoting the protection of public health and the environment through improved solid and hazardous waste management practices. These activities include developing and promulgating regulations under Subtitles C and D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); promoting resource conservation and recovery as the preferred solid waste management approach; providing technical and policy guidance to accompany these activities; assisting and encouraging State programs; providing technical assistance as mandated by RCRA; managing the local resource recovery grant program; and, for hazardous waste management, implementing a Federal program in unauthorized States. States have the primary role in implementing the RCRA. The authorization of State hazardous waste management programs is of primary importance to the successful implementation of Subtitle C of RCRA. Federal financial assistance will be available to help States carry out this responsibility. However, the Federal government, along with the States, has a mandated responsibility to protect public health and the environment from improper hazardous waste management practices. Therefore, a Federal program will be operated in States not seeking or denied authorization; Cooperative Arrangements will provide funds to State governments operating aspects of the Federal program on EPA's behalf. EPA strongly encourages States to Implement their responsibilities outlined in Subtitle D of the Act for non-hazardous solid waste, and will provide finan- cial and technical assistance to do so. Federal Subtitle D grant assistance is being phased out over a 5-year period, with States expected to move towards self-supporting non-hazardous waste regulatory programs. EPA has the primary role in establishing national standards and programs to ensure proper management, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste; proper disposal of waste not classified as hazardous and prono- tion of resource conservation and recovery as the preferred solid waste management approach. For hazardous waste, this responsibility includes developing a list and criteria for determining what constitutes ;a hazardous waste; developing standards for handlers of hazardous waste, including generators, transporters, and owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities; implementing procedures for notification of hazardous waste activi- ties; developing technical standards for permitting hazardous waste facilities using "Best Engineering Judgment" and determining requirements for authorization of State hazardous waste programs. For waste not classified as hazardous, EPA must promulgate criteria defining a sanitary landfill, conduct an inventory of all land disposal sites and provide national guidelines for State Solid Waste Management 3lans. SW-7 ------- EPA is also responsible for providing technical and other guidance for implementing the regulations. The RCRA mandated Technical Assistance Panels program will provide an avenue for delivery of expertise to State and local governments encountering problens in waste management. The Abatement and Control activities are categorized under the following subactivities: Waste Management Regulations, Guidel ines and Poli cies; This subactivity involves (1) the development and promulgation of hazardous and solid waste regulations and guidelines; (2) the development of technical and policy guidance for implementing the regulations; (3) the conduct of engineering, design, environmental and economic evaluations and assessments of solid waste management technologies and practices; and (4) national management and oversight of regional program implementation activities. Fi nanci alAssi stance: This subactivity provides grants (1) to States for the development and operation of hazardous waste management programs under Subtitle C of RCRA; (2) to States for the development of State solid waste regulatory programs and conduct of the RCRA mandated land disposal site inventory under Subtitle D of RCRA; and (3) to local governments for feasibility studies and other project development activities leading to the implementation of resource and energy recovery systems. Waste ManagementStrategies and Implementation; This subactivity involves: (1) oversight of authorized States that are developing and implementing hazardous waste programs; (2) conduct of a Federal Subtitle C program either directly or through States as EPA agents, for unauthorized States, including technical review of permits to hazardous waste facilities using "Best Engineering Judgment"; (3) direct support and oversight for implementation of the solid waste management planning and land disposal site inventory requirements under Subtitle D; and (4) management of grants to local governments for resource and energy recovery projects under the Local Resource Recovery Program. Technical Assistance: This subactivity provides for (1) national management of the Technical Assistance Panels program; (Z) technical assistance to State and local governments on all aspects of solid waste management; (3) public participa- tion and education progams; and (4) the development and distribution of public and technical information materials. Purpose •* Enforcement Program The goals of the solid waste enforcement program are to see that all affected parties comply with standards, established under the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act, regulating generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, and to take legal action to co^pal responsible parties to take remedial steps regarding uncontrolled sites posing an imminent and substantive hazard to health and the environnmeit. To achieve these goals, EPA has established three program elements: (1) the hazardous waste permit Issuance program, (2) the hazardous waste enforcement program, and (3) the uncontrolled hazardous waste site enforcement program. SW-8 ------- Solid waste enforcement provisions were enacted largely as a result of wide scale, historical mismanagement of hazardous wastes, and are designed to prevent similar mismanagement from occurring in the future. Regulation will take place through the permitting of hazardous waste management facilities and subsequent monitoring of those facilities to verify compliance. Permitting and compliance monitoring programs will regulate not only the generators of hazardous wastes, but treatment, storage, and disposal facilities as well. A separate enforcement mechanism, the hazardous waste manifest system, will monitor hazardous waste transporters to ensure that wastes transported from a generator to a treatment, storage, or disposal facility actually reach the intended destination. tinder the provisions of RCRA, States may assume the responsibility for operating permit and enforcement programs. In cases where a State has interim or final authorization to conduct such programs, EPA is available to assist in State efforts, and will overview authorized programs for adequacy. The Agency will also provide training for State and Regional personnel in the procedures of hazardous waste permitting. SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars) 1981 Solid Waste Program $154,715 Salaries and Expenses..., -1,693 The net decrease is primarily related to the decreased workyears. Research and Development................. -1,627 The net decrease is primarily related to a reduced monitoring effort at the Love Canal hazardous waste site, coupled with a reduction to the scientific assessments program. Abatement, Control and Compliance..... -3,059 The net decreases are primarily in State solid waste management planning grants, resources recovery grants and regional implementation and/or oversight of hazardous waste programs and the transfer of resources to "Superfund". These decreases are offset by increases for regulatory support under Subtitle C of RCRA and State grants for hazardous waste management. 1982 Solid Waste Program... , 143,336 SW-9 ------- SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE 1. Summary of Budget Request An appropriation of $143,336,300 is requested in 1982. Tnis request, by appropriation account is as follows: Salaries and Expenses , $35,323,700 Research and Development , 23,432,200 Abatement, Control and Compliance.. ' 84,580,400 This represents a decreases of $11,378,600 over the 1981 level. This is due to several actions: $1.6 million for monitoring efforts at the Love Canal hazardous waste site; - $.1 million for scientific assessments; - $2,0 million for a 5-year phase out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle D of RCRA; - $21.7 million to transfer uncontrolled hazardous waste site resources to "Superfund; - $1.0 million for hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation; -$2.3 million to transfer uncontrolled hazardous waste site enforcement resources to "Superfund." These decreases are partially offset by the following: +$11.7 for States applying for second stage of Phase II authoriza- tion and for permitting of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities under hazardous waste management finanical assistance; +$2.6 million to fulfill the commitment made in the resource recovery local finanical assistance program; +$4,6 million for regulatory support under Subtitle C of RCRA; 2- Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: (in thousands of dollars) Original 1981 Estimate $147,798 Congressional increase/decrease: Resource recovery grants............... -6,000 Travel.. ... -91 Consulting Services...,. ,. -333 ADP services........................... -143 Abatement, Control and Compliance general reduction -1,433 Research and Development general reduction..... -2,200 Senior Executive Services bonuses...... -15 Presidential reduction of $7 million (House Document 96-294) -178 Proposed hazardous waste amendment........ +12,718 Proposed supplemental for 1980 pay raise +1,687 Miscellaneous reprogramming actions....... +2,905 Current 1981 estimate.. 154,715 Congressional decreases to the solid waste media request included a reduction of $6,000,000 to resource recovery grants; and $850 thousand decrease to travel resulting in a reduction of $91,100; a $3.8 million decrease to consulting services resulting in a decrease of $333,400; a $2 million decrease to ADP services resulting in a reduction of $143,100; a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation resulting in a decrease of $1,433,400; a $12.2 million general reduction to the Research and Development appropriation resulting in a decrease .of $2,200,000; and, a S750 thousand decrease to senior executive service bonuses resulting in a reduction of $14,500. SW-10 ------- A supplemental is proposed to fund the October 1930 pay raise and Includes $1,686,800 for this media. The 1981 hazardous waste amendment submitted to the Congress resulted in an increase of $12,718,000 to this media. A Presidential reduction of $7 million (House Document 96-294) to the Agency's request for Salaries and Expenses resulted in a decrease of $178,000 to this media. Miscellaneous reprogrammi ngs result In an increase of $2,905,600 to this media. ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 (in thousands of dollars! Prior year obligations $109,775 $152,970 Effect of congressional changes -6,215 Pay raise supplemental +1,687 Reprogrammi ngs +2,905 Proposed Hazardous Waste Amendment........... +12,718 Presidential reduction in Salaries and Expenses........... -178 Changes in amount of carryover funds available -8,122 +1,746 Program increase...... +31,099 -7,954 Change in rate of obligation................. +9.301 ... Total estimated obligations. 152,970 146,762 {From new obligation authority) (146,721) (138,767) (From prior year-funds)..,......... (6,249) (7,995) EXPLANATION OF INCRESES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Congressional changes discussed 1n the previous section are expected to result in a decrease of $6,215,000 to obligations. The effect of the proposed supplemental for funding of the October 1980 pay raise results in an increase of $1,686,800. Reprogrammings result in an increase of $2,905,600 to obligations. The proposed hazardous waste amendment will increase obligations by $12,718,000. The Presidential reduction to salaries and expenses will decrease obligations by $178,000. The amount of carryover funds to be obligated in 1981 is $6,249,300,a decrease of $8,121,900 from the 1980 level. In 1982, it is estimated that $7,995,000 of carryover funds will be obligated, an increase of $1,745,700 from the 1931 level. The increase in budget authoritiy in 1981 was previously estimated to decrease obligations by $31 million. In 1982, the program change will increase obligations by $7,954,000 SW-11 . ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Abatement and Control SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- SOLID WASTE Uaste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies Appropriation Regulations, G'r'delines and Policies/Hazardous Waste: Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and Compliance Regulations, Guidelines and Policies/Solid Waste: Salaries and Expenses .. Abatement, Control and Compliance ... Regulations, Guidelines and Policies/Resource Recovery Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and .Compliance Total: Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and Compliance Grand Total Permanent Positions Regulations, Guidelines and Policies/Hazardous Waste Regulations, Guidelines and Policies/Solid Waste Regulations, Guidelines and Policies/Resource Recovery Total Fu 11-1jme Egirj va1 ency R egulat i on s, Gui del ines and Policies/Hazardous Haste Reflations, Guidelines and Policies/Solid Waste : Regulations, Guidelines and Policies/Resource Recovery Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate' Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 v.s. 1981 $3,815 8,484 920 963 376 550 5,111 9,997 15,108 75 28 9 112 98 33 14 54,994 17,726 740 600 635 311 6,369 18,637 25,006 119 13 8 140 151 23 23 (dollars S&.396 15,680 517 425 375 836 7,288 . 16,941 24,229 112 13 8 133 158 17 12 in thousands) $6,134 -S262 20,247 +4,567 594 +77 453 +28 386 +11 1,133 +297 7,114 -174 21,833 +4,892 28,947 +4,713 112 13 P. 133 158 17 12 Total 145 197 187 187 SW-12 ------- Budget Request The Agency request is 133 permanent workyears and $28,947,200 which includes ?7,113,900 for t^e Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 521,833,600 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. An increase of $4;S92,300 is provided for 1982 extramural resources to support regulatory refinement of the hazardous waste program under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Program Description The Agency's regulatory, guidance and policy-making activities are carried out under the hazardous waste, solid waste and resource recovery program elements described below. Regulations, Guidelines. Policies/Hazardous Waste This progran orovides for management of the national RCRA Subtitle C Hazardous Waste program. Included are the promulgation, implementation and refinement of the criteria and regulations for identification, management and disposal of hazardous wastes and supportive analyses and assessments of management approaches and technologies. Further, guidance to the regions and States for nationally consistent implementation of the Subtitle C regulations is provided. Regulations, Guidelines, Policies/Solid Waste This program provides for national management of the RCRA Subtitle D program. Activities include guidelines upon which development and approval of comprehensive solid waste management plans are based and guidance on implementation of the criteria for classification of sanitary landfills and conducting the Open Dump inventory. Regulations. Guidelines, Policies/Resource Recovery This program provides continued national management and evaluation of the Urban Policy Local resource recovery grant program; development of guidelines for Federal procurement of products containing recycled materials, evaluation of resource recovery technologies and promotion of resource recovery as an alternative solid waste manage- ment technique in Federal, State and local waste program and planning activities. REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, POLICIES/HAZARDOUS WASTE 1980 Accomplishments Obligations for 1930 totaled $12,299,000. The Agency, in agreencnt with a schedule approved by the Federal District court, promulgated regulations in February 1930 under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) covering standards for generators of hazardous waste (Section 3002); standards for transporters of hazarc.-.is waste (Section 3002} and a notice on notification requirements (Section 3010). In Vay 1930, the Agency promulgated additional regulations covering the criteria for identification and listing of hazardous waste (section 3001); interim status standards for ov/ners and operators of treatment, storage and disposal facilities (Section 3004); and requirements for authorization of State programs and permit issuance as part of the Consolidated Permit regulations (Section 3005/6). These Phase I regulations represent the core Subtitle C regulatory program to which initial implementation is geared. Since May 1980 fifty-one petitions have been filed by trade associations, individual companies, environmental groups and a State to review the regulations. Resolution of issues arising from these suits will lead to further refinement of the regulations through the issuance of amendments. Successful implementation of the hazardous waste program depends upon the avail- ability of sites at which sufficient capacity will be created to safely treat, store and dispose of hazardous wastes. Intense opposition on the part of the local public is the principal difficulty in creating new disposal sites. To address this issue the Agency formed a Siting Policy Committee. The result was Agency policy to encourage private sector solutions to the problem of establishing sites. In cases where govern- mental involvement is necessary, the States will have the prime responsibility for the SW-13 ------- establishment of adequate capacity. EPA will asssist States in seeing that adequate capacity is available. To this end EPA developed goals and criteria for assessing proposed siting policies, conducted a preliminary investigation into the use of the ADP system to monitor the status of the hazardous waste disposal industry and began initial efforts toward the development of handbooks to outline possible approaches to siting and State regulatory and legislative differences. In late 1980 EPA initiated an extensive industrial waste evaluation program to yield data and information to support the future regulatory development needs of the hazardous waste program: - assessments of industry-specific treatment and disposal practices and impact? to support issuance of permits against Section 3004 performance standards; - prompt response to petitions to remove a hazardous waste from the initial section 3001 list; - justification of additional listings under Section 3001; and - identification of candidate wastestreams for reuse and recovery activities. The Agency developed a basic strategy for the industry studies program which will be reflected in the development of future programs and regulations under §3001 and §3004 of RCRA. The focus of this strategy is nn the development of waste listings and waste or industry-specific standards or guidance that carry the program beyond the more generic standards promulgated in 1980. Based upon the criteria of volume, degree of hazard, economic impact and need to list identified in this early strategy, the Agency identified, in priority order, those industries and wastestreams that should come under Federal regulations. Further, the Office of Solid Waste began an industry assistance program. Public notice of this program appeared in the May 1980 Federal Register. Under this program the agency will identify industry and community RCRA compliance problems and coordinate assistance activities with the States or other Federal agencies. In 1980 the industry assistance hotline to answer public inquiries on the RCRA regulations was planned. Additionally, an electroplating seminar Series was held to discuss impact of RCRA regu- lations on the electroplating industry. Initial national strategy and guidance on implementing the regulations was developed and issued to prepare for effective implementation. With contractor assistance, the Agency undertook analysis of inplementation issues such as state authorization and permitting procedures; refinement of ADP systems to facilitate implementation and reporting requirements; ^nd development of the Consolidated Permit ADP System. Publication of the public notice for notification was completed and mailing of notification packages to all candidate individuals and firms was managed. As of September 3.0, 198P, EPA had received approximately 59,000 notifications. Prngram The current estimate for this program is 112 permanent workyears and S22, 075,900 of which 56,396,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,679,800 is for Abatement, Control "and Compliance. In 1981, EPA will promulgate Phase II of the Subtitle C core regulations to include an additional list of hazardous waste (Section 3001), Best Engineering Judgneit (BEJ) technical performance standards (Section 3004) including REJ standards for tanks, piles, containers, site selection, incineration and landfills. Also rcech;nisns to ensure adequate closure and post-closure financial responsibility for hazardous waste facilities will be promulgated. SW-14 ------- 'Jrder the BEJ concept, EPA will Issue permits to any facility that uses "best available technology." As technologies evolve, EPA will translate them into more stringent standards for facilities. Revising permits to incorporate new technology will ensure the continued uparading of facilities. Some refinements to existing RCRA regulations were made in parly 1981: mining and cenent kiln waste exemptions (Sections 1006, 2002(a) and 3001); small quantity generator standards and generator waste accumulations amendment (Section 3002); Hazardous Waste spill response exemption (Section 3004); and clarification of Interim Status recuirements (Section 3004). Further refinements of regulations will be carried out through issuance of Regulation Interpretation Memoranda (RIMS) or Technical Amendments to the Regulations (TARS). In addition, major efforts are being directed towards the full, second year of the industrial waste evaluation program to develop wastestream specific information as the basis for further Section 3001 waste listings and Section 3004 regulations. Based upon the criteria established for this program to analyze 23 industry segments, the highest priority industries for analysis and regulation are organic chemicals and organic chemical products. These will be the focus of EPA's industrial waste work and contract funding plan. Activities include: - conducting special listing studies to provide support for review of delist- ing petitions, to justify near-term listings, and to provide litigation support; - developing of methods, procedures and tests to identify the harmful contaminants in complex industrial waste streams; - sampling and analyzing wastestreams to determine their hazardous character- istics and the seriousness of their hazard; and - conducting economic impact analysis to cost out the regulatory requirements for storage, incineration, treatment and land disposal facilities; determine impact of costs on affected industry; analyze recordkeeping and reporting burden of the regulations; and develop environmental impact statements on regulations In addition, during 1981 a plan will be developed to begin to address one or more of the other priority industry segments such as inorganic chemicals, agricultural services, wood preserving, textile mill products, electroplating and metal finishing, and paints and allied products. Limited engineering analysis, sampling and analysis, waste management tpchnology assessment and pollutant fate and effects analysis activities will be continued for mining and utility wastes. In support of the synthetic fuels initiative, the Agency will conduct waste management studies for the developing synfuels industry. These studies will be designed to identify and characterize all solid wastes generated from synfuel processes (oil shale, coal liqui- fication/gasification, gasphol and geothermal). An in-depth characterization study will include tqxicity, corrosivity, reactivity and ignitability tests as outMned in RCSA §3001; organic analysis to scan for priority pollutants and metals; and chronic and acute bio- logical tests to identify mutagenic and carcinogenic constituents. Studies to investigate alternative management practices for the purposes of developing best management standards for the synfuels industry will be conducted. To accompany these activities, a full fledged industry assistance program to help industry comply with. RCRA regulations will be maintained. The RCRA hotline will become operational early in 1981 and alternatives for dissemination of industry-assistance infor- mation i.e. workshops or training modules, will be planned. SW-15 ------- Headquarters will also continue to develop and deliver guidance and training on initial implementation of the regulations. A technical and procedural guidance manual pertaining to RCRA Section 3005 consolidated permit regulations will be developed and guidance on the development of State Work Programs covering authorized State programs, cooperative arrange- rents and allocation of ;rant funds is being issued. Further, training modules covering RCRA Implementation issues will be continued and Headquarters staff will provide assistance and guidance to regions in development of quality assurance programs and plans. An evaluation of initial implementation methods, activities and policies and adequacy of basic RCRA strategies will be conducted. Overall evaluation of progress in development and administration of the Subtitle C program will be the basis for enhancing and strengthening program elements, through refinements to regulations, before final authori- zation of States, in 1933. Policies affecting national progress in hazardous waste management such as facility siting, will continue to be defined and analyzed, 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of 5644,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activitly is $.28,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel cost by $850,000; a decrease of 35,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $632,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congess reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 miHion; a decrease of 365,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $284,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-boaH needs resulted in a transfer of 5470,700: from solid waste regulations, guidelines and policies ($179,500); resource conservation regulations, guidelines and policies ($267,500) and technical information development ($23,700) - Reprogramming of ^107,800 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in orrler to reflect the establishment of the uncontrolled hazardous waste site program. - Transfer of 555,000 from regulations, guideline's and policies-solid waste, in order to support industrial waste evaluation program activities. - Transfer of 3117,000 to program management, nationwide support costs, in order to meet increased RCRA progratimatic requirements. - Transfer of $80,600 to personnel administration in order to provide additional resources to administer the RCRA programmatic increases. - Offsetting transfers between hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation and regulations, guidelines and policies hazardous waste in order to realign funds required to support hazardous waste activities. Salaries and Expenses (+$1,000,000) and Abatement, Control and Compliance (-$1,000,000). The offsetting transfers are in hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation. - Transfer of $364,000 to regulations, guidelines and policies/resource conservation and recovery in order to support the immediate need to begin evaluation of dioxin confami- nation in the resource recovery plant stacks. - A transfer of $54,500 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. SW-16 ------- 1982 Plan Resources required for this program are 112 permanent workyears and $26,38.1 ..200 of which 56,134,200 is for Salaries and Exoenses and 520,247,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will support regulatory refinement of the hazardous waste program under Subtitle C through the industry study program, economic and regulatory analysis of the actual and indirect impacts of RCRA regulations and development of waste disposal guidance for synfuels industries. The effective development refinement, and implementation of the regulatory program in the future requires the rapid establishment of an extensive information base on the generation, composition, management, and ultimate fate of wastes produced by industry. Due to the large, but unknown number of process streams industry uses to produce its products and the time and costs involved in studying each process stream, a number of years will be required for the industry studies to achieve a broad industry coverage. Thus, it is necessary to continue to focus efforts in 1982 on a few industry segments, based upon the criteria established to prioritize potential impact of waste from an industry on public health and the environment. The outputs of these studies, addressing the organic chemicals industry first, will support the first Phase III Subtitle C regula- tions through: - support for and expansion/refinement of the RCRA Section 3001 list of hazardous wastes. - development of RCRA Section 3004 industry specific waste management guidance or renditions in those cases where unique waste properties or particular environmental impacts necessitate tailored management requirements. - accomplishment of a more integrated approach to regulations for an industry or industry segment under RCRA and other Acts (e.g. Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act or Toxic Substances Control Act) when significant environmental or economic benefits are achievable from such an approach* The synfuels proqram will continue. Identification, characterization and analysis of solid wastes generated from synfuels processes and investigation of alternative management practices will be explored. The output of these activities will be the development of waste disposal guidance for synfuels technologies. Industry assistance to industries and their trade associations will ^e expanded by developing technology transfer tools and examining avenues for innovative or cooperative approaches to hazardous wasta problems. Manuals and implementation projects will be developed to help affected industries understand Subtitle 7 regulation and how they apply, in terns meaningful to the concerned industrial sectors. An important extramural component of the hazardous waste program in 1982 will be economic and regulatory analyses of the actual and indirect' impacts of the P>CRA regulations on various economic sectors and geographic areas. Other Office of Solid Waste activities will include the promulgation and defense of additional Section 3001 Hazardous Waste listing and delisting regulations :id evaluation of alternative treatment technologies prior to refinement and development of Section 3004 regulations. Maintenance and enhancement of the hazardous waste data management system and continued development of the Consolidated Permit ADP system will occur. Further, assessment of implementation progress during interim authorization; provision of guidance to States and Regions on implementation policies and requirements, particularly for development of facility permits based on Phase II 53004 technical standards, and oversight of regional implementation of quality assurance plans submitted in 1981 will take place. SW-17 ------- the Urban Policy Program to move into the second phase of their planning for projects to convert municipal solid waste to useable energy and materials, A contract to provide a model to assist EPA and grantees in technical project management was completed and workshops to train grantees in the model's use took place. Headquarters provided national oversight of regional management of the grants and evaluated the grantees' use of funds in the first phase. In 1980 comprehensive evaluation of several resource recovery systems on commercial- scale facilities, such as evaluation of co-disposal systems; refusefired energy systems in Europe and small modular incinerators with heat recovery were completed. The evaluations of the technological, operational, economic, environmental and institutional aspects of performance of resource recovery systems expanded the knowledge base available to local decision-makers. Nine resource recovery seminars and an ongoing Resource Recovery Implementation Guide supplied information to support technology transfer among State and local public administrators. A draft of an interagency 5-year plan for Federal resource conservation and recovery programs was completed in conjunction with the Departments of Energy and Commerce. As a result of the discovery of dioxin contamination in a resource recovery plant, a dioxin risk assessment program, including the development of sampling protocols, was initiated. The Agency will collect samples from resource recovery plants, analyze samples for dioxins and other compounds and determine what risk levels are associated with the compounds found. In 1980 one resource recovery plant was sampled. 1981Program The 1981 allocation for this program is 8 permanent workyears and SI,211,000 of which 3374,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $836,500 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. Headquarters vn'll maintain its oversight and evaluation of ongoing regional management of the Urban Policy grant program to assist selected local governments complete their feasibility studies, procurement and pre-implementation activities for resource conservation and recovery projects. This includes providing assistance to the regions in refining project work plans for the final phase and evaluating the progress of second phase projects. National management of the final phases of many projects will be continued until their completion. Initial Federal procurement guidelines for fly ash as a cement supplement and recycled paper products and composted sewage sludge under RCRA Section 6002 will be proposed. The 1980 Amendments to RCRA established an Interagency Coordinating Committee on Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Activities. This committee is charged with the responsibility for coordinating all activities dealing with resource conservation and recovery from solid waste and for submitting a five-year action plan for Federal resource conservation or recovery activities to Congress in 1981 and annually thereafter. The Agency will work with the Office of Management and Budget and Departments of Interior and Treasury to develop the final interagency 5-year plan for resource recovery. The plan will help systematize long-term planning. Evaluation will be continued on selected resource recovery systems such as the A?!DCO- TORAX pyrolysis plant in Frankfurt, Germany and reports will be issued on the design and performance of state-of-the-art and commercial technologies, particularly in regard to small-scale usage. This activity will form a contribution to the ongoing recovery seminars organized by EPA to aid decision-makers and expand resource recovery. In 1931, the Agency will expand the d-ioxin risk assessment program by publishing documents which specify risk levels of compounds found in resource recovery plants and by initiating an Agency olan for a comparative risk analysis of alternative waste management strategies. SW-20 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate - The net decrease of $397,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to the activity is 34,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of 52,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $500 was applied to the activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by S2 million; a decrease of $500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $29,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramrm'ngs to realign salary and related costs to meet on-boarrt needs resulted in a transfer of $179,500 to regulations, guidelines and policies- hazardous waste. . . - A transfer of $9,4PO was made to the radiation media in order to support' the Radiation Policy Council. - Transfer of $175,000 to regulations quidelines and policies/resource conservation and recovery in order to support the immediate need to begin evaluation of dioxin contamination in resource recovery plant stacks. - Transfer of $55,000 to regulations guidelines and polices/hazardous waste in order to support industrial waste evaluation program activities. 1982 Plan For 1982, the Agency requests 13 permanent workyears and $1,047,400, of which $594,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $453,300 is for Abatement, Control and Compli- ance. Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will be used to support guidance for solid waste management in accordance with Federal criteria and State Plans; national management of the Open Dump Inventory; and development of Clean Water Act, Section 405 regulations. Through national management and coordination, Headquarters will emphasize States' implementation of their approved solid waste management plans and States' continued evaluation of disposal facilities for the Open Dump Inventory. Guidance on technical and policy issues of solid waste management planning and implementation will continue. Clean Water Act Section 405 guidelines concerning the marketing and distribution of sludge will be promulgated. Additional guidelines to satisfy requirements of both CWA and RCP.A for sludge management will be proposed and finalized for promulgation. Sludge incineration, energy recovery, landfilling, landspreading anH disposal of sludge in surface inpoundnents are expected to be covered in promulgations beginning in 19?2. The Office of Solid Waste will continue to participate in the further development of the groundwater strategy to include criteria for classifying groundwater. REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, POLICIES/RESOURCE RECOVERY 1S80 Accomplishments In 1980, obligations totaled $925,300, of which $549,700 was used for-extramural purposes. Follow-up funding of $10 million was provided for the 61 urban grantees of SW-19 ------- REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. POLICIES/SOLID HASTE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, obligations totaled $1,833,200, of which $963,100 was used for extramural purposes. Guidance on implementation of the RCRA §4004 Criteria for Classification of Sanitary Landfills, such as Landfill Performance Evaluation, and 'on conduct of the States' disposal site inventory v/as developed and distributed. The §4004 criteria specified conditions that must be met regarding flood plains, surface water, ground water, application to land producing food chain crops, disease, air quality and safety before sites are classified as environmentally acceptable. All non-complying land disposal facilities are identified and published in the open dump inventory and put on compliance schedules to either upgrade or close the sites. Approximately 1100-1200 open dumps were identified in 1980, in preparation for the first Inventory publication. Work continued on development of Clean Water Act (CWA) §405 regulations on municipal wastewater treatment sludge disposal and utilization, particularly for the distribution and marketing, (such as give-away or sale) of processed sludge. Additionally, EPA conducted studies on ground water monitoring, landfill, land spreading and surface impoundment design and operation to support refinement of technical guidance for States and regions on solid waste disposal. A final report on landfill methane recovery was issued. The Office of Solid Waste participated in the development of the Agency Groundwater Strategy that would use existing laws and programs in a better coordinated, more effective manner to protect the quality of United States groundwater. 1981 Program . In 1981, the Apency has allocated 13 permanent workyears and $942,200 to this program, of which $517,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $425,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The Headquarters program will continue to concentrate on national management of the Open Dump Inventory, and publication of the first installment of the Inventory. States will evaluate the accuracy of this data prior to publication of the first installment of the Inventory in 1981. Additional installments will be published annually thereafter. A proposed modification to the public participation requirement for State planning guidelines, to provide more input to owners and operators of facilities, will be promulgated upon analysis of public comment. Given the broad scope of the State solid waste management plans and the number of ?tate agencies and organizations to be involved, EPA will continue to provide comprehensive guidance on implementation as States' plans are approved by EPA in 1981. Regulations concerning the distribution and marketing of sewage sludge products under Section 405 of the Clean Water Act will be proposed in 1981. The objective of the regulation is to protect the public from toxic substances and pathogens that may be present in some sludges and to encourage resource recovery through the beneficial use of sludge as a fertilizer or soil conditioner. A sludge characterization study will supply information for use in development of further sljidge management regulations. As a result of the 1981 proposed groundwater strategy and ongoing groundwater monitoring and protection technology evaluations, the Office of Solid Waste will issue refinements to the groundwater parts of RCRA regulations. The Office of Solid Waste will participate with the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Agriculture in the development and publication of Solid Waste Policy Guidance to food processors and growers for use of good quality municipal sludges for production of fruits and vegetables. SW-18 ------- 1981 Explanation of Changefrom Budget Estimate The net increase of $265,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses The reduction applied to this activity is $4,200. - The Congress reduced angencywide travel cost by $850,000, a decrease of 52,30.0 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywfde consulting service by $3.8 million; a decrease of $1,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance approprtaiton; a decrease of $13,500 was applied to this activity. - The Cong-3ss reduced agencywide AQP services by $2 million; a decrease of $6,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $21,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. * Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $267,500 to regulations guidelines and policies/ hazardous waste. - Transfers resulted in a decrease of $539,000 from regulations, guidelines and polices/solid waste ($175,000) and from regulations, guidelines and policies/ hazardous waste ($364.000) to support the immediate need to begin evaluation of dioxin contamination in resource recovery plant stacks. 1982 Plan The 1932 resources requested for the program are 8 permanent workyears and SI,518,900, of which $385,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,133,300 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will be used to analyze the environmental impact of resource recovery systems and dioxin contamination in resource recovery facilities. EPA will continue to carry out national management, oversight and evaluation activities for the final phase of the remaining local resource recovery grant projects. Funding to the outstanding urban grant projects will be allocated and management of the close-out of the 61 cooperative agreements will begin in order to terminate the Federal role in the grant program in FY 1982. Many of the projects will proceed to construction within several years. Aside from the potentially benefitting population and the capital construction expenditures, the projects are enhancing the waste management decision-making capabilities of municipal officials, indicating a high likelihood for successful resource recovery system implementation. An annual update of the Interagency 5-year Resource Recovery Plan will be prepared for submission to Congress. Further development of RCRA Section 6002 guidelines specifying the recycled content in federally procured office paper, highway construction materials and compost will occur prior to promulgation in 1982. Resource recovery seminars to support information and technology transfer to local decision makers will continue to be designed and sponsored. In 1982, the dioxin risk assessment program will be further expanded by evaluation of operating characteristics and environmental impacts of commercial scale resource recovery facilities, with emphasis on facility wastes' contamination by dioxin or other toxic substances, and preparation of a report which will identify conclusions including impact on the concept of resource recovery. SW-21 ------- SOLID WASTE Financial Assistance Budget Current Increase * Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) Appropri at 1 on Hazardous Waste Manage- ment Financial Assistance to States: Abatement, Control and Compliance...,.,., $18,082 $30,000 $30,000 $41,700 +$11,700 Solid Waste Management Financial Assistance to States: Abatement, Control and Compliance 14,011 8,000 8,000 6,000 -2,000 Resource Recovery Local Financial Assistance; Abatement, Control and Compliance 13.899 10.000 4.000 6.600 +2.600 Total Abatement, Control and Compliance............. 45,992 48,000 42,000 54,300 +12,300 Permanent Positions ... ... ... ... ... Full-time Equivalency ... ... .... 90 +90- - Budget Request The Agency request for this budget subactivity is $54,300,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, an increase of $12,300,000. This reflects a decrease of $2,000,000 for solid waste management grants to States due to the 5-year phase out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle 0 of RCRA,- An increase of $11,700,000 is requested for hazardous waste management grants to States for Subtitle C implementation. $6,600,000 is requested in local resource recovery financial assistance to complete funding of the 61 projects initiated in 1979. This resource recovery financial assistance reflects an increase of $2,600,000 from the 1981 level. Program Description This subactivity provides financial assistance to State governments for developing and implementing hazardous and non-hazardous waste management programs under Subtitles C and 0 of RCRA. Under this subactivity financial assistance is also currently provided to local government grantees for resource and energy recovery projects consistent with §4002(a)(2) of RCRA. SW-22 ------- Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance This program provides financial assistance to States in developing, implementing and enforcing programs to control hazardous wastes from "cradle to grave" including storage, treatment, transportation and disposal. States awarded grants must either be operating a "substantially equivalent" hazardous waste program under interim authorization, or working toward interim authorization through a cooperative arrangement. Grant targets are allocated on a formula basis which accounts for a State's population, area, number' of hazardous waste generators, amount of hazardous waste, and the portion of the Federal program the State is operating. Solid Waste Management Financial Assistance to States This program provides grants to State solid waste management agencies under Subtitle D of RCRA. Grants are awarded on the basis of State population. The grants support State solid waste activities under RCRA including the inventory of all solid waste land disposal sites, completion of State solid waste management plans, and implementa- tion of State regulatory programs for the management of nonhazardous waste. Local Resource Recovery Financial Assistance This program provides assistance, as part of the Urban Policy Program initiated in 1979, to 61 grantees undertaking a three-phase project leading to implementation of resource and energy recovery systems in their communities. This program is planned for funding through 1982. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 1980 Accompli shments Grants totalling $18,082,200 were awarded in 1980. Financial assistance was allocated to all States for use in developing a substantially equivalent hazardous waste program eligible for interim authorization. States worked to establish legislative and regulatory powers required to operate a program which regulates the same wastes, manages the same aspects of hazardous waste operations (generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal), and provides substantially equivalent protection to human health and the environment as the Federal program. Phase I interim authorization is keyed to the RCRA Phase I regulatory program and applies to the States generator and transporter requirements and preliminary facility standards. States also continued to hire and/or train staff, within their resource constraints, capable to develop and implement a hazardous waste management program. In 1980 States prepared to apply for Phase I interim authorization status. To receive interim authorization - Phase I or Phase II - a State program is required to have: - legislative authority adequate for the State to carry out its responsi- bility for that phase; - regulations in effect necessary to implement the requirements of that phase; - control over a substantial majority of hazardous wastes generated, transported, treated, stored and disposed of in the State; - capacity to inspect, monitor, and require record keeping, reporting and monitoring iri order to determine compliance with the requirements of that phase; - enforcement capabilities adequate to ensure compliance with the requirements of that phase; and - adequate resources to administer and enforce the requirements of that phase. 1981 Program The total current estimate for this program is $30,000,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This reflects an increase of $11,917,800 over the 1980 obligated level reflecting the priority status afforded the management of hazardous waste. These funds will allow States to continue to develop and implement hazardous waste management programs. SW-23 ------- In early 1981, States will begin to receive interim authorization. Interim authorized States will be eligible for their full grant allocation established by formula. Six months after promulgation of the Federal Phase II Standards States will be eligible to apply for Phase II interim authorization. Phase II authorization will be granted to those States already authorized for Phase I, and to those States applying for Phase I and II authorization simultaneously. It is expected that during the period of interim authorization States will upgrade their programs to qualify them for final authorization. States ineligible for interim authorization in 1981 can receive grant funds to continue developing a program eligible for authorization, and to operate aspects of the Federal program as negotiated through Cooperative Arrangements, these unauthorized States will enter into Cooperative Arrangements with EPA in which an application for financial assistance is combined with a plan for working toward authorization. Funding of Cooperative Arrangement States will be based on negotiated tasks. Unobligated funds, after negotiation with Cooperative Arrangement States, will be reprogrammed to the Regions to support implementation of the federal hazardous waste program. In 1981 interim authorized States will use funds to begin to implement procedures for the permitting program, assign priorities for facility permitting and initiate processing of permit applications from any new or expanded facility. 1981 Explanation_of Change from Budget Estimate There is no change to this activity. 1982 Plan EPA requests a total of $41,700,000 in Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This reflects an increase of $11,700,000 over the 1981 level. In 1982 most States will be operating under Phase II interim authorization. If the Phase II regulations are promulgated in two stages, in late 1982 States may apply for the second stage of Phase II authorization. States will continue to upgrade their programs to achieve full authorization. — A primary activity of the States in 1982 will be permitting of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. Per EPA policy, priority facilities for permitting include new and expanding facilities, and those facilities with the greatest potential for causing severe environmental and public health problems. States will evaluate permits against EPA promulgated "best engineering judgment" standards; these will require an extensive case-by-case analysis, which EPA contractors will be available to help provide. States with interim authorization, and most States under Cooperative Arrangements, will also continue to operate the tracking aspects of hazardous waste management. The manifest program, initiated in 1981, will be the major tool for tracking hazardous wastes from generation to disposal. States will also process discrepancy/exception reports filed alerting the State and EPA to lost,, misplaced, or delayed shipments of waste. The 1982 request for this grant program includes 90 positions that may be used for the State Assignee program pending the Administration's final approval of their use. These positions will be used to quickly and temporarily augment State staff required to effectively implement the hazardous waste program with federally recruited personnel. SW-24 ------- SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO STATES 1980 Accomplishments In 1980 solid waste management financial assistance totaled $14,011,100. States continued to develop their State comprehensive solid waste management plans consistent with the requirements of Subtitle D of RCRA. States also established legislative and regulatory authority, where it had not previously existed, necessary to oversee and manage non-hazardous waste, and strengthened their capability to assume solid waste management responsibilities consistent with RCRA. A major activity in 1980 was the initial inventory of solid waste land disposal sites. States evaluated sites against the RCRA §4004 Criteria for Classifying Solid Waste Disposal Facilities. The State strategy 1n site evaluation was to Identify priority sites and those sites most Hkely to be causing damage to the environment or public health. The States were responsible for overseeing closing, openings and upgradings of sanitary landfills under Subtitle 0 of RCRA* The States, with EPA assistance, continued to work to identify and develop long-term financial alternatives to support the solid waste management program. The strategy most suitable for a specific State should be implemented within a five-year period, to coincide with the phase-out of Federal financial assistance which began in 1980. 1981 Program The current estimate for this program 1s $8,000,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This reflects a $6,011,100 decrease over the 1980 obligated level, reflecting the 5-year phase-out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle D of RCRA. The management of the lend disposal site inventory will continue in 1981. Highest priority sites will be identified and evaluated first, consistent with the strategy developed in previous years. The States will continue to oversee the closing, upgradings, and openings of land disposal sites within their jurisdiction. This State activity will continue to be the primary use of Subtitle D grant funds. The Solid Waste Management Plans will be completed in early 1981 and submitted to EPA for review and approval. The States will implement the approved Plans using their established legislative authority and regulatory powers. To remain eligible for funds, States will revise and resubmit plans not approved to EPA. The States will continue to identify and implement alternative funding strategy to assure an adequate and self supporting solid waste management program by 1985. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate There is no change to this activity. 1982 Plan EPA requests a total of $6,000,000 under this program for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This reflects a decrease of $2,000,000 from the 1981 level reflecting the 5-year phase out of Federal financial assistance under Subtitle 0 of RCRA, In 1982 States will begin to implement the comprehensive Solid Haste Management Plans approved by EPA in 1981. States will complete revisions of the plans or sections of the plans as necessary to fully comply with RCRA requirements. The States will continue to invest at least 60 percent of federal funds in conducting the inventory of solid waste land disposal sites using the Criteria for Classifying Solid Waste Disposal -acilities. Major emphasis will continue to be on priority sites. SW-25 ------- LOCAL RESOURCE RECOVERY FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 1980 . 1980 obligations totaled 313,899,200. In i960, EPA provided funds to 61 communities selected a year earlier for resource recovery grants under the Urban Policy Program. These funds are awarded in as many as three phases -- feasibility analysis (Phase I), planning procurement (Phase II) and procurement (Phase III), In 1980, 31 projects were completely funded through Phase II. These activities will improve the probability of successful implementation of resource and energy recovery systems by the participating communities. The Federal financial assistance helps overcome a major barrier to urban resource recovery implementation of inadequate funding for planning activities. The 61 projects being supported represent nearly 20% of the national municipal solid waste stream. The projects also represent a potential total construction expenditure of over $4 billion and will provide over 2,000 permanent jobs. A preliminary evaluation performed in 1980 indicated thf-s program is establishing the necessary national momentum towards resource recovery as a preferred solid waste management technique. Examples include a source separation project in New Britain, Connecticut in which the community planned and implemented a city-wide curb side source separation program, and a Hillsboro County, Florida project in which the county developed regional solid waste authority to implement several large scale resource recovery projects in the near future. Federal emphasis on resource and energy recovery, through this financial assistance program, is crucial to a self-sustaining resource and energy recovery industry and to community confidence in the availability and operating experience of resource recovery systems. Federal encouragement, as is currently being provided, is creating both the technical, financial, legal and management skills and the local community markets to maintain a nationally visible level of resource recovery implementation. 1 981 Program The total current estimate for this progam is $4,000,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. EPA will continue funding for feasibility studies, procurement planning, and project development activities to improve the probability of successful Implementation of resource and energy recovery systems by participating communities. Seven projects (Portland, Oregon; Central Massachusetts; Virgin Islands; San Francisco; Baltimore; Bell County, Kentucky; and New York/ New Jersey, Port Authority) in the resource recovery grant program will be implemented in 1981. These projects will complete the procurement planning stage and move towards the selling of bonds to finance the actual procurement of the system. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The Congress applied a reduction of $6,000,000 to resource recovery grants. 1982 Plan The total current estimate for this program is $6,600,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, which represents an increase of $2,600,000 from the 1981 current estimate. The resources will be used to fulfill the commitment made to this program and to fully fund and conclude projects from the original solicitation. The funding will extend and complete Federal support to the communities for their remaining activities to fully implement a resource recovery system. Most grant recipients will be in final project stages such as bid preparation and evaluation, preparation of contracts to secure markets and waste supply for the system; site selection; and public participation. SW-25 ------- SOLID WASTE Waste Management Strategies Implementation Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1931 • 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Hazardous Waste Management Regulatory Strategies Implementation: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Compliance Solid Waste Management Program Implementation: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Compliance......... Total: Salaries and Expenses., Abatement, Control and Compliance........ $3,092 93 1,309 15 4,401 108 $9,052 3,018 1,078 15 10,130 3,033 $6,973 3,994 1,145 15 8,118 4,009 $7,754 2,958 873 15 8,627 2,973 +$781 -1,036 -272 * * • +509 -1,036 Grand Total, 4,509 Permanent Po si t i ons— Hazardous Waste Management Regulatory Strategies Implementation Solid Waste Management Program Implementation .. Total, Full-time Equivalency Hazardous Waste Management Regulatory Strategies Implementation .......... Solid Waste Management Program Implementation... 138 Total 160 Budget Request 13,163 12,127 11,600 -527 98 40 227 35 219 34 195 25 -24 -9 262 253 220 -33 112 48 275 38 265 36 244 28 -21 -8 313 301 272 -29 The resources requested for this budget subactivity are $11,599,300 and 220 permanent workyears allocated to national hazardous and solid waste management as follows. The resources requested for hazardous waste are $10,711,700 and 195 perma- nent workyears. This includes a total of $7,753,600 for Salaries and Expenses and 52,953,100 for Abatement, Control and Compl 1ance-an increase of 5780,900 In Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $1,036,000 in Abatement, Control and r.-yipliance. The net change is a decrease of $255,100. Permanent workyears decrease by 24. The continued availability of the permit assistance contract from 1981 lessens the need for Abatement, Control and Compliance resources for 1982. The Solid Waste resource request totals $887,600 and 25 permanent workyears, of rfhich 3372,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This represents a decrease of 9 permanent workyears and 5272,900, resulting from a lessening of support requirements stemming from a reduced level of Subtitle D grant resources. . ------- Program Description Hazardous Waste Management The Hazardous Waste Management Regulatory Strategies Implementation program incorporates the regional activities necessary to oversee and operate when required, the RCRA mandated hazardous waste program. Under Subtitle C.of RCRA, regions assist States in developing substantially equivalent hazardous waste management programs to qualify for interim authorization, and equivalent programs to qualify for final authorization when applicable. The regions' responsibility includes administration of the program (day-to-day management and special problem solving), and either operation of programs In lieu of delegated State responsibility or oversight of State operation. Major activities include the manifest system, technical review of permits, quality control, and programs to assure compliance with RCRA hazardous waste regulations. Solid Waste Implementation The Solid Waste Management Program Implementation program includes regional activities that increase the ability of States to implement solid waste management programs under Subtitle D of RCRA. The EPA regions oversee State procedures for conducting the Solid Waste disposal site inventory required under Subtitle D of RCRA; assist States in developing their comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plans and in developing and implementing the non-hazardous waste regulatory program; manage the Urban Policy Resource Recovery grants within their Region; and negotiate grant-funded solid waste activities with the States. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 1980Accomplishments In 1980, obligations totaled $3,185,300, of which $93,200 was used for extramural purposes. The major activity of the regions was support to the States to develop and implement programs qualifying them for interim authorization. Regions assisted the States in developing legislative authority, regulatory powers, and program strategy required to implement a substantially equivalent hazardous waste program, and assisted States prepare the Phase I Interim Author- ization application packages. In 1980, the regions were responsible for the negotiation, award, and over- sight of State hazardous waste grants to assist States in continuing to develop hazardous waste management programs. The regions also negotiated the hazardous waste portion of the State/EPA agreements with other participating programs. The regions were integrally Involved in the notification process. They responded to information requests from candidate hazardous waste handlers, assisted notifiers in completing the forms, and provided various procedural and public education support activities. As of September 30, 1980, 59,000 notifica- tions had been received. The regions strengthened their own capabilities to implement a Federal hazardous waste program in unauthorized States. Activities critical to implemen- tation of the program include technical review of permit applications. They also enhanced their capability to operate other RCRA required hazardous waste programs including manifest systems, and Agency quality assurance programs. The regions also began advising facility owners and operators on application procedures for RCRA hazardous waste permits, processing approximately 25,000 initial requests for Part A permit application packages in 1980, and assisting applicants in the completion of the application when difficulties arose. By filing a Part A application, consisting of general information-concerning the facility and a hazardous waste permit application, the facility is entitled to interim status. The regions processed Part A applications, as submitted, beginning in late 1980. SW-28 ------- 1981 Program The total current estimate for this program is 219 permanent workyears and $10,965,800 of which $6,972,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,994,100 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. In 19S1 the regions will continue to negotiate, award and administer the State hazardous waste grants, and coordinate the hazardous waste portion of the annual State/EPA agreements with other participating programs. In States not achieving interim authorization but desiring to operate elements of the hazard- ous waste program, the regions will negotiate specific portions of the hazardous waste program for which the States will be responsible. The grants awarded to these Cooperative Arrangement States will reflect these negotiations. With the approval of the Administrator, the Agency will reprogram unobligated grant funds to defray the costs of operating a Federal program in unauthorized and non-parti- cipating States. These reprogrammed funds will supplement the regions' contractor support funds. In 1931, the regions will work extensively with States applying for interim authorization. The regions assist States in preparing a draft plan for submission to EPA for review and comment and subsequent revision by the States as necessary. After receiving the States' revised packages, the regions review the application for completeness and initiate the 30-day public comment proceedings. Regions review and respond to the comments received and issue an approval/ disapproval of Phase I Interim authorization. The regions anticipate that 24 States will achieve interim authorization during 1981. During 1Q81 the regions are responsible for overseeing interim-authorized States' work toward Phase II and final authorization. Regions will assist States applying for Phase II interim authorization in late 1981. The regional over- sight activities in 19S1 include technical guidance to both States and hazardous waste management facilities on operation of the manifest system and review of exception/discrepancy reports; monitoring the States' program authorization status; ensuring consistent implementation of interim standards; and identifica- tion and resolution of problems that occur during implementation. The implementation of hazardous waste management programs in unauthorized States is also the regions' responsibility. Regional activities include the implementation and operation of the manifest system and handling exception/ discrepancy -eports; providing review and technical evaluation of facility permits; and responding to questions and resolving problems of generators, transporters and facility owners regarding the hazardous waste regulations. The regions will operate the Federal hazardous waste program until the States achieve interim or final authorization. Reprogrammed State hazardous waste grant funds will help support regional operation of the federal program. During early 1981 regions will continue to process Part A pemit requests. Sased upon the permit priority system giving priority to new, model and potentially dangerous facilities, the regions will begin calling for Part B applications. Permitting will be initiated for these on-site and off-site treatment and disposal facilities in late 1931. Regions will use Best Engineering Judgment (3EJ) standards to begin to develop oermits for facilities in unauthorized States, and oversee technical permitting activities in interim authorized States. Permit applications will require a case-by-case evaluation and technical review. The evaluation and review techniques developed in 1981 will be the basis for modifying strategy to carry on extensive permitting in 1982. The extramural resources in 1981 fund contractor support to the regions and the States by providing technical support in evaluating individual permit applications and enhancing regional technical permitting oversight activities for interim authorized States. In early 1981, the regions will continue to process notification fonns as late and new hazardous waste handlers notify. The regions also will be responsi- ble for handling new notifications required as EPA promulgates additions to the P»CRA 53001 listing regulations. SW-29 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $1,103,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $48,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel cost by $850,000; a decrease of $14,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $100,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $47,200 was applied to this activity, - An increase of $426,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Preprogramming* to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of -$990,500: from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (+$11,100); public systems supervision program assistance(+$16,400); and to water quality environmental emergency response and prevention(-$8,100); dredge and fill (-$19,900); ambient water quality monitoring(-$178,300); municipal waste treatment facility construction(-$453,600); manpower planning and training(-$4,100); NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction(-$26,QOQ); solid waste uncon- trolled hazardous waste sites(-$26,900); solid waste technical assistance delivery^. headquarters(-$3,200); solid waste technical assistance delivery-regions(-$12,500); solid waste management program implementation(-S8,300); drinking water underground injection control program(-$ll,800); pesticides use management(-$18,800); pesticides enforcement(-$67,600); radiation program implementation(-$2,500); noise regional program implementation(-$13,700); interdisciplinary EIS review-air(-$5,000); EIS review-water quality(-$7,500); energy review and permittfng(-$3,100); toxics management(-$35,OOQ); and to program management regional counsel (-$32,900), regional management{-$65,000), and regional personnel management(-$14,200). - Transfer of $3,900 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in order to cover necessary supplies and materials. - Transfer of $22,900 from ambient air quality monitoring in order to provide for sample analysis of hazardous materials. - Transfer of $50,000 to hazardous waste permit enforcement in order to support an ADP contract for RCRA notification Part A, to establish and complete the inital program registry and data base. - Tranfer of $13,700 to hazardous waste enforcement in order to provide basic lab support. - Transfer of $12,000 to solid waste management program implementation in order to provide additional support to hold the public hearing mandated as part of the State plan approval process. - Transfer of $1,800 to radiation program implementation in order to cover the cost of procuring a lead brick shield and sodium-iodide crystal for the regional radiation measurement chamber. - Transfer of $7,700 to planning, evaluation and analysis in order to provide minimum support to the regional analytic center. - Transfer $3,200 from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites in order to reallocate travel funds. - A transfer of $13,600 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. ------- - Transfer of $253,000 to the Office of General Counsel in order to provide for the legal services workload associated with hazardous program implementation. - Offsetting transfers between hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation and regulations, guidelines and policies hazardous waste in order to realign funds required to support hazardous waste activities. Salaries and Expenses (-$1,000,000) and Abatement Control and Compliance (+$1,000,000). The offsetting transfers are in hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation. 1982 Plan EPA requests a total of 195 permanent workyears and $10,771,700, of which $7,753,600 1s for Salaries and Expenses and $2,958,100 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This reflects a decrease of 24 permanent workyears and a decrease of $255,100 from the 1981 current estimate. Regions in 1982 will negotiate the State hazardous waste grants to interim authorized and Cooperative Arrangement States. In Cooperative Arrangement States, the regions will operate those aspects of the Federal program not delegated to the States through negotiations including the technical evaluation required in the permitting process. Functions operated by the region will be specified in State-EPA grant negotiations. Funds not awarded to the States will be reprogrammed to the Agency to help finance operation of the Federal program in unauthorized States. As in 1981, State Assignees will be included in the hazardous waste grant negotia- tions. Resources in 1932 allow regions to continue to administer the hazardous waste program, and assist the States in moving toward final authorization. EPA regions will continue the interim authorization process, working with those unauthorized States to develop and strengthen their programs, and ensuring that all authorized programs meet the "substantial equivalence" requirements. Regions will assist States still lacking Phase II interim authorization construct the authorization packages, as they did for Phase I authorization. If the Phase II regulations are promulgated in two stages, regions will assist all the State apply for the second stage of Phase II authorization during 1982. Permitting of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities will be a focus of the regions in 1982. Target facilities include new and expanding facilities to ensure availability of adequate disposal capacity, and those facilities with potential to cause the most severe environmental and public health problems. The permits will be based on "Best Engineering Judgment" (BEJ) and issued to facilities using the best available technology. Facilities will have to be evaluated, therefore, on a case-by-case basis with extensive analysis to ensure compliance with BEJ standards. The regional technical staff also will be responsible for participating in response to public comment, and in public hear- ings as required by RCRA before issuing a permit. The Abatement, Control and Compliance resources requested in this program fund the support of contractors required to provide in-depth technical review and evaluation of the permit applications and; individual facility evaluations against the BEJ standards. These resources will allow EPA to meet the first year plan of the six year permitting strategy. The initial BEJ permits may need to be revised as BEJ standards are refined and national standards are promulgated. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980 obligations totaled $1,323,800 of which $15,000 was used for extramural purposes. The regions were responsible for the negotiation, award, and oversight of State solid waste grants to assist States in continuing to develop solid waste management plans and fund other RCRA Subtitle D programs. The regions-also negotiate, award and administer the solid waste portion of the State/EPA agreements. SW-31 ------- The regions continued to assist the States in assuming respondibiltiy for their solid waste management programs required by Subtitle D of RCRA. Regions provided advice to States concerning development and implementation of State legislative authority and regulatory powers required to manage the non-hazardous waste within the State, and provided assistance to States as they worked toward completing their comprehensive solid waste management plans for developing and implementing program for disposal of all non-hazardous wastes. Another major activity within this program element is the management of the land disposal site inventory process initiated in 1980. Regions ensure that States concentrate their inventory and evaluation efforts on the highest priority land disposal sites. The regional activities included management of the inventory process; oversight of site closings, openings, and upgradings; and the conduct of public participation activities, hearings, and other support functions. Under the Urban Policy program, the regions adminstered and managed the 61 local resource recovery grants. 198,1 Program The current estimate for this program is 34 permanent workyears and $1,160,500 of which $1,145,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. In 1981, the regions will continue to negotiate award and administer the State solid waste grants, and coordinate the solid waste portion of the annual State/EPA agreements with other participating programs. In consideration of the currently mandated phase-out of Federal Subtitle D financial assistance, the regions will continue to assist the States work toward finalizing their solid waste management plans and establishing and implementing adequate and self-supporting non-hazardous waste programs. Regions' activities in this regard include assisting States complete their solid waste management plan for submission to EPA by January 31, 1981, review and approval of the plans and advising States oh legislation and Implementation of required regulations. The regions will also assist the States Investigate alternative funding strategies to support the State solid waste management program. The management of the land disposal site inventory will continue in 1981, identifying and evaluating sites of highest priority and overseeing the closings, openings and upgradings of sites. The inventory information will be coordinated with EPA Headquarters by the regions for inclusion in the annual national inventory of land disposal sites. The regions will continue to manage and provide support to local resource recovery grantees, as they complete their feasibility studies and move into Phase II, procurement planning, and Phase III, procurement, of their systems. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $67,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $6,800. - An increase of $71,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. SW-32 ------- - Rsprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net,transfer of -$22,200: from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($8,300); from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($26,300); from hazardous waste enforcement ($6,300); from planning, evaluation and analysis ($4,500); from regional financial management ($900); and to regional management ($5,400); regional counsel ($200); energy review and permitting ($1,900); uncon- trolled hazardous waste site ($24,300); and municipal waste treatment facility construction ($36,700). - Transfer of $24,500: from solid waste technical assistance delivery-regions ($12,500) and from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($12,000) in order to provide additional support to hold the public hearing man- dated as part of the State plan approval process. 1982 Plan EPA requests a total of 25 permanent workyears and S887.SOO of which $872,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $15,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects a decrease of 9 permanent workyears and $272,900 from 1981, As the State Solid Waste Management Plans, submitted in January 1981, are approved regions will assist States Implement the plans. The regions will also work with the States to revise those plans, or sections of the plans not approved within the initial review period. These revised plans will be resubmitted to EPA for approval and subsequent State implementation. In 1982 the regions will play a reduced role In negotiating and awarding of the State Solid Waste grants, considering the work elements of the State Solid Waste Management Plans. Regions will minimally oversee these programs to ensure proper implementation by the States. Regions will continue to assist States in establishing alternative funding strategies to support the non-hazardous waste management program in conjunction with the EPA phase-out of Federal financial assistance for solid waste programs. The land disposal inventory will continue 1n 1982, and be managed by the regions. Activities will Include oversight of site closings, openings and up- gradings; conduct and management of public participation requirements; and coordination with headquarters and State support activities. The regions will manage the completion of the procurement planning and pro- curement phases of the resource recovery grants under the Urban Policy Program. It is anticipated that these projects will be completed in 1932. SW-33 ------- SOLID WASTE Technical Assistance Agpr-pprlatign Technical In?ormat i on Development: Salaries and Expenses... $1,078 $1,094 Abatement, Control and Compliance ... 1,332 600 Solid Waste Technical Assistance Delivery/ Regions: Salaries and Expenses... 463 386 Solid Waste Technical Assistance Delivery/ Headquarters: Salaries and Expenses... 154 120 Abatement, Control and Compliance , 4.150 4.494 Total: Salaries and Expenses. 1,695 1,600 Abatement, Control and Compliance. 5.482 5,094 Grand Total........ 7,177 6,694 Permanent Positions Technical" Information Development 11 11 Solid Waste Technical Assistance Delivery/ Regions .. 18 13 Solid Waste Technical Assistance Delivery/ Headquarters...... 4 L 3 Total 33 27 Ful1-time Equi valency Tecnln f cart Info rmat i 6 n Development. 22 16 Solid Waste Technical Assistance Delivery/Head- quarters..... 4 3 Solid Waste Technical Assi stance Deli very/ Regions 18 15 Total 44 34 Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1380 19811981 ,. ,1.982, 1982 vs. 1981 "" fiollars In thousands) $1,026 587 459 116 4.494 1,601 5,081 6,682 10 12 25 15 14 $1,279 +$253 600 +13 416 234 4,394 1,929 4.994 6,923 11 13 27 16 15 -43 +118 -100 +328 -87 +241 +2 32 34 +2 SW-34 ------- 3udget_ In 1982, the Agency requests 27 permanent workyears and $6,923,200, of which $1,92°, 400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $4,993,800 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. These resources will fund technical assistance at the $5 million level, as required under the 1980 Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The request is an increase of $240,700 over 1981 with an increase of $328,300 in the Salaries and Expenses apropriation and a decrease of $87,600 in the Abatement, Compliance and Control appropriation. The increase in Salaries and Expenses is for printing and composition costs for RCRA rule-making and background documents. Reprogramming to support ad hoc technical assistance meetings to explain RCRA regulations to regional. State and local officials increased Salaries and Expenses while decreasing Abatement, Control and Compliance. Program Description Funding under this subactivity enables EPA to provide State and local governments, as well as Federal agencies, with comprehensive technical assistance on solid and hazardous waste management and resource conservation and recovery. EPA is also able to manage a participatory public education and information program, as well as develop and provide technical information concerning implementation of RCRA regulations, policies and programs. Section 2006(b) of RCRA mandates EPA to establish Technical Assistance Panels for the purpose of providing technical assistance to States, local governments, and Federal agencies upon request, these panels consist of experts from EPA, State and local officials (under the peer matching progam), consultants under contract to EPA, or any other individuals serving voluntarily. Peer matching uses officials from one community to help another community solve a problem with which they have had similar experience. This subactivity includes the following programs: Technicali jJJP^MloJ-.De-ygTognjen^ *- This program includes the management of hearings, meet i ngs a i rid I other • pi^lic part ici pat i on activities mandated by Section 7004(5) in the development of all regulations, guidelines and programs under RCRA. Management of RCRA orientation courses for Federal and State employees will be provided. EPA's management of a participatory public education and information program on solid and hazardous waste management technical issues, and preparation, publication and dissemination of reports to Congress and the President and other publications are also included, as mandated by RCRA Sections 2005 and Subtitle H. Technical Assistance - Regional Offices — This program includes regional management of the technical assistance panels program for State and local governments and delivery of technical assistance by regional personnel. Technical Assistance -. Headquarters -- This program provides national program management to include EPA Headquarters establishment of regional level-of-effort contracts for technical assistance and management of an evaluation reporting system of technical assistance provided. Administration and monitoring of peer matching technical assistance grants is also included. TECHNICAL INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT 1 980 Accompli shments Obligations for 1980 totaled $2,409,900, of which $1,33J,500 was used for extramural purposes. The second year of the public education program on RCRA imple- mentation, Waste Alerts continued in 1980. The initial two years focused on identi- fying and educating citizen leaders, developing proposals for implementing public participation under RCRA at the State level, planning for State Waste Alert! confer- ences, and identifying State action groups for participation in such conferences. Six citizen education grants were awarded through which grantees developed, organized, and managed four Regional Waste Alert! conferences, SW-35 ------- In response to approximately 31,000 information requests from the public, approximately 1,300,000 technical and public information documents, including 400,000 copies of the RCRA regulations, were distributed in 1980. EPA prepared and published 151 new titles, including reports to Congress, technical reports, manuals, fact sheets and graphic presentations. Initial orientation courses were held for Regional personnel on the imple- mentation of the RCRA regulations, and three universities developed innovative model courses on hazardous waste management. In addition, twenty public hearings and meetings were held on RCRA regulations, guidelines, and programs. 1981 Program The total current estimate for this program is 10 permanent workyears and $1,613,100 of which $1,025,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $587,600 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. Provision for public participation 1n RCRA programs will continue in 1981, including public hearings and meetings on implementation of RCRA regulations, guidelines, and programs. Management of the RCRA regulations orientation workshops will continue to be provided, including the periodic updating of course material such as training manuals. The public education program, Waste Alert! will continue into its third year. Waste Alert! conferences willbegin forming coalitions and serve as a corps to help citizens at the local level understand solid waste management projects and issues, such as treatment, storage and disposal facilities siting, resource recovery and the problems of abandoned waste sites. Citizens in all 56 States and Territories will ultimately be involved in shaping national, State and local programs and policies concerning waste management. Under the technical information program, the preparation, publication and distribution of information documents and reports will continue and additional regional conferences, for EPA personnel involved in RCRA implementation, will be held. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $80,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $48,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $12,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $12 million; a decrease of $7,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $24,800 results from the cost of the-October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $27,900: to regulations, guidelines and polices/hazardous waste ($23,700) and solid waste technical assistance delivery-headquarters ($4,200). - A transfer of $2,100 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. SW-36 ------- 1982 Plan EPA requests a total of 11 permanent workyears and $1,878,900 of which $1,278,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $600,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The public education program on RCRA implementation, Maste Alert!. will continue in 1982. The fourth year's program will focus increasingly on gaining constructive public involvement in siting treatment, storage and disposal facili- ties and other support for State funded Subtitle C programs. To this end, regional and State conferences and the development of technical information materials will continue. Public meetings and hearings associated with the development of regulations will be continued. The Agency will continue its development and distribution of public and technical information materials as well as its response to public inquiries. Publishing support, including an annual report to Congress on RCRA activities, an(* Federal Register publication of regulations, disseminating staff and contrac- tor reports, technical newsletters and other information will continue in FY 1982. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DELIVERY ^REGIONALOFFICES 1980 Accomplishments Obligations for 1980 totaled $463,000 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, EPA regional offices continued operation of the Technical Assistance (TA) Panels program mandated under Section 2003 of RCRA. Individual consultant contracts were managed at each regional office. This support and the other technical assistance services enabled each Region to maintain comprehensive coverage of its jurisdiction's needs. These technical assistance services act as a catalyst for States and local governments as they begin to implement their responsibilities under Subtitles C —*-••• and D of RCRA, such as the inventory of solid waste disposal sites and State hazardous waste management programs. The assignment of primary responsibility for provision of technical assistance to the regions has become increasingly significant, as unique regional, State, and local differences and needs have been encountered. The regions are most familiar with the specific waste management problems in their jurisdictions and can better integrate the TA Panels program with the development of RCRA regulatory programs. The regional offices responded to 348 requests for technical assistance in 1980, an increase of 21% over the previous fiscal year, through peer matching, consultants or directly by EPA regional personnel. 42X of these requests were for resource recovery and waste reduction. 1981 Program EPA requests a total of 12 permanent workyears and $459,200 under this program for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The resources will enable EPA regions to continue coordinating and adminis- tering the delivery of technical assistance through the RCRA-mandated TA panels program. This will include receiving and responding to minor technical assistance inquiries, reviewing and evaluating requests for assistance, selecting modes of assistance and developing work scopes. Technical assistance will continue to be provided through contractor, peer matching and EPA regional personnel. SW-37 ------- The regions will begin using Senior Environmental Employees in 1981. They will visit client communities, attend meetings, initiate new projects, monitor on-going projects and supervise and coordinate with consultant contractors. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $72,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,500. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $28,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of $68,800: from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($18,300); uncontrolled hazardous waste sites enforcement ($16,700); hazardous waste enforcement ($35,400); hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($12,500); and, to municipal waste treatment facility construction ($4,200); regional management ($1,300); regional financial management ($6,800); and regional counsel ($1,800). - Transfer of $12,500 to solid waste management program implementation to provide additional support to hold the public hearing mandated as part of the State plan approval process. 1982 Plan EPA requests 13 permanent workyears and $416,600 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The regions will continue to receive and respond to minor technical assist- ance inquiries, review and evaluate requests for major assistance and select modes of assistance and develop workscopes. With the implementation of the Subtitle C regulations, EPA expects requests for technical assistance to focus on hazardous waste program development and implementation questions. The regional staff will participate in the management and actual delivery of technical assistance. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DELIV ERY-HEADQUARTERS 1980 Accomplishments Obligations for 1980 totaled $4,303,900, of which $4,150,200 was used for extramural purposes. To carry out the RCRA mandated Technical Assistance Panels Programs, EPA headquarters awarded funds to 10 regional contractors and 7 public interest groups for peer matching services. The Office of Solid Waste continued to provide national management of this program to ensure overall consistency among the Regions, provide a mechanism for the development and distribution of general policy and guidance documents, and provide the Regions with a central contact point for shaping the program. EPA developed and issued a summary report of the 1980 Technical Assistance Panels program activities. SW-38 ------- I 1981 Program EPA requests a total of 3 permanent workyears and $4,610,200 under this program, of which $116,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,493,800 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, national management of the Technical Assistance Panels program will be provided. This will include negotiating, awarding and monitoring consultant contracts and public interest group peer matching grants; conducting reporting and record keeping activities; and evaluating the overall program to enable EPA to ascertain the effectiveness and responsiveness of the various technical assistance provided. 1981 Ex pi an ati on of Chan ge from Budget Estmate The net decrease of $3,300 results from several actions, as follows; - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $700. - An increase of $6,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $3,200 from hazardous waste management regulatory strate- gies implementation. - A transfer of $12,000 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. 1982 Plan The Agency requests 3 permanent workyears and $4,627,700 under this program of which $233,900 is for Salaries and Expenses and $4,393,800 Is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The Abatement, Control and Compliance resources will fund the technical assistance panels. National management of the Technical Assistance Panels program will be provided at the same levels as in prior years. This management activity includes negotiating, awarding and monitoring contracts and grants for delivery of technical assistance and conducting recordkeeping and reporting activities related to the overall program. Annual evaluation of the program will also be performed, enabling the Agency to ascertain the effectiveness and responsiveness of technical assistance provided. SW-39 ------- SOLID WASTE Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Budget Current . Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1892 vs. 1981 (dollars In thousands) Appropriation Salaries and Expenses $1,271 $1,736 $4,216 ... -$4,216 Abatement, Control and Compliance 16.567 16,570 21,661 -21.661 Total 17,838 18,306 25,877 ... -25,877 Permanent Positions 23 19 65 ... -65 Full-time Equivalency 28 19 67 ... -67 Budget Request The Agency requests no appropriation in 1982 for this budget activity under the- "Salaries"and"Expenses and Abatement,Control and Compliance appropriations. All activities previously funded under this budget activity will be funded under the appropriation for the Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund created by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund). Program Description The Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site program is currently an interim program, to address hazardous substance release problems In a limited way before passage of "Superfund". The major goal of the program Is to address the worst known problems associated with uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The interim strategy encompasses site discovery actions, investigations to determine the most serious sites, emergency assistance at those sites eligible under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act of 1977, and development of enforcement cases. The interim program will bridge the gap until the "Superfund" program is fully implemented. Superfund will provide the necessary funding and authority to intensify current efforts and to begin undertaking engineering planning and design, containment measures. The primary objective of the program Is to eliminate threats to public health and welfare and ecologically sensitive areas from hazardous substance releases from uncontrolled waste sites. Preliminary estimates reveal that there may be 30,000 to 50,000 sites containing hazardous waste, of which 1,200 to 2,000 may present potentially significant problems. Over 7,000 waste sites have been inventoried, but the extent of the risks posed by them is in most cases still unknown. 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency obligated a total of $17,837,900 and 23 permanent workyears for the the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site program, of which $1,271,100 was for Salaries and Expenses, and $16,566,800 was for extramural contracts under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Additional resources for this program were provided under enforcement and research and development budget activities. SW-40 ------- During 1980, the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site program began to implement the interim strategy as directed by the EPA Deputy Adiministrator in 1979. This strategy was based on the policies established during 1979, and includes site identification and discovery, field investigations, emergency response, and enforcement actions. The 1980 program relied extensively on contractor support included in this subactivity to provide 147 dedicated contractor field investigation personnel to the Regions for site identification, investigation, and enforcement case preparation. The contractor also provided other non-dedicated services such as drilling sample wells, retaining expert consultants, and procuring engineering services to determine remedial measures. The $16,000,000 in contracts included approximately $8,000,000 for the Field Investigation Team (FIT) contract, awarded in February 1980, and a $5,000,000 series of chemical analysis contracts for analyzing samples obtained during site investigations. An additional contract was awarded to manage and control the shipment of samples to and from the regional offices and laboratories. Contract funds of $1,000,000 were used for support of emergency response to sites. The remaining $2,000,000 was used to fund contracts for remedial technology evaluations, aerial surveillance, and regional training programs. Over 7,600 potential hazardous waste site problems are currently identified on regional logs. Of this total, 4,560 sites underwent preliminary assessment and 1,650 site inspections were completed. Tentative dispositions were made on 1,305 sites. These activities have supported 61 emergency response actions under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act and the filing of 51 EPA-initaited enforcement cases. 1981 Program In 1981 the Agency has allocated a total of $25,876,600 and 65 permanent workyears to this program, of which $4,216,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $21,660,400 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Of this total, $8,200,000 and 40 permanent workyears were appropriated in a 1981 budget amendment for Superfund planning and implementation activities. Contract funding of $21,660,400 will be used to provide major technical assistance and support to EPA efforts. The $10,600,000 field Investigation team contract will provide the Regions with 180 dedicated field personnel to assist with preliminary assessments, site inspections, and enforcement case preparation. $3,400,000 will fund a series of chemical analysis contracts in support of site investigations. $2,600,000 will be used for contracted design plans and engineering studies for remedial action at 5-10 sites. $2,900,000 will fund contracts for support of Headquarters efforts in developing and implementing Superfund strategies. $200,000 will be used for assessment of remedial measures taken at Love Canal. The remaining $2,000,000 in contracts will fund aerial surveillance, a national toll-free telephone notification system, and technical support for emergency response to sites. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $7,570,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,800. - A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities was submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increase of $2,651,000 for this activity under Salaries and Expenses and $5,505,000 under Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $11,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $30,500 was applied to this activity. SW-41 ------- - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $645,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $6,400 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $59,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprograimnngs to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a decrease of $215,700: to water quality ambient water quality monitoring ($39,500); waste treatment operations and maintenance ($25,200); municipal waste treatment facility construction (513,700); ocean disposal permits ($9,000); permit issuance ($12,400); solid waste hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($11,100); solid waste implementation ($26,300); solid waste technical assistance delivery ($18,300); pesticides use management ($6,100); interdisciplinary EIS reviews-water quality ($13,800); energy review and permitting ($14,200); and toxic substances enforcement ($26,100). - Reprogramming of $107,800 from the regulations, guidelines and policies-hazardous waste in order to reflect the establishment of uncontrolled hazardous waste site program. - Transfer of $71,300 to hazardous waste permit enforcement in order to provide ADP support for the permit process. - Transfer of $3,900 from hazardous waste management strategies implementation in g order to support the necessary supplies and materials. - Transfers resulted in an Increase of $230,700: from public systems supervision program assistance ($20,000); NEPA compliance-municipal waste facility construction ($1,200); state programs regulations and guidelines ($104,100); municipal waste treatment facility construction ($45,400); water quality permit issuance ($13,200); energy review and permitting ($12,300); air quality management implementation ($39,500); and to NEPA compliance/EIS preparation new source discharge permit ($5,000) to realign contract funds. - Reprogrammings resulted in a decrease of $3,600: to hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($3,200); uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($400) reflecting a reallocation of travel funds. 1982 Plan In 1982, the activities previously funded under this budget subactivity will be funded under the appropriation for Superfund. SM-42 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Enforcement SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- SOLID WASTE Solid Waste Enforcement Appropriation Hazardous Waste Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses • Abatement, Control and Compliance .., Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste: Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and Compliance Hazardous Waste permit Issuance: Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and Compliance Total: Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and Compliance < Grand Total: Permanent Positions Ha zardbus Waste Enforcement Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste Permit Issuance .. Total. Fun-time Equivalency HazardousWaste Enforcement Uncontrolled Hazardous waste Hazardous Waste Permit Issuance ...... Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 198JD 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) $2,495 $3,161 $2,937 $4,137 +$1,200 643 632 652 455 -197 2,711 2 $187 « » * 5,393 645 6,038 66 71 8 145 78 88 10 1,925 • * * $4,090 25 9,176 657 9,833 83 53 121 257 98 53 175 4,313 2,271 $4,039 24 11,289 2,947 14,236 84 103 ' 114 301 101 111 172 * • * • * * $4,981 25 9,118 480 9,598 ! 93 • * » 135 228 109 * * * 189 -4,313 -2,271 +$942 +1 -2,171 -2,467 -4,638 +9 -103 +21 -73 +3 -111 +17 Total. 176 326 384 298 -86 SW-43 ------- Budget Request In 1982, the Agency requests 228 permanent workyears and a total of $9,597,600, a decrease of 73 permanent workyears and $4,638,400 from 1981. Included In this total is $9,117,700 for Salaries and Expenses and $479,900 for Abatement, Control .and Com- pliance. Program Description The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) provides for comprehen- sive control over the handling of solid and hazardous wastes. The Act authorizes EPA to promulgate regulations to control hazardous wastes from the point of generation to the point of final disposal. The solid waste enforcement program is at thfs time organized into three major, separate components: (1) hazardous waste enforcement program, (2) uncontrolled hazardous waste program, and (3) hazardous waste permit issuance program. In July of 1979, EPA determined that the clean-up by responsible parties of hazardous waste dump- sites threatening public health would be given "highest Agency priority" and established an agency-wide Hazardous Waste Enforcement and Emergency Response System. Consequently, a "National Hazardous Waste Enforcement Task Force" (Task Force) was established to coordinate and manage the imminent hazard cases initiated under Section 7003 of RCRA, Section 1431 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, Section 504 of the Clean Water Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Since its Inception, the Task Force has been active in evaluating potential hazards at sites known to contain hazardous waste and in assist- ing in legal action and emergency Federal actions to contain the spread of contaminants where existing local authority and funding is Insufficient. The Task Force was established as a separate component to expedite handling of uncontrolled hazardous waste site cases in conjunction with a newly-formed Hazardous Waste Section in the Department of Justice. (Task Force functions and activities are discussed under the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site Enforcement justification). The hazardous waste enforcement program is responsible for development of an overall enforcement strategy, and implementation of a monitoring program designed to ensure compliance with RCRA Subtitle C regulations. The regulations will require generators and tranporters of hazardous waste to comply with certain procedural stan- dards, such as record-keeping, reporting, and proper containerization, and will also require that all transported hazardous wastes be accompanied by a manifest document, and additionally, that such wastes be taken only to permitted hazardous waste manage- ment facilities. Facilities which manage hazardous wastes will be required to notify EPA, qualify for interim status by completing a Part A application and obtain a per- mit from EPA or a State with an authorized RCRA program. Procedures for routine inspection and sampling of facilities which generate, transport, treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste will be developed. Guidelines will be promulgated establishing standards of evidence needed to support enforcement actions in cases of interim status standards violations and permit violations. RCRA enforcement will also be responsible for promulgating rules governing the issuance of compliance orders and hearings conducted to either assess administrative penalties and/or suspend or revoke permits. The hazardous waste permit program is part of the comprehensive effort required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to manage hazardous waste. The Act prohibits treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous waste except in accordance with an EPA or approved State-issued permit. RCRA permits provide a mechanism for controlling hazardous waste by imposing performance standards on treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. These standards, set by the hazardous waste management program will ensure that hazardous waste is managed according to environmentally acceptable practices. EPA estimates there are a total of 30,000 sites that will require permits, 7,500 of which will be issued by EPA. The remaining 22,500 permits will be issued by States with approved RCRA programs. SW-44 ------- Development of adequate State hazardous waste permit programs is another significant aspect of the permit issuance program. RCRA places great emphasis on approving State programs, encouraging them to issue permits with either temporary "interim authorization" or full authorization if they meet RCRA's requirements. EPA's role in the State author- ization process is twofold. First, EPA will support State efforts to develop adequate permit program by providing technical, legal, and administrative assistance. Secondly, EPA will oversee approved programs to ensure that State permits are issued in conformance with National program policies. EPA's success in authorizing State programs will affect the volume of permitting done by the Agency. As part of its continuing efforts to improve the regulatory process, EPA has con- solidated permit issuance procedures for five permit programs: the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), the hazardous waste permit program, the Underg- ground Injection Control (UIC) program, the Dredge of Fill program, and the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program. Coordination and consolidation of the permitting process will benefit both the public and the Agency by reducing delay and simplifying permitting procedures. HAZARDOUSHASTE ENFORCEMENT 1980 Acomplishments Obligations in 1980 totaled $3,138,100, of which contract funds totaling $642,600 were expended in 1980 for five purposes: development of the overall enforcement strat- egy, development of an inspection manual for verification of compliance with interim status standards; support of non-notlfier enforcement activities; assistance to the Office of Solid Waste in developing an ADP system to meet anticipated program needs; and development of a RCRA penalty policy for administrative, civil and criminal pro- ceedings. Program activities in 1980 focused on efforts to formulate a comprehensive strategy for implementation of a hazardous waste enforcement program in the beginning of 1981, and to review State plans for interim authorization. The program also pro- vided extensive assistance and support to the Office of Solid Waste in the development of draft regulations and guidelines under RCRA. The Agency completed a second draft of a "Case Proceedings Manual" for use in enforcement action. A rewrite of the initial draft was necessary because of the extensive changes made to the RCRA regulations. Also completed in 1980 was a "General Inspections Manual" to be used to inspect permitted sites and facilities for compliance with interim status standards. Training plans for conducting interim status inspections were completed. Inspection training courses are scheduled to be given to the Regions in 1931. The purpose of the manual is to provide guidance needed to properly conduct inspections of hazardous waste facilities. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,589,300 to this program, of which 52,937,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $652,100 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Permanent workyeaVs allocated in 1981 total 34 an increase of 18 over the 1980 program level. The highest priority for the 1981 hazardous waste enforcement program is initiat- ing enforcement actions using all available legal authority, in situations involving substantial threats to health or the environment. In addition, assistance will be given to the Office of Solid Waste in the development and completion of final RCRA regulations. Other significant activities conducted by the Regions in 1981 include the establishment and conducting of compliance monitoring and enforcement programs for all States not granted interim or final authorization and the conducting of enforcement activities in States operating programs under Cooperative Arrangements. As the authorized States begin implementing their program, EPA will provide legal and technical assistance, as requested, and evaluate the adequacy of State enforce- ment programs. Regions will be responsible for maintaining management information systems to track notification, manifest, compliance monitoring, inspection, and enforcement activities in States without RCRA program authorization. SW-45 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $203,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $17,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide trayel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $25,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $13,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $47,400 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $169,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers of $501,300 to other activities: to municipal waste treatment facility construction ($1,600); solid waste technical assistance deli very-regions ($12,000); pesticides enforcement ($32,500); uncontrolled hazardous waste sites enforcement ($120,600); to regional management ($9,800); to underground Injection control program ($23,300); hazardous waste permit enforcement ($19,800); solid waste management program implementation ($6,300); solid waste technical assistance delivery- regions ($23,400); pesticides use management ($37,000); pesticides enforcement ($33,000);to ElS-review-air ($2,500); to EIS review-water quality ($39,900); to toxic substances enforcement ($13,900); to regional counsel ($39,000); to regional per- sonnel management ($13,200); to regional administrative management ($37,500); to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites enforcement ($8,000); to radiation program implementation ($8,800); to noise regional program implementation ($9,200); and to drinking water enforcement ($10,000). - Transfer of $216,900: from water quality enforcement ($165,800) and from air mobiles source enforcement ($51,100) to provide additional support for hazardous waste enforcement and provide a level of funding consistent with prior years experience. - Transfer of $13,700 from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation to provide basic lab support. - Transfer of $23,200 from water quality enforcement to support the costs of providing expert witnesses and case support for hearings and/or trials. - Transfer of $10,000 from air quality management implementation to realign contract funds. - Transfer of $1,800 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites enforcement in order to reallocate travel funds. - Transfer of $22,000 to nationwide support costs in order to provide additional support services resources to meet increased RCRA programmatic requirements. - Transfer of $7,700 to personnel administration to provide additional resources in order to administer RCRA programmatic increases. SW-46 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $4,591,700 for this program, of which $4,136,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $455,200 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, for an increase of $1,002,400. A .total of 93 permanent workyears will be available to the program in 1982, an increase of 9 over the 1981 level. The 1982 program will consist of the following activities. Regions will conduct compliance monitoring and enforcement programs in States not granted interim or final authorization. Review of final and amended interim State hazardous waste management plans will be provided as well as legal and technical support for preparation of enforcement actions. Additionally, an initiative to investigate suspected criminal activity will be established. The Regions will also maintain management information systems for tracking of manifest, inspection, and enforcement activities. Contract funds totaling $455,200 will be used for the following purposes: to support ADP system design improvements; to provide support for the up-date of existing training manuals covering compliance inspection and case development procedures; to evaluate the effectiveness of the manifest system in controlling the flow of hazardous waste; and to support case development. UNCONTROLLED HAZARDOUSHASTE 198QAccomplishments The Agency allocated a total of $2,712,500 to this program for 1980, of which $2,710,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,000 for Abatement, Control and Com- pliance. A total of 71 permanent workyears were allocated for 1980. During 1980, the newly-established hazardous waste site enforcement program focused on enforcement actions against uncontrolled hazardous waste sites that posed threats to public health and safety and to the environment. Using "imminent hazard" authorities contained in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and other environmental statutes —- as well as common law provisions — the Agency was able to file 51 cases during 1980 at sites that posed imminent hazards to health and the environment. An additional 200 sites were examined as possible targets for enforcement action. While some of these Federal cases involved the recovery of fines as "secondary" relief, they primarily utilized injunctive authori- ties to require responsible parties to abate hazards posed by sites and to undertake cleanup actions at their own expense. By the end of 1980 eight of these cases had been favorably resolved, with no negative decisions. The Hazardous Waste Site Tracking System — managed by the Office of Enforce- ment -— was fully implemented during 1980. This system provides the Agency with an inventory and assessment of potential hazardous waste sites. The information entered and stored in this system has been used to help determine what enforcement or remedial actions may be required to neutralize any current or potential danger pre- sented by these sites. By the end of 1980, 7,600 potential sites were listed in the system and new sites were being added to the list at approximately 400 per month. The Agency had conducted about 4,600 preliminary assessments and 2,000 site inspections to determine the seriousness of listed sites. A number of training sessions with Headquarters, the Department of Justice, Regional, and State personnel on topics such as site investigations, groundwater characteristics, use of the safety manual, chain of custody and document control and case development were provided during 1980. In addition, Task Force per- sonnel participated in the development and management of several nationwide conferences on the subject of hazardous waste. SW-47 ------- 1981Program In 1981, the Agecny allocated $6,583,700 to this program, of which $4,312,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,271,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The allocation, of 103 permanent workyears represents an increase of 32 from 1980. The 1930 passage of "Superfund"* and major amendments to the Resource Conser- vation and Recovery Act significantly expanded EPA's hazardous waste enforcement responsibilities and authorities. Previous Injunctive "imminent hazard" authority has been butressed by judicial actions to recover Superfund expenditures, admini- strative orders to force cleanup by responsible parties, punitive damage provisions, and authority to order and enforce monitoring, testing and analysis requirements. While the goal of protecting public health and safety from threats posed by hazardous waste sites and spills will remain unchanged, the new Federal response options will modify the Agency's previous strategy which necessarily relied on Iraninent hazard injunctive actions and Section 311 emergency response and con- tainment under the Clean Water Act. The Office of Enforcement will play a major role in the implementation of hazardous waste authorities, providing enforcement response to dangerous sites and spills, pursuing judical "recovery" actions where Superfund monies have been used to achieve full site cleanup, combining "recovery" actions and actions to force responsible parties to complete remedial action where Superfund expenditures are limited to interim or partial site cleanup and contain- ment, and using enforcement actions to generate privately financed cleanup and remedial activities at a signficant percentage of site where Superfund remedial monies will not be used at all. Recovery actions will protect the integrity of the Fund and preserve Superfund resources for use at truly abandoned or insolvent sites where no recovery will be possible. Enforcement activities and actions to generate privately financed cleanup where the Fund is not involved will maximize available Superfund resources, lessen the appropriations and tax burdens associated with the fund, and increase the overall percentage of cleanup costs borne by directly culpable parties. The highest priorities during 1981 will be the initiation and management of enforcement activities and judicial actions involving hazardous waste sites and spills that present imminent and substantial hazards to public health and the environ- ment. During 1981 an increasing percentage of Task Force time will be devoted to litigation support activities as previously filed cases come to trial. The program, working with the Headquarters Program Office, Regions, and States will also concen- trate on the investigation and assessment of presently known and newly discovered sites and the development of new enforcement actions. Headquarters operations will be concerned to a much larger degree with the pre- paration of enforcement guidance required by CERCLA and the new RCRA amendments as well as participation with other program offices in the regulations and guidance de- velopment process. Headquarters will also continue to provide technical and legal support to the States to augment their hazardous waste enforcement efforts and assist them in enhancing their enforcement capabilities1. *Tne Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). SW-48 ------- 1981 Explanation of Chancie from Budget Estimate The net increase of $4,658,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $9,900. - A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities was submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increase of $1,922,000 to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,340,000 in the Abate- ment, Control and Compliance appropriation for this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $6,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $3,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $69,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $2,300 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $148,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed, supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in an increase of $123,400; to solid waste techical assistance delivery (535,300); environmental emergency response and prevention ($24,900); air station- ary source enforcement ($20,000); toxic substances enforcement ($15,100); regional counsel ($10,600); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implemen- tation ($26,900); solid waste management program implementation ($24,300); hazardous waste enforcement ($128,600); water quality enforcement ($18,300); and hazardous waste permit enforcement ($31,200). - Transfer of $204,900 from air stationary source enforcement in order to pro- vide support for hazardous waste enforcement and provide funding consistent with prior year's experience. - Reprograranings resulted in an increase of $11,000: from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($400); state programs regulations and guidelines ($2,000); air quality management implementation ($4,000); hazardous waste enforcement ($2,800); and hazardous waste permit enforcement ($1,800) reflecting a reallocation of travel funds. 1982 Plan 's In 1982, the activities previously funded under this budget subactivity will be funded under the appropriation for Superfund. HAZARDOUS WASTE PERMIT ISSUANCE 1980Accomplishments Obligations in 1980 totaled $187,200. Final hazardous waste and consolidated permit regulations were issued in May 1980 after a lengthy and intensive process which included agency reviews, public meetings, a comment period, and consideration of public comments. The regulations include permitting procedures and standards for State hazardous waste program submissions. SW-49 ------- Permitting priorities and guidance were developed to assist State and Regional offices in establishing hazardous waste pennitting programs. New Permit writing units were established in the Regions and staffing patterns were developed to provide the organization necessary to handle the new permitting program. EPA also held meetings with State and local officials, industry representatives, and environ- mental and other public interest groups to explain the regulations and ensure notifications by the August 19 deadline. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated $4,053,000 for the hazardous waste permitting program, of which $4,039 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $24,000 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contract support will provide training for pennitting personnel. The 1981 hazardous waste permitting program is emphasizing the review and approval of State submissions for authorization under Section 3006 of RCRA. Final applications for interim status programs have already been received by EPA from 23 States and 5 State programs have received interim authorization. This program will provide partici- pating States with the authority to manage portions of their hazardous waste management programs pending the development of programs eligible for final authorization. EPA is continuing to develop strategy for and provide assistance to States and Regional offices. A series of workshops will be held to provide State and Regional permitting personnel with guidance of hazardous waste permitting policy and procedures. During 1981 EPA is also beginning the process of writing permits to the highest priority facilities. New and especially hazardous treatment, storage, and disposal facilities will receive first consideration. Permits will then be processed for innovative facilities and those where permit consolidation is a possibility. This strategy is designed to maintain the largest capacity for the safe management of hazardous waste while protecting public health and the environment. 1931 Expl anatlAn^,^Changje_ from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $51,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $27,300. - Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,000 was applied to this activity. - Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $59,000 was applied to this activity. - Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $1,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $254,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Raprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a decrease of $348,300: from hazardous waste enforcement ($19,800); and, to regional management ($78,300); to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites enforcement ($31,200); to regional counsel ($56,600); to regional financial manage- ment ($4,200); to drinking water enforcement ($4,400); to pesticides use management ($900); to municipal waste treatment facility construction ($80,000); and to regional administrative management ($112,500). SW-50 ------- - Transfer of $169,500 from water quality enforcement to provide additional support for hazardous waste enforcement and to provide a level of funding consistent with prior year's experience. - Transfer of $54,900 from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to provide ADP support for the permit process. - Transfer of $50,000 from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation to support an ADP contract for RCRA notification, Part A, to establish and complete the initial program registry and data base. - Transfer of $116,000 to the Office of the General Counsel to support the legal services workload associated with hazardous waste program implementation. - Transfers resulted in a decrease of $23,000: to personnel administration ($10,200) and to civil rights investigations ($12,800) in order to provide additional staff and related costs in order to administer RCRA programmatic in- creases. 1982 Plan The Angency requests a total of $5,005,900 for hazardous waste permitting, of which $4,981,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $24,700 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an annual increase of 5942,900. Of the 135 permanent workyears requested, 21 is an increase from the 1981 current estimate. In 1982, EPA will fully implement its program to permit facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste. Approximately 400 facilities will receive permits during the year in accordance with priorities established in EPA's per- mitting strategy. Appeals to the terms and conditions of these permits will require additional effort in order to ensure that effective control of hazardous waste can be achieved. Thirty-nine States are expected to receive interim authorization by the end of 1982. EPA intends to provide the States with legal, technical, and administrative assistance to enable them to develop permit programs that qualify for full author- ization. Contract support of $24,700 will provide for preparation of guidance and training of personnel in RCRA permit procedures. SW-51 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- SOLID WASTE Solid Waste - Non-Energy (RCRA) Appropriation Scientific Assessments: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development........... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development........... Health Effects: .Salaries and Expanses.... Research and Development........... Environmental Engineering and Technology! Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Total: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Deveiopm ent ........... Grand Total Actual 1980 $ 102 17* 178 2 366 262 — -— 1,180 10,373 63 413 1,889 11, 22$ 13.113 Budget Estimate 1981* (dollars in ,$ 172 370 176 12 9*0 3,63S 114 730 2,530 17,070 190 85* 4,122 22t674 26.796 Current Estimate 1981 thousands) $ 126 393 183 12 999 7,978 10* 735 2,913 15,083 180 858 4,505 25,059 29.56* Estimate 1982 $ 561 261 179 12 3,178 4,982 74 1,168 2,969 15,311 1,575 1,698 8,536 23,432 31.968 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 $ +435 - 132 -4 -*- +2,179 -2,996 -30 +433 +56 +228 +1,395 +840 +4,031 -1,627 +2.40* EW-52 ------- Budget* Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions Scientific Assessments*,. 24 2 11 +9 Technical Information and Liaison „ 33 33 — Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance... 6 18 18 30 +12 Health Effects..... —2 22 -— Environmental Engineering and Technology.......... 21 M 49 35 -1ft Environmental Processes and Effects , 1 3 4 24 +20 Total. .... 33 73 78 105 +27 Full-Time Equivalency Scientific Assessments,... 3( 3 .6 3 17 +14 Technical Information * and Liaison............. 4 5 5 5 — Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance... 24 26 28 39 +11 Health Effects... ..3 2 2 — Environmental Engineering and Technology 31 61 67 53 -14 Environmental Processes and Effects 2 4 4 39 +35 Total.... -, 64 105 109 155 +46 *January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring, Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $31,968,700 and 105 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $2,405,300 from 1981. Included in this total is $8,536,500 for Salaries and Expenses and $23,432,200 for Research and Development, with an increase of $4,032,100 and a decrease of $1,626,800 respectively. Program Description The solid waste research and development program, consistent with the goals of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), is'directed to the development of technologies, methodologies, and the scientific data base necessary to achieve environ mentally acceptable, cost- effective solid and hazardous waste management from generation through disposal. SM-53 ------- The research program provides the scientific bases which will allow the private and public section to (1) reduce the quantities of waste, especially hazardous waste, requiring disposal through process change, waste recycle and reuse or waste treatment, (2) ensure environmentally sound disposal or destruction of the future wastes and (3) correct the past mismanagement practices. The major objective is to support the regulatory and enforcement offices in (a) the identification and listing of hazardous wastes, hazardous waste streams from industry and "polluting" hazardous waste disposal sites; (b) development and revision of regulations for disposal of wastes by land disposal, thermal destruction or chemical, biolog- ical or physical treatment; (c) evaluation of permit applications; (d) development and evalua- tion of remedial action engineering for uncontrolled polluting waste disposal sites; and (e) the assessment of risk from hazardous waste production and mismanagement. SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $275,600 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $101,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $173,900 was for extramural research activities. A list of carcinogenic chemicals was compiled which was used" by the Office of Solid Waste in defining which waste streams should be considered hazardous for regulation under Section 3001 of RCRA. A procedure was developed, based on risk assessment methodology, for determining safe emission rates of carcinogenic substances from hazardous waste incinerators. This proce- dure will result in regulations being promulgated in 1981. Three-hundred summary health effects reports were prepared to support the unexpected needs of the Agency's solid waste program. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $518,500 and 2 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $125,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $393,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The scientific assessment program is providing a range of assessment services to the Agency abatement and control programs dealing with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Comprehensive health effect profiles for forty chemicals, started in 1980 will be completed while up to 150 new profiles are being started to support listing/deiisting needs under Section 3001 of RCRA. The profiles will also be used to provide background scientific justification for Regional enforcement cases and RCRA policy development. Exposure assessement consultation, guidance and reports are being provided to address the listing/deiisting needs of Section 3001, RCRA to provide predictive criteria for estimating exposure potential for dump siting and to provide guidance and methodology in the evaluation of specific hazardous waste site situations. Carcinogenic „ risk evaluations for specific site use, control system design or for policy development purposes are being provided. In certain situations expert testimony and witnesses will present the scientific basis for regional enforcement cases. SW-54 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswai- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $23,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $900. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $800 was applied to this activity. An increase of $7,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $52,300 to other activities. - Transfer of $23,000 from environmental engineering and technology, within this same subactivity, in order to realign contract funds. 1982Plan The Agency requests a total of $822,500 and 11 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $561,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $261,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $304,000 and 9 permanent workyears from 1981. This increase will provide for the completion of additional risk assessment evaluations for Section 3001 of RCRA, Superfund and enforcement activities of the Agency associated with hazardous waste sites. The scientific assessment program will continue to provide assistance to the Agency abatement and control programs dealing with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Comprehensive health hazard profiles will be initiated for 150 chemicals to support the listing/delisting needs under Section 3001 of RCRA* Health hazard profiles currently prepared for listing purposes will be upgraded in order to satisfy enforcement requirements. These profiles will be used to provide background scientific justification for Regional enforcement cases and RCRA policy development. Also to be provided will be updated exposure evaluation guidance to 3001 listing activities with exposure scenarios using existing data sources for 75 chemicals. Risk assessments and exposure evaluations will be developed for use in Agency enforcement actions. These will be for either individual or multi-chemical site situations. Expert testimony and witnesses will also be available to present scientific basis for enforce- ment cases. TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1.980 Accpmplishm ents In 1980, the Agency used a total of $180,000 and 3 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $178,100 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,900 was for extramural research activities. SW-55 ------- The Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Solid Waste included: The preparation and dissemination of information on hazardous waste technologies and on techniques for evaluating facility designs and potential performance. This information was used to assist permit officials in reviewing permit applications and to describe technologies which can be used to control potential adverse effects from hazardous waste landfills, surface impoundments, and land treatment facilities. The publication of seven project reports. The Regional Services Staff provided for effective communications between ORD and the regions. Specifically, they: Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System. Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance. Conducted ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings. Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations. The activities supported by this part of the program also helped enable ORD to communica- te its research information to EPA's regional offices and to government officials and others who need the information both within and outside of EPA. Further, they assisted in making better coordination between ORD and the regions possible, allowing each to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $194,3.00 and 3 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $132,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $11,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation, This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: Continue the Regional Support tWanageme'nt Information System. Conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to provide techn- ical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and technical assistance requirements. SH-56 ------- Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in the ORD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net inrrease of $6,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $800. - An increase of $6,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $400 from other activities. 1982 P.lan The Agency requests a total of $190,500 and 3 permanent work years for this sub-program, of which $179,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $11,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation, This reflects a decrease of $3,800 from 1981. This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to insure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ; 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $628,700 and 6 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $366,600 was for Salaries and Expenses and $262,100 was for extramural research activities. A Methods Manual for Physical/Chemical Analysis of Hazardous Waste was completed and distributed. A Hazardous Waste Quality Assurance Program was initiated. The Hazardous Waste Monitoring Systems Plan, 1980-1984, was published. The plan provides a program of research, development, and technical assistance for measurement monitoring and quality assurance that will yield multimedia methodology and monitoring systems for management and disposal of hazardous wastes in response to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. SW-57 ------- 19S1 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,977,700 and 18 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $999,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $7,978,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. An extensive effort is being undertaken in hazardous waste monitoring and quality assurance to establish techniques that will provide a sound scientific and legal basis for the data required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations and the uncontrolled hazardous waste site program. Major activities include: Developing and evaluating protocol precedures for obtaining hazardous waste samples to support the Office of Solid Waste (OSW) for section 3001 of RCRA. Completing a problem definition study for air monitoring at various hazardous waste sites on analytical techniques. Evaluating methods for analysis of samples to support enforcement of Section 3001 of RCRA. Completing a manual using best available methology for analysis of samples and approved for obtaining data to satisfy the requirements of 40CFR Part 261, Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste. Evaluating bioaccumulation test procedures in the proposed regulation (Section 3001) that characterize exposure to complex waste mixtures and are applicable to hazardous waste monitoring. Providing analytical methods for characterization of wastes listed in the RCRA (Section 3001), for OSW, in order to document toxic chemical hazards associated with them. Initiating intercomparison studies in support of RCRA (Section 3004) on performance of contract laboratories providing support for enforcement of regulations. Providing additional reference materials on soil and sludge, to add to existing repository of standard compounds for the organic priority pollutants. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $4,339,700 results from several actions, as follows: *; Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $4,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. SW-58 ------- The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $3,600 was applied to this activity. The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $400,000 was applied to this activity. The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million} a decrease of $1,000 was applied to this activity. An increase "of $32,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is inicuded in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet pn-board needs resulted in a transfer of $35,800 from other activities. A transfer of $4,400 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. Transfers resulted in an increase of $200,000; from interdiscipiinary/non-energy ($134,000); from toxic substances toxic chemicals testing and assessment ($16,800); and from drinking water/non-energy ($49,200), in order to realign support to all programs supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds. Transfers of $4^600 to management and support, nationwide support costs, to provide for additional support services required to meet increased RCRA programmatic requirements. Transfer of $4,585,300 from all Office of Research and Development activities to support efforts on Love Canal and Three Mile Island activities. The transfers, by media, were from energy ($3,146,000), water quality ($445,000), air ($479,300), toxic substance ($200,000), and drinking water ($315,000). Offsetting transfer of $155,200 were made to realign contract funds — $155,200 was transferred within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to monitoring and quality assurance in this same subactivity; $155,200 was transferred within the Research and Development appropriation from monitoring and quality assurance in this same subactivity. Transfer $25,700 to management and support, contracts management, inorder 'to provide the Office of Program Management with addditional resources to administer RCRA programmatic increases. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $8,160,800 and 30 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $3,178,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,982,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. These reflects a decrease of $816,900 and an increase of 12 permanent workyears from 1981. This decrease reflects a reduced monitoring effort at the Love Canal hazardous waste site coupled with increases in the development of monitoring systems and quality assurance procedures for determining precision and accuracy of hazardous waste monitoring data. This major monitoring and quality assurance activities for 1982 are as follows: Continue studies to evaluate and improve regulatory monitoring procedures and quality assurance under Section 3001 of RCRA. , Publish interim guideline document for conducting exposure assessment determination at hazardous waste sites in response to the RCRA 3004 for hazardous waste operators. Develop innovative portable field testing equipment for onsite analysis of hazardous waste samples for hazardous waste site screening methodologies needed by Office of Solid Waste. S Conduct laboratory tests on groundwater samples to detect traces of hazardous waste leachates, and to determine migration from sites in drinking waters. Evaluate and improve existing methods, techniques and instruments and research new methods for the unambiguous identification of hazardous substances. Evaluate and improve bioindicator techniques of hazardous waste samples for providing exposure assessment information for health effects research program. Field test methods deemed most suitable for unsaturated zone groundwater monitoring. Test new and improved remote sensing, techniques on visible and buried hazardous waste ------- sites for Office of Solid Waste. Add additional standard references to repository materials for conducting hazardous waste analytical tests in Quality Assurance program. / Add additional standard references to repository materials for conducting hazardous waste analytical tests in Quality Assurance programs. Provide additional types of intercomparison samples for contractor laboratories and conduct on-site laboratory evaluations. Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for the EPA needs. HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accom plishments Since 1981 is the first year in which health effects research is being supported in this category, there are no 1980 accomplishments to report. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $838,300 and 2 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $103,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $734,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Highlights of the 1981 health research program include: Development of a neonatal growth and organ system function assay for the lexicological screening and identification of a waste as hazardous or non-hazardous in support of RCRA Section 3001. Assessment of the feasibility of using the trapping of chemical carcinogens by hemoglobin as a dose monitor in animals exposed to hazardous wastes. Development of a neurotoxicological test system to measure the adverse effects of exposure to hazardous wastes. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column-are derived from "cross wal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $5,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $600. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $1,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $4,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $4,100 to other activities. ------- - Transfer $4,100 to management and support, nationwide support costs, to provide for additional support services required to meet increased RACA programmatic requirements. - Transfer $4,700 from environmental engineering and technology, within this ame subactivity, in order to realign contract funds. - Transfer $3,200 to management and support, contracts management, to provide the OPM with additional resources in order to administer RCRA programmatic increases. 1982Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,2*2,000 for this sub-program, of which $74,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,168,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $403,700 from 1981. This increase provides for the develop- ment and application of biological screening techniques, identification of bioassay methods and evaluation of relative risk of exposure to complex mixtures from hazardous waste sites. The research planned in 1982 is a continuation of projects initiated in FY 1981. A screening and identification test system developed in 1981 to measure the effect of hazardous wastes on growth and organ system function in neonatal animals wll be applied to the testing of actual hazardous waste mixtures. In addition, developmental work will be continued on the hemoglobin adduct assay by comparing the formation of major hemoglobin adducts formed in animals exposed to hazardous wastes to those observed in human populations for use in risk assessment. Finally, the development of a neurological testing battery for human populations will be completed. The above described research program is designed to provide EPA and other concerned agencies with an increased understanding of the biological consequences of exposure to hazard- ous wastes. This health-related research in conjunction with other research in the Solid Waste Research Program directly supports EPA's efforts to deal with hazardous waste generation and disposal. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1580, the Agency used a total of $11,552,900 for this sub-program, of which $1,180,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $10,372,900 was for extramural research activities. Hazardous Waste Identification By Engineering Analysis SW-61 ------- Initiated detailed process engineering studies to identify and characterize hazardous waste sources in the chemical industry. These studies provide the technical basis for listing wastes as hazardous under Section 3001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Currently, the synthetic organic chemicals industry, organic dyes and pigments industry and the pestcides industries are being studied. Hazardous Waste Landfill and Surface Impoundment Conducted the background research1 and prepared eight draft technical documents at the request of the Office of Solid Waste (EPA) to aid the permitting official when implement- ing hazardous waste regulations promulgated under Section 300ft of the Resource Conservat- ion and Recovery Act. These manuals will assist the official in arriving at logical and well-defined decisions and will document the scientific logic necessary to backup the decision and reduce the number of unnecessary appeals. A technical resource manual entitled "The Design and Management of Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Facilities" was prepared for use by the Office of Solid Waste. This important document will support activities associated with regulations promulgated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Completed pilot-scale studies on the physical and chemical stability performance of 13 liner materials which were exposed to 10 hazardous wastes. Published a report on the design of soil covers for landfills to limit vapor movement from hexachiorobenzene (HCB) wastes. Also described are procedures for using a soil cover to control volatile emissions from other organic materials in hazardous waste landfills. Published a report on how current disposal practices may be affected by the adsorption, movement, and biological degradation of large concentrations of selected pesticides in soils. It was shown that the low-concentration agricultural data base is often not adequate for predicting behavior of pesticides in disposal facilities. Developed a report on hazardous waste compatibility which provides a simplified matrix- chart for linking a variety of waste groups to their potential hazards, according to individual characteristics including heat generation, toxic gas generation, explosion, and other factors. Hazardous Waste Incineration A comprehensive hazardous waste incineration research program was developed and implementation initiated. The primary objective of this program is to develop the data base necessary to assure the reasonableness of the incineration regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The data base will also be used to assist in incinerator permit decisions and in developing adequate sampling and quality assurance methodologies. Two "Best Engineering Judgement" manuals, on hazardous waste incineration have been developed in support of regulations promulgated under section 3006 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The first is a "Guidance Manual for Evaluating Permit Applications for the Operation of Incinerator Units" which is designed specifically for use by permit writers in EPA regional offices or by state environmental agencies. The second manual is an "Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration." This manual is intended for use as a more detailed technical reference document in support of the first manual, or as guidance to toiowledgeable engineers in evaluating difficult or unique permit applications. Both manuals have undergone considerable extramural peer review and agency policy review. The effectiveness of the documents was also tested in a trial run evaluation of two permit applications held in Cincinnati in 3uly 1980. The dry run involved state, regional office, and EPA personnel. Both manuals will be published by OSW for distribution with the final draft Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulat- ions in the fall of 1980. SW-62 ------- Obtained the necessary permits and public approval necessary to locate a versatile Demonstration Combustion Research Facility on the grounds of the National Center for .Toxicology Research in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Also, secured all the necessary Agency and Congressional approval to construct the facility. Developed the final report of the Interagency Committee for the Chemical Waste Incinerat- or Ship Program. This comprehensive report is composed of preliminary designs for the ship, the incineration equipment, and shore-side facilities including recommendations, conclusions, funding options, and environmental aspects. Remedial Action for Hazardous Waste Completed a study on the use of remote sensing technologies to be used in a systematic investigation of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to determine waste drum location. Resistivity, seismic refraction, metal detection, and ground piercing radar equipment were evaluated at the Conventry, Rhode Island landfill. Conducted research which led to the support of remedial action schemes being proposed for various uncontrolled landfill sites. This work directly supported the Office of Enforce- ment and EPA Regions I, II, VII and IX. High Volume Waste Initiated a mineral waste research study at 10 mine sites concentrating on uranium mining wastes, phosphate mining and beneficiation waste, and wastes from seven selected ore mining industries (copper, iron, lead, molybdenum, silver, gold, and zinc). Included have been investigations of various waste management practices currently in use for waste rock, overburden, low-gra.de ore, tailings, milling wastes, and sludges from treatment and processing plants. This study was initiated at ID mine sites but, because of the diversity of mining operations, an expansion to between 20 and 30 sites is planned. Municipal Wastes Completed a 9-year field investigation of municipal solid waste landfilling. The results of this study were used in formulating the Extraction Procedures (EP) used to identify hazardous wastes. More importantly, the results have provided a data base for formulating leachate forecasting techniques and understanding of the decomposition of municipal solid waste in a landfill environment. SW-63 ------- Completed an evaluation of the impacts which may result from landfilling of baled, shredded, or unprocessed refuse. A definitive data base clearly established that baling does not prevent groundwater pollution by leaching or reduce the danger caused by methane accumulation and explosion. Baled waste placed in a saturated environment will have the same affect on groundwater quality as unprocessed refuse. Shredding tends to accentuate the adverse effect, but the duration of that effect is shortened as a result of more rapid decomposition of the smaller refuse particles. Verified on a pilot scale the concept of controlling waste degradation in a landfill by controlled recirculation of leachate. Methane production was accomplished in a short, controlled period of time, indicating the possibility of management of methane production from stored energy sources such as landfilled municipal solid waste or other microbially degraded carbohydrate waste. Municipal Resource Recovery Supported the development of three American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for secondary materials recovered from municipal solid waste (glass, aluminum, and refuse derived fuel). Approximately 20 related procedures are in various phases of development as ASTM standards. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $17,996,300 and 49 permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $2,913,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $J 5,082,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Hazardous Waste Landfill and Surface Impoundment In support of the Office of Solid Waste's permit program, as mandated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, eight technical Resource Documents will be noticed in the Federal Register and published in final form. The documents will be the primary technical reference material used by permit writers when evaluating and issuing permits to applicants. The documents will provide the basis for uniform procedures in assessing applications and should result in a reduction of the number of unnecessary appeals. The documents will cover the topic of: Evaluating Cover Systems for Solid and Hazardous Wastes - Closure of Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundments - Hydrologic Simulation on Solid Waste Disposal Sites - Guide to the Disposal of Chemically Stabilized and Solidified wastes - Landfill and Surface Impoundment Performance Evaluation - Lining of Waste Impoundment and Disposal Facilities - Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate - The Design and Management of Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Facilities SW-64 ------- Training programs will be developed jointly with the Office of Solid Waste to assure uniform use and application of the eight Technical Resource Documents. These training programs will be made available to both federal (EPA) and state permit writers. New manuals on volatile emissions from landfills and surface impoundments and on predict- ing pollution migration in soil will be initiated. Also novel concepts for early detection and repair of landfill and surface impoundment liner failures will be investigated. Studies ongoing at the end of 1980 relating to bench, pilot scale, and lysimeter studies of rates of leachate and gas production, gas and leachate migration, leachate attenuation in various soils, characteristics of natural and synthetic liners, and development of technology for the treatment of leachate and gas from hazardous waste landfills will be executed. The three major objective$ of the land treatment for hazardous wastes are to; determine environmental effects of land treatment sites and their monitoring requirements; to determine land treatment site closure requirements, post-closure monitoring requirements, and related environmental aspects; and to develop the basic knowledge required to fully understand land treatment of hazardous waste. Studies ongoing at the end of 1980 will continue. Sixteen projects were begun dealing with various aspects of monitoring, environmental performance, closure, site design and operations, waste characterization, and others. The research program is being conducted with cooperation and input from several EPA organizations; the United States Department of Agriculture, several universities, and industry organizations. Some new projects dealing with energy related hazardous waste, field verifications of hazardous organic waste, and others will be initiated during FY 81. The comprehensive manual developed in late FY 80 will be updated to include new information as it becomes available in the last part of 1981. Additional technical assistance will be provided to further support the Office of Solid Waste, and the training of permitting officials and others involved in the regulatory process. Incineration Research will be conducted on thermal decomposition. Although there is a shortage of knowledge on best operating conditions on which to base incinerator regulations, it is recognized that it is in the interest of the Agency to issue permits to incineration facilities. Therefore, regulations will be designed to get new and existing incinerators in compliance using a combination of "best engineering judgement" and trial burns. The R&D program covers the two most important needs expressed by the Office of Solid Waste, to develop and verify sampling protocols for incinerator trial burns and to develop combustion data for hazardous waste streams and incineration technology combinations. The following projects are being continued: - Develop and verify interim sampling protocols for incinerator test burns. - Develop methods for evaluating incinerators with minimum use of trial burns. These methods will be especially useful in facilitating the assessing of permit appli cations. SW-65 ------- - Develop laboratory, pilot, and field-scale, combustion data for hazardous waste streams, correlate the data to allow extrapolation from one situation to another. - Develop a sound data base on destruction, efficiencies versus temperature, residence time, turbulence and other important operating parameters. - Identify and evaluate industrial thermal processes (e.g., boilers, cement kilns) that can be used to destroy certain hazardous wastes. Engineering Analysis During 1981 Phase I process engineering analysis is being applied to survey and rank potential hazardous waste producing processes in the Industrial Organic Chemicals Sector, the Organic Dyes and Pigments Sector and the Pesticide Manufacturing Sector. The ranking will include a list of candidates for listing under RCRA 3001 and recommendations for follow-on field verification sampling and analysis. Detailed engineering analyses of toluene diisocyanate production and methyl methacrylate production processes are to be completed as "pilot" efforts in mid-1981. Hazardous Waste Treatment In 1981 an in-house process engineering analysis expertise will be established which will develop guidance for the permitting program to evaluate applications for hazardous waste treatment approaches. Treatment refers to any technology which is not containment or thermal destruction and includes process modifications, add-on technology, and off-site processes which reduce, concentrate, modify, detoxify, recycle, recover or reuse the hazardous wastes. Remedial Action Field studies were begun on existing hazardous spill control equipment for emergency response actions at uncontrolled sites. This equipment will include: - Mobile incineration system for the on-site detoxification of soils, lagoon scrums, debris, and other solid or liquid materials that have been contaminated with hazardous chemicals; - Mobile physical/chemical treatment systems utilizing both powdered and granular activated carbon for concentrating wastes and leachates; - Mobile system for the on-site thermal regeneration of granular activated carbon used in site cleanup operations; - Mobile system for diverting surface water flow around hazardous sites. Also, in 1981, a manual will be prpared on the safe handling and disposal of leaking/damaged drums which have been stored at uncontrolled sites. SW-66 ------- Long-term field validation on the performance of remedial actions schemes will be continued. This verification includes studies at hazardous waste landfills and surface impoundment sites. Also evaluation of leachate treatment technique and a survey to verify the technical and cost aspects associated with completed remedial action schemes is being continued. New starts will include development of a model to be used in selecting the best remedial action scheme for specific site conditions. Work will also be initiated in the area of in situ stabilization to minimize leachate release from waste disposal sites. Municipal Solid Waste The research program in the non-hazardous waste area is limited to concluding and monito- ring previously funded activities. The non-hazardous waste program was greatly reduced in 1980 and is expected to be terminated in 1981. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $1,603,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $12,600. - A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities was submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increase of $300,000 to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywjde travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $5,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by. $3.8 million; a decrease of $73,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $14,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $1,800,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $3,900 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $103,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $28,700 from other activities. - Offsetting transfer of $155,200 were made to realign contract funds —$155,200 was transferred within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to monitoring and quality assurance in this same subactivity; $155,200 was transferred within the Research and Development appropriation from monitoring and quality assurance in this same subacti- vity. SW-67 ------- - Transfers resulted in a decrease of $27,700: -to scientific assessments ($23,000) and to health effects ($fr,700) within this same subactivity, in order to realign contract funds. - Transfer resulted in a decrease of $56,100: to management and support, nationwide support costs, to provide for additional support services required to meet increased RCRA programmatic requirements. - Offsetting transfer of $ ------- Research will also continue on the determination of the magnitude of volatile organic emissions from land disposal facilities, including surface impoundments, landfills, and land treatment. The release of volatiles into the atmosphere from disposal facilities is not generally well understood. If the measurement of the • emissions in FY 1981 proves that volatile releases are substantial studies will be initiated which will investigate technology to predict and control them. This work will improve the information base and allow volatiles to be covered in the regulations. Research will be initiated to produce a manual on hazardous waste landfill siting, design, and operations. Field evaluations into land treatment of hazardous wastes will continue, including the update of the permit program guidance manuals. These efforts will ultimately form the basis for performance standards for land disposal facilities as part of the updated regulations. Another project will provide information to assist development of guidelines for the encapsulation of high-hazard waste. Information available is based upon laboratory and limited pilot scale research of unique resin fusion processes using polyethylene, polybutadiene, and similar materials. These efforts also include studies of advanced liner designs, including emerging synthetic materials and the use of nonpetrpleum-based materials (such as sulfur/hydrocarbon) compounds in place of asphalt. Incineration Development of better sampling and analysis protocols or analyzers will be continued for use during enforcement inspections to routinely test incinerators to ensure that they maintain their destruction efficiency. The program includes efforts to standardize measurement methods for wastes and stack emissions. In developing the protocols, special attention will be given 'to on-line, hot-zone sampling techniques. These techniques will be studied, modified, and verified during field-scale test burns, under the permit program. Protocols will be updated as appropriate for use in full-scale test burns and compliance monitoring for each major class of waste stream. The operation of field-scale rotary-kiln and liquid injection incinerators will be used to pre-evaluate full-scale test conditions using sophisticated monitoring and combustion process control equipment. Detailed test burns will be conducted for hazardous wastes from waste streams listed in Section 3001 (e.g., chlorinated hydrocarbons). A companion program Will continue to use a highly sophisticated, laboratory-scale thermal decomposition analytical system (TDAS) to screen combustion conditions for each waste to be tested and to study the formation of combustion daughter products that are potentially hazardous. During field-scale testing, high priority will also be given to monitoring the performance of conventional air pollution control technology in controlling emissions from hazardous waste incineration. Of particular concern are fine particles, volatile metal oxides, and compounds containing arsenic, beryllium, mercury, and halogens. The data will be used, for example, in developing performance standards for scrubbers. The plan calls for continuation of the effort to develop criteria for comparing data taken on small (pilot) incinerators and applying the results to full-scale systems. Scaling criteria are being developed that will be used to design and build a reduced- scale model of a full-sized, industrial waste incinerator. The model test incinerator will include both rotary kiln and liquid injection units which will share a common afterburner chamber. The model will be used to verify and refine the scaling parameters for incinerator design. The pilot unit will be used to model the conditions in other full-sized hazardous waste incinerators by incorporating performance data from hazardous waste incinerators already in commercial operation. SW-69 ------- Performance evaluation of advanced incineration technologies will be initiated. Of particular interest are two-stage fluldized bed incinerators and molten salt reactors. These technologies are potentially more cost effective than existing incineration techn- ology. Hazardous Waste Treatment In 1982 an inhouse industrial process engineering analysis capability will be maintained to assist in permit evaluations of hazardous waste treatment systems for specific hazard- ous waste streams. In addition, engineering analysis will be used to target performance evaluations of inplace hazardous waste treatment systems for wastes generated in the wood preserving, specialty chemicals, pesticides manufacturing and metal finishing industry. Where existing treatment incineration or landfill practices are ineffective, research into improved control technology will be initiated on a waste stream specific basis. Phase I process engineering analysis efforts for the Industrial Organic Chemicals and Pesticide Manufacturing Sectors will be completed and detailed engineering analysis and field sampling will be initiated for ranked process waste streams. An industrial production data base and Phase I engineering analysis will be completed for the Organic Dyes and Pigments Sector, leading to field sampling and analysis in late 1982 for ranked process wastes. REMEDIAL ACTION In 1982, short term response activities will continue in evaluating control equipment for emergency response action. In this respect, the mobile incineration system for on- site-- detoxification and the concentration and separation techniques will be field tested. Emergency response situation assessment and analytical support will continue to be provided on an as needed basis. Also, new activities will be initiated in the areas of personnel safety and drum removal and reburial. In 1982, long-term monitoring to validate performance of in place remedial action schemes will be continued at a hazardous waste site and a surface impoundment site. Also, the survey, assessment and cost studies wil be updated. Pilot and bench studies for hydrogeologic models, concentration leachate treatment techniques and reactivity of construction materials will be hazardous waste will be initiated. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $476,000 and 1 permanent workyear for this sub- program, of which $62,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $413,300 for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. SW-70 ------- This was the first year in which funds were obligated in this program category. A cooperative agreement was initiated to improve the technology of Land Treatment of hazardous organic materials. The results will aid permit reviewers in evaluating the environmental acceptability of permit applications and improve the capability to safely dispose of these wastes. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,038,300 and *f permanent workyears to this sub-program, of which $179,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $858,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This program is adding to the research on groundwatef in the drinking water area to provide specific outputs designed for developing regulations that identify hazardous wastes and that protect groundwater from the improper disposal of hazardous wastes. A method for approximating the subsurface mobility of chemicals will be developed} model development for the prediction of the movement of hazardous wastes in the subsurface will begin; and two hazardous waste sites will be selected for field evaluation of the methods of models. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $5,700 -results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $900. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million} a decrease of $900 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $7,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $900 from other activities. - Transfer $1,600 to management and support, nationwide support costs, to provide for additional support services required to meet increased RCRA programmatic requirements. SW-71 ------- - Transfer $10,300 to manangement and support, contracts management, in order to provide the Office of Program Management with additional resources to administer RCRA program- matic increases. - Offsetting transfers of $4,500 were made to realign contract funds —$4,500 was transferred within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to monitoring and quality assurance in this same subactivity; $4,500 was transferred within the Research and Development appropriation from monitoring and quality assurance in this same subacti- vity. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,273,400 and 24 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $1,575,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,698,4000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $2,235,100 and 20 permanent workyears from 1981. This increase provides for the development of techniques for assessing ecological damage and bioenvironmental stress arising from disposal of hazardous wastes and for development of methods and models to predict movement of hazardous wastes through the subsurface environment. This program will expand from addressing only the processes and effects in the subsurface environment to providing scientific data for assessing the entire scope of environmental impacts of hazardous waste disposal. Work will continue to add to the research on groundwater in the drinking water area by concentrating on predictive model development and field evaluat- ion of both the models under development and the method for approximating subsurface mobility developed in 1981. New activities in ecological effects and environmental assessment modeling will expand on knowledge gained in other research areas (water quality and toxic chemicals) and adapt methods for use in evaluating hazardous waste disposal. Specifically, the expansion provides for adapting and developing techniques for assessing ecological damage from disposal of hazardous wastes and their entry into the food chain, relating ecological effect parameters to potential effects on humans, developing protocols for damage assessment, and determining the relationship of bioassay techniques to real ecological impacts. Finally, expanded environmental assessment modeling activities will provide tools for evaluating the relative environmental impacts of various disposal methods. SW-72 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Pesticides SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- PESTICIDES Budget Current • Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page Appropriation Salaries and and Expenses... . . Abatement, Control and Total Authorization levels.......... PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Pesticides Non-Energy: Research and Development.... Total , Research and Registration and Tolerances: Abatement, Control and Compl i ance ................. Standards Setting and RPAR: Abatement, Control and Federal and State Program Support: Salaries and Expenses....... Abatement, Control and Total : Salaries and Expenses....... Abatement, Control and Total Abatement and Control $34,567 6,015 29,931 70,513 1,017 1,150 67,709 81 ,798 6,916 6,015 12,931 10,650 606 11,401 16,789 2,172 3,643 24,223 21 ,038 45.261 (dollars in $31,427 $33,638 3,898 4,617 39,292 31,249 74,617 925 1 ,050 63,000 86,935 6,155 3,898 10,053 10,593 1,148 10,070 27,112 420' * * * 21 ,083 28,260 49.343 thousands) $35,459 +$1 ,821 1,042 -3,575 35,633 +4,384 69,504 72,134 912 874 1 ,026 994 64,823 68,919 86,935 * * Authorization pending 6,241 6,420 4,617 1,042 10,858 11,363 1,148 10,683 19,072 649 * * » 22,695 20,220 42.915 7,462 12,388 45 '11,207 24,274 541 51 24,136 24,370 48.506 +2,630 -38 -32 +4,096 * +179 -3,575 -3,396 +1 ,025 -1,103 +524 +5,202 -108 +51 +1 ,441 +4,150 +5.591 P-31 P-ll P-18 P-24 P-l ------- Compl 1 ance Total, Enforcement Program.... Permanent Positions Pesticides, Non-Energy, Total Research and Development Program.. Registration and Tolerances... Standards Setting and RPAR.... Federal and State Program Support Total, Abatement and Control Program Pesticides Enforcement, Total Enforcement Program Full-time Equivalency Pesticides, Non-Energy, Total Research and Development Program. Registration ana Tolerances... Standards Setting and RPAR.... Federal and State Program Support...... Total( Abatement and Control Program...*.................. Pesticides Enforcement, Total Enforcement Program Budget Current Inrease + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease » 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page P-27 3,428 8,893 12,321 148 378 318 68 764 105 204 401 354 74 4,189 11,032 15,221 114 341 315 17 673 138 159 381 336 20 4,702 11,029 15,731 114 350 296 17 663 135 164 381 310 20 4,903 11,263 16,166 109 334 281 14 629 136 152 374 301 16 +201 +234 +435 -5 -16 -15 -3 -34 +1 -12 -7 -9 _ -4 829 117 737 154 711 151 69T 151 -20 P-31 P-ll P-18 P-24 P-27 P-31 P-11 P-18 P-24 P-27 * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. P-2 ------- OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY Since 1970, annual pesticide production and application has increased by 70%, to 1.7 billion pounds. There are approximately 40,000 products on the market which are being used both commercially and privately. These products create major societal benefits such as increased agricultural productivity, lower domestic food prices, more favorable balance of payments due to increased exports of agricultural products, and control of human disease vectors such as mosquitoes. On the other hand, pesticides, by their very nature, are designed to be injurious to living organisms and are deliberately introduced into the environment for this purpose. Furthermore, the bulk of these products is used on human or animal food crops wherein human exposure is unavoidable. It is imperative, therefore, that the resources requested herein be provided and emphasis be placed on pesticide programs to protect public health and prevent unreasonable adverse effects to the environment. The major objectives of the pesticide program are to protect the public health and the environment from unreasonable pesticide risks and permit the use of necessary pest control technologies. These objectives are pursued through four principal means: (.1) review of existing and new pesticide products, (2) use management, (3) enforcement, and (4) research and development. ReviJew of Existing and New Products EPA reviews and registers new pesticide products upon a finding that these products will not pose unreasonable risks to humans or the environment, taking into consideration the economic, social and environmental costs and benefits stemming from use of the pesticide. Risk is often quantified in terms of the number or probability of certain health effects in a given population, while benefits are most often stated in dollar valuations of such effects as increased crop yields, lower food costs-, reduced chance of disease or the cost savings with respect to the use of alternative control measures. Prior to any registration, the benefits of a particular pesticide must be demonstrated to exceed the risk. The review and reregi strati on of all federally and State registered products now on the market are required by the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Approximately 80%-90% of existing products were originally registered before the chronic effects (e.g. cancer, birth defects, gene mutations, etc.) of exposure to toxic chemicals were well understood. Their reregi strati on will thus require more thorough and consequently more resource intensive reviews of all test data for both acute and chronic effects and in many cases, the collection of the basic data itself. The Federal Pesticide Act of 1978, which amended FIFRA, endorsed the regulatory reforms requested by EPA that would streamline the review process and allow the Agency to increase and improve its regulatory decision making options. Major changes approved in the review and registration approach include pesticide registration according to registration standards, conditional registration, and elimination of certain legal obstacles that were severely hindering the regis- tration process and blocking the entry of new products into the market. In the past, registration entailed an examination of risk for each product, one at a time. However, registration of pesticides according to generic standards entails a single, comprehensive evaluation of risks and benefits of the active ingredient chemicals common to numerous products, based on all data relevant to the registration decision. For every pesticide chemical and its formulations, performance standards and safety criteria will be set, to which registrants must adhere, in order to register and reregister products. In addition, standards for registration will state tolerable levels of exposure for food, consumers, field workers, applicators, and other persons and organisms unintentionally exposed to pesticides. P-3 ------- In the past, registration entailed an examination of risk for each product, one at a time. However, registration of pesticides according to generic standards entails a single, comprehensive evaluation of risks and benefits of the active ingredient chemicals common to numerous products, based on all data relevant to the registration decision. For every pesticide chemical and its formulations, performance standards and safety criteria will be set, to which registrants must adhere, in order to register and reregister products. In addition, standards for registration will state tolerable levels of exposure for food, consumers, field workers, applicators, and other persons and organisms unintentionally exposed to pesticides. The generic approach was implemented because of the opportunity it presents for increased economy and efficiency in the pesticides registration process. This approach (The Registration Standards Program) provides an opportunity to broaden and validate the data base the Agency uses in decision making to review systematically, earlier-submitted data and decisions, to encourage and permit fuller public participation in the regulatory process, and to document the rationale employed at each step in the process. Continuing will be efforts to eliminate inconsistency in label directions and warnings for similar products, permit fuller participation in the regulatory process, and to document the rationale employed at each step in the process. We will continue efforts to eliminate inconsistency in label directions and warnings for similar products, assure that pesticide products previously registered for intrastate use meet Federal safety standards, reassess tolerances, and restrict use of products that are considered hazardous. The program will directly affect public health and the quality of the environment through the imposition of a variety of regulatory restrictions. EPA's regulatory options range from cancellation of all uses to unconditional registration. Where unreasonable adverse effects are identified, the Agency may initiate rebuttable presumption against registration (P.PAR) proceedings, in which we subject suspect chemicals to careful risk/benefit assessment and the use of alternative chemicals, so as not to impair agricultural productivity. In cases where a lesser degree of hazard may exist, the Agency may consider such risk-reducing measures as precautionary labeling, childproof packaging, restriction to use by certified applicators, and mandated use of protective clothing. Key elements of the program to review pesticide products include the fol 1 owi ng: Registration enables new products to enter the market. Under this program, new pesticide products are registered and current registrations are amended for new uses and/or new formulations. Priority will be given to environmentally protective pesticides and innovative technologies. We expect registration activity to increase because the 1978 FIFRA amendments clarified the Act's trade secret provisions and implemented conditional registration authority. This assumes that current litigations are resolved 1n EPA's favor. Registration activity is presently hindered by the fact that 1/3 of all active ingredients are currently involved in litigation over the trade secret and "cite all" provisions of FIFRA as amended^ Conditional registration allows the Agency to process applications for registration of new products which are like ones already registered and thus permit such products to enter the market on an equal footing. This will in turn provide consumers with a wider range of comparable products. Ultimately, all products will be reviewed comprehensively when reregistered under generic pesticide registration standards. The Agency will continue to issue conditional registrations of new chemicals if the public interest will be served by a registration and if risks, during the period required to complete and submit additional studies, are not deemed to be unreasonable. P-4 ------- Special Registration covers all activities relating to the issuance of experimental use permits under Section 5 of FIFRA to generate data for registration, the issuance of emergency exemptions under Section 18, and the issuance of Section ?4(c) special local need registrations, the latter of which are handled largely by the States with Federal oversight. Special registration provides the flexibility to deal with unexpected situations and pesticide needs when a decision is needed rapidly. Tolerances are pesticide residue limits on food and animal feed crops under authority of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFOCA). Deter- minations are based on a careful review and evaluation of residue chemistry and toxicology data to ensure that maximum residue levels likely to be -Found in foods are safe for human consumption". Included in this consideration is the cumulative effect of the same pesticide chemical and other related substances with the same physiological activity, Use Management Pesticide use management assists coordination of all pesticide programs through consultation and the exchange of information and technical advice among Agency headquarters and Regional Offices, and Federal, State and local officials, and by the provision of assistance and information on pesticide policies, programs and procedures to pesticide users, registrants, farmers, farmworkers and the general public. This activity includes assistance to the States in dealing with pesticide incidents which may affect public health,and other special problems, coordination of Federal/State responsibilities for special registra- tions, provision of information on current regulatory actions, and the referral of issues to appropriate headquarters for consideration and action. Advice and assistance is provided to registrants to facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements, and farmworker safety and the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) technologies are promoted by the selective dissemination of information. Enforcement The pesticides enforcement program is designed to support the objectives of regulating pesticide supply and use. The program emphasizes increased State involvement through Federal/State cooperative enforcement grants. Through such grants, the States are able to support comprehensive enforcement programs and bring local expertise into national regulatory effort. In 1982, EPA will continue its efforts to involve all of the States and territories in this program. Enforcement activities, either carried out by participating States, ,or by EPA in States not having grants, will focus on the general areas of insuring user compliance with label directions, and industry compliance with regis- tration, classification, and labeling requirements. Criminal investigations will continue on alleged data fraud in private testing laboratories. Enforcement resources will be used in 1982 to operate Federal certification and training programs in Colorado and Nebraska, to provide grants in support of State certification programs and to fund applicator training conducted by the Department of Agriculture Extension Service. This provides a programmatic linkage between the certification and training program and the State enforcement programs, and re-emphasizes the priority of implementing certification and training programs in Colorado and Nebraska along with increased enforcement in these same States. Training materials are continuing to be upgraded to the 12th grade level and will emphasize the risks associated with pesticides. The pesticides abatement and control and pesticides enforcement programs will share in the performance of the laboratory audit functions beginning in 1982. P-5 ------- Research and Development Research and Development activities provide scientific data to support the pesticides program by means of Health Research, Environmental Processes and Effects Research, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance activities, and Scientific Assessments. Exposure assessment data provide a means for identification of overall populations at risk due to the registered uses of pesticides. And, even though registrants are required to submit data on the health and ecological effects of pesticides.there is a continuing need for this exposure assessment data, especially for new compounds. The Health Effects research program will address both the health effects and exposure areas. The major thrust will be to document human exposure testing protocols, develop exposure assessment techniques for agricultural worker reentry, test protective gear for applicators, and provide data on placenta! transport and fetal deposition of pesticide compounds. Environmental Processes and Effects research will include an ecological effects program, environmental exposure assessment program and an Integrated Pest Management program. The ecological effects program will determine the cumulative ecological and biological impacts of acute and chronic effects of pesticides, singly, and 1n combination, 0n target and non-target organisms in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The environmental exposure program will provide solutions to some critical needs of OPP In the area of exposure assessment and testing of pesticides. The resources will be used to develop methodologies for exposure assessment and carry out exposure analyses on designated compounds in freshwater, marine water, air, and terrestrial environments. Work will also be carried out to provide improved and standardized protocols on a few fate tests for possible incorporation into Pesticide Registration Guidelines. The Integrated Pest Management Program will focus on research to control urban pests. Scientific Assessments will provide cancer assessments and mutagenicity and reproductive toxicity reviews for RPAR and registration standards to faci- litate OPP decisions and regulations. Technical Information and Liaison activities will support the Pesticides Research Committee through the project milestone tracking system, offering assistance in expediting technology transfer through major publications such as the "Research Outlook", and offering assistance in identifying Regional needs for research and technical assistance. The Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance program's major objectives include provision of standardized analytical measurement systems which are capable of generating data of prescribed quality, and to provide quality control materials which assure that these same measurement systems continue to perform within acceptable limits. A repository of calibration materials is maintained to service the analytical community within and outside of the Agency. The program is the focal point for implementation of the Agency-wide quality assurance program for measurement of pesticides. SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (In thousands of dollars) 1981 Pesticides Program............ $69,504 Salaries and Expenses +1,821 The net increase results from increases to pesticides non-energy activities ($.2 million); registration and tolerances SI .0 million); standards setting and RPAR $.5 million); pesticides enforcement (S.2 million); and a decrease to pesticides use management (-.$.1 million). P-6 ------- Research and Development................... -3.575 The decrease results from reductions to pesticides non-energy activities, parti- cularly environmental processes and effects (-$3.3 minion). Abatement, Control and Compliance.......... +4,384 The net Increase Is for standards setting and RPAR ($5.2 million); pesticides use management ($.1 million); and pesticides en- forcement grants ($.2 million) as offset by a reduction in registration and tolerances (-$1.1 million). 1982 Pesticides Program. , 72,134 SUWARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE !• Summary of Budget Estimate An appropriation of $72,133,700 is requested for 1982. This request by appropriation account, is as follows: Salaries and Expenses...... $35,458,700 i Research and Development.............. 1,041,900 Abatement, Control and Compliance...... 15,633,100 This represents an increase of $2,630,100 from the 1981 level. Increased . funding in the amount of $5,726,100 for standards setting and RPAR will provide for the continued development of pesticide registration standards, which will improve the efficiency of future pesticide registration and reregistratlon activities, and for the continuation of rebuttable presumption against registration (RPAR) actions which assess the risks and benefits of compounds suspected flf causing unreasonable adverse health effects. The registration and tolerances activities 1s being decreased by $78,100. The pesticides enforcement program is being Increased by $436,100, with an increase of $733,700 for the grant program and a decrease of $297,600 to other enforcement activities. The pesticides use management activity Is being decreased by $57,700, primarily to reflect the elimination of activities related to pesticide application technology and certification and training program evaluation. The environmental processes and effects activity is decreased by S3.4 million as a result of the elimination of agricultrual integrated pest mangement activities, which will, henceforth, be conducted by to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. P-7 ------- 2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate Changes from the Budget are as follows: (In thousands of dollars) Original 1981 estimate.. $74,617 Congressional increases/decreases: Presidential reduction of $7M (H. Doc. 96-294).. -171 Travel.... -41 AOP -101 Consulting services -254 SES bonuses.. -51 $7.5M reduction to A,C5C....... .... -1,004 $5.OH reduction to Pesticides... -5,000 Aquatic weed research..... +620 Proposed pay raise supplemental........ +2,008 Reprogrammings for salary and related costs +805 Transfer to Administrative Law Judges.. -12 Transfer to Toxic Substances to repay "borrowed" Si!vex funds............... -2,000 Transfer to Office of Inspector General -76 Implementation of Federal pesticides program +27 Support for pesticides enforcement grant activity....... +124 Contract funds realignment.........!,... +13 Current estimate 1981 69,504 The Congress reduced Agency salary and travel costs by S7 million and $850,000, respectively, resulting in decreases of $171,000 and $41,000. A congressional reduction of $2 million to AOP costs created a decrease of 5101,000 to this media. The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million and SES bonuses by $750,000, resulting In decreases to this media of $254,000 and $51,000, respectively. A congressional reduction of $7.5 million to the Agency's A.CSC appropriation resulted in a decrease of $1,004,000. In addition, Congress reduced the pesticides media by $5,000,000. Congressional increases to this media include $620,000 for aquatic weed research, $2,008,000 for the proposed supplemental to fund the October 1980 pay raise, and reprogrammi ngs 1n the amount of $805,000 for salary and related costs. Reprogrammings to other media resulted in a decrease of $2,088,000 and from other media, an increase of $164,000. P-8 ------- ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 (in thousands of dollars) Prior year obligations , Effect of congressional changes Effect of pay raise supplemental Change in amount of carryover funds available Program changes Effect .of reprogrammings.. Change in rate .of obligations................ Total estimated obligations....... (From new obligation authority), (Fran prior year funds) $70,513 -6,002 +2,008 +1,436 -1,924 +805 +2.306 $9,142 (66,451) (2,691) 569,142 +361 +3,622 73,125 (70,073) (3,052) EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS The congressional changes referred to in the previous section are estimated to decrease obligations by $6,002,000. The funding of the October 1980 pay raise through a proposed supplemental is expected to increase obligations by $2,008,000. The amount of carryover funds estimated to be obligated in 1981 is $2,691,000, an increase of $1,436,000 from the 1980 level. In 1982, it is estimated that $3,052,000 will be obligated from carryover funds, an Increase of $361,000 over the 1981 level. The program change in 1981 is estimated to result 1n a decrease of $1,924,000. In 1982, the program iricrease is expected to increase obligations by $3,622,000. P-9 ------- PESTICIDES PROGRAM LEVELS Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Registration Standards Registration Standards Compl eted RPAR Pecisions: 'Final:""R"PA"R"'Oe'ci sions. Lab Audits Registration new Chemical and Biorational Regi strations. Old Chemical Applications... Amendments and Supplemental. Appl ications Registrations..... Special Registration Emergency Exemptions Experimental Use Permits... 24(c) State Registrations.. Tolerances: Tolerance Petitions Amendments Inert Ingredient Requests.. Enforcement: Establishment Inspections... Use/Reentry and Experimental Use Observations........... Market Place Investigations. Import Investigations 18 17 101 7,388 21,286 446 365 1,649 325 ** 54 2,599 15,881 14,105 494 20-40 350 240 1,200 160 150 40 4,300 3,350 10,600 200 13 275 190 1,100 140 145 10 4,300 8,350 10,600 542 13* 15 12(9-13) 12(9-15) 25-35 21(20-35) 21(20-35) 96 5,300 !2,240 0,000 65 5,300 22.200 450 75-95 5,300 22,200 2,000 350 240 1,200 160 150 40 4,700 9,200 11,500 200 +10 • • * +1,550 +75 +50 +100 +20 +5 +30 +400 +850 +900 -342 * The thirteen standards projected for completion in 1982 are predicated upon continuing the present registration standards process. However, 1981 will be devoted to effecting productivity improvements which, if successful, are expected to result in the completion of more than 13 standards in 1982. If the Agency is unable to accomplish such productivity improvements in 1981, the registration standards program will be reevaluatert and redesigned as necessary to increase its pace of operations. ** Amendments processed are included in the total for tolerance petitions. P.-10 ------- Abatement and Control SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Appropriation Registration: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compl i ance Special Registration: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compli ance Tolerances: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compli ance. Total: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compl i ance •. Grand Total, Permanent Positions Registration....".......... Special Registration Tolerances....... Total Full-time Equivalency Regi strati on ..... Special Registration Tol erances • PESTICIDES Registration and Tolerances Actual 1980 $6,403 525 2,135 19 2,112 62 10,650 606 11,256 229 77 ' 72 378 243 80 78 Budget Estimate 1981 (dol $6,876 709 1,869 273 1,848 166 10,593 1,148 11,741 222 62 57 341 245 69 67 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982. Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 lars in thousands) $7,357 709 2,014 273 1,992 166 11,363 1,148 12,511 228 64 58 350 245 69 67 $7,923 • » • 2,291 45 2,174 • • • 12,388 45 12,433 215 62 57 334 238 69 67 +$566 -709 +277 -228 +182 -166 +1,025 -1,103 -78 -13 -2 -1 -16 -7 • • • • • * Total, 401 381 381 374 -7 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $12,432,500 and 334 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $78,100 and 16 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $12,387,800 for Salaries and Expenses and $44,700; for Abatement, Control and Compliance, an increase of $1,025,500 and a decrease of $1,103,600, respectively. The increase in Salaries and Expenses will be used to respond to increases in registration as well as to. associated support costs for the Federal Register. Program Description The focus of this program is on the registration and special registration of pesticides and on the establishment of residue tolerances for each registered product. Under the Registration program, new pesticide products are registered and current P-ll ------- registrations are amended for new uses and/or new formulations. Accordingly, the program is driven by the following mandates: (1) effectively screen applications for pesticide product registration to assure that use of the products will not result in unreasonable adverse effects to man and the environment and to assure that such products a-e reasonably effective for the proposed uses where public health is concerned; (2) limit the risks associated with the use of pesticides through effective label precautions, use classification, use directions and restrictions; (3) expeditiously process all environmentally protective pesticides ("biorationals") -and also new products which are substitutes for products that have serious impact on man and his environment. These mandates are achieved by processing in a timely manner applications for new chemicals, new products containing previously registered pesticides, new uses, formula changes, labeling changes and supplemental registrations, in addition to reregistrations, and assuring product uses will not result in unreasonable adverse effects. In addition, the Registration program has the ongoing task of upgrading label precautions, format, use directions and precautions with emphasis on non target exposures, field workers, and application safety and pesticide container disposal. The Speci a1 Re gi strat ion of pesticides encompasses: (a) the issuance of experimental use permits under Section 5 of FIFRA to generate data for registration, (b) establishment of temporary tolerances to cover safe levels of pesticide residues in food and feed from pesticide application for experimental purposes, (c) granting of emergency exemptions under Section 18 of FIFRA to permit the temporary use of unregistered pesticides, (d) issuance of Section 24(c) special local need registrations, largely handled by the States with Federal oversight, and (e) issuance of pesticide registrations for use on minor crops, often after liaison with public interest user-oriented groups. Congress has provided the authority to issue Experimental Use Permits (EUP's) to allow large scale experimentation necessary for the development of data for new pesticides or new uses of currently registered pesticides. These data are necessary to allow the Agency to evaluate the potential hazards to man and the environment when application is made for registration of the new chemical. Because of the importance of biorationals and other innovative third-generation pesticides to integrated pest management programs, special efforts are made to process Experimental Use Permit (EUP) applications for these pesticides so that data gathered may be used to allow them to enter the registration system rapidly. These efforts are particularly important if the proposed use is on a food or feed crop, since testing under an EUP usually involves thousands of acres of valuable food or feed crops. In such cases, destruction of the crop is not economically feasible or desirable; thus the Agency must establish temporary tolerances for residues of the pesti- cide which may remain on the food or feed commodity, thereby allowing for safe marketing and consumption of the commodity. Sufficient data must be submitted to allow the Agency to determine that the residue levels of the pesticide which result from its use are limited to protect the welfare of the consumer. When application of registered pesticides or other control measures are not adequate to control unexpected pest outbreaks, emergency situations may develop. The Agency, under FIFRA, issues emergency exemptions authorizing the use of pesticides for unregistered uses, when appropriate, to alleviate the emergency. Individual states often have special local conditions requiring pesticides that are not registered Federally for such purposes. FIFRA permits State agencies to issue pesticide registrations when the pesticide will be distributed and used only within the registering State. At the same time, Congress provided that EPA should have overview authority concerning these regulations, including the right to disapprove or identify invalid registrations that would have a harmful effect on public health or the environment or which are not consistent with Congressional restrictions. These usually involve food and feed uses for which tolerances have not been established, or uses of pesticides which have been suspended or cancelled by the Agency. States also have special needs to issue experimental use permits on occasion. Such permits are usually needed to allow an interested pesticide producer to conduct the experimentation that will be needed to support a later State registration for a particular purpose. Congress has provided that States may issue such experimental use permits, subject to EPA overview, in the same manner as for the state registration. P-12 ------- Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (FFDCA), the Agency establishes tolerance levels and exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance for pesticide residues in or on raw agricultural commodities and processed foods. These tolerance levels protect the public health while giving.appropriate consideration to the necessity for the production of an adequate, wholesome, and econonical food supply. Determination of tolerances involves careful review and evaluation of residue chemistry and toxicology data to ensure that the maximum residue levels likely to be found in foods are safe for human consumption. Included in this consideration is the cumulative effect of the same pesticide chemical and other related substances with the same physiological activity. Analytical methods are tested to ensure that adequate enforcement of the established tolerance can be achieved. EPA has implemented more flexible minor use tolerance data review procedures involving data requirements and scientific decision making. This parallels conditional registration and other newly authorized aspects of EPA's pesticide registration program. Current operations give high priority to tolerance petitions, innovative pesticide chemicals and biologically integrated alternatives for pest control. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques reduce the amount of conventional pesticide chemicals applied and significantly reduce environmental and human risk. In addition, normal fee requirements for petitions for tolerances are adjusted or waived. Processing of tolerance petitions is the only pesticide action for which a fee is charged. REGISTRATION 198Q Jccqinpl i s hments In 1980, resources spent for the registration process totaled $6,928,400 which included $6,402,900 for Salaries.and Expenses, and $525,500 for Abatement, Control and Compliance activities. In 1980, the Agency processed applications for new chemicals on a priority basis while giving special attention to new chemicals that offer an extra measure of protection to the environment. Tasks completed during 1980 were the processing of: 101 applications for the registration of products that contain new chemicals both for food uses and non-food uses, 7,388 applications for the registration of new products that contain old chemicals, but are identical or substantially similar to those that are currently registered, 218 applications to amend current pesticide product labels to add uses (food and non-food), 18,689 applications for administrative amendments and supplemental registrations, and 2,379 minor amendments. Additional tasks included the follow-up on submission and review of adverse effects data submitted under Section 6(a)(2) of the FIFRA. A plan for the upgrading of labeling on currently registered products was completed and implemented. Development of the guidelines for biorationals was completed and will be proposed in 1981 for public comment. Environmentally protective pesticide products and other items with review priority, were processed more rapidly than in the prior year. In 1980, development of an automated system was initiated to permit tracking of applications in the registration process flow. A series of simplified instructions to help registrants apply for registration was prepared, in order to reduce the number of applications returned to registrants for additional information before the Agency can either register or deny an application. Finally, during 1980, most of the sections of the Registration Guidelines were prepared for publication as either proposed or final documents. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $8,066,300 to this program, of which $7,357,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $709,200 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. P-13 ------- Applications will be processed for registration of new chemicals on a priority basis while giving special attention to new chemicals that provide an additional measure of protection to the environment. Under the provisions for conditional registration, the Agency will process applications for registration of new products, new uses, and supplemental and amended registration. Review time and the number of review cycles needed to reach a regulatory decision will be reduced as review staffs become experienced in making the incremental risk assessments mandated under conditional registration. As reregistration packages, final RPAR decisions or other administrative orders are established, the Agency will continue to upgrade pesticide product labels to give the user guidance and directions to apply pesticides safely. Continuing efforts will include direct dissemination of Information to farmworker and other representative groups at the Federal, State and local level, and improved product labeling and monitoring techniques. In 1981 the Agency expects to process the following number of applications: new chemical (food use) registrations 25, new chemical (non-food use) registrations 30, new biorational (food use) 5, new biorational (non-food use) 5, old chemical with minor changes TOO, and old chemical with similar use 5,200. The number of amended registrations to be processed are: new food uses 200, new non-food uses 200, minor amendments 1,800, administrative amendments 4000, and supplemental registrations 16,000. Thirteen £13) reregi strati on call-in packages will be developed from the registration standards and approximately 450 products associated with the call-in packages will be reregistered. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates The net increase of $481,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $42,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $10,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $60,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $50,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $463,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and in included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers of $180,900 from toxic substances testing and evaluation ($144,600) and from chemical control ($36,300)* 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $7,923,200 and 215 permanent workyears for this program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This represents an increase of $566,100 and a decrease of 13 permanent workyears to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and a decrease of $709,200 to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The Agency has no control over the number of submissions (applications for registration) that the pesticide industry may submit. The numbers listed are estimates based upon previous experience. In 1982, the Registration program will process all new chemical and biorational applications (30-40 food and 45-55, non-food uses) through scientific and regulatory review, 100 applications for conditional registration of products containing previously registered chemicals that involve significant variations in formulation from those currently registered, 5200 applications for conditional P-14 ------- registration that are identical or substantially similar to currently registered products, 200 applications for conditional registration of new food uses, and 200 new non-food uses by making incremental risk assessments, 1800 minor amendments, and 4,000 administrative amendments. Also processed will be all adverse effects data (25 submissions) submitted under Section 6(a)(2) within three weeks of receipt, and all applications for supplemental registrations (16,000) within two weeks of receipt* There will be follow-up on 200 applications for which conditions were attached to the registration. Thirteen (13) reregi strati on call-in packages will be developed from the registration standards and approximately 2,000 products associated with the.call-in packages will be reregistered. Labeling will be upgraded through the label improvement program to enhance the safe use of all pesticide products. Direct dissemination of information to farmworkers will continue. Guidelines will be developed and product labeling will be improved in order to give guidance to farmworkers on hazards associated with the use of pesticides and ways to reduce worker exposure through use of clothing, gloves, respirators, and worker re-entry intervals. Although the farmworker safety program is identified in the Registration section, its importance is such that additional supporting activities are included in the Standards Setting and RPAR as well as in the Federal and State Program sections. SPECIAL REGISTRATION 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, resources spent on the special registration process totaled $2,154,400, of which $2,135,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $19,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance activities. The Agency continued the special registration program by (a) issuing experimental use permits to support registration data requirements, (b) establishing temporary tolerances to cover safe levels of pesticide residues, (c) granting emergency exemptions to allow the use of unregistered pesticides and (d) providing guidance and directions to States which issue pesticide registrations and experimental use permits to meet special local needs. The Agency processed 355 experimental use permits, 85 temporary tolerance petitions, and 446 emergency exemptions, and reviewed 1,649 State registrations. No experimental use permits were issued by the States in 1980. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,286,700 to this program, of which $2,013,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $273,100 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The Agency expects to process about 190 experimental use permits, 40 temporary tolerance petitions, and 275 emergency exemptions, and review 1,100 State registrations. Agency oversight and guidance will be provided for an estimated 80 State-issued experimental use permits. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $144,300 results from several actions, as follows; - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $20,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $126,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $49,300 from toxic substances testing and evaluation. P-15 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $2,335,700 and 62 permanent workyears for this program, of which 52,291,000 Is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and 544,700 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of S277.400 and a decrease of 2 permanent workyears to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and a decrease of 5228,400 to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. During 1982, the Special Registration program will evaluate, in terms of risks and benefits, an expected three hundred and fifty emergency exemption requests to allow pesticides to be used to control unexpected agricultural or public health pest outbreaks, and to either grant or deny such requests as expeditiously as possible. Approximately two hundred and forty applications for experimental use permits will be evaluated, each within the statutory limit of 120 days. This will allow pesticide research and development to continue for new pesticides and for new uses of currently registered pesticides. Biorational and other Innovative pesticides will be given special attention; an attempt will be made to process these within 100 days. An estimated 55 petitions for temporary tolerances, and 80 resubmissions supporting experimental use permits, will be evaluated* The Agency will review an estimated 1,200 Section 24(c) State registrations which provide for the use of a pesticide in a special local need situation within a given State, and 100 Section 5(f) State experimental use permits to allow continuing research and development of pesticides to meet special local needs. TOLERANCES 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, resources spent for the tolerance setting process totaled $2,173,800, which included $2,112,000 for Salaries and Expenses, and $61,800 for Abatement, Control and Compliance activities. Accomplishments during 1980 included the processing of 325 petitions and 54 inert Ingredient requests. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total $2,157,600 to this program, of which $1,991,600 is for Salaries and Expenses, and $166,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources will permit the Agency to review all incoming tolerance actions to establish residue levels that will protect human health, and provide written replies (acknowledgements) to tolerance petitions within two weeks. An estimated 140 new petitions, 145 amendments, and 10 inert ingredient requests will be processed. This processing includes administrative handling, coordination, scientific review of data, regulatory decision making, and preparation of Federal Register notices. 1981 Explanationof Changes fromBudgetEstimates The net increase of $144,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimates was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 9.6-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,600. - An increase of $125,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. Resrogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $48,600 from toxic substances testing and evaluation. P-16 ------- 1982 flan The Agency requests a total of $2,173,600 and 57 permanent wbrkyears for this program all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This amount represents an increase of $182,000, and a decrease of 1 permanent workyear for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and a decrease of $166,000 to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources will enable the Agency to evaluate carefully, chemistry and metabolism data for 160 petitions to determine the nature and level of pesticide residues expected to remain in or on food crops when used according to the proposed label direction. Toxicology data will be evaluated to determine If foods containing these residue levels are safe for human consumption. These evaluations will also take into account the cumulative effect of the tolerances already established for the pesticide chemical and other pesticide chemicals with related pharmacological activity. Specific analytical methods will be evaluated to determine their suitability for enforcement of proposed tolerances. Also, 150 amendments and 40 inert ingredient requests will be processed. P-17 ------- PESTICIDES Standards Setting and RPAR Appropriation Registration Standards: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Compliance RPAR Reviews: Salaries and Expenses , Abatement, Control and Compliance .......... EIS Preparation: Salaries and Expenses. Total: Salaries and Expenses . Abatement, Control and Compliance Grand Total Permanent Positions Registration Standards RPAR Reviews EIS Preparation ....... Total Ful |-time Equ i va1ency Registration Standards RPA° Reviews EIS Preparation.. Total Budget Current • Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 19^1 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981 85 166 149 3 318 354 (dollars in thousands) $5,631 $5,592 $5,929 5,345 11,846 9,647 5,685 4,394 4,662 11,444 15,266 9,425 84 92 $5,406 9,400 5,696 14,874 105 167 145 3 151 142 3 137 141 3 315 296 281 336 310 301 -$523 -247 +1,034 +5,449 +13 11,401 16,789 28,190 10,070 27,112 37,182 10,683 19,072 29,755 11,207 24,274 35,481 +524 +5,202 +5,726 -14 -1 -15 183 168 3 181 152 3 161 146 3 151 147 ' 3 -ID +1 ... BudgetRequest The Agency requests a total of $35,481,300 and 281 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of 35,726,100 and a decrease of 15 workyears from 1981. Included in this "^tal is $11,207,200 for Salaries and Expenses and $24,274,100 for Abatement, Control and C/vi- pliance, an increase of $523,800 and $5,202,300 respectively. The increase in abatement and control provides additional exposure analysis, and other analyses associated with risk/benefit assessment of suspect chemicals or groups of suspected chemicals under RPAR review. This level of funding will provide for the continued development of pesticide registration standards, which are crucial to improve the efficiency of future pesticide registration and reregistration activities, and farmworker safety, integrated pest nanage- ment and groundwater monitoring activities. The budget will also permit the continuation of rebuttable presumption against registration (RPAR) actions which are necessary to pro- perly assess the risks and benefits of compounds and to implement restrictions on compounds suspected of causing unreasonable adverse health effects. The pesticides abatement and control and pesticides enforcement programs v/ill share in the performance of the laboratory audtt functions beginning in 1982. P-18 ------- Program Description In order to use resources efficiently, the Agency developed a new approach to re- registration which was ratified by Congress—developing registration standards for each of the active ingredient chemicals currently used in pesticide products. This approach, however, is currently the subject of litigation which could cause redirection or major changes in the program. The uncertainties caused by this litigation and its possible impacts are described later in this section. EPA will concentrate its efforts on the approximately 600 chemicals or chemical groups currently used as active ingredients, which will permit decisions on the reregistrati on of all existing products. Many of the approximately 1,400 separate chemicals orginally identified as discrete active ingredients are not in production or have chemical forms that allow them to be judged in groups rather than one-by-one. The Agency is proposing to review these chemicals based on a specific ordering pro- cess by developing chemical clusters and ranking them for review. Under this system, chemicals that have the same major uses will be grouped together in clusters. The ad- vantages of clustering include equity to the registrant (all chemicals within the same cluster will be reviewed at the same approximate time), flexibility to the user in selecting products (alternative treatments for a common pest problem would receive simultaneous review) and consistent regulatory positions on groups of chemicals. The development of a registration standard is divided into three phases: (1) data gathering, (2) data evaluation, and (3) development and issuance of the registra- tion standard. Pesticide residue tolerances, already established under authority of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, are reviewed anc1 respecified for each of the food or animal crops to which the chemical is applied. (The establishment of new residue tolerances is funded under the registration and tolerances subactivity). All pesticide products that use the chemical as an active ingredient and meet the specifica- tions of the standard will be reregistered. (Reregistration, as distinguished from standards production, is funded under the registration and tolerances subactivity as are resources for new product registrations and amendments to existing registrations). Current litigation challenges the constitutionality of basic FIFRA data use and dis- closure provisions. While EPA believes that the legal underpinnings of the program are fundamentally sound, an unfavorable ruling would require major changes and redirection in the standards setting process. If the court rulings are not favorable to EPA, the Agency will return to the Authorization and Appropriations Committees for guidance. Special reviews of pesticide products that are candidates for rebuttable presump- tions are carried out under a program established to scrutinize chemicals which are suspected of causing undue hazards. The decision to cancel the use of any chemical or family of chemicals requires a risk/benefit determination after an in-depth review of potential hazards on a use-by-use basis. Public hearings are conducted, if necessary, to reach final determinations. The RPAR process includes analysis of the exposure of humans and the environment to the pesticide, including environmental impact analysis; analysis of risks, including oncogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity risks; review of the benefits of the pesticide's uses; review of the possible substitutes for the chemicals; and assessment of the possible regulatory options. The pesticides abate- ment and control and pesticides enforcement programs will share in the performance of the laboratory audit functions beginning in 1982. REGISTRATION STANDARDS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, a total of $10,975,800 was spent, including $5,345,300 in Abatement, Control and Compliance for information services, scientific data review, and other contracts. The extramural resources are for information service and scientific data review contracts to support the development of registration standards. These resources are used to gather and P-19 ------- analyze chemical data, to gather pesticide use and usage information, to perform economic impact analyses of various regulatory recommendations, to support toxicology and chemistry data evaluations, to evaluate health effects, and fund various groundwater monitoring, farmworker safety, and integrated pest management projects. In 1980, detailed internal operating procedures were developed,"major policy issues were identified and resolved, and alternatives for increasing productivity and improving operating effectiveness were evaluated. The data gathering phase was initiated for 45 active ingredients, and was completed for 29. Data evaluations were initiated on 24 chemicals and completed on 11. Six registration standards were completed. Special emphasis was placed on the following activities. Monitoring of groundwater and well water was conducted on Long Island for Aldicarb and in California for DECP. Farmworker safety conferences were held in various parts of the country and an interagency agreement was signed with the Department of Labor to conduct a large scale epidemiological study of farmworker youth. Various interagency and cooperative agreements were signed to continue and initiate integrated pest management activities. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $15,575,800 to this program, of which $5,929,300 is for Salaries and Expenses and $9,646,500 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources are used to gather and analyze chemical data, to gather pesticide use and usage information, to perform economic impact analyses of various regulatory recommendations, to support toxicology and chenistry data evaluations, to evaluate health effects, and fund various ground- water monitoring, farmworker safety, and integrated pest management projects. During 1981, the emphasis will be on standards production. Using a chemical priority system, work is expected to he initiated on an additional 20 standards, and at least 13 registration standards are expected to be completed. Extramural resources will be used extensively to gather, evaluate and analyze scientific data. Internal procedures and productivity improvements developed in 1980 will be implemented. Farm- worker safety and integrated pest management activities initiated in 1980 will be continued. In 1981, development and implementation of a groundwater monitoring strategy will be emphasized, working in conjunction with other EPA programs. c-pray drift technology will be reviewed and appropriate information will be disseminated to reduce involuntary exposure of farmworkers and others. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates The net decrease of $1,862,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans- mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of of 57 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $35,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by 5750,000; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity, - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $16,100 was applied to the activity. . - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 mil lion; a decrease df $30,000 was applied to the activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $999,900 was applied to the activity. - The Congress made a general reduction to pesticides activities of 55 million; a decrease of $1,200,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $49,000 was applied to this activity. P-ZO ------- - An increase of $364,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of 5113,400 from toxic substances chemical control. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of 314,806,800 and 137 permanent workyears for this program of which $5,406,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $9,400,400 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation for information services and scientific data review contracts. These resources are expected to permit the completion of 13 standards and the initiation of an additional 20 standards in 1982. The thirteen standards projected for completion in 1982 is predicated upon continuing the present registration standards process. However, 1981 will be devoted to effecting productivity improvements which, if successful, are expected to result in the completion of more than 13 standards in 1982. If the Agency is unable to accomplish such productivity improvements in 1981, the registration standards program will be reevaluated and redesigned as necessary to increase its pace of operations. Extramural resources will continue to be used to gather, evaluate, and analyze scientific data and support farmworker safety and ground- water monitoring activities. The emphasis in integrated pest management will be on urban control of pests. If court rulings concerning the constitutionality of basic FIFRA data use and disclosure provisions are unfavorable, EPA will nonetheless continue the process of systematically reviewing the data base upon which registration of current pesticides is based. In addition, however, the Agency will probably find it necessary to return to the Authorization and Appropriations Committees for guidance. REBUTTABLE .PRESUMPTION AGAINST-REGISTRATION (RPAR) AND EIS PREPARATION 1980 Accomplishments ~ A total of $17,214,200 was spent for this program, including EIS preparation; $11,443,900 was. spent for contracts for information services, site/pest information, use analyses, scientific exposure/hazard assessments and risk/benefit information. In 1980, fumigant and fungicide RPAR cluster reviews were begun and the Agency reached final resolutions on 18 chemicals including Dimethoate, Pronamide, Silvex, and 2,4,5-T, although some administrative and appellate proceedings could run on for some years. A special effort was placed on the development of proposed and final resolutions. A pilot study was initiated on forest use pesticides and their alterna- tives in order to provide guidance to producers and users of such products. Major con- tracts for risk and benefit analytical expertise were utilized in 1980. The contrators, both private and public organizations, supplemented the Agency's limited inhouse specialists, e.g. toxicologists, entomologists, etc. Support was provided for two hearings which resulted from RPAR decisions. Seventeen (17) lab audits were performed. The lab audit program shifted from a surveillance mode to a compliance mode in which labs were audited only as problems arose. The results of the lab audit program were fed back into the RPAR and registration pro- cesses with a view toward identifying data gaps and the need for revised decisions. After emergency suspension of Silvex in 1979, agreements were reached with roajor registrants of Silvex in which they agreed to request voluntary cancellation of their products and EPA agreed to arrange for disposal. The Agency continued actions to in- vestigate and determine the legal requirements for, and quantities, location, and nature of products to be disposed. Some major contracts for the disposal of the chemical were issued in 1980. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $14,179,400 to this program, including EIS preparation, of which $4,754,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and $9,425,300 is for P-21 ------- extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The ex- tramural resources are for information services, site/pest info "-mat ion, use analyses, scientific exposure/hazard assessments and risk/benefit information. The fumigant and fungicide cluster reviews begun in 1980 will continue and final resolutions are projected on 12 chemicals; 6-12 chemicals are expected to begin review under the RPAR process. In 1981, the emphasis will be on the later phases of RPAR action. Support will be provided for 2 to 4 hearings resulting from RPAR decisions. Major con- tractural efforts will continue, and new procedures and management review processes will be implemented as the result of reviews of the RPAR process initiated in earlier years. The forest use products study begun in 1980, will continue. During 1981, the emphasis will continue on the development of ecological effects laboratory audit procedures and 21(20-35) laboratory audits are projected. Agency activities initiated in 1980 concern- ing Si 1 vex disposal will continue. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $5,564,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans- mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is 528,300. - The Congress reduced agencywitle Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $9,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress made a general reduction to pesticides activities of S5 million; a decrease of $3,800,000 was applied to the activity. - An increase of 5297,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropiration. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $101,300 from toxic substances chemical control. - A transfer of $71,000 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office, of which $30,400 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $40,600 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. - A transfer of $2,000,000 was made to toxics management to repay the Office of Of Pesticides and Toxic Substances for Silvex funds "borrowed" in FY 1980. - A transfer of 39,600 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide add- itional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. The Agency requests a total of $20,674,500 and 144 permanent workyears for this program, including EIS preparation, of which $5,800,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $14,873,700 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation for contracts for information services, use analyses, scientific exposure/hazard assess- ment and risk/benefit and site/pest information. This increase in extramural resources will be devoted to mission contracts to provide additional exposure analysis, benefit analysis, and other analysis associated with risk/benefit assessments of suspect chemicals or groups of suspect chemical s.. P-22 ------- At this level of resources, final resolutions are expected on approximately 12(9-15) chemicals; some chemicals may be identified for review under the RPAR process as a result of the registration standard reviews. The fumigant and fungicide reviews begun in prior years will continue. Final resolutions are expected on most of the original RPAR reviews and high risk referrals. Regulatory positions will be developed for chemicals found to exceed RPAR triggers while under standards review. The process will continue to rely heavily on contractors in 1982 to supplement Agency resources including the development of preliminary risk assessments by contract. Technical support is expected to be provided to 3-4 hearings resulting from RPAR decisions. Twenty-one (ZQ-35) laboratory audits are projected In 1982 and the pesticides abatement and control and pesticides enforcement programs will share in the performance of the laboratory audit fuctions. P-23 ------- PESTICIDES Federal and State Program Support Appropriation Pesticide USe Management: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Cotnpl i ance Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1932 Increase + Hficrease - 1982 vs. 1981 (do1lars in thousands) $2,172 3,643 $420 * • * $649 • * * « $541 51 -SI 08 + 51 Total Permanent Positions. Full-time Equivalency..., 5,815 68 74 420 17 20 649 17 20 592 14 16 - 57 - 3 - 4 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $591,700 14 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $57,700 and three permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this request is $540,900 for Salaries and Expenses, and $50,800 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, a decrease of $108,500 and an increase of $50,800 respectively. The decrease in Salaries and Expenses is primarily related to the elimination of activities related to pesticide application technology, pesticide applicator certification and training program evaluation. The increase in Abatement, Control, and Compliance is to support promotion of integrated pest management and farmworker safety activities. Program Description Nationwide coordination of all pesticide programs is enhanced by consultation and the exchange of information and technical advice among Agency headquarters and Regional Offices, and Federal, State and local officials, and by the provision of assistance and information on pesticide policies, programs and procedures to pesticide users, registrants, farmers, farmworkers and the general public. This activity includes assistance to the States in dealing with pesticide incidents which may affect public health, and other special problems, coordination of Federal/State responsibilities for special registrations, information on current regulatory actions, and the referral of issues to appropriate headquarters units for consideration and action. Advice and assistance is provided to registrants to facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements, and farmworker safety and the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) technologies are promoted by the selective dissemination of information. Use Management also includes review and advice on pesticide programs by contract with the Association of American Pesticide Control Officials (AAPCO). Following the phase-out of the regional component of the Use Management activity at the end of 1982, the above functions will be carried out from headquarters. P-24 ------- PES-TICIDE USE .MANAGEMENT I960 Accomplishments In 1980, 55,814,400 was spent for pesticide use management activities of which $2,171,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $3,642,600 was for Abatement* Control and Compliance. Of the latter amount, $1,366,000 was transferred to the Department of Agriculture Extension Service for the applicator training program. EPA has approved 47 State Certification plans which have been fully implemented. Federal certification plans have been implemented in Colorado and Nebraska and one Federal certification plan (DOD), was approved. Fifty-four (54) State training plans have been funded through USOA and are now operating. Indian certification policy was developed and approved. A grant was awarded to the Association of American Pesticide Control Officials (AAPCO) to maintain the State FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group (SFIREG). Under a contract with the General Services Administration, all EPA pesticide mailing lists were consolidated and computerized. In addition to supporting the nationwide certification and training of applicators, regional pesticide offices provided assistance to pesticide manufacturers, formulators, and distributors on all aspects of registration requirements. Tney assisted States in the development of, and evaluated, emergency use exemptions and local use re- gistrations, and supported public health and safety needs by providing assistance with pesticide spills and fires, farmworker safety programs, poison control centers, hospitals, and worker clinics. The regions conducted pesticide accident investigations, which resulted in improved data on pesticide accidents and misuse and which will in turn be used to support registration decisions and label improvements. Technical assistance was provided to EPA's water quality programs to improve pesticide use practices around water, and information regarding the full range of Agency policies and programs was provided to governmental and private entities. Finally, the regions responded to Congressional, public, press, and FOI requests for information. These activities have had several major positive impacts. The certification and training program, by reaching over 1.5 million applicators, contributes to the lessening of the incidence of pesticide misuse and accidents. The presence of the pesticide classification/applicator certification program as a viable, alternative to cancellation of risky pesticides has protected agricultural production costs from further upward pressure. Finally, the information outreach program has broadened State and public understanding of pesticide issues, and has thereby facilitated implementation of FIFRA. Support to State certification and training programs was transferred to the enforcement program at the end of 1980, in order to consolidate guidance and assistance to the States as they assume increased responsibilities in the area of pesticide enforcement. 1981 Program In T931 the Agency has allocated a total ,of 5649,400 for Salaries and Expenses to provide consultation, technical advice, information and referral services and educational material to government officials, pesticide users and applicants, fanners, farmworkers and the general public, In support of Federal/ State program coordination, emergency response to pesticide incidents, registration actions and the promotion of safe and innovative pesticide use. P-25 ------- 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The nat increase of $229,400 results from several actions, as follows: * Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,600. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $39,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. Transfer of $27,100 from air quality management implementation to support the implementation of a Federal pesticides program. - Preprogramming s to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers of $166,900 from drinking water public systems supervision program assistance ($6,100); solid waste uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ($6,100), hazardous waste permit enforcement ($900), hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($18,80(1), hazardous waste enforcement ($39,200); pesticides enforcement ($7,900); noise regional program implementation ($13,000); interdisciplinary NEPA compl i ance/E IS preparation - new source discharge permits ($2,100); toxic subtances testing and evaluation ($7,500); toxics management ($40,100); and management and support - regional management $6,600), financial management ($13,200) and personnel management ($5,400). 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $591,700 and 14 permanent workyears for this program, of which $540,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $50,800 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This level of funding will enable the Agency to maintain regional liaison with State and local officials and the public, provide information on pesticide regulatory policies and programs and provide advice and assistance with respect to pesticide incidents. Federal assistance will also be provided on special registration actions by the States, and individual problems of registrants. Abatement, Control and Compliance funds will provide Headquarters support of development and dissemination of information and educational materials on farm- worker safety and integrated pest management (IPM) techniques. P-26 ------- Enforcement SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- PESTICIDES Pesticides Enforcement PestTades Enforcement; Salaries and Expenses• Abatement, Control and Compliance........ Pesticides Enforcement Grants Support: Salaries and Expenses. Pesticides Enforcement Grants: Abatement, Control, and Compliance........ Pesticides Certification and Training Grants: Abatement, Control and Compliance Total: Salaries and Expenses..... Abatement, Control and Compliance... Grand Total. PermanentPositions Pesticides Enforcement. Grants Support......... Total, Full-time .Pest fc Ides Enforcement! Grants Support ......... Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1931 1982 1982 vs 1981 402 Tdollars in thousands) $3,026 $3,752 $4,113 156 112 109 437 8,737 7,920 3.000 589 7,920 3.000 $4,363 61 540 8,702 2.500 +$250 -48 -49 +782 -500 3,428 8,893 12.321 94 11 105 104 13 4,189 11,032 15,221 122 16 138 137 17 4,702 11,029 15,731 119 16 135 134 17 4,903 11,263 15,166 120 16 136 134 17 +201 +234 +435 Ti .» * w +1 ... Total, 117 154 151 151 Budget Request A total of $16,166,200 and 136 permanent workyears is requested for the 1982 pesticides enforcement program. Included in this total is $4,902.700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,263,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The total amount for both resource areas reflects an overall increase of $436,100. There is an increase of one permanent workyear from 1981. P-27 ------- Program Description The EPA pesticides enforcement program, covering approximately 10,000 firms in- volved in the production of pesticides sold and distributed in the United States and millions of persons using those pesticides, is administered pursuant to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, as amended (FIFRA). The first priority of the program is initiating enforcement actions in emergency situations involving substantial threats to public health and safety. The program emphasizes compliance on the part of the pesticide industry with registration, classification, and labeling requirements, and compliance by users and applicators of pesticides in observing proper label directions for use. As a result of Federal/State enforcement agreements, the program is conducted largely by cooperating State agencies. Included in the overall program are: observation of pesticide applications; sampling and label checks of pesticides at production sites and in the marketplace; registration of pesticide- producing establishments; and initiation of enforcement actions including civil penalties, criminal prosecutions, seizures, stop sales, and Injunctive actions. In addition, the pesticides enforcement program in 1982 includes the administration and oversight of the applicator certification and training program. This responsibil- ity includes the funding of State certification and training programs, EPA oversight of such programs, administration and enforcement of Federal certification and training programs in Colorado and Nebraska, and administration of certification and training programs among Indian tribes. EPA is committed to ensuring that State governments participate to the maximum extent in the national pesticides enforcement program. The Agency has worked with the States in the implementation of cooperative Federal/State programs, particularly in establishing cooperative enforcement grants and applicator certification and train- ing programs. With State participation, the breadth and effectiveness of the enforce- ment program have been greatly enhanced, the control over the use of pesticides has improved, and increased responsiveness to local needs has been realized. 1980 AccpmplIshments Total obligations for this program in 1980 was $12,320,400 of which $3,427,900 for Salaries and Expenses and 58,892,500 was for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. • The extramural funds included $155,500 for con- tracts (including an evaluation of the effectiveness of the State grant program, train- ing for the laboratory inspection program, and ADP support), and $8,737,000 for support of cooperative enforcement grants with 49 States and Territories, In 1980, the Agency developed cooperative enforcement grants-in-aid in 49 States and Territories. Under the these agreements, States conducted 15,322 use and reentry inspections, 2,315 inspections of pesticidp-producing establishments, and 13,785 market- place inspections. During 1980, the EPA program accomplished the following; 284 inspections of pesticide-producing establishments; 559 use and reentry inspections; 494 inspections at ports of entry; and 320 marketplace inspections. As a result of these efforts, the Agency issued 193 civil actions for product/producer/use violations; 803 notices of warning for product/producer violations; and 113 stop sale, use or removal Triers* Notices of Judgment were also published by the Agency detailing the legal disposition of those civil and criminal actions instituted under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, as amended. 1981 Program In 1931, the Agency has allocated a total of $15,730,100 to this program of which 54,701,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $11,028,500 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contract funds !n the amount of $108,500 will be used for the specialized training of pesticides enforcement personnel in the laboratory inspection program and for ADP support. A total of $7,920,000 will be used to fund cooperative enforcement grants, and $3,000,000 will be used to fund certification and training grants. P-28 ------- The 1981 pesticides enforcement program will have as its first priority, at both headquarters and in the regions, the initiation of enforcement actions in emergencies involving substantial threats to public health and safety. Other programwirfe respon- sibilities include emphasis upon enforcement of pesticide use and application, improve- ment of enforcement methods through greater cooperation with States, and development of cases of national or regional significance* Other important activities, Including establishment of cooperative enforcement grants and applicator certification and train- ing grants with the States, will be continued. The enforcement grants will provide for participation by approximately 57 States and Territories in all areas of pesticides enforcement* Certification and training grants will provide for the training and certi- fication of pesticides applicators in the use of restricted use pesticides. As in pre- vious years, the pesticides enforcement program will be directed toward the general ob- jectives of ensuring user compliance with label directions for use, and ensuring adher- ence to product requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Federal pesticides enforcement activities wil1 focus on those States not partici- pating in the grant program and those States having programs which do not adequately address EPA's enforcement concerns within resource limits. EPA user compliance act- ivities will include 392 use, reentry, and experimental use inspections. Product and producer compliance activities conducted by EPA will include 200 establishment inspec- tions, 155 marketplace inspections, and 542 inspections at ports of entry. Additional use, establishment, and marketplace inspections will be conducted by State agencies under the terms of cooperative enforcement grants. 1981 Explanation of Changefrom BudgetEstimates The net increase of $509,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $25,600. - A transfer of $4,700 was made to the Office of the Inspector General in order to to provide additional resources to the office. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of 314,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $16,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $4,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $5,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $308,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation* - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs re- sulted in a net transfer of $148,100: from solid waste hazardous waste mangement regulatory strategies implementation ($67,600); hazardous waste enforcement ($65,500); drinking water underground injection control program ($68,100); noise regional program implementation ($5,000); and to water quality muncipal waste treatment facility con- struction ($4,400); waste treatment operations and maintenance ($6,600); pesticides. use management ($7,900); and management and support-regional counsel ($13,100); and financial management ($26,100). - Transfer of $123,500 within the Office of Enforcement from air stationary source enforcenent to support pesticides enforcement grant activities. P-29 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a, total of 516,166,200 and 136 permanent workyears for this program, of which 34,902,700 is for Salaries and Expenses, and $11,263,500 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The total reflects an overall increase of $436,100. Of the total budget, $8,."."'1,900 is available for the support of 57 cooperative enforcement grants with States and Territories. An additional 52,500,000 in grant funds will be available to support the administration, enforcement, and oversight of applicator certification and training programs.* Contract funds will total $61,600 and will be used for specialized training for pesticides enforcement personnel in performing laboratory data inspections and subsequent enforcement case development. The pesticides enforcement and pesticides abatement and control programs will share in the performance of the laboratory audit functions beginning in 1982. In 1982, the pesticides enforcement program has as its first priority the initia- tion of enforcement actions in emergencies involving substantial threats to public health and safety. Emphasis will also be placed upon enforcement of pesticide use and application, upon improvement of enforcement methods through greater cooperation with States, and upon the development of cases of national or regional significance. Plans for 1982 are to include the participation of all Territories and States in the enforcement grant program. State activities will include use, reentry, and experimental use inspections, establishment inspections, and marketplace inspections. As a consequence of this enhanced State role in the overall program, the Federal role will continue to be that of program management, oversight, and training. In States without grants, and in States having programs which do not adequately address certain enforcement concerns, Federal enforcement activities will continue within resource limits. In addition, the enforcement program will include the funding of State applicator certification and training programs, oversight of such State programs, administration and enforcement of Federal applicator certification and training programs in Colorado and Nebraska, and administration of certification and training programs among Indian Tribes. * OMB and the Agency are jointly developing proposed legislation authorizing user fees for commercial applicators. P-30 ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- PESTICIDES Pesticides - Non-Energy Appropriation Scientific Assessments: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development.. Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development......... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development.. Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development......... Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development......... Total: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development......... Grand Total............ Actual 1980 25 83 — 432 48 3,763 1,781 2,200 4,161 6,916 6J51 12,931 Budget Estimate 1981* (dollars in $438 39 87 4 517 48 2,439 396 2,699 3,411 6,155 3,898 10,053 Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 thousands) $413 $326 139 — 92 SS 3 3 543 694 48 60 2,453 2,478 396 227 2,827 2,731 I 4,031 752 6,241 6,420 4,617 ljQ42 10,858 7,462 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 $429 - 139 - 4 — + 151 + 12 + 25 - 169 - 96 - 3,279 +• 179 - 3,575 - 3,396 P-31 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions Scientific Assessment.... 899 9 •— Technical Information and Liaison 22 22 — Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance... 10 12 12 12 — Health Effects... 73 31 31 31 — Environmental Processes and Effects . 55 60 60 55 5 Total.............. 148 114 .11* 109 - 5 Full-time Equivalency Scientific Assessments... 11 1* 1* 1* —- Technical Information and Liaison 22 22 — Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance... 12 14 1* 1* — Health Effects...... • 101 43 43 43 — Environmental Processes and Effects 78 86 J>1 - 79 — Total 204 159 164 152 - 12 *3anuary 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $7,462,000 and 109 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $3,396,300 and 5 workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $6,420.100 for Salaries and Expenses and $1,041,900 for Research and Development, with an increase of $179,300 and a decrease of $3,575,600, respectively. ProgramDescription This program has been developed under the auspices of the Pesticides Research Committee, The overall program develops, validates and documents procedures for measuring or predicting human and environmental exposures to pesticides and their effects under various environmental circumstances and pesticide usages. The program provides quality assurance support for Agency measurements involving pesticides as well as providing resources for developing, validating, and documenting cost-effective alternate integrated pest control strategies for urban environments. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program develops, validates and documents procedures for measuring or predicting human and environmental exposures to pesticides and their effects under various environmental circumstances and pesticide usages. Another facet provides quality assurance support for Agency measurements involving pesticides as well as providing resources for developing, validating, and documenting cost-effective alternate integrated pest control strategies for urban environments. P-32 ------- SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT 19SO Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $462,900 for this sub-program, of which $437,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $25,200 was for extramural research activities. The arsenic exposure assessment data verification was initiated at the request of the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances for use in the Agency's Position Documents 2, 3 and 4 leading to regulatory action for arsenic as a wood preservative. Guidelines were formulated by which the Agency will conduct mutagenicity risk assessments. These Guidelines which will be published in the Federal Register in FY 1981 will benefit all Agency programs by providing the mechanisms whereby chemical mutagens can be regulated. A mutagenicity evaluation was performed for the chemical carbaryl and testimony was provided before the Science Advisory Panel relative to its possible regulation under FIFRA. A Workgroup on Reproductive Effects was organized to provide background documents to be used to write reproductive effects risk assessment guidelines. Drafts from this Workgroup have been prepared on female reproductive effects, male reproductive effects and developmental effects. These Guidelines, when developed, will serve to regulate reproductive toxicants. Responses were made to rebuttal comments and quantitative risk assessments for inorganic arsenic and coal tar/creosote were completed. Also completed were quantitative risk assessments on diaUate, lindane and ethylene dibromide. These activities are in support of the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR) review for registered pestici- des. Expert witness testimony was provided in the cancellation hearings on 2,4,5-T. This testimony was based on an extensive report on the carcinogenicity of the chemical and its contaminants as well as a review of pathology slides. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $465,100 to this sub-program, of which $326,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $138,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The scientific assessment program will provide continuing support to the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances in the form of technical assistance, oversight, evaluation, or preparation of risk and exposure assessments for pesticide chemicals considered to be possible carcinogens, or mutagens or having other reproductive toxicity effects. The program also participates in the Pesticide Chemical Review Committee to review all RPAR documents. Expert witness testimony at Science Advisory Panel reviews .will also be provided on chemicals which have been evaluated by the program. These activities are in support of the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration review which is conducted for all registered pesticide chemi- cals that have shown a potential for unreasonable adverse effects as defined in the Federal Register (C.F.R. 40, Part 162) and Sections 3 and 25 of FIFRA. The scientific assessment program will also provide an oversight review function for the re-registration of all pesticides as required by Section 6 of FIFRA. A limited oversight will be available on pesticide exposure assessments using the new exposure guideline concepts. P-32a ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. the details of the restructuring of the research and development. program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $13,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29 ------- In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of Pesticides included the publication and dissemination of: Reports on Integrated Pest Management. A guide for the Assessment of Human Exposure to Airborne Pesticides. The Regional Services Staff provided for effective communications between ORD and the regions. Specifically, they: Developed and implemented the Regional support Management Information System. Carried out regional liaison activities to insure technical assistance. The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable QRD to communicate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in making better coordination between ORD and the regions possible, allowing each to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $95,300 to this sub-program, of which $91,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this Research effort have been prepared. Thoughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: i continue the Regional Support Management Information System. conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to provide techn- ical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and technical assistance requirements. develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in the ORD planning process. P-34 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $5,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1881 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is $100. - An increase of $5,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $91,300 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $87,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $4,000 in the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation. This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to ensure the research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with Regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980[Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $479,900 for this sub-program, of which $431.900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $48,000 was for extramural research activities. Pesticide reference materials were furnished to nearly 1,100 EPA and other Federal, State, local, industrial, academic and foreign laboratories. Approximately 28,000 samp- les were distributed from the 850 reference compounds currently stocked. These samples were used for quality assurance testing and quality control purposes to ensure intercomparability of data from different laboratories. Interlaboratory collaborative quality assurance studies were carried out between volunteering laboratories. The quality control of analytical supplies was maintained through a rigorous acceptance testing program prior to distribution to other laboratories. P-35 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $990,500 to this sub-program, of which $542,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $48,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. A major effort is the maintenance of a repository of pesticide calibration materials which will be distributed to over 1,100 EPA, Federal, State, local, academic, industrial, and foreign laboratories. These materials are used by the laboratories to maintain internal quality control to ensure that their data are accurate, precise, and reproducible. In addition, the program serves as a central supply of special reference materials used in gas chromatographic analyses by the Office of Pesticides Programs' cooperative epidemiology laboratories to improve consistency of analyses. Repair and calibration services for specific instruments used in these epidemiology laboratories are provided to ensure that comparable results are obtained by each laboratory. An analytical standards manual is also provided biannually to provide up-to- date information to all laboratories. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "erosswal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $25,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,800. - An increase of $25,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings: to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $2,800 from other activities. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $754,200 and 12 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $694,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $60,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $163,700, $151,700 and $12,000, respectively. The increases will support the Pesticides repository which distributes standard analyti- cal reference samples to EPA co-operator laboratories plus support for the Agency-wide mandatory quality assurance program. P-36 ------- The emphasis in the monitoring systems and quality assurance program will continue to be upon improving the quality of data obtained in support of pesticide activities through these efforts: The major effort under this program will be the maintenance of a repository of high priority pesticide calibration materials which will be distributed to over 1,100 EPA, Federal, State, local, academic, industrial, and foreign laboratories. These materials are used by the laboratories to maintain internal quality control to ensure that their data are accurate, precise, and reproducible. In addition, the program serves as a central supply of special reference material used in the gas chromatographic analyses by the Office of Pesticides Programs cooperative epidemology laboratories to improve consi- stency of analyses. Repair and calibration services for specific instruments used in their epidemiology laboratories will be provided to ensure that comparable results are obtained by each laboratory. An analytical standards manual is also provided biannually to provide up-to- date information to all laboratories. Support to the Mandatory Quality Assurance Program will provide technical guidance, support and overview to assure that the Agency will have environmental data of known quality that are appropriate for the EPA needs. HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used, a total of $5,543,900 for this sub-program, of which $3,763,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,780,500 was for extramural research activities. A specific and highly sensitive analytical chemical procedure was developed for determin- ing residues of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzodioxin (TCDD) in human and animal tissue and in environmental media. The method is capable of detecting TCDD and related dioxin isomers at levels as low as fractions of a part per trillion. The method has been applied to a wide range of substrates, including human milk and environmental samples, and is currently being used in the regulatory program. Groundwater and well water from Long Island, New York, were tested for residues of the carbamate pesticides aldicarb and carbofuran. A toxicologic study for possible potentia- tion between these two highly toxic pesticides was carried out. This study assisted the Agency in determining the potential danger to people who use the well water for bathing and drinking purposes. Tests were carried out in mice and rabbits to evaluate the potential hazard of Nosema looustae to human health if this protozoan parasite is used as a biological control for grasshoppers on rangelands and grain fields. The tests were designed to expose the experimental animals to quantities of organisms through various routes of infection that would provide maximum opportunity for Nosema locustae to behave as a mammalian pathogen. The data collected in this study was considered during the registration of this biological agent. Further studies on the neurotoxic effects of EPN (an organophosphate insecticide) and two cotton defoliants (DEF and merphase) were conducted to define the hazardous dose in acute and subacute dosing. An in vitro test, neurotoxic esterase, was evaluated as a possible screening procedure for delayed neurotoxicity. P-37 ------- Procedures for evaluating human exposure to pesticides have been developed, validated, and compiled into guideline format for inclusion into the Agency's registration requirements. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,849,000 to this sub-program, of which $2,452,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $396,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Highlights of the program include: Validation of methodology for measuring effects of human exposure to pesticides during home and garden application situations. Measurements will be made for three representative compounds. Evaluation of the efficiency of new and existing devices for sampling pesticides in air. Development and application of high performance liquid and gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric methods for assessment of human exposure to pesticides, metabolites, and impurities, including dioxins, in human and environmental samples. Health aspects of biorational pesticides with emphasis on genetic stability and interact- ion of baculoviruses. Provision of toxicokinetic data on absorption, metabolism, distribution, and storage of pesticides following oral,' dermal, or respiratory exposure to facilitate correlation between exposure and effects studies. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswal- king" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $13,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter- transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $8,400. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $2,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $55,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $2,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $82,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. P-38 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $2,704,600 and 31 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $2,478,1.00 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $226,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $25,400 and a decrease of $169,800, respectively. The planned program will; Validate metabolite excretion tests as an index of human exposure and provide technical support documentation to the Office of Pesticide Programs. Measure actual exposures of applicators of agricultural pesticides and recommend method- ology to the Office of Pesticide Programs. Determine the comparative methodology/pharmacokinetics of pesticides tinder typical agri- cultural worker re-entry exposures and develop residue analysis and toxicological techn- iques for eventual indirect assessment of human exposures. Develop and validate animal model for assessing human exposure to inhaled participate pesticides. Develop methods for identification and detection of baculoviruses. Conduct toxicological evaluation of selected biological agents. Determine the potential of specific pesticides for inducing adverse perinatal, including behavioral effects in the offspring of animals exposed during gestation. Determine critical embryonic period for production of supernumerary ribs and effects of maternal stress in rodents. Determine effects of chemical administration during critical development periods on sexual dimorphisms in rodents. Elucidate the basic developmental mechanisms responsible for perinatal dysfunction as demonstrated in rats. Determine if epididymal sperm counts and morphology are more sensitive reproductive parameters than the fertility index or fetal/neonatal observations. Determine the placenta! transport and fetal deposition of compounds that are models of their class in different mammalian species. Provide rapid responses to requests from the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) for hazard and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $6,361,400 for this sub-program, of which $2,200,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,161,000 was for extramural research activities. The report "Fate of Selected Herbicides in a Terrestrial Laboratory Microcosm" was published providing transport and metabolism data on Simazine, Bromacil, Trifluralin and 2,4,5, - T in comparison to standard reference compound in experimental terrestrial microcosm chambers. The studies reported on whether the compounds degrade as they move through ecosystems. Studies were conducted to determine the transport and effects of wood preservatives in terrestrial systems and creosote, pentachlorophenol and tributyl tinoxide were examined in a simulated ecosystem. This research supports the RPAR process concerning creosote. P-39 ------- Acute and/or chronic toxieity evaluations in freshwater fish and invertebrate organisms provided effects data for nine pesticide compounds specified by OPP, Testing to compare the toxieity and persistence of three pesticides in encapsulated and non-encapsulated formulations showed increasing toxieity with age and degradation for two of the compounds. Such studies contribute to hazard evaluations* A field test was completed in which diazinon was applied to two freshwater outdoor streams and analysis of the data collected is under way. A comparison of these results to laboratory generated data is expected to enhance scientific knowledge on which aquatic ecosystem hazard evaluations are made. The long term sublethal effects of the herbicide, Trifluralin, on an estuarine fish were investigated. Results hsoed effects on the vertebral column. A tiered, but simple, biodegradation testing program was developed for pesticides. This program will be used by Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances to provides (1) data for pesticide registration and control, and (2) methods for the implementation of TSCA, Existing estuarine test methods were evaluated and improved for the Atlantic silverside fish. Studies specific to the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) have also been accomplished in 1980. These include: The third year of a 4-year study on "IPM Systems for Corn Soil Insects" has been completed. Research using cutworm pheromone traps has given corn growers a means to predict cutworm populations in seedling corn. Root worm sampling and predicting techniques have been developed and include the influence of tillage and corp residues on the efficacy of insecticides. A wireworm larval sampling technique (bait station) has been developed that will—aid farmer, researchers, and pest control consultants in timing applications of insecti- cides. Urban and Suburban IPM programs produced computerized data on biological control strateg- ies for shade tree pests and urban/suburban residential pests, and their predators and a Technical Assistance Center which will disseminate pest control information. The "15-University IPM Consortium" project initiated in 1978 to develop IPM strategies for cotton, alfalfa, apples, and soybeans produced results which helped significantly reduce the amount of insecticide used in a southwestern area. The "Riceland-mosquito IPM Consortium" project, initiated in 1979, developed techniques which permit point-specific pesticide application as opposed to wide-spread spraying and which can thereby reduce the quantity cf pesticide used. An Integrated Aquatic Weed Management (IAWM) research program was initiated, 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $6,858,400 to this sub-program, of which $2,827,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $4,030,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The 1981 ecological effects portion of the research program is studying particular pesticides of interest to the Agency's regulatory and enforcement offices. This research encompasses investigations on acute, chronic and sublethal pesticide effects on both biotic and abiotic components ranging from single species impacts and increasing in complexity to populations and community impacts and interactions. The scope of this program extends the evaluations through the three major media habitat types; estuarine/marine, freshwater and P-40 ------- terrestrial. Methods development, standardization, validation and toxicity testing receive major emphasis to provide testing protocols. Effects assessments include studies to determine the transport and fate of pesticides within ecosystems. Laboratory, microcosm and simulated natural field systems are being used in generating information and in support of modeling efforts as appropriate, to form a basis for predicting potential adverse effects from a wide array of pesticide types including conventional formulations, encapsulated agents and biorat- ionals. The exposure assessment area conducts studies to determine the consequences of environmen- tal exposure to pesticides and to support risk/hazard assessments. This research Incorporates a team approach to develop predictive assessment models, both individual media and multimedia to elucidate exposure concentrations on target or non-target organisms in aquatic or ter- restrial systems including subsurface environments and in air. This approach is designed to also provide expertise and technical assistance to support the Agency's regulatory process. A base research program supports the above activities through methods and testing development, determination of pesticide movement and final disposition. Investigations include appli- cation methods, duration and timing of exposures, critical exposure stages, pioaccumulation potentials, degradation, volatilization, photolysis, hydrolysis and sorption characteristics. The Integrated Pest Management Program continues as a research program aimed at reducing the use and dependence upon chemical pesticides by providing economically acceptable and environmentally sound alternatives for controlling agricultural, aquatic and urban pests. The program design couples biological and environmental data with delivery systems to users and promotes the application of 1PM practices to prevent insect and plant pest populations from reaching damaging levels in selected major crops and in domestic oriented situations. The following are representative activites for 1981 to support mandates of FIFRA, which the Agency applies to regulate pesticides use and to promulgate policy guidelines for testing protocols. All the research developed in concert with the Office of Pesticide Programs, helps the decision making processes. New or improved bioassay methods and other techniques are being developed to measure and quantify ecological effects and exposure impacts of pesticides. Toxicity tests and testing protocols and data are being generated, Jor determining acute, chronic and sublethal responses of representative non-target organisms in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. A study is being conducted and a report will be prepared on the biochemical induction of mixed function oxidase in selected marine aniamals. The pathobiological effects of chemical pesticides and biological control agents on marine organisms is being determined. Field evaluation of laboratory findings is continuing, using semi-natural stream chan- nels to correlate and corroborate effects data. The interactions between agricultural chemicals and pesticides and soil mieroflora and the resultant effects on insecticide degradation are being examined. The effects of environmental conditions ort the penetration, translocation and metabolism of insecticides in selected crop species are being investigated. Studies on the effects and the biological and chemical fate of 2,4,D are being conducted and data incorporated into a predictive model. Techniques are being developed to determine pesticide/partieulates relationships, bio- logical acitvity interactions and to assess bioaccumulation of pesticides in freshwater fish. Data are being generated on the sorption/desorption kinetics and biodegradation rates of toxic organics in marine systems. P-41 ------- The establishment and execution of operational and coordination procedures of the Pesti- cide Exposure Assessment Team (PEEAT) and the adjunct support system is being initiated. Projected planning functions, technical assistance, research guidance, workshops and training for improving exposure assessments and to provide expertise, consultation and other technical support to client offices are being provided. Under the auspices of the 15-University Consortium, the IPM activity is developing and improving methods for using chemical pesticides in a more selective manner; developing computerized integrating models for optimizing control practices and crop management; and managing IPM demonstration areas, provide training and distributing information to farmers. Joint coordination efforts with USDA is continuing to insure that IPM research, implemen- tation, extension and education programs are integrated. The Mosquito/Riceland Consortium is developing alternative non-chemical control methods for mosquitoes. The development of control strategies for major urban pests including structural pests, lawn and garden pests, park trees and right-of-way pest is continuing. Demonstration studies are being carried out in cooperation with USDA on multi-crop, multi-pest regional IPM strategies. These studies are to demonstrate IPM enhancement to producers and users including the environmental benefits and potential for reducing human exposures. A comprehensive Integrated Aquatic Weed Management (IAWM) research program is being developed to investigate the efficacy of biological agents and chemical herbicides to control aquatic weeds. The effects, interactions and other impacts on non-target species are being assessed. An organizational structure for an expanded IPM information delivery system and for a field scouting program is being developed. A comprehensive approach that is scien- tifically defensible and field validated as a useful guide for states and other users of IPM is being documented. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross- walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $748,500 results from several actions, as follows: - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $5,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $5,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,00; a decrease of $14,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress directed a reprogramming of funds to support aquatic weed research; $620,000 is transferred from energy-hazardous pollutants ($75,000), and from water quality non-energy ($545,000). - An increase of $158,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. P-42 ------- - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $200 to other activities. 1982 Plan ' - The Agency requests a total of $3,483,300 and 55 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $2,731,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $751,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $3,375,100 and 5 workyears; $96,100 and $3,279,000, respec- tively. This reduction primarily reflects a reduction in environmental processes research and in agricultural Integrated Pest Management research to which, henceforth, will be funded solely by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The 1982 ecological effects portion of the research program will continue to make assess- ments to determine the adverse or potential adverse impacts of pesticides on aquatic and terrestrial non-target organisms, on physical, chemical and biological processes and on inter- actions between the various environmental components and biota. Investigations will deal with commonly used pesticides and/or pesticides involved in the registration/reregistration pro- cess, registration standards process, in the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR) process and with new or alternative pest control agents (e.g. biorationals) which have been designated as high priority research needs by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP). The ecological effects program will focus on three major areas; determination of the effects, the transportation and the fate of pesticides in coastal waters, freshwater and terrestrial environments. This will include methods development and toxicity testing and data generation regarding dose/response of organisms. Testing protocols will be provided to be used by OPP or the public and private sector. Other parameters that will be studied include bioaccumulation, pathobiological and physiological effects, movement of pesticides through the ecosystems and the final disposition which includes residue or degradation problems in waters, soils or sediments. Laboratory studies will incorporate bioassays and microcosm research under contolled regimes in both static and flow-through systems. Verification studies will be carried out in semi-natural systems and field validation experiments will be conducted in natural habitats. Present plans call for more emphasis on research using biological control agents and an increase in field oriented effects validations. Predictive modeling efforts will be an integral part of the above activities as appro- priate to support hazard evaluations. Analytical chemical support for the program and tech- nical assistance, coupled with the information generated represents essential elements in the Agency's decision making processes. The exposure assessment portion of this program will continue to evaluate pesticide exposure concentrations and define through research studies and modeling activities the actual or potential perturbations caused in the environment. Information generated from these activities will be used within the Agency's regulatory process to determine environmental risk and thereby forms the basis for regulatory action. This information may also form the basis for, or supplement the development of, guidelines to be used by industry in their experimental testing programs, as required by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. Four Environmental Research Laboratories will participate in a cooperative approach through a newley established Pesticide Environmental Exposure Assessment Team (PEEAT) to provide data supportive to predictive model development. Specific laboratories will conduct Others studies to generate data and other information concerning exposure concentrations in marine, freshwater and terrestrial systems. P-43 ------- Activities will include methods and protocol development, tier testing schemes, tran- sport and fate research which quantifies rates, routes of movement, relationships between laboratory and field findings and the extent and capacities of various degradative processes to control or alter various pesticide concentrations. The duration, timing, application techniques, kinetics of sorption characteristics, bioaccumulation and other environmental variables will be considered in the evaluations. The PEEAT will also calibrate, refine and validate as extensively as possible compre- hensive mathematical models to ' carry out the exposure concentration-duraction estimate assessments. Models will be developed for single and multi-media evaluations on pesticides specified by OPP in soil, water, sediments and in subsurface and air components. The program will include quality assurance and technical assistance to OPP. During 1982 the EPA will develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for the urban environment. The "Urban IPM" program will concentrate on the prevention of human exposure to pesticides. Urban IPM research will be directed towards the following areas: residential, commercial, industrial, governmental, and institutional. The EPA will develop first generation IPM strategies for urban household pests, shade trees and turf grasses. This is a followup on the "Urban and Suburban Residential IPM" project that began in 1979. The goal of this program is to demonstrate IPM monitoring, decision making and implementing techniques. P-44 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Radiation SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- RADIATION Budget Current Increase - Actual 1980 Estimate* 1981 Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Decrease 1982 vs. + 1981 Pa< (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Salaries and Expenses. • • Research and Development Abatement - Control Total Permanent Positions..... Full-time Equivalency... Out! ays. ................ Authorization Levels.... PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Non-ionizing Radiation: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Devel opment .......... Total : Salaries and Expenses. Research and Total, Research and Devel opment Program. .... Radiation Policy Council : Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Complaince. ...... Criteria, Standards and Guidelines: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Coropl iance* ••••»•• Environmental Impact Assessment: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control $9,057 841 5,431 15,329 191 221 11,638 2,930 * 2,078 841 2,078 841 2,919 t » • 2,243 2,102 4,145 3.329 $8 ,£28 1,435 7,797 17,860 267 309 15,100 3,181 Authorization 1,824 1,435 1,824 1,435 3,259 * * • 2,342 4,735 - 3,861 3.062 $9,576 1,437 8,173 19,185 218 254 14,776 3,181 Pending 1,835 1,437 1,835 1,437 3,272 979 2,707 4,713 3,803 3.062 $11.408 825 4,737 16,969 206 242 1 7 , 082 * 2,329 825 2,329 825 3,154 981 3,359 3,425 4,634 820 +$1,832 -612 -3,436 -2,216 -12 -12 +2,306 •(•494 -612 +494 -612 -118 +2 +652 -1,288 +826 -2.242 R-18 R-8 R-10 R-14 R-l , ------- Budget Current Increase - Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease + 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page Radiation Program Implementation: Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Compliance Total: Salaries and Expenses.... Abatement, Control and Compliance Total, Abatement and Control Program Permanent Positions Non-ionizing Radiation, Research and Development Program,..... Radiation Policy Council Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guideline Environmental Impact Assessment Radiation Program Implementation. Total, Abatement and Control Program.......... Full-time Equivalency Non-ionizing Radiat ion, Research and Development Program..... Radiation Policy Council Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guideline Environmental Impact Assessments.... Radiation Program Implementation Total, Abatement and Control Program (dollars in thousands) 591 601 . 644 596 • *• ••'* *** • • » 6,979 6,804 8,138 9,570 5,431 7,797 7,775 4,245 12,410 14,601 15,913 13,815 29 85 32 31 • •• ••• 73 y 54 60 59 56 93 106 102 35 15 16 16 15 162 182 186 175 37 100 38 37 12 12 60 73 70 79 105 118 116 97 19 18 18 17 -48 * • • +•1,432 -3,530 -2,098 -1 • • a +7 -17 -1 -11 -1 « * .<• +9 -19 -1 R-12 R-18 R-8 R-10 R-12 R-14 R-18 R-8 R-10 R-14 R-12 184 209 216 205 -11 * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. R-2 ------- TO STRATEGY Exposure to ionizing radiation results from naturally occurring sources, medical and industrial applications of x-rays and radioactive materials, and from various aspects of nuclear power. EPA accepts, as a prudent public health assumption, the concept that any radiation exposure results in some adverse health effects. While some public exposure to radiation is inevitable, no avoidable risk attributable to radiation exposure should occur to individuals or to the environment without offsetting benefits. Exposure to man-made non-ionizing radiation at radio and microwave frequencies, which was negligible prior to World War II, has increased with both the number and power of transmitting sources. This trend is expected to continue, and EPA is evaluating and acting on the associat- ed risks. EPA's mandate to protect the public health and environment from adverse effects of radiation exposure derives from: (1) the Federal guidance and general environmental standard authorities under the Atomic Energy Act, transferred to EPA by Reorganization Plan #3 of 1970; (2) the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 which provide authority to regulate radioactive air pollutants through the Act's standard setting authorities; (3) the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) which charge EPA with providing standards for protection from waste materials with radioactive content, and (4) other authorities contained in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Marine Protec- tion Research and Sanctuaries Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Public Health Service Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act. These legislative authorities generally prescribe an environmental assessment, technology assessment, and standard setting role for EPA. In some cases enforcement responsibilities are given to other agencies, notably the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. In these instances EPA performs some oversight functions to insure that established standards and guidance are implemented. Within the framework of the applicable legislation, the Radiation program strategy is to: Emphasize the application of regulatory controls to those areas which promise the greatest reduction in potential adverse health effects and environmental impacts from radiation, Maintain a capability for environmental and technology assessment to quantify the nature of existing and emerging radiation problems and the potential impact of technologies while still in the planning stages; Respond to issues of serious public concern, utilizing EPA's expertise to evaluate these concerns and, if necessary, point out the need to control those situations where the corrective actions required are the responsibility of other Agencies; Assist in the development and testing of State, local, and Federal plans to respond to emergency situations involving nuclear events or large, unexpected releases of radioactivity. This activity has taken on increased importance following the incident at Three Mile Island. Within this general strategy, highest priorities have been given to activities man- dated by the Clean Air Act of 1977, activities associated with radioactive waste manage- ment, revision of federal guides for occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, efforts to characterize the problem of indoor radon and the review and testing of State radiological emergency response plans. The emphasis on the Clean Air Act activities is consistent with general public concern over radiation and the existence of a significant number of poorly defined and uncontrolled sources which e-nit radioactive air pollutants. The 1981 and 1982 Clean Air Act effort will concentrate on developing regulations for elemental phosphorus plants and uranium mines. Work will also continue on characterizing radionuclide emission from coal combustion. R-3 ------- EPA's role in the control of radioactive waste disposal is prescribed in the report of the Interagency Review Group on Nuclear Waste Management (IRG). This report was endorsed by the President in February of 1980. EPA's 1981 and 1982 effort on radioactive waste will include the proposal and promlugation of standards for high level waste, the proposal of the first of several standards to address low level waste and the continuation of work on ocean waste packaging criteria. During 1981 EPA will propose revised federal guidance for general occupational exposures to ionizing radiation. In 1982 this guidance will be finalized and work will be initiated on revision of Federal guidance for radon exposure to uranium miners. A substantial effort to identify and characterize the problem of indoor radon was initiated in 1980 and continued 1n 1981. The new emphasis placed upon this area stems from recognition that the indoor radon represents a potential environmental health problem and one which could become significantly worse through improperly applied energy conservation practices. In 1982 primary responsibility for this work has been shifted to EPA's Office of Research and Development and to the Department of Energy. EPA's radiation research and development program stresses the identification and evalua- tion of health effects of chronic low-level exposures to non-ionizing radiation. This research serves to fill gaps in Federal research on radiation and is necessary for the establishment of any required Federal guidance for acceptable environmental levels of radiation. Health risks will be addressed by research clearly establishing dose-response and threshold data for biological effects in animal model systems. The monitoring program will assess the populat- ion exposure to man-made radioactive materials by conducting a comprehensive radiological surveillance study of various nuclear test sites and will provide quality assurance guidance for radiological chemical analysis. Purpose, Research and Development Program Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 transferred to the Administrator the authority, under provisions of the Public Health Service Act, to conduct research as necessary to provide scientific data needed for the formulation of standards. EPA is conducting research on the potential health effects associated with those frequencies of non-ionizing radiation most commonly found in the general environment. Purpose, Abatement and Control Program The radiation program's abatement and control activities concentrate primarily on the establishment of specific criteria and standards for environmental radiation protection programs. Complementing the criteria and standards setting effort, EPA conducts programs of surveillance and monitoring to determine levels of environmental radiation; reviews federally supported or licensed projects which may be sources of environmental radiation, and provides technical assistance to other governmental agencies. Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to the development of environ- mental standards and Federal radiation guidelines for protection of the public health and environment from radiation exposures from nuclear energy applications, naturally-occurring radioactive materials, medical and occupational radiation, and non-iorv'zing radiation. Development of these standards and guidelines involves evaluation of health effects data, radiation measurements, technological and non-technological control measures, and the economics of control measures. Environmental Impact Assessment This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to (1) developing the support information and documentation necessary for the preparation of standards and guidelines; (2) ensuring that environmental radiation considerations are properly treated in major Federal decisions through the NEPA process; (3) responding to unplanned contaminating events, and (4) assisting other Federal agencies and States on specific environmental problems and radia- tion control actions. R-4 ------- Specific activities include reviewing other agencies' environmental impact statements, monitoring for radiation in the environment including laboratory analysis of the resulting samples, evaluating new and emerging technologies, developing methods for determining enviro- nmental pathways and identifying and locating specific sources emitting radioactive materials into air or water. Radiation Program Implementation This subactivity includes activities and outputs related to providing regional support to States in the implementation of their radiation control programs. It also includes the review of environmental impact statements for existing technologies and assistance to States and other Federal agencies on specific environmental problems and radiation control actions. SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of do!1ars) 1981 Radiation Program... $19,185 Salaries and Expenses...... +1,926 The net increase relates primarily to the health effects, criteria, standards and guidelines and monitoring and analysis programs. Research and Development. -61Z The net decrease results from health effects and monitoring systems and quality assurance programs. Abatement, Control and Compliance -3,530 The net decrease results primarily to the environmental standards, monitoring and analysis and technology assessment programs. • «-_^_ 1982 Radiation Program..... 16,969 SUMMARY OF BUDGETESTIMATES ^• Summary of Budget Request 7T total o* $16,969,900 is requested in 1982. This request .by appropriation account, is as follows: Salaries and Expenses $11,407,700 Research and Development....... 825,000 Abatement, Control and Compliance.... 4,737,200 This represents a decrease of $2,216,000 from the 1981 level. The Salaries and Expenses appropriation; repreents an increase of $1,832,000 over 1981. Included in the next increase is an increase of $.5 million wich will support the health effects research laboratory in order for research to continue in the broad areas of animal toxicology, mechanisms, and epidemiology as well as supportive research on dosimetry - energy absorption and exposure system instrumentation. An increase of $.3 million will provide for the continued support to standards setting, particularly as they relate to the Clean Air Act. Also the increase provides for continued operation of the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System and the National Radium Repository. An increase of $.5 million for the criteria, standards and guidelines program efforts will continue to emphasize management of radioactive waste, development of Federal radiation guidance and control of airborne radionuclides under the Clean Air Act. R-5 ------- The Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation represents a decrease of $3,436,000. Included in the net decrease is $1.3 million in criteria, standards and guidelines, $1.1 million for monitoring and analysis and $1.1 for technology assessment. The Research and Development appropriation represents a decrease of $612,000. Included in the net decrease is 5.1 million in monitoring systems and quality assurance and $.5 million for health effects. This decrease is the result of a functional transfer for the Three Mile Island monitoring surveillance activities and associated responsibilities. 2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: (in thousands of dollars) Original 1981 estimate ' $777350 Congressional increases/decreases: Travel -11 Consulting services... -6 General reduction to Abatement, Control and Compl iance .. -80 Transfer to support Office of Inspector General.. -11 Reprogramming for authorized workyears -6 Reprogramming from other areas to establish the Radiation Policy Council..... +887 Transfer from air to support Three Mile Island... +83 Proposed pay raise supplemental +526 Miscessaneous reprogrammings -57 Current 1981 estimate.......... 19,185 The Congressional changes to the radiation media include a reduction of $11,000 to travel costs, $6,000 to consulting services and $80,000 as a result of a general Abatement, Control and Compliance reduction. A reprogramming of $11,000 was made to the management and support media to provide additional support for the Office of Inspector General. An overall reprogramming of $887,300 throughout the Agency to support the Radia^'on Policy Council was made from the air media, $162,600; from water quality, $119,800; from drinking water, $28,300; from solid waste, $82,400; from pesticides, $70 000; from noise, $18,400; from interdisciplinary, $4,800; from toxic substances, $129,000; and management and support, $272,000. A reprogramming of $82,700 was made from various media for support of Three Mile Island activities. Miscellaneous reprogrammings to other media resulted in a decrease in radiation activitis of $57,000. , An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to redistribute salary funds to coyer authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $6,00,0 to this media. The proposed supplemental for partial funding of the October 1980 pay raise will increase the radiation media by $526,000. R-6 ------- ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 1981 T982 (in thousands of dollars) Prior year obligations ........ $15,329 $19,186 Congressional changes -97 ... Proposed pay raise supplemental...... +526 ... Reprogrammings...., -57 ... Change in amount of carryover funds available -845 Program changes +2,531 -2,216 Change in rate of obligation +1,799 ... Total estimated obligations 19,186 16,970 (From new obligation authority) (19,186) (16,970) (From prior year funds) ... EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASESTO OBLIGATIONS The items discussed in the previous section — congressional changes, pay raise supplemental, and reprogrammings — result in a net increase of $372,000 to obligations. The increase in budget authority in 1981 is estimated to increase obligations by $2,531,000; in 1982 the program is expected to decrease obligations by $2,216,000. R-7 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- RADIATION POLICY COUNCIL PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS. Budget Current Increase* Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1980_ 1981 1932 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) Radiation Policy Council Appropriation............ ... ... $979 $981 +$2 Permanent Positions.. ... 9 9 Full-time Equivalency ... 12 12 Outlays......... Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $980,900 for 1982, an increase, of $1,500 from 1981. Included in this total is ^488,900 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $492,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation. Program Pescrlption The Radiation Policy Council coordinates the formulation and implementation of Federal policies relating to radiation protection. In addition, the Council provides liaison with the States and Congress and serves as a forum for public participation and comment on Federal radiation protection issues. The Council is chaired by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and Consists of representatives at the Assistant Secretary level or higher from the thirteen member agencies. The Council's administrative support, fun^ls and staff are to be provided by EPA. 1980 Accomp]ishments The Radiation Policy Council, a relatively new office, has been concerned with planning and preliminary functions to date. Various meetings held throughout 1980 resulted in decisions to: (1) seek .widespread, systematic involvement of the public in Council activities (As a first step toward accomplishing this policy, five public meetings were held at which the public presented papers or statements regarding issues they believed the Council should address. Based on these public meetings, written statements from the public, and a review of agency needs, the Council's Working Group prepared a draft long-term agenda for the Council's approval); (2) undertake an extensive solicitation of views in preparing its long-term (three-years) agenda; and (3) prepare a directory or guide to Federal radiation activities. 1981 Program The Radiation Policy Council will conduct a review of occupation exposure standards and establish a Federal Policy on tow-level radioactive waste disposal. Additionally, the Council will consider a series of actions and projects recommended by the Working Grn ;p and special task forces. R-8 ------- 1981 Explanationof Changes fromBudget Estimate The net increse of $979,400 results from several actions, as follows: - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $350,000; a decrease of $1,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $38,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Transfers from various media totalling $942,000 were made to support the Radiation Policy Council, of which $545,100 was to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 3396,100 was to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appro- priation. 1982Plan The Radiation Policy Council will continue to seek widespread, systematic involvement of the public in Council activities. The Council will conduct additional projects including: Accomplish four tasks on the Council's agenda of major activities. Handle requests for information and assistance by the public. Conduct seven major background or special studies. Conduct six meetings with the public on issues being considered by the Council. Conduct ten reviews on member agencies' radiation protection actions* Resolve three disputes between agencies. Keep the Congress and the States Informed of key Federal radiation policy activities and seek State involvement in Council activities. Contracts Radiation Policy Council 1981 1982 Change (dWlars in thousands) 389 492 +103 Conduct background and special studies and analyses on radiation issues, such as review of occupational exposure standards and the establishment of a Federal policy on low-level radioactive waste disposal. R-9 ------- RADIATION Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines Appropriation Environmental Standards and Guidelines: Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Compliance....... Total..... Permanent Positions Full-time Equivalency ..... Actual 1980 4,345 54 60 Budget Current Estimate Estimate Estimate 1981 1981 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs 1981 (dollars in. Thousands) $2,243 2,102 $2,342 4,735 $2,707 4,713 $3,359 3,425 +$6.52 -1,288 7,077 60 73 7,420 59 70 .. 6,784' 66 79 -636 +7 +9 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $6,784,800 and 66 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $635,700 from 1981. Included in this total is $3,359,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $3,425,400 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $652,300 and a decrease of $1,288.000 respectively. The increases in salaries an expenses is associated in part with an increase of 7 permanent work years over 1981. The reduction in extramural expenses is accomplished through a decrease in contract support needed for Clean Air Act and radioactive waste stand-arris. Program Description Environmental standards and guidelines are developed and promulgated under this subactivity. These standards and guidelines protect the public health and the environ- ment by minimizing risk from radiation exposures from nuclear energy applications, naturally occuring radioactive materials, medical and occupational radiation exposure and nonionizing radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ANDGUIDELINES 1980 Accomplishments 19CO obligations totalled $4,344,800 which included $2,102,300 in extramural support. These funds were used for the development of standards and guidelines for limiting exposure to radiation. Major accomplishments for 1980 included the determination and listing of radionuclides as hazardous air pollutants. This action initiates the regulatory regulatory processes for the development of hazardous air pollution standards for rad:onucTides under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act An additional 1980 accomplishment was the proposal of a property clean up standard for inactive uranium mill tailings sites. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $343,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of S7 n'llion to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $14,200. R-10 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $7,600 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $158,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. -. Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $228,500 from radiation technology assessment. - A transfer of $21,700 was made within the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of 57,420,500 and 59 permanent workyears to this program, of which $2,707,100 is for salaries and expenses and $4,713,400 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement> Control and Compliance appropriation. 1981 program efforts are focused on three regulatory areas: radioactive waste disposal, Federal Guidance, and control of airborne radionuclides under the Clean Air Act. Planned radioactive waste activities include proposal of standards for the disposal of uranium mill tailings from inactive sites and disposal of high level radioactive wastes. Add- itional areas under development include a uranium mill tailings standard for active sites, standards for ocean and land disposal of low level wastes and decommissioning standards for nuclear facilities. Federal Guidance activities for 1981 will include the proposal • of guidance on general occupational exposure. Actions under development include a protective action guide (PAG) for accidental airborne release, a PAG for exposure via food pathways, and guidance for general exposure to nom'onizing radiation in the FM radio frequency. Occupation guidance for special groups of workers is also being pursued. Pursuant to the authority of the Clean Air Act, regulatory development is being concentrated on the radionuclides hazards of mineral extraction processes and on large scale coal combustion. It is anticipated that this effort will lead to the proposal of the first set of standards during 1982. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of 56,784,800 and 66 permanent wnrkyears for this program, of which $3,359,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,425,400 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance. The 1982 program efforts will continue to emphasize management of radioactive waste, development of federal radiation guidance and the control of airborne radionuclides under the Clean Air Act. Planned radioactive waste activities include promulgation of standards for the disposal of high level radioactive waste an- promulgation of standards for the management of inactive mill tailings sites. Additionally standards for nanaging active mill tailing sites will be proposed. Greater emphasis will be placed in 1982 on the development of standards for disposal of low level radio- active wastes. This effort should result in the proposal of at least one standard each in 1982 and 1983 and provide the bases for additional standards in the future. Also, planned for 1982 is the proposal of standards for the decommission of nuclear facilities. Federal guidance activities for 1982 will include the completion of guidance for general occupational exposure and the proposal of revised guidance for radon exposure to uranium miners. A protective action guide (PAG) for airborne exposure to accidental release will be proposed as well as guidance limiting exposure to nonioninzing radiation in the FM Broadcast range. Clean Air Act activities will result in the proposal of standards limiting emissions from uranium mines and elemental phosphates plants. Inves- tigation will be completed on the airborne radionuclides hazards of coal combustion and a decision made as to the need for additional regulation. R-ll ------- RADIATION Radiation Program Implementation Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation RadTation Program Implementation: Salaries and Expenses $591 $601 $644 $596 -$48 Abatement, Control and Compliance................. ... ... ... ... Total: Salaries and Expenses 591 601 644 596 -48 Abatement, Control and Compliance... ... ... ... ... ' ... Grand Total 591 601 644 596 -48 Permanent Positions RadTation Program Implementation...... 15 16 16 :15 -1 Total . 15 16 16 15 -1 Full-time Equivalency Radiation Program Implementation... 19 18 18 17 -l^ Total...... , 19 18 18 17 -1 BudgetRequest The Agency requests a total of $596,300 and 15 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $47,400 from 1981. The full request is within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and the decrease in requested funds reflect the reduction of one permanent workyear over the 1981 level. Program Description This subactivity supports activities related to EPA's regional offices including: reviewing routine environmental impact statements (e.q., lightwater reactors and cranium mining and milling); providing the public with technical information; providing direct assistance to State and local governments with special radiation problems of a short-tern natural anr* ilie reviewing and testing of State e>ner ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $643,700 and 16 permanent workyears to this program, all of which is for Salaries and Expenses. In 1981 emphasis remains on radiological emergency response plans. However, with more plans completed and approved, the testing of these plans will receive greater attention, since testing of plans on a regular basis provides the best chance for their successful execution in time of emergency. Other activities in 1981 will include the review of EIS's, assistance to the drinking water and hazardous waste program, and technical assistance to States. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $42,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this act- ivity is $3,800, - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $300 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $41,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramminf]s to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of $3,600: from drinking water underground injection control program ($1,600); solid waste hazardous waste managment regulatory strategies implementation ($1,800); hazardous waste enforcement ($8,800); manag^nent and support - regional manage- ment ($4,600); and ^£ air quality management implementation ($6,900); water quality waste treatment operations and maintenance ($500); and management and support - Admini- strative mangement ($5,800). - A transfer of $1,800 from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies im- plementation was to cover the cost of procuring a lead brick shield and sodiun-iodide crystal for the regional measurement chamber. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $596,300 and 15 permanent workyears for this program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. EPA participation in the review and testing of emergency response plans will continue to he a high priority for EPA's regional radiation program. As in previous years, EIS review and technical assis- tance to States will also be a significant element of regional ;ronram activities. Also receiving prominence will be the provision of technical assistance to other E?A regional programs such as drinking water and hazardous and solid waste. R-13 ------- RADIATION Environmental Impact Assessment Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 ' 1982 1982 vs 1981 Appropriation Monitoring and Analysis: Salaries and Expenses.. Abatement, Control and Compl i ance Technology Assessment: Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Compliance Total: Salaries and Expenses. Abatement, Control and Compliance Grand Total Permanent Positions Monitoring and Analysis Technology Assess- ment Total, Fu 11-1 ime Eguiya1 ency Monitoring and Analysis Technology Assessment. $2,703 2,215 1,442 1,114 4,145 3,329 7,474 59 34 • 93 68 37 $2,496 1,900 1,365 1,162 3,861 3,062 6,923 67 39 106 71 47 (dollars m $3,437 1,900 371 1,162 3,808 3,062 6,870 92 10 102 105 11 thousands) $4,246 795 388 25 4,634 820 5,454 75 10 85 86 11 +$809 -1,105 +17 -1,137 +826 -2,242 -1,416 -17 - -17 -19 • • • Total Budget Request 105 118 116 97 -19 The Agency requests a total of $5,453,600 and 8.5 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $1,416,700 from 1981. Included in this total is $4,633,800 for Salaries and Expenses and $319,800 for Abatement, Control and Conp-1* 2nce, wi** an Increase of $ 825,800 and a .decrease of $2,242,500, respectively. This decrease results primarily from the transfer of responsibility for the evaluation of the indoor radon problem out of this subactivity. Program Description Activities in this area provide the information necessary to identify and analyze potential radiological health problems having public health impact and to support the development of standards and guidelines. Also encompassed under this subactivity is the review of environmental impact statements and the monitoring of environmental radiation, as well as laboratory analysis, data analysis and technology assessments. Monitoring and Analysis This program encompasses activities related to identifying and analyzing radiation problems for potential coverage by standards and guidelines, supporting technical review of EIS's, assessing the radiological quality of the environment, and executing EPA radiological emergency response responsibilities. It also includes environmental R-14 ------- monitoring, laboratory analysis of environmental samples, development of monitoring and analytical procedures, special monitoring studies, the evaluation of data and subsequent preparation of reports. Technology Assessment This program includes activities related to: (1) providing'engineering assessment of the impact of developing technology on environmental radiation levels; (2) providing Sfjnd technological bases for EIS review; (3) providing data and information for setting technologically feasible standards and guidelines; (4) reviewing generic and programmatic environmental impact statements; and (5) exercising EPA responsibilities in assessing Federal facilities radiation control activities. VONITORING AND ANALYSIS 1980Accomplishments In 1980 obligations totaled $4,918,500 of which $2,215,200 was for extramural support. Activities supported by these resources included field studies and evaluations conducted to provide exposure information on a variety of airborne radionuclides sources which might be regulated under the Clean Air Act. Particular attention was applied to radioactive emission associated with coal combustion, and resource extraction. Other activities included completion of the radon in drinking water pilot study, operation of the Environ- mental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS) and maintenance of a quick response radiological emergency monitoring capability. EPA emergency teams were deployed in response *~o v.wo reactor incidents during 1980. An additional area of emphasis in 1980 affecting this program element has been the expansion of efforts to determine the nature and magnitude of the health risks associated with indoor exposure to radon and its progeny. Also included in the 1980 program was the maintenance of the National Radium Repository along with the collection of additional sources. A limited amount of laboratory and analytical support was provided to States with special radiological problems. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,337,GOO and 92 permanent workyears to this program, of which $3,437,000 is for salaries and expenses and $1,900,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. Support to regulatory effort continues to be a major .'•ol» for this program element with support to the Clean Air Act Regulations taking the lead. Particular emphasis is being placed upon the investigation of emissions from large scale coal combustion and resource extraction facilities. Continued emphasis has been placed upon technical support to the regions and States in the development, review and testing of radiological emergency response plans. The Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System has been expanded by bringing all 65 air sampling sta:ions into full time operation. The radium repository contin:.*;r to be maintained and new sources collected. The emergency response monitoring capability will be maintained and improved through the purchase of new equipment. Indoor radon investigations initiated in 1980 will also be continued. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $941,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $13,700. R-15 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3,8 million; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $196,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $11,100 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to pro- vide additional resources to that Office. - A transfer of +$779,500 was made within the Office of Radiation Programs, for tech- nology assessment, reflecting the creation of the Statistical Analysis Division and pro- viding the resources for increases in statistical and monitoring analyses. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of S5.041,000 and 75 permanent workyears for this program, of which $4,246,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $794,800 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance. The major emphasis of this program element will remain the sai.ie in 1982 with support to standards setting, particularly the Clean Air Act, receiving highest priority. Also continued will be the operation of the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System and the National Radium Repository. A full radiological emergency response capability will be supported in both the Montgomery, Alabama and Los Vegas, Nevada EPA Radiation Laboratories. In addition, technical support will be provided to the regions as they carry out their responsibility in the review and testing of emergency response plans. It is also anticipated that in 1982 this program element will increase the amount of special laboratory analysis it performs in support of other EPA and State programs. Responsibility for indoor radon studies is transferred to the research component, Hazardous Air Pollutants - Energy. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 1980 Accompli shments 1980 obligations of $2,555,600 included $1,113,900 in contract support. Studies were continued in control technologies available to manage radioactive sources under the provisions of the Clean Air Act. Assessments of problems associated with nonionizing radiation, and shallow land and ocean disposal of low level waste were also continued. An additional area of emphasis in 1980 affecting this program element has been the expansion of efforts to determine the nature and magnitude of the health risk associated with indoor exposure to radon and its progeny. Also supported hy this program element was the review of major environmental Impact statements. 1981Explanatipn of Changefor Budget Estimate The net Decrease of $994,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans- mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of 57 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $8,300. - An increase of $22,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise aid is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $228,500 to radiation environmental standards. - A transfer of -$779,500 was made within the Office of Radiation Programs, to tech- nology assessment, reflecting the creation of the Statistical Analysis Division and pro- viding the resources for increases in statistical and monitoring analyses. R-16 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,533,300 and 10 permanent workyear$ to this program, cf which $ 371,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and SI,162,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The major 1981 activity for this program element is the assessment of control tech- nology needs for the development of Clean Air Act and radioactive waste standards. Clean Air Act efforts will focus primarily on resource extraction. Activities in support of waste standards will address low level land and ocean disposal, waste packaging, and decommissioning. EIS reviews will continue as will the indoor radon investigation initiated in 1980. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $412,600 and 10 permanent workyears for this program, of which $387,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 525,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1982, technology assessment support to Clean Air Act Standards will be expanded to cover a wider variety of sources. Many of these sources will require the determina- tion of the best available control technology for a variety of radionuclides. The analyses of control technologies for these sources will constitute a major activity for this program element in 1982. Additionally, consolidation and integration of data and findings obtained from the study of ocean and land disposal of low level waste will receive increased attention in preparation for proposal of standards in 1982 and 1983. The review of major Environmental Impact Statements will also continue. R-17 ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- KADIATION Non-ionizing Radiation Appropriation TechYnc"aYJIn1'format i on and Liaison: Sa'aries and Expenses... Research and Development Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses... Research and Development Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses... Research and Development Total: Salaries and Expenses... Research and Development Grand Total: Permanent Positions TechnicaT InfoSiatl on and Liaison... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance... Health Effects. Total « Ful1-time Equivalency Technical Information and Liaison Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance... Health Effects Total Actual 1980 $75 1 128 t » • 1,875 840 2,078 841 2,919 1 4 24 29 1 4 32 Budget Estimate 1981* (dollars $76 2 191 • # • 1,557 1 ,433 1,824 1,435 3,259 1 57 28 .86 1 66 32 Current Estimate 1981 in thousands) $67 2 198 82 1,570 1,353 1,835 1,437 3,272 1 4 27 32 1 4 33 Estimate 1982 $71 2 93 16 2,165 807 2,329 825 3,154 1 2 28 31 1 3 33 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$4 * * • -105 -66 +595 -546 +•494 -612 -118 * • * -2 fl -1 • • • -1 M * • 37 100 38 37 -1 *January 1930 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. R-18 ------- Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $3,154,300 for 1982, a decrease of $113,100 from 1981, Included in this total is $2,329,300 for Salaries and Expenses and $825,000 for Reasearch and Development, with an increase of $494 300 and a decrease of $612,400, respectively. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the radiation research committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed .to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program endeavors to expand knowledge of the health effects and health risks associated with non-ionizing radiation. Emphasis is on radiation frequencies which are sources of exposure of the population. Human health risks will be assessed by research to clearly establish the mechanisms of action of non-ionizing radiation with biological systems, examining the health status and history of selected exposed human population, and establish- ing dose-response and threshold data for biological effects in animal model systems. TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $75,000 for this sub-program, of which $74 800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $200 was for extra-mural research activities. In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance and other general documents of interest to the environmental decision making community. -It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of radiation included preliminary work on several significant reports that are scheduled for publication In 1981. The Regional Services Staff provided for effective communications between ORD and the regions. Specifically, they: - Advised ORD on all aspects of regional operations. - Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System. - Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance. The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its research Information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in making better coordination between ORO and the regions possible, allowing each to better fulfill its role and to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently, 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $68,500 to this sub-program, of which $66,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation, This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate users. Support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. R-19 ------- Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980. To this end, such activities will: - Continue the Regional Support Management Information System. - Conduct ORD/regional senior staff meetings and other liaison activities to provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, conducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and techni- cal assistance requirements. - Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of State and local government in the ORD planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross- walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the cross- walk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $9,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $300. - An increase of $100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $8,800 to other, activities. - A transfer of $500 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompllance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $72,900 for this sub-program, of which $71,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $4,400. The increase will enhance ORD's ability to develop and disseminate technical information products. This sub-program will continue, in 1982, to provide the same types of services as in 1931. This includes the development and production of technical information products to insure that research information is properly and adequately communicated to the environ- mental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research pro- jects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $128,500 for this sub-program, all was for Salaries and Expenses. R-20 ------- - A monitoring system was developed to measure gaseous emissions that drift off-site from the Three Mile Island reactor incident. This system was used in the Krypton-85 venting and is continuing to provide high quality data on airborne emissions. «• The Public Awareness Program at Three Mile Island was established and is in continuous operation at the Middletown, Pennsylvania office. - Quality assurance monitoring was conducted on approximately 200 State, local, and independent laboratories involved in radiological measurements. This will allow inter- comparison of data from these laboratories and assurance of the precision and accuracy of the data used for regulatory purposes. - The off-site radiological surveillance program was continued at the Nevada Test Site and other nuclear test sites in accordance with the EPA agreement with the Department of Energy. HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accompli shments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $2,715,600 for this sub-program, of which $1,874,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $840,700 was for extra-mural research activities. Major accomplishments are summarized as follows: - Conducted the first experiments with the newly operational circularly polarized waveguides, built by staff engineers, to examine the possibility of non-ionizing radiation acting as a low-level stressor. - Completed study of the long-term neuropathologic effects in rats exposed daily to 100 megahertz (FM radio) in utero and throughout young adulthood. Results imply that non- ionizing radiation may impact autonomic functions in the body. - Completed study of the effects of daily pre-and post-natal exposure to 2450 megahertz radiation (microwave oven frequency) on infant mortality in squirrel monkeys, - Developed a mathematical model which reconciles experimental observations on the interaction of amplitude-modulated (AM) non-ionizing radiation with isolated brain tissue to produce calcium release from the brain. - Conceived, designed, and constructed a computer-controlled twin well calorimetry system which is approximately 10 times more rapid that the system previously used for determining the non-ionizing radiation energy absorbed by an irradiated animal. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,923,200 to this subprogram, of which $1,570,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,353,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The research program is directed toward providing information on: (1) dose-rate responses, including the importance of average versus maximum dose rates; (2) relative tissue/organ system sensitivities'; (3) exposed and susceptible populations; (4) multiple frequency exposures; (5) intermittent versus continuous exposures, and (6) chronic or long-term exposures. Dose-response and time-dependency data are developed through application of varied exposure and experimental regimens. Laboratory investigations in experimental animals focus on effects on several major., biological systems or endpoints teratology and reproduction, immunology, behavior and neurophysiology, and thermophysiplogy. The latter area of concentration deals generally . with identification of physiological responses to microwave energy, especially in thermo- regulatory models more extended parameters such as shielding and reflective characteristics of common building materials and height from source. R-21 ------- 1981 Explanation of ChangefromBudget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross- walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the cross- walk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $89,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. - An increase of $9,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramming to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $1,200 to other activities. Transfer of $82,700 from air-hazardous pollutants/non-energy to support efforts on Three Mile Island activities, 1982Plan The Agency requests a total of $2,973,100 for this sub-program, of which $2,165,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $807,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects an increase of $49,900 over the 1981 level. This is a redirection to cover salaries and expenses of employees in Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Research will continue in the broad areas of animal toxicology, mechanisms, and epidem- iology along with supportive research on dosimetry-energy absorption and exposure system instrumentation. Studies in animals will continue to define teratologic, reproductive, immunologic, hematopoietic, behavioral, and neurophysiplogic effects as critical endpoints. Chronic, lifetime studies at low power levels will receive greater consideration, Thermo- physiological responses will be addressed in studies on the effects of microwave-related heat stress, focusing on circulatory and hormonal processes, and on how effects vary by organ and tissue type in relation to energy deposition and rising temperature. A lifetime exposure study of late effects of microwave radiation is projected using a rodent species. Behavioral and clinical effects will be examined in rodents experiencing protracted, low- level exposures of less than 500 microwatts per square centimeter. Exposure to 970 mega- hertz will be similarly applied in immunology, teratorlogy, and physiology studies. To investigate the type of divergent exposure conditions found in the ambient environment, biological effects will be studied in animals under varying conditions of temperature and humidity. The equivalence of various exposure systems will be evaluated in terns of biological effects, energy depositions, and electric and magnetic fields. Studies to determine the mechanisms which may explain certain know non-ionizing radiation bioeffects such a microwave hearing, blood-brain barrier permeability, or central nervous system-drug interactions will continue. Model biological systems will be used to define and predict the action of non-ionizing radiation frequencies at the molecular level. A problem definition or pilot epiderniological study will begin for a high risk or high exposure population and will define the feasibility of launching full-scale epidemiological investigations. In collaboration with the Office of Radiation Programs, emphasis will continue on improving assessments and models of non-ionizing radiation exposure in the general population to determine the frequencies and modulations in the environment which are of the greatest public health concern and of interest for future Federal protective guidelines. Near-field properties and far-field vertical patterns for various types of antennas will be measured and evaluated. R-22 ------- Epidemiological studies undertaken last year are continuing. A study is underway which will evaluate the mortality and morbidity experience of male scientists who worked at the MIT Radiation Laboratory in the 1940's. These workers were exposed to varied and relatively high levels of S- and X- band radar in the course of research to develop U.S. radar capabilities during World War II. This population which disbanded 35 years ago, presents a unique opportunity to assess the chronic effects of microwave exposure on humans. Another area of research is aimed at enhancing our understanding of (1) how non-ionizing radiation, in general and at specific frequencies, interacts biophysically with living systems, and (2) the relationship between frequency and energy deposition in tissues, especially those most sensitive to insult. It is possible that externally imposed electro- magnetic energy could alter coded electrical signals or conducting materials requiring brain tissue to respond by performing more work and expending its store of chemical energy. To investigate this hypothesis, procedures to indicate the amount of energy needed in various parts of the brain will be used as a primary means to identify sites of microwave- altered metabolic activity in the brain. Activities in the area of dosimetry support biological effects research by determining the relation between incident electromagentic exposure conditions and the distribution of electric and magnetic fields or adsorbed energy in the body. In addition, effort is devoted to improving dosimetric techniques for determining non-ionizing radiation energy adsorption and assuring that state-of-art exposure systems provide reliable, precise dosi- metric data and better field uniformity. Projects in 1981 are focused on testing and evaluating recently developed circularly polarized waveguides at 970 megahertz and at 918/2450 megahertz. Research is also directed toward developing or improving instruments, calibration systems, and laboratory exposure systems which are required both to characterize or generate electromagnetic fields or waves and to measure physiological responses of test animals. Activities are aimed at enhancing coordination of monitoring efforts and health effects research through establishment of collaborative projects with the Office of Radiation. Programs and the regions in order to further the Agency goal of determining the extent of the general population's exposure to non-ionizing radiation. The data obtained will permit calculation of radio frequency field intensities at ground level where people are at greatest risk of exposure. An allied project is focused on improving models for estimating levels of population exposure. Current modeling techniques are rudimentary, based only on effective irradiated power and techniques are rudimentary, based only on effective irradiated power and distance of the exposed object from the radiating source. The effort will develop computer software necessary to incorporate into population exposure. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $280,700 to this subprogram, of which $198,000 for the Salaries and Expense appropriation and $82,700 is for extramural research activities. - This program will continue t: fulfill the obligation to provide a quality assurance program to document and improve the precision and accuracy of radiation monitoring for surveillance of existing regulations and development of new regulations. This program has a national scope in providing expertise to 200 regional, State, local and independent labora- tories. - The activities of the Department of Energy at the Nevada Test Site and other nuclear sites are supported with an extensive off-site monitoring program. - The Public Awareness Program at Three Mile Island (TMI) is supported by the program as well as requested off-site monitoring around TMI. • R-23 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "cross- walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the cross- walk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $67,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $6,600. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $6,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Develop- ment appropriation; a decrease of $80,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $59,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on board needs resulted in at transfer of $900 from other activities. - A transfer of $33,000 was made to Abatement and Control radiation in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - Transfer of $300 to water quality health effects/non-energy in order to realign contract funds. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $108,300 for this sub-program, of which $92,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $15,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $172,400. This decrease is the result of a functional transfer of TMI monitoring surveillance activities and associated responsibilities to EPA's Office of Radiation Programs. - The laboratory intercomparison studies will continue with approximately 200 Federal, State, university, and private monitoring laboratories at a reduced level of effort* This is an essential part of the radio-activity monitoring program with traceability provided to the National Bureau of Standards. - The off-site monitoring program of the Nevada test site and other nuclear sites will be continued at the request of the Department of Energy. Testing is anticipated at about the same rate as in 1981. R-24 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Noise SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- NOISE Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs 1981 Page {dollars 1n thousands) Appropriation Salaries and Expenses...... $4,749 $4,575 Abatement, Control and Compliance. 7.662 8.352 Total. 12,411 12,927 Permanent Workyears........ 97 99 Full-time Equivalency 152 153 Outlays 11,829 11,000 Authorization Levels * *Authorization pending. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Environmental Noise Strategies and Standards: Salaries and Expenses... 1,945 1,900 Abatement, Control and Compliance......... 3,902 4,353 Noiss Program Strategies Implementation: Salaries and Expenses... 1,926 1,959 Abatement, Control and Compliance. 3,514 3.774 Total: Salaries and Expenses... 3,871 3,859 Abatement, Control and Compliance 7,416 8.127 Total, Abatement and Control Program......... 11,287 11,986 Noise Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses... 878 716 Abatement, Control and Compliance 24S 225 Total, Enforcement Program 1,124 941 Permanent Positions Environmental Noise Strategies and Standards.. 37 37 Noise Program Strategies Implementation...... 38 43 Total, Abatement, and Control Program.......... 75 80 Noise Enforcement, Total Enforcement Program...... 22 19 $4,545 8.179 12,724 94 147 12,930 2,046 3.711 3,792 7.961 753 218 971 29 46 75 19 55,279 7,480 12,759 94 143 13,356 2,059 3,542 4,178 7.254 11,753 11,432 1,101 226 35 40 75 19 +$734 -699 +35 * * * -4 +426 1,746 2.119 +373 4,250 3.712 -538 +13 -169 +386 -707 -321 +348 +8 1,327 +356 +6 -6 N-7 N-13 fJ-21 N-7 N-13 N-21 N-] ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 198] 1981 . 1982 1982 vs 1981 Page (dollars In thousand?] Ful 1 -time Equiyalency Environmental Noise Strategies and Standards... 56 52 . 47 50 +3 N-7 Noise Program Strategies Implementation 64 ' r66_. .. . .65 vi . 58 •£_ N-13 Total, Abatement, and Control Program...., 120 118 112 108 -4 N-21 Noise Enforcement, Total Enforcement Program 32 35 35 35 OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY Consistent with the policy set forth in the Noise Control Act of 1972, as amended by the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, the overall objective of the noise program is to achieve an environment free from noise which jeopardizes public health or welfare. The 1978 Act provides the opportunity for a more effective and efficient approach to the noise abatement problem than was offered by the 1972 Act alone. In particular, assistance to State and local governments has been strengthened. In addition, the 1978 Act provides for the design and management of a noise health effects research program. Under the authorities of the legislation, EPA is required to regulate the noise emissions from newly manufactured products identified as major sources of noise (other than aircraft). Emission standards must also be set for 1n-use equipment of interstate motor carriers and in-use equipment and facilities of interstate rail carriers (i.e., on equipment presently in-use). Noisy products and products sold to control noise may be regulated to require labeling and thus aid consumers in product selection. EPA also provides both financial and technical assistance to State and local governments in developing programs for noise control. EPA has the responsibility to coordinate Federal noise related research and control activities. Furthermore, the legislation allows EPA to designate products with low noise emissions for preferential Federal purchase, thus bringing added marketplace pressure to bear on the development of quieter equipment. In developing new product regulations, particular emphasis has been placed on control of noise from surface transportation and construction. The source emission regulation development work planned for FY 1981 and FY 1982 concentrates on these types of equipment. Labeling regulations provide a basis for informed consumer choices with regard to the noisiness of new products, leading to the opportunity for reduced public exposure with minimum governmental Intervention. In 1982 EPA will propose or promulgate labeling regulations for two consumer products. Effective State and local noise control programs are essential if the Nation is to reduce noise to levels commensurate with the protection of public health and welfare. EPA provides technical and financial assistance to both State and local governments to develop controls over products in use to complement the Federal regulations related to newly manufactured products. The EPA goal is for the development of programs to provide health and welfare benefits to 72 million people through 40 active State programs which in turn will assist in the establishment of 400 active local programs by 1985. In both 1981 and 1982, EPA is Increasing emphasis on assistance to those State agencies which in turn will provide extended technical assistance to communities within their jurisdiction. Ten university-based Technical Assistance Centers also will assist communities, as will the Each Community Helps Others (ECHO) program. The ECHO program uses local agency volunteer noise experts to assist other communities, with EPA paying out-of-pocket expenses but not salaries. , N— c. ------- Through these various types of assistance, it is expected that there will be a substantial increase in the number of jurisdictions having active programs over the next five years. Such programs will emphasize abatement of area noise problems from vehicles, from stationary sources, and from construction site noise. Noise abatement planning (zoning and land use planning) and public information are additional key functions of local agencies. In 1982, an expansion is planned in the Noise Health Effects Research Program. In addition to the animal studies, human experimental and epidemiological studies will be conducted on the cardiovascular effects of noise. In 1982, EPA will continue the implementation of the aviation noise strategy being initiated in 1980-1981. This strategy calls for a study of soundproofing and relocation alternatives, detailed technical analyses on future design aircraft and flight procedures, and the delivery of expert technical assistance to airports and airport communities through the ECHO program. During 1982, EPA will continue its technology programs to develop and demonstrate techniques to further reduce noise from surface transportation and other equipment. These demonstrations will assist EPA in determining the feasibility and costs of applying these techniques and will substantially aid in the development of new product regulations and assist local communities in fashioning reasonable regulations. The EPA noise enforcement program is responsible for Federal enforcement under the Noise Control Act of 1972 of section 6, new product noise standards and section 8, informational labeling requirements applicable to new products. Regulated products will include: buses, truck, air compressors, labeling requirements of hearing protectors, solid waste compactors, motorcycle replacement exhaust systems and motorcycles. The main emphasis of the program in FY 1982 will be to focus enforcement efforts on those products with high rates of non-compliance through product verification reports and Selective Enforcement Audits (SEA). The in-use surveillance testing program will provide important information regarding non-complying products and rates of non-compliance. Enforcement activities will also include development of enforcement strategies and regulations, and the development of noise enforcement guidance packages for State/local governments. Purpose of Abatement Control and Compliance Program The Salaries and Expenses and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations include noise control strategies and programs designed to protect the public health and welfare from the adverse effects of noise. These program objectives are pursued through four major program thrusts. First, emission standards and/or labeling regulations are promulgated on selected products; second, State, and local noise control efforts are strengthened through the provision of technical assistance and limited financial assistance through cooperative agreements; third, Federal activities relating to noise research and abatement and control are coordinated; and fourth, investigations on noise effects and abatement and control technology are conducted. Noise control product regulation includes the identification of major sources of noise and the subsequent development of emission regulations for newly manufactured products. These standards are intended to protect the public health and welfare through the application of the best available noise control technology, taking into account the cost of compliance. Regulations requiring the labeling of newly manufactured consumer products will be established for some products which emit noise capable of adversely affecting the public health and welfare. Labeling will also be required for products which are sold on the basis of their effectiveness in reducing noise. Technical assistance as well as limited financial assistance is provided to State and local governments for the development and implementation of noise control programs, with special emphasis on in-use enforcement programs for noise sources. Technical assistance is provided in the form of direct guidance to State and local agencies on how to carry out environmental assessment in order to define noise problems and to other Federal Agencies whose programs and activities have noise control.implications. N-3 ------- SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of do!1 ars) 1981 Noise Program., 12,724 Salaries and Expenses................. +734 This increase will provide funds for Federal Register Typesetting, other printing, cash, and increase per- sonnel compensation and benefits due to the 1981 pay raise. Abatement, Control and Compliance............ -699 This decrease reduces contract support for airport noise abatement and certain regulatory development activities to provide more resources for in-house work. 1982 Noise Program. 12,759 SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES !• Summary of Budget Request An appropriation of $12,759,300 is requested for 1982. This request, by appropriation account, is as follows: Salaries and Expenses 5,279,400 Abatement, Control and . Compliance...... 7,479,900 This request represents a net increase of $35,200; an Increase of $734,600 for Salaries and Expenses. A decrease of $699,400 in extramural funds will limit support of the noise control implementation and evaluation activities to State and local program development whose emphasis of providing assistance through the Technical Assistance Center, ECHO programs and demonstration programs. The environmental noise strategies and standards activity is decreased by $538,600 and the noise enforcement activity is increased by $7,300 each reflecting a change in extramural support. 2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: (in thousands dollars) Original 1981 Estimate... 12,927 Congressional decreases: Presidential reduction of$7M (H.Doc 96-294).. -27 General reduction to Abatement, Control '- and Compliance... -159 Consultant services..... -73 Senior Executive bonuses.. -62 Travel -8 Proposed pay raise supplemental..... +257 Radiation Policy Council. -18 Administrative Law Judges.... -11 Reprogramming for salary and related costs... • -43 Miscellaneous reprogramming -59 Current 1981 estimate............................. 12,724 N-4 ------- This represents a decrease of $202.900 from the 1981 level. The net decrease Is comprised of many changes: The $7 million Presidential reduction for Salaries and Expenses resulted in a $27,300 decrease to the noise media. A $850,000 agencywide travel decrease resulted in a $7,800 reduction. The $3,8 million reduction for consultant services decrease this media by $73,300. The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million 'to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, a decrease of $158,900; reduced Senior Executive bonuses by $750,000, a decrease of $62,200 applied to this media. A supplemental appropriation Is included to fund cost of the October 1980 pay raise, a $257,000 increase for the noise media. Reprogrammings included salary and related costs, supportive resources for Radiation Policy Council and Administrative Law Judges, resulting in decrease $42,600, $10,500 and $18,400 respectively. Other miscellaneous reprogrammings reduced the noise media by $59,300. ANALYSIS OF INCREASE AND DECREASE TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 {in thousands of dollars! Prior year obligations... $12,411 $12,724 Effect of Congressional changes -358 Effect of pay raise supplemental +257 Changes in amount of carryover funds available....... -69 Program change... ..'. +313 +35 Effect of reprogrammings.. -102 ... Change in rate of obligations +272 ... Total estimated obligations 12,724 12,759 {From new obligation authority)...... (12,724) (12,759) {From prior year funds).........,,... (...) («»•) EXPLANATION OF INCREASE AND DECREASE TO OBLIGATIONS The changes discussed in the previous section — congressional, pay raise supplemental, and reprogrammings — are expected to result in a new decrease of $203,900. There are no carryover funds to be obligated as the results of a $69,000 decrease from the 1981 level. A change in the rate of obligation is expected, thereby increasing obligations by $272,000, N-5 ------- NOISE Program Levels Review production verification reports Monitor production verification tests Conduct Selective Enforcement Audit Tests Inspect Manufacturers' records/facilities Develop State/local enforcement guidance packages Inspect Manufacturers' test capability Review labeling Verification reports Monitor labeling veri- fication tests Monitor labeling compliance audits Actual 1980 700 6 ; 11 10 2 8 15 3 0 Budget Estimate 1981 1,244 12 37 39 3 19 210 10 6 Current Estimate 1981 1,244 10 15 30 2 12 210 10 6 Estimate 1982 2,500 23 25 30 4 17 210 15 15 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs 1981 +1,256 +13 +10 0 +2 +5 0 +5 +9 N-6 ------- Abatement and Control SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- NOISE Environmental Noise Strategies and Standards Appropriation Noise Standards Development: Salaries and Expenses Abatement and Control and Compliance........... Noise Control Technology Assessment and Criteria Development: Salaries and Expenses...,. Abatement, Control and Compliance .. Total: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Compliance...... Grand Total Permanent Positions Noise Standards Oevelopment. Noise Control Technology Assessment and Criteria Devel opment. Total, Full-time Equivalency Noise Standards Development. Noise Control Technology Assessment and Criteria Development................ Total, Budget Request Actual 1980 $1,114 1,822 37 28 28 56 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 (dollars in thousands) Estimate 1982 $1,233 2,382 37 24 28 52 $880 2,215 29 20 27 47 $955 1,440 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs 1981 +$75 -775 831 2,080 1,945 3,902 5,847 19 18 667 1,971 1,900 4,353 6,253 22 15 866 2,035 1 ,746 4,250 5,996 14 1.5 1,164 2,272 2,119 3,712 5,831 14 21 +298 +237 373 -538 -165 ... +6 35 20 30 +6 +3 The Agency requests a total of $5,831,000 and 35 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $165,000 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,119,500 for Salaries and Expenses and $3,711,500 for Abatement, Control and Compliance with an increase of $373,50^ and a decrease of $538,600 respectively. The increase is attributable to PCS8 adjust ------- Program Description This program focuses on the development and promulgation of emission and labeling regulations that will reduce harmful noise emissions from new products. These regulations are developed through the gathering and analysis of data on noise and its health effects to determine exposure and levels of noise reduction required for health and welfare nrotection and for specific regulatory actions. Evaluations of private and public sector technology development are performed to determine best available technolgy, and assessments of economic, environmental and health data are made to ascertain the costs and benefits of regulation. This program also includes conduct of a noise health and welfare effects Investigation program. Noise Standards Development The objective of noise product regulation is to effectively regulate products which are major contributors to environmental noise exposure. Such regulation Is necessary to the achievement of overall environmental noise control goals of reducing environmental levels below Ldn 75 dB as soon as possible and ultimately below Ldn 65 dB. Sections 6 and 8 of the Noise Control Act require the Environmental Protection Agency to develop and promulgate regulations for control of noise from products which are major noise sources through the use of noise emission limitations and/or noise labeling requirements for newly manufactured products. The analysis leading to and supporting these regulations includes the preliminary Investigation of potential products for regulation, economic and technological feasibility and the evaluation of health, welfare, and other benefits derived from specific product regulation. %her activities include the preparation of necessary background and supporting material, such as EIS's and economic assessments, for the promulgation of standards. Noise Control Technology Assessment end Criteria Development The objective of this activity is to provide support to EPA for noise product regulation and State and local control efforts through Investigations and documen* tation of noise health effects and availability of noise control technology. This also includes overall strategy development for national noise control efforts. Specific activities include the development of health and welfare criteria for the assessment of general exposure to noise; the assessment of the environmental, economic, social and health impacts of noise abatement options; and the assessment of advanced and/or future noise control technology for the development and evaluation of noise abatement options, including coordination and evaluation of noise research and control conducted by other Federal aqencies. Other activities encompass the development of an overall noise control strategy and subsequent substrategies, and the continuation of the noise health effects program. NOISE STANDARDS DEVELO^'E^T 1980 Accomplishments 1980 resources included $1,821,800 in contract support. These funds were used for the development of noise emission and labeling regulations. A major accomplishment for 1980 was the promulgation of the court-ordered Interstate Rail Carrier Revision {four source standards). In addition, developmental work was completed which will lead to the promulgation of emission regulations in 1981 for buses and motorcycles. Work was continued on the Low Noise Emission products regulation and candidate selection studies for future product labeling. Also, five noise source studies begun in previous years were completed. ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,095,100 and 14 permanent workyears to this program, of which $879,800 Is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,215,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The 1981 program provides for the promulgation of emission regulations for buses and motorcycles. Other regulatory activities include promulgation of the court-ordered Interstate Rail Carrier Revision (facility emission standard and additional source standards) and work leading to the proposal of a labeling regulation for a yet to be selected consumer product. Work will continue on the revision of the medium/heavy truck regulation, and work will resume on development of a final regulation for wheel and crawler tractors. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $519,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease -of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $6,400. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $23,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $41,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $22,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $38,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $266,100 to noise control technology assess- ment and criteria development ($161,300); noise strategies implementation ($54,700); and noise Federal agency coordination ($50,000). - A transfer of $5,300 was made to noise standards development for travel funds. - A transfer of $40,000 was made to noise control technology assessment and criteria development ($5,000); noise strategies implementation (330,000); . and noise Federal agency coordination ($-5,000) for printing costs. - 1 transfer of $124,500 to noise control technology assessment and criteria development ($119,500); and to noise strategies implementation ($5,000), reflecting a decrease in interagency agreements, shifts from grants to contracts, and realignment of contract funds within accounts. - A transfer of $18,400 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - A transfer of $10,500 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional "esources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 1H2 of the Clean Air Act. N-9 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $2,394,800 and 14 permanent workyears for this program, of which 3954,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 51,440,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance. During 1982, regulatory activities will include promulgation of the wheel and crawler tractors regulation, promulgation of a regulation for low Noise Emission Products, and proposal or promulption of labeling regulations for two yet to be selected consumer products. Work will continue on revision of the truck and Inter- state Motor Carrier regulations as well as regulatory follow-up on the railroad standards. In addition, work will resume on the development of the proposal of pavement breakers and rock drills. NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT 1930 Accomplishments 1980 resources included approximately $2,080,400 in contract support. These funds were used for development of information on health and welfare effects of noise (both auditory and non-auditory), technology demonstrations, and development of noise abatement substrategies. A major accomplishment in 1980 included a report on the University of Miami primate study which related noise to a 30 percent increase in blood pressure. Other health effects activities included a report on the longitudinal study on the effects of noise on children's hearing. After four years of longitudinally tracking the hearing thresholds of children, the preliminary findings reveal a trend of poorer thresholds at auditory frequencies associated with exposure to sources such as farm machinery and power tools. Seven research reports and studies designed to imporove the understanding of the effects of noise were completed. In addition, a five .year health effects research plan as well as a detailed cardiovascular research plan were completed. Also, an updated report on Federal research in noise effects was completed covering research program of approximately 20 agencies over the past three years. During 1980, work was initiated on the quiet house program (a project designed to demonstrate the synergism between energy conservation and noise reduction in residential buildings), and work continued on the quiet heavy trucks, quiet engines, and quiet tires technology demonstrations including initiation of a tire/surface interaction investigation. Technology assessment began on truck cooling systems. A significant accomplishment in the quiet truck program was the quieting of two heavy trucks to about 72 dBA, Five joint technology demonstrations with othe Federal agencies were in process. These included: quiet propeller {NASA), highway site construction (OOT), shipyard machinery (NAVY), electric generating plant (TVA), and general construction sits projects (ARMY). The general construction site demonstration was completed. * The construction site substrategy was in process. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,901,00 and 15 permanent work- years to this program, of which $866,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and S2,034,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control Compliance appropriation. During 1981, eleven auditory and non-auditory health effects studies are in process with three conpTetions and two annual reports anticipated. The non-auditory effects of noise are not well quantified (including the contribution to hypertension and cardiovascular disease); yet research to date suggests very serious health im- plications. The University of Miami primate study on the cardiovascular effects of noise will continue with a focus on cardiovascular and biochemical dynamics. N-10 ------- Other animal studies will provide systematic replication of the University of Miami study findings and will examine the interaction of noise with other risk factors. In addition, an epidemiology feasibility study will be completed. Human experimental studies of physiological (cardiovascular) response, recovery, and adaptation to noise will begin. Another study which focuses on human response to engine brake noise will be completed. Other research studies will begin including a study examining the health consequences due to noise disrupted sleep and a study on intrusiveness associated with short duration events. Also, community survey data will be acquired to more accurately relate human response to construction site noise. The children's longitudinal study will be continued along with the initiation of a new laboratory study focusing on hearing threshold shifts in children's hearing due to environmental noise sources. The quiet house, quiet engines, quiet tires Including tire/surface interaction, and quiet heavy trucks technology demonstrations will continue. The cooling system assessment will be completed. The two remaining heavy trucks will be quieted and placed in operational service, and operational testing will be completed on the first two heavy trucks. The design phase for the experimental quiet tires will be completed. Work will be initiated to quiet three medium trucks. The following interagency demonstrations to determine techniques and technologies for abating noise will be completed: shipyard machinery, quiet propeller, and highway site construction. In addition, the construction site substrategy will be continued. During 1981, work will be initiated on updating the surface transportation substrategy and up- dating of the National Program Strategy. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $263,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the. budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of 57 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is 54,300. - The Congress applied a general reduction of 57.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $55,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $51,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - P.eprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of 5161,300 from noise standards develoDment. - A transfer of 59,200 was made to noise strategies implementation for travel funds. - A transfer of $5,000 was made from noise standards development for printing costs. - A transfer of $119,500 from noise standards development reflecting a decrease in interagency agreements, shifts from grants to contracts, and realignment of contract funds within accounts. - A transfer of 5295,100 was made from noise strategies implementation to reflect FTE currently on-board. - A transfer of 5294,400 was made to noise regional program implementation to carry out the implementation of the Quiet Communities Act. N-ll ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,436,200 and 21 permanent workyears for this program, of which 51,164,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,271,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The noise health effects research will continue with primary focus on the non-auditory effects of noise. Current information including 40 epidemfological studies indicates that the non-auditory effects of noise probably cause more serious health problems than has been recognized. To verify these possible health effects, such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, the 1982 program includes continuation of two primate studies, a human experimental cardiovascular study, a longitudinal study on the effects of noise on children, and an intrusiveness study (short duration events). In addition, the study of the health consequences due to noise disturbed sleep will be completed. Five studies will be initiated: ai epidemiologic study of cardiovascular response, an additional primate study, a community health Impact feasibility study, a study relating annoyance to physiological response, and a field study to assess the effects of noise on children's school performance, cognitive development and physiological response. N-12 ------- NOISE Noise Program Strategies Implementation Actual 1980 Appropriations Noise Control Implementation and Evaluation: Salaries and Expenses...... $992 Abatement, Control and Compli ance............... 3,283 Federal Agency Coordination: Salaries and Expenses 332 Abatement, Control and Compliance...., 202 Noise Regional Program Implementation: Salaries and Expenses....... 602 Abatement, Control and Compliance..... 29 Total: Salaries and Expenses....... 1,926 Abatement, Control and Compliance.... 3,514 Grand Total... 5,440 Permanent Positions Noise Control Implementation and Evaluation 18 Federal Agency Coordination... 7 Noise Regional Program Implementation 13 Total........ 38 Full-time Equivalency Noise Control Implementat i o n and Evaluation....... 35 Federal Agency Coordination... 8 Noise Regional Program Implementation 21 Total... 64 Budget Current Estimate Estimate ' Estimate 1981 1981 1982 fdol lars in thousands) $1,032 3,321 289 400 638 53 1,959 3.774 5,733 22 8 13 43 37 8 21 $843 3,289 356 382 847 40 2,046 3.711 5,757 22 8 16 46 26 11 28 $853 3,056 352 294 854 192 2,059 3,542 5,601 17 6 17 40 24 8 26 Increase +• Decrease - 1982 v.s 1981 +S10 -233 -4 -88 +7 +152 +13 -169 -156 -5 -2 -6 -2 -3 66 65 58 -7 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $5,601,500 and 40 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $154,900 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,058,900 for Salaries and Expenses and 53,542,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $13,200 and a decrease of S168,inn respectively. The increase is a result of PC&B adjustments to cover the 19.81 payraise. The decrease represents a reduction in contract support for airport noise abatement activities. This program addresses the mandate of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 to encourage State and local governments to develop or improve their noise control programs. N-13 ------- Program Descri pticn This program provides assistance to States and localities in the development and implementation of noise control programs. Effective State and local noise control programs are essential if the Nation is to reduce noise to levels commensurate with the protection of public health and welfare. In recognition of this need, the Noise Control Act, as amended by the Quiet Communities Act, calls for EPA to assist State and local governments in the development of noise control programs. The objective of EPA's program is to substantially increase the number of communities having effective noise control programs with special emphasis on lessening the impact of noise from motor vehicles (motorcycles, trucks, autos). Assistance is also provided in the areas of stationary source control (property line standards), construction site noise control, noise abatement planning (zoning, land use planning, airport planning), and public education. This program also includes the review of the implementation of regulatory require- ments for which the Federal Government has primary responsibility (i.e, the control of noise emissions at Federal facilities and review of ElS's for noise implications, and the overall coordination of all Federal programs for noise abatement and control). The objective of this program is to bring the major noise authorities of other Federal agencies to bear on the noise problem in a total national effort. Included are such agencies as the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, the Urban Mass Transit Administration, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Department of Defense. Noise Control Implementation and Evaluation The Noise Control Act, as amended by the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, directs the Environmental Protection Agency to deliver assistance to States and localities in order to encourage the development of effective noise control, including encouragement of State and local actions to complement EPA's noise emission regulations, One of the objectives of this program is to have in place, by 1985, at least 400 active local noise control programs covering 72 million people and 40 active State programs. EPA has an additional goal of insuring that 350 of these programs have components to control motor vehicle noise. Effective State and local programs are needed to complement EPA regulations for major sources of noise. This will include State and local enforcement of in-use controls which supplement EPA's manufacturing controls, including Federal antitampering and recall provisions. This program provides funding for limited financial assistance through cooperative agreements to States and localities and the design and administration of assistance programs for State and local use. Special emphasis is placed on helping States initiate programs to assist local communities start noise control programs and to strengthen existing local programs. Other EPA assistance includes the Each Community Helps Other (ECHO) program (use of local noise control experts to help other communities), develop- ment of State and local program "tools", e.g., model laws and cortes, administration of the noise control demonstration and assistance program, and Technical Assistance Centers located at ten universities. Federal Agency Coordination The activities of this program are directed toward assuring that Federal Government responsibilities for noise control are met. Such activities include assisting other Federal agencies to consider and include, where appropriate, noise abatement and control practices in their programs and comply with Federal, State, interstate, and local require- ments; coordinating noise control programs carried out by Federal agencies; monitoring the progress of other Federal facilities' noise abatement activities; and reviewing Federal environmental impact statements insofar as their noise impacts are concerned. Particular attention is given to carrying out the President's Urban Noise Initiative. In the aviation area, EPA will continue to develop implementation plans and programs for a national strategy for aviation noise abatement and control as well as continuing to review Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) actions and make further recommendations concerning aviation noise. This includes tracking FAA follow-up to regulations previously recommended by EPA. Special emphasis will be placed on airport planning and compatible land use. N-14 ------- Noise Regional Implementation The regional offices occupy a key role in the development of effective State and local programs. Specifically, regional offices provide the focal point for interaction with State and local governments, and the development of State and local government capabilities to implement noise abatement activities. As such, they provide technical-financial support to States and localities and oversee the operation of the ten University-based Technical Assistance Centers. NOISE CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION 1980 Accompl i shffients 1980 resources included $3,283,200 in extramural support. These funds were used for the development and delivery of both technical and financial assistance (cooperative agreements) to State and localities and for demonstration projects with other Federal agencies. During 1980, EPA continued to deliver technical assistance to States and localities in developing noise control programs. Delivery mechanisms included the ECHO program (a volunteer program where local noise control experts assist other communities one or two days a month with EPA paying out-of-pocket expenses); LISTEN (a computer program service which processes attitudlnal/physical survey data for States and localities); State assignees (temporary government employees serving in State governments to assist in the development of noise control programs); Senior Environmental Employee Program; National ECHO (supplementing state efforts); and community noise counselors program. Other activities included the continuation of the Kansas City, Missouri, Quiet Communities Program (QCP), a research experiment designed to develop and demonstrate the best available techniques for community noise control. The financial assistance program to States and localities was continued with the award of 55 cooperative agreements, including State start-up, State ECHO, local start-ups and problem Hentification, urban demonstrations as addressed in the President's Urban Noise Initiatives Program, surface transportation noise control demonstrations, and support for the ten Regional Noise technical Assistance Centers. These Technical Assistance Centers provided 66 training programs to State and local officials and provided 101 technical assistance actions to communities to increase the growth and effectiveness of the State and local programs. These cooperative agreement awards have greatly enhanced the Agency's efforts to meet its goal of covering 72 million people by 1985. A major accomplishment during 1980 was the doubling of State noise capabilities with a corresponding increase in the number of active local noise programs. In addition, the airport technical assistance activities were continued. The Philadelphia Airport Study, a mandate of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, was completed and forwarded to Congress. The monitoring phase of the National Noise Assessment, a requirement of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978, was initiated. Also during 1980, two major non-regulatory initiatives in urban noise control were established. These included the Buy Quiet program which establishes a national public sector market for quiet products through cooperative arrangements between State and local government procurement officials and industry, and the soundproofing/ weatherization program which combines soundproofing and weather izat ion activities as a cost effective measure. General public education orograms were developed and the State and local grantees were assisted in developing a public education capacity. N-15 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of 54,132,000 and 22 permanent workyears to this program, of which $843,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and S3,286,800 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control Compliance appropriation. In 1981, continuing attention is being given to State and local program develop- ment with emphasis on State programs which will provide assistance to local comnunities and to the provision of technical support through the Technical Assistance Centers, ECHO programs, and demonstration programs. Twenty-three (23) States are scheduled to assume responsibility for running the ECHO program by the end of the fiscal year. By using this EPA - developed technique of deploying volunteer experts as part of the State technical assistance "staff" these states will significantly expand their ability to assist communities in the development of cost-effective programs. Demonstrations will focus on (1) testing control techniques in the area of motor vehicle noise for use by State and local governments to make their programs more cost effective and (2) urban initiatives (the Buy Quiet program will be expanded to include the private sector and the soundproofing/weatheri ration program will focus on noise/energy audits in a pilot program). The financial assistance program to States, localities, and Technical Assistance Centers will be funded at a level comparable to 1980, The QCP program in Kansas City, Senior Environmental Employee program, National ECHO, LISTEN (computer assistance), and community counselors program will also continue. During 1981, there will also be the development of general public education programs on the adverse effects of noise on health and welfare as well as self-help techniques to reduce and/or abate noise. Airport noise abatement projects will continue and •node! ordinances and training programs will be developed for use by State and local motorcycle enforcement officials. -The National Noise Assessment begun in 1980 will continue, and will be expanded to an additional 30-40 communities. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $221,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget {House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of S7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $6,900. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $55,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by 5750,000; a decrease of 540,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of 546,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs results in a transfer of 554,700 from noise standards development. - A transfer of $21,500 was made from noise standards development (55,300); noise control technology ($9,200) and noise federal agency coordination ($7,100) for travel funds. - A transfer of 530,000 was made from noise standards development for printing costs. N-16 ------- - A transfer of $23,000 from noise standards development ($5,000) and noise federal agency coordination {$18,000} reflecting a decrease in interagency agreements, shifts from grants to contracts, and realignment of contract funds within accounts. - A transfer of $295,100 to noise control technology to reflect FTE currently on-board. 19-82 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,909,600 and 17 permanent workyears for this program, of which 5853,500 is for Salaries and Expenses and $3,056,100 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1982, financial and technical assistance to States and localities will continue. The financial assistance program to States, localities, and Technical Assistance Centers provided through cooperative agreements will be maintained at its 1981 level. There will be increasing emphasis on assistance to those State agencies which in turn will provide extended technical assistance to communities within their jurisdictions. Ten university-based Technical Assistance Centers also will assist communities, as will the Each Community Help Others (ECHO) program. Twenty-six (26) States are expected to continue responsibility for running the ECHO program. The community noise counselors program, National ECHO and National Noise Assessment will also continue. Limited airport noise abatement projects will be carried out. Support tools such as model codes and ordinances will continue to be developed. 1982 will also see the continued development of general public education material and the printing and dissemination of those materials to the public, with emphasis on helping to develop private sector funding to meet some of the printing and distribution needs of State and local programs. In addition, the motor vehicle demonstrations will focus on the evaluative comparisons of motor vehicle enforcement mechanisms covering technical, legal, and institutional variations. The Buy Quiet and soundproofing/ weatherization programs will be continued. FEDERAL AGENCY COORDINATION 1980 Accomplishments 1980 resources included $202,000 in contract support. These funds were used to support interagency agreements with other Federal agencies. The purpose of this activity is to Carry out noise control demonstrations and test techniques and incorporate the results of these demonstrations into the appropriate program of Federal agencies, including EPA. EPA funds are matched by contributions from other participating agencies. During 1980, this type of activity included the following demonstrations: off road vehicles, highway noise mitigation, transit mall planning and design (phase I and II), vehicle noise diagnostic inspection methods, bus retrofit, and hearing conservation (model hearing conservation program). Reports were issued in 1980 on off-road vehicles, transit mall planning and design, bus retrofit, and vehicle noise diagnostic inspection methods. EPA reviewed and commented on a number of important FAA proposed regulations and Advisory Circulars. A major accomplishment in the aviation area in 1930 was the completion of a report on aviation noise which outlined a strategy that could ba implemented over the next several years. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $738,100 and 8 permanent workyears to this program, of which 5356,100 is for Salaries and Expenses and 5382,000 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources will be used to continue and complete funding for interagency agreements begun in earlier years to carry out noise abatement demonstrations. A variety of technology demonstrations will be completed including the highway noise mitigation, transit mall construction noise mitigation, and model hearing conservation program. N-17 ------- In 1981, special emphasis trill be placed on the development of information to support implementation of alternative strategies to abate and control aviation noise. Studies will continue on organization of flight procedures, and soundproofing and relocation, and airport planning. Coordination of Federal noise research will continue. 1981 Explanati on of Change for Budget Est imate The net increase of 549,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is 51,900. - An increase of $20,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of 550.100 from noise standards development. - A transfer of $7,100 was made to noise strategies implementation for travel funds. - A transfer of $5,000 was made from noise standards development for printing costs. - A transfer of 518,000 to noise strategies implementation reflecting a decrease in interagency agreements, shifts from grants to contracts, and realignment of contract funds within accounts. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $646,000 and 6 permanent workyears for this program of which $351,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $294,300 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1982, EPA will develop and publish an aviation report delineating the several strategies investigated including recommendations for national implementation and their resultant costs and benefits. The strategies developed will be based upon providing soundproofing and relocation options to affected public after Tiinimization of impact through optimization of flight procedures at the affected carrier airports. Public participation by affected parties in developing and discussing these strategies will be encouraged and solicited. NOISE REGIONAL PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION 1930 Accomplishments In 1980 $28,700 was for extramural purposes. Regional accomplishments in 1980 included expanded responsibilities for the management of the cooperative agreement program. This also included detailed review, award and participation and follow-up on cooperative agreements with State and local agencies. The Regions also continued to administer the technical assistance program to State and local governments with emphasis on the development of the Technical Assistance Centers and State-run ECHO programs so that these programs can serve as the technical assistance delivery mechanism to States and localities. Other activities carried out included the management of the QCP experiment in Kansas City, review of EIS's, the holding of noise abatement workshops for State and local officials, equipment loans, the providing of direct technical assistance to local communities and public education on noise abatement and control. In addition, they continued to manage the EPA ECHO program and assisted some States in taking over the EPA ECHO program in their States. N-18 ------- 1981Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $886,300 and 16 permanent workyears to this program, for which $846,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and 539,900 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. 1981 will see a continuation of 1980 activities, with emphasis on the development and strengthening of the Technical Assistance Centers and a projected twenty-three £23) State-run ECHO programs so that these programs can more rapidly serve as the mechanisms for providing technical assistance. The regions will continue to be responsible for administering the cooperative agreement program. They will manage the QCP program (Kansas City), review EIS's, run the equipment loan program and conduct noise control workshops, 1981 ExpTanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $195,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease'of $200 was applied to this activity. - The Conress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $43,900 was applied to this activity. - An increase of 550,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of $42,600 to water quality waste treatment operations and maintenance ($6,300), permit issuance (S400); pesticides use management ($13,000), pesticides enforcement ($5,000); management and support - regional counsel (510,600), regional management ($18,200), administrative management (512,000); and from solid waste hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($13,700), and hazardous waste enforcement ($9,200). - A transfer of $13,000 was made from water quality NEPA compliance - municipal waste facility contruction to realign contract funds and support interagency agreements. - A transfer of $15,000 was made to noise regional program implementation to support SIP efforts. - A transfer of $31,300 was made to ambient air quality monitoring to support the air quality monitoring program. - A transfer of $37,900 was made to air quality management to support SIP activities in the areas of technical review of SIPs, SIP certification review and docket control. N-19 ------- - A transfer of $11,900 was made from ambient air quality monitoring to support the Senior Environmental Employment Program. - A transfer of $294,400 was made from noise control technology assessment and criteria development to carry out the implementsion of the Quiet Communities Act. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,045,900 and 17 permanent workyears for this program, of which $853,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $192,200 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. 1982 will see a continuation of 1981 activities. Regional priority will continue to be the encouragement of development of active State and local programs. Emphasis will be placed on utilization of the Regional Noise Technical Assistance Centers and State-operated ECHO programs as alternate methods for providing direct assistance. Other activities to be carried out include administering the cooperative agreement program, implementing the Motorcycle Noise Control National Emphasis Plan, managing the QPC program, reviewing EIS's, running the equipment loan program, continuing the Senior Environmental Employee program, and conducting noise control workshops. N-20 ------- Enforcement SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- NOISE Noise Enforcement Budget Current Increase t Actual Estimate Estimate 'Estimate Decrease •> 1980 1981 1981 _ 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Salaries and Expenses $878 $716 $753 $1,10.1 +$348 Abatement, Control and Compliance _= 246:;::ii: :r 225 218: ::,:T: 226 +8 Total, 1,124 941 971 1,327 +356 Permanent Positions , 22 19 19 19 Full-time Equivalency 32 35 35 35 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $1,326,800 and 35 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $355,200 from 1981. Included in this total is $1,101,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $225,800 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $347,900 and $7,300 respectively. Prpgr.am Descri pt ion The long-range goals and major objectives of the noise enforcement program are to assure that regulated products distributed in commerce comply with Section 6 and 8 (new product noise emission standards and information labeling requirements respectively) of the Noise Control Act of 1972. Additionally, since federal enforcement cannot adequately address compliance of regulated products in use, assistance is given to State/local governments in the development of effective noise enforcement programs. The program goal is to integrate Federal, State, and local noise enforcement activities into a coordinated national program to reduce levels of environmental noise and to ensure compliance of regulated products. 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the primary emphasis of the noise enforcement program was monitoring compliance and, where necessary, taking enforcement action under the standards for portable air compressors and medium and heavy-duty trucks. In addition, preparations were made for implementation of the informational labeling requirements for hearing protectors and the standards for truck-mounted solid waste contactors. Enforcement activities in 1980 included review of 700 production verification reports; monitoring of 6 production verification tests and 11 selective enforcement audits; inspection of 10 manufacturers' records/facilities; inspection of 8 manufacturers' test capabilities; monitoring of 3 labeling verification tests; and conducting 2100 in-use surveillance tests. Enforcement assistance and guidance was provided to 16 state and local noise enforcement programs, and 2 State/local guidance packages were developed. Enforcement strategies and inventories of regulated manufacturers were developed for the hearing protector labeling and solid waste compactor regulations. The 1980 resources included $245,500 for contracts which were used to conduct in-use surveillance tests for portable air compressors and medium and heavy duty trucks, and hearing protector testing; to assure quality performance by laboratories which conduct compliance tests uder the new regulations; State and local enforcement guidance development; technical support; and production verification report review, N-21 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total $971,600 and 35 permanent workyears to this program of which 5753,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $218,500 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds will be used to support the State/local noise enforcement effort; (especially for anti-tampering and in-use noise control requirements which supplement federal product regulations) evaluate and summarize production verification reports; acquire products for investigative testing; provide for engineering and technical support services; continue in-use surveillance testing of regulated products, and surveillance testing of hearing protectors subject to labeling requirements. Current operations of the noise enforcement program include continued enforcement of Section 6 new product noise emission standards for portable air compressors and medium and heavy-duty trucks, and the new Section 8 labeling requirements for hearing protectors which became effective September 27, 1980; initiation of enforcement of Section 6 noise emission standards for solid waste compactors which became effective October 1, 1980; continued assistance and guidance to State and local noise enforcement program; and development of enforcement strategies for additional Section 6 standards and Section 8 labeling requirements. Planned noise enforcement activities include: review of 1244 production verification reports; monitoring 10 production verification tests; conducting 15 selective enforcement audits; inspection of 30 manufacturers' records/facilities; inspection of 12 manufacturers' test capabilities; review of 210 labeling verification reports; monitoring 10 label verification tests; conducting 6 labeling compliance audits; conducting 1500 in-use surveillance tests; conducting 10 surveillance and investigative tests on hearing protectors; providing 2 State/local enforcement guidance packages; and assisting 12 State/local noise enforcement programs. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estifnates The net increase of 530,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $4,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $6,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $6,600 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $49,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,326,800 and 35 permanent workyears for this program, of which $1,101,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 5225,800 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Extramural funds will be used to conduct in-use tests on products regulated under Section 6 and sur- veillance and investigative tests on hearing protectors. N-22 ------- These resources will allow the Agency to increase our review of manufacturers' noise production verification reports to 2500, review 210 labeling verification reports, increase our monitoring production verification tests to 23, increase by 10 the nunter of selective enforcement audits, and inspect 30 manufacturers' records/ facilities to insure that only complying products are distributed in commerce. A program to ensure compliance with the Section 8 labeling requirements is con- tinued. Also, as necessary, EPA will conduct investigations of alleged noncompliance, prepare administrative orders, and participate in administrative hearings. EPA will compare results from manufacturers' noise testing facilities with results from its noise enforcement facility in Sanusky, Ohio, to assure that proper testing is being conducted. The noise enforcement program will continue to develop enforcement strategies and attendant regulations to support the Office of Noise Abatement and Con- trol's informational labeling program under Section 8 and standard setting activity under Section 6. Guidance packages will be developed to help assure integration of State and local enforcement activities with the Federal activities to provide a coor- dinated national program for in-use as well as new product noise control. N-23 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Interdisciplinary SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- INTERDISCIPLINARY Budget Actual 1980 Estimate 1981* Current Estimate Estimate 1981 (dollars Appropriation Salaries and Expenses. .... Research and Development.. Abatement, Control and Total Full-time Equivalency..... $5 v^ 4 2 12 27 ?5 3& ,929 ,014 ,252 .19JB1 116 137 ,509 .449 * Authorizations are contained within Pollution Control Act, Clean Air Fungicide, and Rondenticide Act, portions by virtue of the have been proposed for the PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Intermedia Programs: Salaries and Expenses... Research and Development Total , Research and Development Program..... Environmental Impact Statements: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Energy Review and Permitting: Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and Integrated Environmental Assistance; Abatement, Control and Interdisciplinary Technical Assistance: Salaries and Expenses... Total : Salaries and Expenses... Abatement, Control and $5 •*** 3 1 10 23 22, 9 * * amount Act, Solid 499 648 550 697 120 146 200 848 $s >$iw 3 1 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 in thousands} 9 9 9 199 376 310 10-885 30 ?2 9 authorized Waste 125 151 289 848 for the Disposal Act, Safe Drinking Water Act Appropriation Research and 3 4 7 2 1 » * 2 2 ,664 ,014 ,678 ,199 ,883 * • * 369 66 ,265 ,252 Act, In 1982, $6.765 jf\J f r V^X 4,514 ^4,732 16,011 144 178 32,822 * Federal Federal • +1 +3 +5 +2 Mater $566 ,138 ,422 ,126 £ 1 I_W +19 +27 ,533 Insecticide, , as well as certain authorizations Development activities. 2 3 6 2 1 2 1 * * » * • » » 653 648 301 152 400 694 150 • •.* 846 550 3 3 6 2 1 3 1 1 * » 186 376 562 ..399 • * • 178 614 132 .*. 013 310 2.561 4,514 7,075 2,401 1 ,384 1 ,803 3,348 ... 4,204 4.732 +1 +1 +3 +1 +3 -625 ,138 +513 +2 +206 ,189 ,216 * • * ,191 .422 Page * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. 1-1 1-13 I-.6 1-10 ------- Total, Abatement and Control Program.... Permanent Positions Env i ronment al Impact Statements.......... Energy Review and Permitting ., Total, Abatement and Control Program.... Full-time EQUJvalency Environmental Impact Statements Energy Review and Permitting........... Total, Abatement and Control Program..., Actual 1980 4,517 75 75 79 Budget Current Increase + Estimate" Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page (dollars in thousands') 4,396 77 13 90 79 26 4,323 76 12 88 79 24 8,936 77 34 111 79 55 +4,613 +1 +22 1-6 1-10 +23 +31 1-6 1-10 79 105 103 134 +31 OVERVIEW_AND STRATEGY Many environmental problems can be approached directly through specific media programs, but effective management sometimes requires cutting across the usual media lines. Often the problem, skill, or technique involved is not readily assignable to a specific media, and an interdisciplinary approach is required. This interdisciplinary approach is consistent with the original concerns of the Agency: the need for an integrated way to address pollution in all media. EPA employs this intermedia approach several research and development programs where the problems, tools, and results are multidisciplinary in nature and must be coalesced into an integrated program. This concept is employed in the Agency's efforts to forecast future environmental problems and to develop a long-range RSD agenda. This concept is also applied to those areas of the environmental impact statement program where' the identification of crosscutting impacts is important. Similarly, a program of energy review and permitting has been included due to the need for a flexible multi- disciplinary approach in assuring that the rapid development of new energy facilities is accomplished in an environmentally sound manner. Research and Development Intermedia Programs Exploratory Research. The major goals of this program are to provide a long-term perspective to EPA's research and development activities and to enhance the quality of mission-oriented research carried out by grantees and Office of Research and Development Research centers. In support of these goals, program activities include the identification and assessment of future environmental trends and management of a rigorous peer review system for research grants to ensure that proposed extramural. research is of high scientific quality. The 1982 forecasting activities in this sub-program will incorporate trends analysis into the annual update of the Environmental Outlook report. They will continue work to develop a system of environmental indicators as a way of flagging changes in future environmental quality and will produce a compre- hensive report on activities in this area. Improved methods to quantify the benefits of environmental quality controls will be developed and, using established methods, economic benefits of improvements in visibility will be estimated. EPA's research grants and centers program will continue and the peer review system will be administered to ensure that extramural research is of high quality. The origins of the Exploratory 1-2 ------- Research Program can be traced to recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences and by the Office of Technology Assessment after they reviewed the Agency's program planning process. Moreover, the program was established in response to Congressional direction under Section 6(a) of Public Law 95-155, which requires that 15 percent of resources for research be devoted to longer-term, anticipatory research. National EnvironmentalWorkforce. Ensuring the availability of a trained workforce for federal, state and local environmental agencies is the primary goal of the National Environmental Workforce Program. In 1982, the Agency's activities will include expanding the Senior Environmental Employment Corps program to enable more States to benefit from the expertise of retired environmental professionals. Minprity In_stitut ions ;5upport. the Minority Institutions Support Program helps minority cb11eges and uni versit ies to participate in environmental research by awarding grants to enable them to improve their research capabilities and to compete successfully for federal research dollars. Abatement and Control Envi ronmental Impact Statements. EPA will continue to emphasize scoping in order to throughly review the environmeritareffects of federal projects. These meetings with other Federal agencies at the beginning of the environmental review process will expedite identification and resolution of environmental issues mitigation. New emphasis will be placed on post draft EIS follow-up to ensure that (nitration measures are developed and that earlier EPA comments are incorporated. Additional resources will fund increased scoping for the increased number of Energy project EISs anticipated in 1982. Energy Review and. Permitting Program. This program provides EPA Regional offices with additional resources to expedite the environmental review and permitting of energy facilities. In 1982, resources are provided to augment National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Underground Injection Control (UI-C). Contract funds will allow EPA to perform technical analyses of synthetic fuel facilities and to accelerate the preparation of EISs for new source NPDES permits. EPA will also act as a cooperating agency, assisting other federal agencies in the preparation of EISs and preparing environmental analyses for energy projects requiring EPA permits. SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars) 1981 Interdisciplinary Program.. $10,885 Salaries and Expenses..., +566 The net increase ($566) in salaries and expenses is due both to an increase ($1,189) in the Energy Review & Permitting D.U. for travel, to allow attendence at energy '• scoping meetings and on-site visits,; and a decrease ($625) in the RSD intermedia program due to the transfer of the Minority Institution Research Support grant program (MIRS) from SE to extramural R&D. Research and Development..... •+•'!, 138 The increase ($1,138) contained in the intermedia program is due to the transfer of the (MIRS) grants program ($721) to extramural R&D and a ($417) increase for both small scale assessments of emerging environmental problems and economic benefit analyses of pollution control options. 1-3 ------- Abatement, Control and Compliance . +3,422 The increase ($3,422) is largely due to the Energy Review and Permitting increase of (S3,216). This increase provides contract funds for 1) detailed control technology evaluations, modelling and monitoring for synthetic fuel permits and 2) environmental analyses. 1982 Interdisciplinary Program...., 16,011 SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATE 1. Summarypf Budget Request An appropriation of $16,011,100 is requested for 1982. This request, by appropriation, is as follows: Salaries and Expenses 6,765,600 Research and Development 4,513,800 Abatement, Control and Compliance 4,731,700 This represents an increase of $5,126,500 from the 1981 level. An increase for the energy review and permitting program in order to provide additional resources to the Agency's regional offices to accelerate issuance of Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD); National Pollutant Discharge and Elimination System_{NPDESh Resourc Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); and Underground Injection Control (UIC) remits. The regions will also use these resources to increase the expeditious permitting of critical energy facilities. A net increase of $720,900 results from minimal changes to each of the subactivities within this media: intermedia - non-energy (+$512,700); and Environmental Impact Statements (+$208,200). 2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: (in thousands of dollars) Original 1981 estimate $10,697 Congressional Changes: Travel -26 Consulting Services -45 Senior Executive Services Bonus -3 Abate'nent, Control and Compliance...... -45 Anticipatory Research \ -650 Presidential $7m reduction..... -32 Reprogramming for salary costs. +248 Miscellaneous reprogrammings..., +444 Proposed pay raise Supplemental +297 Current 1932 estimate 10,885 The Congress reduced Agency travel costs by 5850,000, and consulting services by $3.8 million; which resulted in decreases to the interdisci- plinary media fo $26,000 and $45,000, respectively. Senior Executive Service bonuses were reduced by $750,000, resulting in a $3,000 decrease. - President Carter's $7 million reduction to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation resulted in a decrease of $32,000 to this media. The Abatement, Control and Conpliance appropriation was reduced by $7.5 1-4 ------- million, $45,000 was applied to this activity. The anticipatory research progran was reduced by $2.5 million, resulting 1n a 5650,000 reduction to this media. A supplemental is proposed to partially fund the October 1930 pay raise and included $297,300 for this media. The overall reprogr arming throughout the Agency for salary costs results in an increase of 5248,000. Miscellaneous reprogrammings to this medial resulted in a net increase of $444,-000. ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 (in thousands of dollars) Prior year obligations. $12,196 $10,531 Congressional changes. Effect of reprogramnings............ Pay raise supplemental Change in amount of carryover funds av? ilable Program change...................... Change in rate of obligation... Total estimated obligations....... (From new obligation authority). (From prior year funds).... -769 +660 +297 +1 ,029 -1,311 -1,571 10,531 (9,134) 0,347) * * • * * * • • * +353 •1-5,126 -925 15,085 (13,385) (1,700) EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS The congressional changes discussed in the previous section are expected to result in a decrease of $769,000 to obligations. The proposed pay raise supplemental will increase obligations by 2297,000. Reprogramni ngs will increase obligations by $660,000. The amount of carryover funds estimated to be obligated in 1981 is $1,347,000, an increase of $1,029,000 over the 1980 level. In 1982, it is estimated that $1,700,000 of carryover funds will be obligated, an increase of $353,00 over the 198] level. The program change in 1981 was previously estimated to result in a decrease of $1,311,000. In 1982, the program change is expected to increase obligations by $5.1 million. 1-5 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Abatement and Control SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- INTERDISCIPLINARY Environmental Impact Statements Appropriation EIS Review: Salaries and Expenses..... New Source EIS Preparation: Salaries and Expenses..... Abatement, Control and Compliance Total: Salaries and Expenses..... Abatement, Control and Compl i ance Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 $1,781 $1,834 $2,081 52,041 -$40 419 318 318 360 +42 1,883 1,400 1,178 1,384 +206 2,200 1,883 2,152 1,400 2,399 1,178 2,401 1,384 +2 +206 Grand Total... Permanent Positions EIS Review.................. New Source EIS Preparation.. Full-time Equivalency EIS Revi ew.................. New Source EIS Preparation.. 4,083 3,552 60 15 65 12 3,577 65 11 3,785 65 12 +208 +1 64 15 67 12 68 11 67 12 -1 +1 Total, 79 79 79 79 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $3,784,800 for 1982, an increase of $208,200 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,401,100 for Salaries and Expenses and $1,383,700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, representing increases of $2,100 and $206,100 respectively, from 1981. During 1982, program activities will focus on the review of other Federal agency environ- mental impact statements (EISs), regulations and other proposed actions, and the preparation of new source EISs and findings of no significant impact. Program Description Section 309 of the Clean Air Act requires the Agency to review and comment in writing on the environmental impact of any matter contained in any legis- lation, proposed regulation, or EIS of other Federal agencies. The review activity of EPA consists of working with the other Federal agencies to help them determine the scope of their environmental .assessments, reviewing their draft EISs to help them find alternative solutions on mitigation measures for their proposed projects, determining when the unavoidable impacts on health, welfare, or environmental quality would be unsatisfactory, informing the public of EPA's findings, and negotiating with the other agencies and the Council on Environmental Quality to resolve the major issues and problems. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that all agencies of the Federal Government prepare detailed EISs on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. The new source NEPA compliance activity at EPA includes complete environmental reviews, preparation of either an EIS or finding of no significant impact, evaluation of alternatives to proposed actions, and mitigation measures to prevent adverse environmental impacts. 1-6 ------- EIS REVIEW 1980 Accomplishments Increased efforts were directed toward improving the effectiveness and timeliness of reviews. Major emphasis was placed on EPA assistance to other Federal agencies in order to integrate effective environmental planning with basic programmatic decision-making processes and to prevent costly and avoidable errors in the planning and execution of major projects. Emphasis was also placed on predraft impact statement liaison (scoping) as required by the new Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations. EPA's regulations for implementation of procedures on the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) were revised and work began on revisions to EPA's EIS/309 review manual to conform to the new CEQ regulations. Work also began on revising EIS review guidelines for forest and coastal zone management plans and training EPA's reviewers in using these guidelines. EPA reviewed approximately 1,000 draft and final EISs as well as more than 100 proposed Federal laws, regulations, and other actions, 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,081,000 to this program, all of which is for Salaries and Expenses, No significant change in the EIS review activity from the current year is anticipated. The major emphasis will continue to be on the early identification of significant environmental issues. It is anticipated that approximately the same number of EISs, proposed Federal agency regulations, and other proposed Federal actions will be reviewed in 1981 as in 1980. Revision of EPA's EIS/309 review manual to conform to the new Council on Environmental Quality's (CEQ) regulations will be completed. EIS review guidelines for forest and coastal zone management plans will be finalized and development of a staff education program on these guidelines will be completed. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimates The net Increase of $246,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,900. - The Congress reduced agency wide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $2,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $5,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $134,700 resutls from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board .needs resulted in transfers of $131,700 from NEPA complinace/EIS preparation- new source discharge permit ($1,300); from energy review and permitting ($27,000); from hazardous waste enforcement ($42,400); from EIS review- air ($4,000); from manpower planning and training ($10,500); from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($12,500); from under- ground injection control ($34,600); from uncontrolled hazardous waste site ($13,800); to EIS reviews-water quality ($2,400); to permit issuance ($3,200); and to regional counsel ($8,800). 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $2,041,400 and 65 permanent workyears for this program, a decrease of $39,600, all of which is for Salaries and Expenses. T-7 ------- The major emphasis will continue to be on providing EPA assistance to other Federal agencies and quality review of their documents. New emphasis will be placed on follow-up to ensure that the agreed upon mitigation measures are being implemented. It is expected that major efforts will be required for consolidating and expediting the process of major energy projects. NEW SOURCE EIS PREPARATION 1980 Accomplishments Almost $1.9 million of the 1980 resources was used for extramural funding. A total of 11 environmental impact statements (EISs) and environmental studies were initiated on new source industrial projects. A total of 12 draft and final EISs on new source industrial projects were filed. Technical guidelines on leather tanning and finishing, coal gasification, petroleum refineries, non-ferrous smelters, and underground coal mines were finalized. Technical guidelines for five other industrial categories will be drafted. Guidelines for assessing induced growth of new source industries were drafted. A memorandum of understanding between EPA and the Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining, setting forth criteria for determining lead agency and the need for specific or areawide EISs for NPDES permits relating to surface coal mining was signed. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,495,600 to the program, of which $318,000 is for Salaries and Expenses and $1,177,600 is for extra- mural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The issuance of new source performance standards on coal mining will considerably increase new source National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit activity. Guidelines for assessing induced growth of new source industries will be finalized. Technical guidelines for five industrial categories will be finalized. Approximately ten EISs and environ- mental studies are expected to be initiated in 1981. 1981 Explantation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $222,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,000. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $4,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3,8 million; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $45,200 was applied to this activity. - An increase of 519,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammngs to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers of $7,700 to EIS reviews-water quality ($1,300); water quality permit issuance ($2,500); pesticides use management ($2,100) and regional management ($1,800). 1-8 ------- - Transfer of $5,000 from underground injection control program for the printing of EIS statements. - Transfer of $5,000 to toxic management to support an interagency agreement. - Transfer of $177,200 to State programs regulations and guidelines by congressional directive to reprogram funds for the Flathead River Basin. - Transfer of $5,000 from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites to reflect a regional adjustment of contract funds. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,743,400 and 12 permanent workyears $359,700 is for Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,383,700 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Approximately the same number of EISs and environmental studies are expected to be initiated as in 1981. It is anticipated that efforts will be increased relating to expedited permitting of critical energy facilities. 1-9 ------- INTERDISCIPLINARY Energy Review and Permitting Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs 1931 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Energy Review and permitting: Salaries and Expenses ... $694 $614 $1,804 +$1,190 Abatement, Control and Compliance -.. 150 132 3,348 +3,216 Total ... 844 746 5,152 +4,406 Permanent Positions ... 13 12 34 +22 Full-time Equivalency ... 26 24 55 +31 Budget Request : The Agency requests a total of $5,151,600 and 34 permanent workyears for 1982, ah increase of $4,405,600 and 22 permanent workyears form 1981. Included in this total is $1,803,600 for Salaries and Expenses and $3,348,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, increases of $1,189,900 and $3,215,700, respectively. Program Description EPA has developed the energy review and permitting program in response to the increased level of domestic energy development. The Agency's regional offices have already reported an increase in both conventional and alternative enerny facilities. Each new conventional facility, such as a coal mine or a power plant, may require EPA issued permits governing air emissions or effluent discharges, with accompanying modelling and monitoring require- ments. The Agency may also be required to prepare or review an environmental impact statement for ?",y of these new facilities. Alternative energy facilities, such as synthetic fuel plants, pose a special permitting problem. Because operating experience is sparse, EPA cannot conclude — as a matter of engineering or as a matter of law — that control technologies have been demonstrated for synfuels. Therefore, we cannot develop industry-wide standards at this time. As a result of the impracticality of setting industry-wide standards now, the permitting process will be the regulatory mechanism through which environmental controls are determined for the first generation of Mants. Currently, we know of over 150 alternative fuel projects which are under construction, or al ready ^ope rat ing. * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. 1-10 ------- The increased resources in this program element will allow the Agency's regional offices to fulfill their permitting function adequately in the energy area. More specifically, these regional resources fund an increase in permit issuancfi for Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD); National Pollutant Discharge and Elimination System (NPDES); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (PCRA), and re- lated activities, such as making best available control technology determinations and reviewing monitoring systems. Some af The resources will be devoted to preparation and review of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS). In areas which the Agency has special expertise, we will assist other agencies in their preparation of Environmental Impact Statements. The Agency's EIS review workload for energy projects has more than doubled in the last three years. In order to expedite the environmental review process, the Agency intends to participate in the early stages of the preparation of Environmental Impact State- ments by other agencies. EPA's cooperative role should aid in early identification and resolution of problems that could otherwise delay permit issuance. 1980 Accomplishments During 1980 the Agency worked to consolidate the various permitting and environ- mental review requirements applicable to energy facilities. Special priority was placed on processing energy project permit applications. No resources were specifically identified in this activity. 198.1 P rogram In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $746,000 to this program of which $613,700 is for Salaries and Expenses and 5132,300 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The 1981 program includes a tracking system to monitor the progress "of EPA reviews of priority energy projects. At this time the Agency is monitoring 60 major energy projects. The Agency expects to use the resources in this program for reviewing monitoring systems, making best available tech- nology determinations, assessing the impact of emissions and effluents, or providing technical assistance to State and local governments. The Agency anticipates that it will have the lead role in preparing and following up on EISs for five major energy projects. The regional offices will provide early assistance to other agencies in the scoping phase of energy EISs to expedite identifica- tion and resolution of any environmental problems. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate the net decrease of $98,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transnitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is 54,800. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel '.costs by $850,000; a decrease of 512,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by S3.8 million; a decrease of S3,700 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $37,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Perr-ogrammings to realign salary and related costs to r>.eet on-boaM needs resulted in transfers of 567,500 to EIS review-air (58,700); EIS review-water quality (518,100); administrative management-regions ($10,500); planning, evaluation and analysis (529,500); 1-11 ------- - P.eprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers of $67,500 to EIS review-air ($8,700); EIS review-water quality ($18,100); administrative management-regions ($10,500); planning, evaluation and analysis ($29,500); financial mananenent regions ($7,800); and from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (514,200); hazardous waste management, regulatory strategies implementation ($3,100); solid waste manapenent program implementation ($1,900); and to ambient air quality monitoring ($12,100). - A transfer of $6,000 was niade to the Administrative Law Judges to provide addi- tional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - Transfer of $16,500 to state programs regulations and guidelines to fund the interagency agreement for a Soil Conservation expert* - Transfer of $12,300 to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites for an analytical con- tract to expand regional capability to analyze high priority, quick turn-around samples. - Transfer of 511,100 from ambient air quality monitoring (58,200) and manpower planning and training ($2,900) to support an interagency agreement for NOAA meteorologist. - A transfer of $23,300 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to pro- vide additional resources to that Office. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $5,151,600 and ?4 permanent workyears for this program, of which $1,803,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,348,000 is for Abatement, Control and Compliance. In 1982, the Agency expects to permit and review an increased number of energy projects. We expect that there will be a number of conplex synthetic fuels projects. The Agency anticipates having the lead role in the preparation of EISs for five critical energy facilities, and a cooperating role in the preparation of 35 other EISs. In areas where the agency has special ex- pertise (e.g. air and water quality monitoring), we will assist other agencies in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements for energy projects. The coopera- tive role taken by EPA to expedite the environmental review process is expected to account for a majority of the resources requested in this program. Additionally, the regional offices will provide assistance in the scoping phase of any energy EIS to expedite issue identification and resolution. The Agency will continue to use the resources in this program element to accelerate issuance of Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD); National Pollutant Elimination and Discharge System (NPDES); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (P.CPO, and Under- ground Injection Control ('JIC) permits for new energy facilities. The resources in this program element may be used for reviewing monitoring systems, making best available technology determinations, assessing the impact of emissions and effluents, or providing technical assistance to State and local govenements. 1-12 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- INTERDISCIPLINARY Intermedia - Non-Energy Appropriation Exploratory Research Core Program: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Minority Institution Research Support: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development....... National Environmental Workforce: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development. TOTALs Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development GRAND TOTAL Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate 1980 1981* 1981 1982 (dollars in thousands) $ 3,412 $ 2,440 $ 2,209 $ 2,221 3,974 3,648 3,376 3,793 S24 123 721 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 $ 12 + 417 - 701 + 721 252 40 3,664 4,014 212 » • » 2,653 3,648 153 .... 3,186 3,376 217 ... 2,561 4,514 + 64 ... - 625 -1,138 7,678 6,301 6,562 7,075 H- 513 Permanent Positions Exploratory Research Core Program .... Minority Institution Research Support National Environmental Workforce TOTAL. 31 24 39 30 30 3 4 ~5T 24 3 6 IT -6 +2 -4 1-13 ------- Budget Current • Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Full-time Equivalency Exploratory Research Core Program 47 35 40 35 -5 Minority Institution Research Support — — 3 3 ... National Environmental Workforce 9 .7 5 7 +2 TOTAL . 56 42 48 45 -3 *3anuafy 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $7,074,700 for 1982, an increase of $512,700 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,560,900 for Salaries and Expenses and $4,513,800 for Research and Development, with a decrease of $624,900 and an increase of $1,137,600, respectively. Program Description This program's components, or subprograms, serve the common needs of the Agency's research programs and do not clearly align to one particular research committee. The Exploratory Research Program serves to integrate on an intermedia basis the longer term research needs of the Agency as expressed by each research committee. The objectives of the program is to: (1) identify, define and assess long-term environmental trends, problems and opportunities; (2) support mission- oriented basic research to stimulate innovative and long-range ideas and to infuse such concepts into Agency planning; and (3) insure the scientific merit of such research through rigorous peer review. The primary goal of this program is to promote efforts to minimize future environmental problems in a manner compati- blewith other national long-term economic and social goals. The origins of this program can be traced to recommendations based on reviews of the Agency's R&D program and planning process by the National Academy of Sciences and by the Office of Technology Assessment, Moreover, the program was established in response to Congressional direction under Section 6(a) of Public Law 95-155, which requires that 15 percent of resources for research be devoted to longer- term, anticipatory research. The program's long-term, strategic perspective has been highly integrated into the Agency's R&D planning and policy-making process. Programs to achieve these objectives include the Strategic Assessment and Special Studies Program, the Research Grants and Centers Program, the National Environmental Workforce, and Minority Insitutions Support Program. 1-14 ------- Strategic Assessment and Special Studies Program aims to provide long-range strategic guidance to the Agency's R&D planning process. The program produces an annual Environmental Outlook report, analyzing long-range trends and in-depth assessmentsof significant emerging environmental problems. Objectives are achieved by developing forecasting techniques and environmental assessment, the Office conducts large-scale studies that integrate a geographic region. The Agency's major effort to develop and improve economic benefit estimates of environmental control is also maintained here. The 1982 Strategic Assessment subprogram includes: updated analyses of long-term trends reported in the EnvironmentalOutlook; a major summary of environmental quality controls. The benefits program will include: health benefits of air pollutant control; relationship between air pollution, other environmental factors and wages; bene- fits for improved visibility in the Eastern U.S.; and a summary of air pollutant benefits research. Exploratory Research Grants and Centers Program administers ORD's new compe- titive Research Grants Program amf the extramural Exploratory Research Centers. The grants program utilizes a rigorous peer review system and is coordinated closely with other ORD planning activities. The Centers program builds upon expertise at major universities to create comprehensive programs to address critical Agency long-term scientific needs, and is reponsible for transferring the results of these efforts to appropriate offices within the Agency. The 1982 subprogram calls for continued emphasis on improving the quality of proposals, coordination of the process within the Agency, and the dissemination of research results. Eight Exploratory Research Centers will be in full operation with emphasis on examining new trends. Dissemination of results for both the Competitive Grants Program, and Exploratory Research Centers will emphasize sem- inars and workshops. The National Environmental Workforce Program operates to ensure the availability of a trained workforce for federal, state, and local environmental agencies. In 1982, the Agency will expand the Senior Environmental Employment Corps program and will award apprenticeships at EPA laboratories to 200 minority high school students. Grants will be awarded to develop a trained workforce which can support EPA program offices. The program will continue managing and implementing environmental workforce programs using extramural resources from Agency Offices and from other Federal agencies. The Minority Institutions Research Support Program helps minority colleges and universities become more competitive in securing federal research funds, encourages minority students to choose environmental science careers, and promo- tes faculty exchanges between minority institutions and EPA laboratories. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $7,386,000 for this sub-program, of which $3,411,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $3,973,700 was for extramural research activities. ; Strategic Assessment and Special Studies Produced the Environmental Outlook 1980, a comprehensive report which forecasts future trends for a numb'ir of pollutants and asseses the environmental implications of these trendsl 1-15 ------- - Epidemiology Research Center at the University of Pittsburgh. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,585,400 to this sub-program, of which $2,209,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,376,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Strategic Assessment and Special Studies Produce the Environmental Outlook 1981 report. Unlike the comprehensive overview presented in Environmental Outlook 1980, the 1981 report wiU focus on four major areas: Future Trends in Agriculture and Potential Environmental Consequences; Potential Feedstock Changes in the Organic Chemical Industry and the Implications for Hazardous Waste Streams} Deposition of Heavy Metals—an Environmental Assessment; and Demographic and Lifestyle Trends—Environmental Implications. Following competitive solicitation and review, up to ten small scale problem assessment proposals will be selected for funding. Candidate topics include ocean disposal of geothermal brines and ecological allergies. Complete major reports on the economic benefits of air and water pollution control. The air pollution reports will include the economic benefits delivered from air pollution control in San Francisco and protection of visibility in Western National Parks. A benefit-cost analysis of air pollution control in Los Angeles will also be reported. The water study report will emphasize the benefits derived from improved recreation and option value. A major report will be completed on the advantages and disadvantages of using economic incentives for pollution control with case studies of their possible applications to controlling airport noise, implementing prevention of significant deterioration, and controlling atmospheric benzene emissions. ~~ The first phase of the programs Integrated Industrial Assessment effort will be completed which will provide a systematic procedure for selecting industries for detailed study. Two assessments will be initiated during 1981 to guide ORD's exploratory research efforts towards minimizing the future environmental problems associated with these industries and to identify opportunities for maintaining environmental quality while enhancing industrial productivity and growth. A final report will be produced describing the results of the first phase of the Integrated Environmental Assessment, of Regions IV and VI, A second phase will be initiated for an analyses of the current environmental status of the entire study area, each region specifically, and specific local issues. The study will also project feasible health, ecosystems and socioeconomic well-being of the two Regions. Focus the Mussel Watch program on those "hot spot" areas identified by the monitoring efforts. The intent is to determine the degree to which Mussel Watch data accurately reflect long-term trends in the enviornmental health of coastal waters. 1-17 ------- Exploratory Grants and Centers Anticipate receiving 1,200 proposals for review, critique, and ranking for scientific merit by the peer review panels. Information on research results from grants-in-place will be provided regularly to interested Agency personnel. Will establish an Exploratory Research Center for specialized research in the area of treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. This Center will study the design, construction, maintenance, operation and closure of hazar- dous waste landfills and facilities. Research will also be included on remedial activities related to the problems unique to spills and other emergency situations. Establish and coordinate operating policies and research agendas for the following Centers: Ultimate Waste Elimination, intermedia Transport, Ecosy- stem Research and Marine Sciences Research. Analyses will be made of the effectiveness of the existing Centers in providing the needed fullness of coverage, both in scope and depth. Recommendations for improvement will be prepared. 1981 Explanation of^Cjwige from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $501,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $11,600. - The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million; a decrease of $649,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agency wide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $25,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide. Senior Executive; Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrese of $2,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $91,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to -realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in transfers of $190,500 from other activities. - Transfer of funds in order to realign support to all programs supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds: $528,400 within the 5<3cE appropriation, to taxic chemicals Testing and assessment ($394,400) and to solid waste/non-energy ($134,000); $378,400 within the R&D appropriation, from toxic chemicals testing and assessment, - Transfer of $62,300 from interdisciplinary-National Environmental Workforce, resulting from a reassessment of the workload of these programs. - A transfer of $4,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $6,014,300 and 24 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $2,221,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $3,793,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and .Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $428,900 for performing small-scale assessments of emerging environmental problems, and for conducting analyses to imprp-. e estimates of the economic benefits associated with pollution control options. Strategic: Assessment and Special Studies Produce the Environmental Outlook 1982 report. This report will be patterned after the 1981 report "and will analyze several specific long-term environmental trends, problems, and opportunities. Produce detailed analyses of long-range environmental trends and R&0 needs for use by the Agency's Research Committees. Select for funding five to seven small-scale assessments following competitive solicitation and review. Topics will be in areas identified by other forecasting/analysis efforts of the program and in conjunction with ORD's overall R&D planning process. Complete research studies on the economic benefits from control of major environmental disasters, and from improved visibility in the eastern United States and investigate two promising but not previously analyzed microepide- miological data sets to determine the health benefits of air pollution controls. - Complete Phase I of the Integrated Assessment of Regions IV and VI which will include detailed analyses of the current and future environmental status of the area. Phase n will be initiated in FY .'82 to identify and analyze alternative public policies and strategies for environmental protection. Expand the Integrated Industrial Assessments Program to include an additional 2-3 industries in FY '82. As assessments are developed for several industries, the Program will analyze inter-industry factors/trends. The goal is to identify long-term research priorities based on an improved understanding of potential economic/environmental trends that cut across segments of the Nation's industries. Undertake a regional monitoring effort to field test the physiological measures within mussels that have been studied as potentially useful indicators of toxic stress. Exploratory Grants and Centers Emphasis will be on (1) continued improvements in quality of research; (2) coordination with the Agency research planning process; (3) broad dissemination of results of completed grants; and (4) coordination with other Federal agencies: Overview and management of the eight operating Centers will emphasize attention to new trends, discoveries or leads coming from ongoing studies. A search will be made for targets of opportunity to apply these findings on a pilot or full scale. A summary report of the results obtained by each of the Centers will be prepared for review to determine the effectiveness of existing Centers in covering of necessary areas and in responding to new needs. 1-19 ------- NATIONAL ENyiRONMENTALjyORK FORgE In 1980, the Agency used a total of $292,300 for this sub-program, of which $252,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $40,000 was for extramural research activities. 1980 Accomplishments The National Environmental Workforce Development effort assisted State and local environmental agencies in meeting their employment and training needs. Serving as the coordinator of the Agency's Academic Training program, this program provided policy guidance to program offices offering direct technical training to employees of States, municipalities and industry. The Minority Appreticeship Program provided summer employment opportunities to high achieving minority high school students. The program employed 100 students in EPA research laboratories throughout the country. The Senior Environmental Employment (SEE) Program provided State and local environmental agencies with experienced and enthausiastic older workers at little or no cost to the agencies. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $153,200 and H permanent workyears to this sub-program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation. The Senior Environmental Employment (SEE) activity will expand to include 25 state programs. The Minority Research Apprenticeship program will provide summer employment opportunities to 150 high achieving minority high school students. In cooperation with the Department of Labor, EPA will produce and distribute the Environmental Protection Careers Guidebook to academic institutions and to potential employers. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $59,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300. - The Congress reduced agency wide .travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $8,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $900 to other activities. - Transfer of $62,300 to interdisciplinary-exploratory research, resulting from an assessment of the workload of the programs. 1-20 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $217,000 and 6 permanent workyears for this sub-program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $63,800 to fully cover the pay of personnel. Continue to assist State and local environmental agencies in meeting their employment and training needs. Maintain the Senior Environmental Employment Corps in 25 states. Award apprenticeships at EPA laboratories to 200 minority high school students. MINORITY INSTITUTION RESEARCH SUPPORT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $6*2,600 for this sub-program of which was for Salaries and Expenses and $578,300 was for extramural research activities. Through the program's Minority Institution Research Support (MIRS) efforts, eight institutions received research support totaling $6*2,600 in 1980. A mechanism to facilitate the participation of minority institutions in the Competitive Research Grants Program was also initiated. In 1980, three minority institutions received Competitive Research Grant funds as a result of this effort. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $823,400 to this sub-program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation. Emphasis will be concentrated on improving the quality of research grant applications so that fuller participation in the competitive grants program will be gradually approached. Some Minority Institutions can now compete on an approximately equal basis with other universities and colleges, but a similar improvement will be sought from others. 1981 Explanation of Changes from Budget Estimate The net increase of $822,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,500 was applied to this activity, - An increase of $5,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $1,700 from other activities. 1-21 ------- - Transfer of the Minority Institution Research Support program from program management into this interdisciplinary activity resulted in an increase of $811,000. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $8*3,400 and 3 permanent workyears for this sub-program of which $122,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $720,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $20,000 for support to minority institutions interested in conducting environmental research. Continuing efforts will be made to integrate the MIRS program more fully into the competitive grants program while still providing levels of funding commensurate with Congressional and administrative commitments to continued special assistance to qualifying institutions. - Major emphasis will be directed toward improving the quality of proposals coming from these insitutions. - Competitive grants program funds will be used to supplement MIRS funds, where minority institutions can compete favorably with other institutions, allowing MIRS funds to be used by institutions needing more assistance to develop their research capacity. Symposia/Workshops will be organized to provide interested scientists, agencies and the general public information resulting from completed grants* A summary report on the effectiveness of the MIRS program will be produced including a description supported by the program. 1-22 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Toxic Substances SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- TOXIC SUBSTANCES Budget Current Increase + Appropriation Salaries and Expenses. ....... Research and Development..... Abatement, Control Total Authorization Levels......... * Authorization pending. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Chemical Testing and Assessment: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Total , Research and Toxic Substances Strategies Abatement, Control Total , Abatement and Toxic Substances Enforcement: Abatement, Control Total, Enforcement Program... Permanent Positions Chemical testing and Toxic Substances Toxic Substances Enforcement.. ................ Full-time Equivalency Chemical testing and Toxic Substances Strategi es. .................. Toxic Substances Actual 1980 $29.452 22,040 38,745 90,237 594 742 59,163 30,977 8,866 22j040 30,906 18,231 37,666 55,897 2,355 1,079 3,434 118 411 65 154 507 81 Estimate 1981* $34,603 28,674 46,215 109,492 775 894 90,200 36,895 11,711 28,674 40,385 20,181 43,734 63,915 2,711 2,481 5,192 187 502 86 225 574 95 Estimate 1981 {dollars in $34,741 24,192 47,785 106 718 750 902 63,195 36,895 12,315 24,192 36,507 19,530 45,183 64,713 2,896 2,602 5,498 181 485 84 237 572 93 Estimate 1982 1 thousands) $41 ,400 24 354 41,887 107 641 796 913 68,394 * 14,420 24,354 38,774 22,948 40,353 63,301 4,032 1,534 5,566 174 511 111 213 580 120 Decrease - 982 vs. 1981 +$6 659 +162 -5,898 +923 +46 +11 +5,199 +2,105 +162 +2,267 +3,418 -4,830 -1,412 +1,136 -1 ,068 +68 -7 +26 +27 -24 +8 +27 Page TS-26 TS-10 TS-23 TS-27 TS-10 TS-23 TS-27 TS-10 TS-23 * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. TS-1 ------- OVERVIEWAND STRATEGY The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) established a program to insure that adequate data are developed on the effects of chemical substances on health and the environment, and that those chemicals which present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment are regulated to reduce that risk. The Act's coverage is broad, affecting more than 55,000 chemicals currently in commerce. Up to 1,000 additional new chemicals are introduced each year. About 115,000 manufacturers and processors are subject to the Act. The law contains several major authorities. First EPA may require manufacturers to conduct, at their own expense, health and environmental effects testing on designated existing chemicals. Second, the Agency may require the private sector to provide a broad range of basic Information on chemicals; this includes information the government might not otherwise receive, such as reports of substantial risks, chemical or employee and consumer allegations that a substance may cause significant adverse reactions. Finally, TSCA gives EPA the power to control the production, distribution, use, and disposal of chemicals—new and existing—found to cause unreasonable risks. The premanufacture notification provisions of TSCA, which cover new chemicals, have been in effect since July of 1979. These provisions require manufacturers and importers to notify EPA 90 days before new chemical substances enter commerce. Under the law, submitters are expected to provide enought Information with their notices to enable EPA to make a "reasoned evaluation of the health and environmental effects" of the substance. In the absence of such information, under Section 5(e) of TSCA, EPA may propose to prohibltor limit the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use, or disposal of the substance, if the Agency determines that any of all of these activities may present an unreasonable risk or if there may be substantial release of, or exposure to, the substance. If the Agency fails to take any action before the 90-day period expires, the substance may enter commerce unconditionally. On existing chemicals, if EPA finds that there 1s a reasonable basis to conclude that the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, or disposal of a chemical substance or mixture, or that any combination of such activities, presents or will present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment, it may Impose, through rulemaklng, appropriate regulatory requirements to the extent necessary to protect adequately against such risk. Analyses of the ecological and health effects of the chemical substances and mixtures, identification of sources and exposed populations and exposure levels, evaluation of possible substitutes, and assessment of economic and technological factors will have to be performed as part of the regulatory process. In proposing regulatory actions, EPA must provide an opportunity for comments by all Interested parties, including an opportunity for oral presentation of facts and arguments. There was a limited organizational and conceptual base upon which to build the toxic substances program when the law was first enacted, now more than three years ago. The first years of implementation required the development of the foundations for progra operation. An Integral part of that foundation 1s the newly approved TSCA organizational structure. This new structure is designed to emphasized two major but distinct program responsibilities: (1) implementation of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), and (2) integration of Agency-wide toxics control TSCA implementation activities responsi- bilities are now the sole responsibility of the Office of Toxic Substances; the consoli- dation of TSCA Implementation responsibilities into one office provides functionally for a more streamlined organization, eliminating many of the organizational and administrative problems uncovered in the first years of TSCA implementation. EPA is required to implement a number of statutes dealing with chemicals and in recognition of the need for a consistent Agency-wide approach to doing so. TS-2 ------- The major programs EPA must develop and implement to carry out the •provisions of the Act are those to: (create and maintain an inventory of all existing chemicals tn commerce, including extensive data of each chemical's manufacture, distribution, and use; (b) require testing of chemicals and submission of reports of existing information by industry and, through a multistage assessment process, review these and other data to determine chemical hazards; (c) review, assess, and act on new chemical and significant new use notifications by industry, and control the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use, and disposal of new and existing chemicals that pose unreasonable risks to health and the environment; (d) enforce these statutory and regulatory programs; and (e) conduct research and development to support the implementation of the law. Although difficult to measure, it is clear that TSCA and our program have already had a dramatic impact on industry and its approach to production, processing, and use of chemicals. It is apparent that the requirement to report for the Chemical Inventory, identify and report substantial risks, and prepare premanufacture notifications has caused many changes in corporate structure and policy in companies both large and small. Along with these changes have come new approaches toward the handling of information and data on chemicals that can be brought to bear on corporate decision-making. Another measure of the impact of TSCA has been, the dramatic increase in chemical industry toxicological testing facilities and personnel made in anticipation of the testing demands of TSCA. On the other hand, we've only partially achieved our goals, and some of our progress has been due to industry's anticipation of future TSCA requirements. To be successful in making further progress we will need to put the other key TSCA mechanisms into place and to exhibit the proper degree of vigor and persistence in their application over time. The 1981 toxic substances program strategy is to develop regulatory and nonregulatory approaches which provide strong continuing incentives to the private sector to achieve the TSCA goals of protecting public health and the environment. The incentives should be designed to (1) stimulate industry to develop safer chemicals (without unduly affecting innovation), (2) to provide adquate information about the hazards associated with those substances, and (3) to take actions to protect against unnecessary risks. More specifically, the focus of the 1981 toxic substances program will be to continue to place high priority on key elements of our new chemical program, including the premanu- facture review process, testing guidelines, significant new use rules (applied in conjunction with risk listing, as appropriate), Section 5(h) exemptions. The final Section 5 rule will be promulgated to provide both industry and EPA with a clearer framework in which to operate. We will also emphasize action which will establish an adequate information and assessment base upon which to regulate now and in the future. This will include the development of rules to obtain testing data and the development of reporting and recording-keeping rules. We expect to review over 500 new chemicals, require data submitted under Section 8 on a few thousand priority chemicals, initiate additional test rules on more than a dozen chemicals for various health and ecological effects, propose control on nonaerosal of chlororfluorocarbons in the United States, and move toward control of a few other high risk chemicals. During 1981, the Office of Toxics Integration will work with the office of Planning and Evaluation and other Agency programs to develop a toxics integration strategy. This strategy will promote coordination of all future Agency actions on toxic substances. Major goals of the strategy include (1) establishing the use of unified multi-media chemical risk assessments to serve several Agency programs at the same time, (2) developing an Agency list of the most significant toxic hazardous chemicals and prioritizing principal exposure routes of concern to the Agency, (3) developing a process for identifying the principal exposure routes of a chemical the Agency has targeted for control, and closing out EPA efforts or lowering the priority of remaining less significant exposure routes, and (4) developing decision criterial for the future selection of toxic chemicals of concern. In addition to the development of the strategy, the integration program will promote integration of toxics acti- vities through special projects and active roles in various intra- and inter-agency work groups, including the Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group (IRLG), Toxic Substances Priority Committee (TSPC), and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Through pre- paration of analytical tools and publications for the Agency, the toxics integration program will assist the Agency in better use of its existing resources and data bases to integrate and coordinate toxics control activities. Finally, the program will encourage State and local control of toxics problems by making chemical information (i.e., health effects, exposure routes, etc.) widely available. TS-3 ------- The focus of the 1982 toxic substances program will be to put the remaining key TSCA mechanisms into place. Our new chemical program will continue as our highest priority, in- cluding taking action under Sections 5(e) and 5(f), as appropriate, to control the introduction of hazardous new chemicals into commerce and to follow up on other chemicals via "significant new use rules" or reporting and recordkeeping rules under Section 8(a). We will also emphasize action which will establish an adequate information and assessment base upon which to regulate in the future. This will include the development of rules to obtain testing data and the development of reporting and recordkeeping rules. We expect to review over 800 new chemicals* require data submissions under Section 8, initiate testing rules'on numerous chemicals for various health and ecological effects, and move forward on control of other high risk chemicals under Section 6. We will provide required assessment, monitoring, economic analysis and other support as needed. In cooperation with the newly established Office of Toxic Integration, OTS will continue to expand the effort to integrate toxics-related activities across different EPA programs and the IRLG agencies. The goals of these efforts are to ensure that we are: (a) dealing with the most serious problems; (b) avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort; and (c) achieving the most protection of public health and the environment possible with the available resources. During 1982, the toxic integration program will emphasize implementation of the toxics integration strategy developed in the previous year. With both short and long-term strategy objectives well defined, primary emphasis will be placed on seeing that all programs carry out strategy objectives. In addition to ensuring that the strategy is implemented, the toxics integration program will continue work in six major areas: (1) Agency-wide integration of action on toxic substances, including chairing and staffing the TSPC; (2) agency representa- tion to international organizations dealing with chemical control; (3) administration of the interagency Chemical Substances Information Network (CSIN); (4) Agency representation on the IRLG; (5) liaison between TSPC program and Regional and State staffs; and (6) encouraging public participation in TSCA implementation. The toxic substances enforcement program, operating in partnership with the Agency's toxic substances regulatory program, seeks to protection public health and the environment from unreasonable risks posed by chemical substances through the enforcement of TSCA and its established regulations. The enforcement program concentrates its efforts on the enforcement of those regulatory provisions which (1) prevent or abate public health and environmental threats from chemical contamination, particularly in emergency situations; (2) assure that data used to make regulatory judgments are accurate, comprehensive, and timely; and (3) monitor compliance with existing standards to determine that regulated chemicals are manufactured, handled, and used in accordance with the law. The enforcement program, moreover, establishes distinct but complementary roles for both the headquarters and regional components of the program. The headquarters function includes the responsibilities to coordinate enforcement response to emergency situations; provide enforcement representation in and support to the TSCA regulatory development process; design, implement, and oversee inspection, compliance monitoring and enforcement policies, strategies and procedures; develop, implement and exercise enforcement remedies upon the detection of violations; assist and support regional personnel in case develop- ment and prosectuion, the regional function is to conduct inspection and compliance monitoring activities in support of all established rules regulations; impose appropriate enforcement remedies in all instances of violation through the initiation and prosecution of enforcement actions. As the list of enforceable rules and regulations expands, the role of the regional office will grow in size and importance. In 1982, the number of enforceable rules and regulations will continue to increase over previous years. Thus, the level of enforcement activity will also increase. The enforcement response to emergency situations will continue to be of primary importance. Additional chemical control regulations for asbestos in schools and CFC nonaerosol uses will join those already in existence to represent the largest single portion of the overall routine regional enforcement workload. The enforcement of premanufacturing requirements and information gathering and reporting rules will remain a part of the overall workload. New rules and regulations will be developed, proposed, and promulgated throughout 1982, and corresponding enforcement policies and strategies will be designed and implemented, all of which demand further enforcement participation and support. Finally, the establishment of grants-in-aid to State agencies to develop and support State-operated toxic substances enforcement programs, begun in 1981, will receive continued support and development. The 1981 research and development program will focus on developing Improved rapid, reliable, and cost-effective techniques to be used for predicting transport, trans- formation, exposure concentration and adverse deleterious effects on human health and the environment resulting from exposure to toxic substances. Research will be done on predicting, measuring, and determining the significance of exposure to commercial chemicals, with the ultimate goal of preventing or reducing adverse human health effects. TS-4 ------- Research will also be conducted to develop measurement methods for identification and quantification of trace level toxic substances in the environment. In addition, program emphasis will be on methods for measuring toxic chemicals in sediments, marine plants and in the air. These methods are needed in measuring exposure concentration, monitoring'chemicals, designing control techniques and in enforcing regulations. In fiscal year 1981 and beyond, the program will provide field assistance to .obtain data to validate testing protocols that have beeri issued and to assist 1n enforcement actions. The 1982 RSD program has been planned in concert with the Agency's regulatory and oper- ational strategies. The program's central theme is chemical testing and assessment, with each of the program's components (e.g., health effects or research on engineering and technology) providing a unique contribution to the total research effort. More specifically, the program is planned to help support the Office of Toxic Substances multistage risk assessment process, one which is designed to systematically select chemicals for increasingly detailed levels of analysis. Using such an approach, judgments can be made about the adequacy of available in- formation and the need for control action. To this end, the R&D program will maintain its focus on developing and refining testing and assessment methodologies for both exposure and effects data. Implicit in the program's design is the use, where possible, of data from other research efforts, with a view toward building on them and adapting them specifically to a regulatory perspective. The outputs of the overall research effort will address problems posed by both existing and new chemicals. These outputs are planned to support the development of testing require- ments and hazard assessment. The outputs have been prioritized in the Research Committee in parallel with those of the Agency's regulatory and operational components. The program will include emphasis on the premarket notification process noted in the previous section and on quality assurance in concert with the overall emphasis on operationally implementing TSCA. SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands_ of: dollars) 1981 Toxic Substances Program, $106,718 Salaries and Expenses +6,659 The net increase will allow for expansion of the premanufacture review program, health effects research, monitoring systems and quality assurance and enforcement actions. Research and Development +162 The net increase will permit the estab- lishment of a quality assurance program specifically tailored to the Agency's regulatory and enforcement activities. Abatement, Control and Compliance -5,898 The decrease primarily reflects a reduction in the area of, test standards and some additional enforcement activities. 1982 Toxic Substances Program , 107,641 SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES 1- Summary of Budget Request A total of $107,640,700 is requested in 1982. This request by appropriation account, is as follows: Salaries and Expenses $41,400,100 Research and Development 24,353,500 Abatement, Control and Compliance 41,887,100 TS-5 ------- This represents an increase of $923,000 over the 1981 level. The increase for the monitoring systems and quality assurance program will be focused on the Toxic Substances Control Act requests. The increase in the chemical control activity will be used in the prernanufacture review program. 2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: (in thousands of dollars) Original 1981 estimate $109,492 Congressional decrease: Travel.. • -46 Consulting Services -271 SES Bonuses -17 , ADP ...... -858 v General reduction to Abatement, ^s Control and Compliance -490 General reduction to Reseach and Devel opment -3,003 Anticipatory Research....... -850 Reprogratnming to radiation media for Radiation Policy Council -129 Reprogramming to support Administrative Law Judges ... -13 Transfer to support Office of the Inspector General...................... -19 Transfer from pesticides media to repay "borrowed" 1980 funds for Silvex +2,000 Reprogrammi ng for authorized workyears... -477 Reprogrammi ng to support Three Mile Islanrt -200 Proposed pay raise supplemental.. +1,692 Miscellaneous reprogrammings -93 Current 1981 estimate 106,718 Congressional changes to the toxic substances media include a reduction of $17,000 for SES Bonuses, $858,000 for ADP, $46,000 for travel, $271,000 for consulting services,$850,000 specificed for anticipatory research and a general reduction of $490,000 from Abatement, Control and Compliance and $3,003,000 from Research and Development. A transfer of $129,000 was made to the radiation media for support of the Radiation Policy Council. A transfer of $13,000 was nade to management and support for the Office of Administrative Law Judges. A transfer of $19,000 was made to management and support for the Office of the Inspector General. A transfer of $2,000,000 was made from pesticides to "repay" funds which were borrowed in 1980 for 511 vex disposal. An overall reprogramming throughout the Agency to" provide sufficient salary funds to cover authorized workyears resulted in a decrease of $477,000 to this media. The proposed supplemental for partial funding of the October 1980 pay raise will increase the toxic substances media by $1,692,000. TS-6 ------- ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 (in thousands' of do 11 ars) Prior year obligations $90,237 $106,759 Congressional Changes -5,535 Proposed pay raise supplemental... • - +1,692 Reprogrammings. , -93 ... Change in amount of carryover funds available -5,009 -40 Program Changes..... .. +17,563 +882 Change in rate of obligations.. +7,904 -5.36 Total estimated obligations 106,759 107,065 (From new obligation authority) , (106,709) (107,055) (From prior year funds) (50) (10) EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASE TO OBLIGATION The items discussed in the previous section -- congressional changes, pay raise supplemental, ADP, consulting services, general reduction an anticipatory research and reprogrammings — result in a net decrease of $3,936,000. The increase in budget authority in 1981 is to Increase obligations by $17,563,000; in 1982 the program is expected to increase obligations by $882,000. TS-7 ------- TOXIC SUBSTANCES Actual 1980 PROGRAM LEVELS TESTING AND EVALUATION testing Program!-- Section 4 Test Standards ProposM..... 13 Test Standards Final 0 Test Rules Proposed.. 1 No. of Chemicals..... 13 Test Rules Final 0 No. of Chemicals.... 0 No. of Chemicals Voluntarily Tested 0 Assessment of Existing Chemicals Chemical Hazard Information Profiles 37 Preliminary Risk Assessment of Existing Chemicals..... 6 Risk Assessment Supporting Regs of Existing Chemicals 2 Substantial Risk Notices § 8(e) Reviewed 56 Assessment of New Chemicals Initial Screens of PMNS 285 Risk Assessments for Potential § 5(e)/5{f) Orders 10 No. of Chemicals Included. 12 CHEMICAL CONTROL fjew Chemical Program -- §5 test Market Exempt •ions...... 42 No. of PMN Notices Prescreened 298 No. of § 5(e)/5(f) Orders... 2 PMN Notices Withdrawn or Negotiated Prior to § 5(e)/5(f) Orders........ 8 No. of Valid Exemptions 5(h)(4) Applications Reviewed..... 0 No. of Chemicals Included. 0 Existing Chemical Program__-- § 6 No. of Preregulatory Analysis 6 No. of Regulatory Analysis Supporting: Proposed TSCA Rules 3 Final TSCA Rules 0 Non-TSCA Actions 1 Exemption Requests.. 8 No. of SNUR Rules 2 Proposed 1 Final 0 No. of Chemicals Included. 5 Budget Estimate 1981 15 12 3 43 2 10 67 26 16 • » 0 392 16 * • • •5.0 400 15 10 100 8 4 Current Increase + Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 69 13 2 117 0 0 50 5 5 75 500 27 32 50 500 4 12 10 TOO 27 3 2 2 450 13 6 } 27 0 69 2 78 2 10 10 55 5 5 75 800 32 39 60 800 6 14 10 100 3 3 3 500 30 8 7 42 -69 +56 0 -39 +2 +10 +5 0 0 0 +300 +5 +7 +10 +300 +2 +2 0 0 0 +1 +1 50 +17 +2 +6 +15 TS-8 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 INFORMATION INTESRATION Section 8 ' • Chanical Specific Reporting Rules Proposed...»....... 0 4 2.2 0 Chemical Specific Reporting Rules Promulgated........ 0 7 2 2 0 Recordkeeping and Reporting Rules Proposed........... 2552-3 Recordkeeping and Reporting Rules Promulgated.. 1 6 4 3-1 Other Information Activities No. of Confidential Documents Controlled 8 Processed... 32,240 ... 38,700 46,440 +7,740 No. of Citizen Petition Responses 10 ... 20 25 +5 No. of Integration and Policy Studies Completed........ 11 ... 33 33 0 No. of State Cooperative Agreements............... 3 ... 4 0 -4 TOXICS MANAGEMENT No. of Schools and Other Buildings Evaluated for Asbestos Hazards 1,800 ... 1,600 500 1-.100 Inspections Under Section 4 ... 134 4 170 +166 Inspections Under Section 5 ... 188 56 265 +209 Inspections Under Section 6.................. 832 952 347 1,185 +338 Inspections Under Sections........... 69 55 95 80 -15 Inspections Under Section 12.... ... 60 ... ... Inspections Under Section 13 6 260 9 200 +191 TS-9 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Abatement and Control SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- TOXIC SUBSTANCE Toxic Substances Strategies Appropriation Testing and Evaluation: Salaries and Expenses..... Abatement, Control and Chemical Control: Salaries and Expenses..... Abatement, Control and Information Integration: Salaries and Expenses..... Abatement, Control and Toxic Management: Salaries and Expenses Abatement, Control and Total : Abatement, Control and Grand Total .................. Permanent Positions Chemical Control............. Information Integration...... Full-time Equivalency Testing and EvaTuatTon ....... Information Integration...... Total Actual 1980 $5,732 18,613 4,476 5,553 6,681 13,147 1,342 353 18,231 37,666 55,897 156 103 113 39 411 188 125 151 43 507 Budget Current Estimate Estimate Estimate 1981 1981 1982 (dollars in thousands) $7,242 $6,811 $8 23,182 24,734 21 5,151 4,777 5 6,733 6,733 6 6,879 7,062 7 13,740 13,661 11 909 880 90 55 20,181 19,530 22 43,735 45,183 40 63,916 64, 207 147 130 18 502 , 230 164 152 28 574 713 63 199 139 129 18 485 230 164 151 27 572 ,698 ,823 ,777 ,624 ,654 ,906 819 * * * ,948 ,353 ,301 212 157 128 14 511 235 173 151 21 580 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$1 ,887 • -2,911 +1 ,000 -109 +592 -1,755 -61 -55 +3,418 -4,830 -1,412 fl3 +18 -1 -4 +26 +5 +10 -1 -6 +8 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $63,300,700 and 511 permanent workyears for 1982, a net decrease of $1,412,200 and an increase of 26 permanent workyears over 1981. Included in this total is $22,948,000 for Salaries and Expenses and S40.352.700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $3,418,400 for Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $4,830,600 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. Included in this request are both dollar and workyear TS-10 ------- increases for our new chemical program premanufacture review program. These are partially offset by decreases in our public participation and toxics management programs* Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $63,300,700 and 511 permanent workyears for 1982, a net decrease of $1,412,200 and an increase of 26 permanent workyears over 1981. Included in this total is 322,948,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $40,352,700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, with an increase of $3,418,400 for Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $4,830,600 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. Included in this request are both dollar and workyear increases for our new chemical program premanufacture review program. These are partially offset by decreases in our public participation and toxics management programs. Program Description The toxic substances strategies subactlvity comprises the testing and evaluation, chemical control, information integration, and toxics management elements. These elements cover the Agency's testing, assessment, new chemical review, existing chemical control, economics, recordkeeping and reporting, data management, monitoring, toxic substances integration, and Industry assistance responsibilities under TSCA. Testi ngand .Eva "I u at Ion - The goals and objectives of the TSCA testing and evalua- ation program aim to increase efficiency and scientific credibility of toxic substances program assessments and regulations. They are: (1) develop a cost-effective testing scheme for determining experimentally the health and environmental effects of chemicals; chemicals; related to this goal is the annual review of all test standards and revision as necessary to maintain an up-to-date and comprehensive scheme; (2) obtain test data where required for making evaluations of risk and to assure the quality of data; (3) develop a scientifically sound chemical assessment system; and (4) provide assessments of risk and exposure required to support toxic substances control actions. A major feature of TSCA is the authority to require industry to test selected chemicals for their possible adverse effects on health and the environment. Adequate test data, currently unavailable for most chemicals, are a prerequisite to the evaluation of a chemical's risk. Such evaluations are needed to define and Implement appropriate regulatory actions under TSCA and other statutes aimed at protecting health and the environment. * The testing authority of TSCA is implemented by promulgating rules specifying the chemicals to be tested and the "test standards" that are to be followed in performing the testing. The test standards, which TSCA requires to be reviewed and updated annually, specify the effects to be evaluated and the nature of the tests and test protocols to be followed in so doing. EPA will propose a structure of test standards to be referenced in adopting test rules for specific chemicals. These standards will first be based on existing validated test methods, and then will be expanded to cover other effects such as neurotoxicity and overall ecosystem impacts. Based upon the required annual review, these test standards will be refined and improved. Promulgation of test rules by applying the relevant test standards to specific chemicals will be done in response to the semiannual recommendations of the TSCA Inter- agency Testing Committee (ITC) established by Section 4(e) of TSCA, as well as for other chemicals whose needs for testing have been identified through the evaluation process described below. Evaluating the hazards associated with production, use, and disposal of chemicals to determine if such activities pose unreasonable risks is the cornerstone of the TSCA program. Certain evaluation efforts, such as evaluating "notices of substantial risk" submitted by industry as required by Section 8(e), evaluating citizen petitions submitted under Section 21, and evaluating notices submitted by industry prior to the manufacture of a new chemical as required by Section 5 are based upon outside input. Other evaluation activities, such as systematic identification and assessment of potentially high-risk existing or new chemicals, are initiated by EPA. TS-11 ------- Chemicals of concern Identified through review of substantial risk notifications and other sources will be entered into a multistage hazard evaluation process, with a decision being made at the end of each stage whether to continue on to the next, more intensive stage of evaluation. Alternate decisions at a given stage include dropping current consideration because of apparent low hazard potential, subjecting the chemical to testing requirements to fill critical data gaps, or referring the chemical to another program or agency having authority to deal with any apparent hazards. Chemicals having completed all evaluation stages will have received a full evaluation of their sources, exposure potential, and adverse effects, as well as an investigation of their existing regulatory controls and identification of possible control options to reduce health and/or environmental risk associated with their production, use, and disposal. Such evaluations will provide a basis for initiating suitable regulatory actions under TSCA or other relevant authorities. Chemical Control - The goal of the chemical control program is to protect human hea1t n and the e nv 1 ro nroent by controlling new and existing chemical substances that present unreasonable risks of injury to health or the environment. This goal will be accomplished through implementation of the premanufacturing notification, control regulations, and imminent hazard regulatory provisions of TSCA. The major objectives are determination of unreasonable risk based upon evaluation of chemical substances on health, environmental, social, and economic factors; use of the least burdensome type of control (regulatory or nonregulatory) necessary to reduce or prevent unreasonable risk; and provision of all the economic analysis necessary to implement TSCA. One of the major functions of the chemical control program is to review notices and information regarding the manufacture of new chemicals (i.e., those not listed in the Inventory of existing chemicals) and the manufacture or processing of chemicals for significant new uses. This includes review of the notices for compliance with applicable rules and guidelines and for "newness," action on exemption requests, review of data in the notices and information gathered through data systems searches and reporting requirements, determination of unreasonable risks, and taking of appropriate control actions informally and under TSCA, or recommending referrals to other programs within EPA or other Federal, State, and local government entities. Significant new use rules will be established which require notification to EPA of new uses of new or existing chemicals determined to be significant based on exposure and other factors. Another function of chemical control is to review information on the hazardous and economic aspects of existing chemicals (those listed in the TSCA Inventory) in order to determine unreasonable risk and to limit or control the manufacturing, processing, distribution, use, or disposal of chemicals which pose unreasonable risks to health or the environment. An additional function is to conduct economic studies to determine if these actions can be supported. Testing and evaluation, reporting and recordkeeping, and other special economic analyses are also part of the preparation for control actions. Information Integration - The TSCA information integration program is charged with the responsibility of providing a comprehensive program for chemical information collection, storage and retrieval, and a cohesive Federal approach to information collection and support of controlling unreasonable risks associated with chemicals. Having these capabilities, it is also charged with providing all information support to risk assessment, premanufacturing notification review, chemical control and testing programs. Information integration support activities are crucial to promulgating timely and defensible chemical control regulations and testing rules. These objectives are met through programs that: (1) obtain chemical information from industry using recordkeeping and reporting rules promulgated under the authority of Section 8 of TSCA for the use of the toxic substances program and others in assessing and regulating chemical hazards; (Z) promote agencywide, interagency, and international integration of toxic chemical policy, information and chemical controls to ensure consistency in addressing and resolving toxics-related health and environmental problems; (3) develop and access comprehensive data systems and chemical data bases in order to reduce the information limitations which constrain EPA's ability to deal with chemical hazards; (4) provide information and analytic support to toxic programs for rule and standard development, risk assessment, and review of new chemicals; and (5) keep industry, labor, tre general public, and public interest groups fully apprised of TSCA activities and encourage their participation in these activities. TS-12 ------- Toxics Management - The goals of the regional toxics management program are to 1mplemerit selected TSCA objectives at the State and local levels, and to provide limited integration support to the Agency's regional implementation of intermedia toxic substances activities. The major objectives and functions to be accomplished are: - Providing expertise to State and local governments as they implement the Voluntary School Asbestos Program. - Ensuring the provision of adequate, timely, and responsive information and assistance to the public and industry within the region. - Facilitating the use of TSCA-gathered and other chemical information by the public, State and local government, labor and industry. TESTING AND EVALUATION 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency expended a total of $24,344,600 for this program, of which $5,731,800 was for salaries and expenses and $18,612,800 was for extramural purposes. During 1980, considerable progress was made towards implementation of Section 4. Test standards and test rules were 1n various stages of development and proposal, including 13 health test standards. The first test rule on three chemicals was pro- posed with significant work being accomplished on two other test rules covering nine Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) designations. EPA lost a suit by the Natural Resources Defense Counsel (NRDC) concerning what actions EPA must take within the statutorfly-mandated one-year response period for the ITC recommendations. Efforts were initiated to negotiate a court-sanctioned schedule for EPA action on the ITC chemicals. These efforts are still underway at this time. In 1980, the testing and evaluation program provided support to our new chemical program conducting initial screen evaluations on each of the 198 new chemicals received. For existing chemicals, the testing and evaluation program developed 37 chemical hazard information profiles, prepared six preliminary risk assessments and completed two risk assessments to support TSCA regulatory actions. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $31,545,500 to this program, of which $6,811,000 for salaries and expenses and $24,734,500 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, our goal for Section 4 is to encourage industry to test high priority chemicals and write Section 4 requirements when this is not possible. We plan to streamline our Section 4 rulemaking process so that in the near future we will be able to extend our influence to the testing of a greater number of high priority chemicals. The Section 4(c) exemption policy, proposed as part of the first test rule, details the procedures and conditions regarding exemption from testing (both under the first test rule and subsequent test rules). The exemption policy is expected to be promulgated in 1981. We plan to pro- pose the 65 environmental and 4 health test standards developed in 1980. These will be guides for industry when they decide to test on their own initiative as well as become the basis for test rules. The last component of the Section 4 testing program is the reimbursement rule. This rule, which will be used to settle costs for testing equitably, will also be proposed this year. EPA will take action to comply with the court-sanctioned schedule for test rule action on the ITC chemicals. In 1981, the multistage assessment process in the testing and evaluation program will continue to support our new chemical program. Approximately 500 new chemical notices are anticipated with 27 requiring full risk assessments in support of Section 5(e) or Section 5(f) actions. Maintaining our 1980 momentum in the assessment of existing chemicals, we plan to perform 5 preliminary evaluations of existing chemicals and 50 Chemical Hazard Information Profiles (CHIPs). TS-13 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates The net increase of $1,121,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The'reduction applied to this activity is $43,900. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $19,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $156,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $7.5 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $447,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $391,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $431,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in s. transfer of $250,000 to pesticides - registrations (5144,600); special registrations ($49,300); tolerances ($48,600); and to pesticides use management ($7,500). - A reprogramming of $2,000,000 from pesticides RPAR reviews in order to repay the Office of Pesticides and Toxtc Substances for "borrowed" funds in FY 1980. 1982Plan The Agency requests a total of $30,521,300 and 212 permanent workyears for this pro- gram, of which $8,698,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $21,823,300 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This request reflects a net decrease of $1,024,200 from 1981 primarily in the area of test standards. There is also an increase of 13 permanent workyears over 1981, the majority of which will be directed to the Section 5 premanufacture review program. There is an increase of $1,887,000 in Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $2,911,200 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. In 1982, the Section 4 testing program will again be oriented toward influencing industry to test high priority chemicals. The Section 4 testing program will be fully operational as will be the environmental and health test rules proposed in 1981. The Agency also plans to promulgate the data reimbursement rule ,/roposed in 1981. This rule will encourage the private and voluntary allocation of the costs of conducting Section 4 test among the manufacturer and processors of the test chemicals and will provide a framework for the efficient resolution of disputes that are referred to EPA. Efforts to harmonize the TSCA health and environmental test standards will continue. The 13 test standards promulgated,in 1981 will undergo annual review as mandated by TSCA; the 69 test standards proposed in 1981 will be promulgated. The assessment of new chemicals will receive our highest priority as we anticipate receiving 800 new chemical notices. Our assessments of existing chemicals will emphasize the preparation of Chemical Hazard.Information Profiles (CHIP) documents and priority reviews. A limited number of more advanced assessments will be conducted. CHEMICAL CONTROL 1980 Accompl ishments In 1980, $10,028,900 were expended for this program. Of this $4,476,000 were expended for salaries and expenses and $5,552,900 for extramural purposes. The Agency analyzed comments received on the proposed premanufacture notification rules and forms, TS-14 ------- and as a result, reproprosed the rules and forms in October. We received approximately 300 notices proposing manufacture of new chemicals; ten (10) of these were subjected to detailed review. EPA issued two orders under §5(e) to suspend production of 7 new chemicals pending development of sufficient data for evaluation. About 42 applications were received to exempt manufacture of. new chemicals from notification requirements during test marketing. A rule requiring notification by processors of new chemicals was proposed. This rule requires processors to submit premanufacture notices before they process TSCA exempt substances for commercial purposes regulated by TSCA. Work was begun on a procedural significant new use rule under $E(a)(2) to provide industry with an explanation of EPA policy regarding control of significant new uses and a notification form for industry use in providing requisite information to the Agency. In addition, one chemical-specific Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) was proposed and work was initiated on two others to provide EPA the opportunity to monitor changes in production volumes or potential exposures. More than 45 additional chemical substances were identified during review as candidates for SNURs. A rule requiring schools to identify friable asbestos-containing material in school buildings was proposed. A final Section 6(d) rule prohibiting dioxin-con- taminated wastes from being transferred for disposal (without 60 days advance notice to EPA) was promulgated. Several applications for exemption from the ban on nonessential aerosol propellent uses of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were evaluated and responses initiated, and the Agency published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rule Making initiating a rulemaking proceeding to restrict manufacture or use of CFCs. EPA issued proposed rules to require removal of PCB equipment from establishments involved in manufacturing agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. USDA and FDA simultaneously Issued similar proposed rules affecting food and feed processing plants. EPA approved the use of two industrial incinerators for PCB disposal; both are used by the companies that own them solely for disposal of PCBs arising from their own activities. The final rule banning the manufacturing, processing, distribution, and uses of polychlorinated biphenyls was challenged in court and remanded to the Agency. Economic impact analyses or non-risk factor assessments were performed in support of: Section 4 test rules and standards; Section 5 premanufacture notification rules, processor reporting rules, and PMN reviews; Section 6 work on CFCs and asbestos; Section 8(a) "small business" definition, and Section 8(c) and 8(d) rules; and section 13 importer regulations. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $11,509,600 to this program, of which $4,776,600 is for Salaries and Expenses and $6,733,000 is for extra- mural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, our new chemical program 1s a high priority activity as we set the key premanufacture notification provisions in place and provide guidance to chemical companies as to what is expected of them. Thus far the review process has operated under interim policy guidance indicating what information must be reported to EPA and how EPA intends to handle the review of notices submitted. The final Section 5 rule will be promulgated, providing both industry and EPA a clearer framework within which to operate. Regulatory elements of our new chemical program that will be emphasized this year are Issuance of Section 5(e) orders, proposal of case-by-case significant new use rules (applied in conjunction with Section 5{b)(4) risk listing), and initiation of development of a procedural Section 5(h)(4) exemption rule. Central to our new chemical program is our review of PMNs. As a result of the Increase in the rate at which notices are being submitted, the process for screening and evaluating new chemicals will be finetuned to achieve the flexibility and increased efficiency. We will also address the first Section 5(h)(4) exemption application to establish a process and policy for receipt and handling of industry requests for exemption from certain premanufacture notification requirements. Another important component of our chemical control program involves the identification and control of significant new uses. In 1981 we will propose the procedural SNUR and policy statement to establish routine Confidential Business TS-15 ------- Information and inventory policies which can be applied consistently to all.SNURs developed; provide certain criteria for identifying new uses that are significant ("triggers"); and define "criteria" for initiation of actions to control significant new uses. In 1981, emphasis will be placed on our effort to identify and critically evaluate (and stimulate industry to identify and assess) chemicals that are likely to present the greatest risk and to respond appropriately. We will work to examine sectors of the chemical-producing and handling industries for possible or anticipated shifts in production and usage trends. We will encourage those trends that indicate increased assumption of responsibility by industry and discourage others through use of TSCA regulatory authorities as appropriate. Three important chemical control regulatory priorities this year are to propose restrictions on the production or use of CFCs, to propose a rule requiring measures to reduce human exposure to the friable asbestos in schools; and to proposed a rule restricting the processing or use of asbestos fibers and asbestos-containing products. EPA plans to promulgate a final rule requiring identification of friable asbestos-containing materials in school buildings. The Agency expects to take final action on applications for approval of two commerical incinerators for PCB disposal and a process for chemically destroying PCBs in transformer oil. The Agency also expects to initiate a cooperative effort with electric utilities, chemical manufacturers, and certain other industries to develop information needed for new rulemaking to implement the statutory ban on PCB activities; a judicial remand of the previously adopted rules has made new rulemaking necessary. The Agency expects to take final action on several requests for exemption from the ban on nonessential aerosol propellent uses of CFCs. The Agency plans to continue to conduct its Asbestos Technical Assistance Program which provides State, local, and private organizations with aid in assessing the significance of asbestos exposure in buildings and taking appropriate corrective action. An educational program to inform mechanics about the dangers of exposure to asbestos and recommended work practices to limit exposure to themselves and nearby people in expected to be initiated 1n cooperation with OSHA, Economic impact analyses or non-risk factor assessments will be performed in support of test rules proposed or promulgated under Section 4; final Section 5 PMN rules, proposed procedural SNUR and Section 5(h)(4) Exemption rules, and PMN reviews; work on CFC's, PCB's, and new Initiatives, and Section 6 work on CFC's, PCB's and new initiatives, and Section 8 definition of "small business" and §3 rules. Studies will be completed on the first phase of the Laboratory Availability, Indemnification, and the Risk-Benefit Methodology. In addition, work on the reference document an Health and Environmental Test Costs will be initiated. 1981 Explanation of Change From Budget Estimate The net decrease of $374,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is $31,500. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million? a decrease of $391,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $298,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of 5250,000 to pesticides - registrations ($113,400); RPAR reviews ($97,500), RPAR reviews - EIS preparation ($2,800); and to registration ($36,300). TS-16 ------- 1982 Plan • . . The Agency request a total of $12,401,400 and 157 permanent workyears for this program, of which $5,777,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,623,900 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, This reflects an Increase of $891,800 and 18 permanent workyears over 1981 with an increase of $1,000,900 for Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $109,100 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. The majority of this increase will be used for the projected increase (+300) in our premanufacture review program. About 800 notices of new chemicals are expected in 1982. Data provided with notification as well as additional data received from literature searches and reporting requirements, will be evaluated to select chemicals for detailed assessment. The Agency will work with industry to encourage self regulation and will take regulatory action on a small percentage of the chemicals evaluated. The rule under Section 5(h)(4) describing procedures for implementing exemptions frcm Section 5 requirements will be proposed. The procedural significant new rule will be promulgated and case-by-case SNURs will be developed to control significant new uses of specific chemicals or classes of chemicals. Three rules proposed in 1980 and 1981 will be promulgated: the rule to effect abatement of exposure to friable asbestos in schools; the rule addressing control of non-aerosol uses of CFC's and limiting U.S. production of CFC's; and the rule to limit production and use of asbestos. The Agency expects to propose new rules dealing with the issue of whether certain uses of PCBs in electrical equipment can be considered totally enclosed. The Agency also may undertake new ruleraaking on the issue of whether there is a PCB concentration below which no regulatory require- ments are to be imposed; on judicial review, the Agency's previously adopted level of 50 parts per million was remanded. The Agency also expects to approve additional facilities and processes for PCB disposal. Rulemaking will continue on chemicals selected for control in 1981. Additional chemicals will be selected for control in conjunction with the risk assessment process and from referrals of additional chemicals investigated and found to have potential for causing unreasonable risk. Economic impact analysis or non-risk factor assessments will be performed in support of:.two final and three proposed section 4 test rulesf the final Data Reimbursement Rule, and Evironmental and Health Test Standards; the final procedural SNUR and Section 5(h)(4) Exemption Rules, and PMN reviews; final Section 6 CFC rule and work on new initiatives; and Section 8 rules. In addition, the first phase of the innovation study will be completed. INFORMATION INTEGRATION 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency expended a total of $19,828,200 for this program, of which $6,681,400 was for salaries and expenses and $13,146,800 was for extramural purposes. All components of the Information Integration program were operational. These include Section 8 recordkeeping and reporting, Agency-wide toxic substances intention, public participation, chemical information systems and services, monitoring studies and analysis, and assistance to industry. In 1980, the program: - Issued a cumulative supplement to the section 8(b) Inventory of Chemicals in Commerce, bringing the total number of substances on the inventory to nearly 55,000. - Completed and made operational an on-line computerized system containing all inventory chemical information not claimed as confidential. This System is available to the 10 regional offices. - Proposed a Section 8(a) rule to require manufacturers to submit basic information on how and to what extent people and the environment are exposed to some 2,000 chemicals (many among the largest volume substances in the nation). TS-17 ------- - Finalized the Section 8(a) PBB/Tris rule requiring future notification to manufacture. - Proposed a Section 8(c) rule to establish a mechanism for alerting corporate* labor, and government officials to potential chemical health and environmental problems in the workplace by requiring companies to maintain records of- allegations of significant adverse reactions caused by a chemical and to report these allegations to EPA upoon request. - Proposed a Section 8(d) rule that would gather unpublished studies of 61 chemicals and categories, including all priority testing recommendations received to date from Section 4(e) Interagency Testing Committee (ITC), as well as asbestos, benzidene-based dyes, styrene, dioxins, and chemicals used as solvents. - Answered approximately 35,000 telephone requests from industry for technical information about TSCA. - Assisted small businesses who manufacture, import or process chemical substances to comply with the premanufacture notice requirements. - Prepared and disseminated numerous publications and slide shows reqarding TSCA implementation, sponsored seminars, training session, public meeting to inform the public on and obtain public input to TSCA implemen- tation - Worked in conjunction with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to reach consensus on a minimum set of premarket data on new chemicals, general principles of good laboratory practices (GLP), and 100 testing guidelines to be used in evaluating the safety of new and existing chemicals. - Brought initial hardware and software on-line for the Chemical Substances Information Network (CSIN)—a system which will link numerous public and private chemical data bases for the use of industry, the public, State, local and Federal officials, the medical professions and academia. - Expanded charter for the Toxic Substances Priorities Committee (TSPC), enabling the Committee to more readily identify and resolve major EPA toxics integration issues; established workgroups to review impacts and assess control options available to the Agency for six priority chemicals. - Established computer data bases and an analytical capability to rapidly assess on-going activities related to chemicals in EPA and other Federal agencies, to assure consistency in dealing with chemicals of concern. - Completed award of TSCA Section 28 cooperative agreement, providing funds for establishing toxic substances information programs in those states. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $20,722,600 to this program, of which $7,061,800 is for Salaries and Expenses and $13,660,800 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. In 1981, our program priorities, as discussed throughout this media, emphasize working closely with other programs when contemplating control regulations and to develop and oversee implementation of an effective toxics integration study for the Agency. The information and recordkeeping responsibilities must support not only our program- matic needs but the needs of other health and environmental programs. This further emphasizes our total program approach. •* In. 1981, the Agency will issue as final three Section 8 rules. They are a Section 8(a) rule requiring manufacturers'to submit basic information on how and to what extent people and environment are exposed to some 2,200 chemicals; a Section 8{c) rule to require companies to maintain records of TS-18 ------- alleged significant adverse reactions caused by a chemical and to report to EPA on request; and a Section 8(d) rule to gather unpublished studies on 61 chemicals and categories including all priority testing recommendations received to date from the Interagency Testing Comnittee as well as asbestos, benzidene -based dyes, styrene, dioxins, and chemicals used in solvents. - Issue the final Section 12(b) export notification rule; - Maintain the TSCA inventory in our computer system, insuring security for confidential business information and assuring access by each EPA regional office. - Complete a training effort to help regions and selected States better understand and use the data base, as well as evaluating usefulness of the inventory and proposing ways to increase its usefulness. - Provide all necessary literature searching, document control and tracking, materials balance studies and exposure assessments to support test rule development, premanufacturing notification review, risk assessment, and chemical control. - Answer requests from the general public* environmental groups and industry for technical information or literature about TSCA, - Provide assistance to small businesses in complying with Section 5 requirements. - Develop and begin implementation of the Agency-wide toxics Integration Strategy to streamline all toxics activities undertaken by the Agency to promote coordination of EPA toxic activities. The strategy will through cross-media risk assessments, control options analyses, economic analyses and other mechanisms, reduce regulatory burdens on industry, and result in more efficient and effective consideration of control options both regulatory and nonregulatory by the Agency. - Continue systematic analysis of Agency toxic-related decisionmaking processes 1n an effort to develop Agency-wide consistency in dealing with toxic chemicals. - Work (through OECD) to establish a set of labeling requirements for chemicals, to be adopted for international use. - Begin efforts in OECD to develop procedures for exchange of confidential chemical information between governments. - Using the 1980 user survey /analysis, develop and put into operation hardware and software which would allow C.S.IN users to access chemical information stared in various data bases. _ Expand the Chemical Substances Information ffetwork by increasing the number of on-line data bases as well as the number of subscribers. - Expand the toll-free telephone line ttf provide information to the public as wel1 as industry. - Continue development and dissemination of TSCA informational materials, and encourage public involvement by way of public seminars, training, etc. 1981 Explanation of Change From Budget Estimate The net increase of $103,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $28,200. TS-19 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $350,000; a decrease of \ $2,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencyvride consulting services by $3.': million; a decrease of $15,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $9,800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $276,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $106,200 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - A transfer of $10,400 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalities under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $19,559,300 and 128 permanent workyears for this program, of which $7,653,800 is for Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,905,500 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects a net decrease of $1,163,300 and 1 permanent workyears with an increase of $592,000 in Salaries and Expenses and a decrease of $1,755,300 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. The decrease is in the area of public participation. In 1982, the important information and data gathering authorities of TSCA will again be focused toward our total program approach. As in 1981, our priorities will be to work closely with other programs when contemplating control regulations and ensuring that our health and environmental programs also serve other user groups and to oversee implementation of the Agency toxics integration strategy. Information integration will: - Continue to support testing, premanufacturing notification review, risk assessments, chemical control regulation development and record- keeping and reporting rule development, using information systems and services, monitoring programs and industry assistance. •- Oversee full-scale implementation of Agency toxics integration strategy developed during 1981, with special attention paid to reducing regulatory burdens on industry, eliminating rfuplicative efforts in EPA and identifying and controlling through regulatory and nonregulatory means, toxic problems posing the greatest risk to health first. - Work toward an internationally agreed-upon and consistent system of hazardous substances export notification and build on general principles of good laboratory practices (GLP) negotiated during 1980/81 with the OECD, to achieve consensus on,;methods of implementation and enforcement. - Expand the number of CSIN users and the number of systems accessible through CSIN; institute a system of user charges. - Complete TSPC action on major cross-Agency toxics issues and on major chemicals and industries of concern including: 1) preparation of control option analyses on chemicals, chemical classes and and industries of cross-Agency concerns, to determine whether or not a chemical is to be handled within EPA, referred to another agency for regulation; 2) continuation of the chemical workgroups to ensure consistent Agency regulatory and analysis activities; and 3) initiation of several new workgroups for priority chemicals. TS-20 ------- - Continue Information assistance to national and local organizations, including community, labor and health groups, to educate and involve those groups in toxics issues and TSCA rulemaking. - Track State legislation and prepare a compendium of relevant State statutes enacted for the purposes of investigating and controlling toxics chemicals; this is to assist those States in the process of developing or amending programs to control toxics. TOXICS MANAGEMENT 1930 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency expended a total of $1,695,200 for this program, of which $1,341,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $353,300 was for extramural purposes in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The regions have: - Continued to refine the processes needed to integrate regional toxic substances activities. - Managed the first two rounds of State/EPA cooperative agreements awarded under Section 28 of TSCA; the agreements have been awarded to states in four regions. - Provided assistance to the eleven States applying for the third and final round of cooperative agreements. - Continued a concerted effort to work with State and local contractors and citizen groups to implement EPA's voluntary program to identify and correct asbestos problems in schools and other public buildings. - Represented EPA on the Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group and participated actively 1n several regulatory working groups. - Established and operated industry and public assistance programs, including information dissemination and providing training sessions directed to specific rules. - Arranged for chemical information seminars to be given to regional staff and officials in the governments of 15 States. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $935,200 to this program, of which $880,200 is for salaries and expenses and $55,000 is for extranural purposes under the abatement, control and compliance appropriation. - The most substantial regional efforts will be devoted to the voluntary asbestos identification and control program, and to the industry and public assistance effort. - The new program involving educating various public and private groups about the availability and utility of several chemical information resources will continue; efforts to inform regional managers of hitherto unsuspected problems unique to the regions will also continue, but at a low priority level. Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates The net decrease of $54,200 results from several actions, as follows: TS-21 ------- - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President" Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this acvtivity is $5,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000", a decrease of $2,700 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $51,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer of -$62,000 t£ pesticides use management ($40,100); toxic substances enforcement ($13,800); management and support - regional counsel ($13,000); financial management ($13,700); administrative management ($16,400); and from solid waste hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($35,000). - A transfer of $5,000 from interdisciplinary NEPA compliance/EIS preparation - new source discharge permit to support an interagency agreement. - A transfer of $30,000 to toxic substances enforcement for PCB compliance inspections and PCB and asbestos lab analysis. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $818,700 and 14 permanent wbrkyears for the program all in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This represents a decrease of $61,500 and four permanent workyears. The 1982 regional toxics management program will concentrate this year on: - Providing adequate and timely assistance to most industry and public requests for TSCA information. - Apprising selected public and private groups of the availability and utility of Agency chemical information resources. - Continuing regional participation, at a reduced level of effort, in the asbestos problem Identification and control program. TS-22 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Enforcement SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Toxic Substances Enforcement Budget Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 . 1982 1982 vs. 1981 flbl1arsin thousands) Appropriation Toxic Substances Enforcement: Salaries and Expenses $2,354 $2,711 $2,896 $4,032 +$1,136 Abatement, Control and Compliance 1,079 2,481 2.602 1,534 -1068 Total 3,433 5,192 5,498 5,566 +68 Permanent Posit ions 65 86 84 111 +27 Fun-time Equivalency 81 95 93 120 +27 Budget Request A total of $5,566,400 and 111 permanent workyears is requested in 1982 for this program. Included in this total is $4,032,000 for Salaries and Expenses, and $1,534,400 for Abatement, Control and a Compliance. This reflects an increase of $1,135,800 for Salaries and Expenses, and a decrease of $1,067,400 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. These resources are to carry out the enforcement provisions of regulations implementing the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and to enforce the provisions of the Act. The increase of 27 permanent workyears and the corresponding increase for Salaries and Expenses are necessary because of the increased number of enforceable rules promulgated under the Act which will require enforcement in 1982. Program Description The EPA toxic substances enforcement program is administered pursuant to the Toxic Sub- stances Control Act (TSCA). The toxic substances enforcement program is responsible for developing the enforcement provisions of regulations implementing TSCA and for enforcing the Act. The enforcement program assists In the development of regulations to control specific chemical substances and mixtures and to assure the development and submission of reliable data relating to toxic chemicals, and prepares and executes enforcement strategies to implement these regulations. The toxic substances enforcement program also engages in response to toxic emergencies Involving substantial threats to public health or the environment and in taking appropriate action to abate such emergencies, through either legal or administrative proceedings. A major function of the toxic substances enforcement program is the inspection of chemical manufacturing, processing, and distribution facilities whose activities are regu- lated under the Act and its implementing regulations. Inspections of such facilities leari to prosecutions of violators discovered during the inspections. Violators may be prosecuted either through administrative civil proceedings or by judicial proceedings in which a court may impose a number of civil or criminal sanctions. 1980 Accomplishments Resources for this program were $3,433,500. Contracts in the amount of $1,079,200 were established for inspection support, sample chemical analysis, and revision and development of enforcement strategies. - Enforcement strategies were completed for Section 5 (new chemicals) Section 8 inven- tory, Section 8{c), Section 8(e), and for the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ban and the Polych- lorinated biphenyls (PCB) ban regulations. TS-23 ------- - A final overall TSCA enforcement strategy was developed, as was a final PCB marking and disposal regulation enforcement strategy. - Assistance was provided to the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances in the lopraent of new regulations, including health effects standards, good laboratory practices for health effects, and generic TSCA labeling. - Assistance was also provided in developing (1) draft ecological effects test stan- dards, (2) inspection procedures for ecological effects testing under the projected rulemaking outputs of OPTS, and (3) enforcement strategies for Section 4. - Regulatory audiences affected by all new TSCA regulations were identified, and inspec- tion procedures and regional implementation guidance for new regulations were developed. - A penalty policy was completed, draft consolidated rules of practice were prepared, and a draft PCB inspection manual was completed. - Program staff also participated in the PCB exemptions hearings, and in the preparation of numerous imminent hazard cases involving illegal disposal handling, or treatment of chemical substances. Inspections were conducted of CFC manufacturers, investigations initiated and cases prosecuted under Sections 6, 8(e), and 17. Assistance was provided to the regions in developing and prosecuting enforcement cases. - The regional staff responded to emergency incidents, inspected PCB and CFC establish- ments, conducted compliance monitoring activities under the Section 8(a) inventory provisions, investigated instances of noncompliance with Section 8(e) substantial risk notification, and developed and prosecuted enforcement cases uoon detection of violations. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $5,498,000 for this program of which $2,89(5,200 is for Salaries and Expenses and $2,601,800 is for extramural purposes under the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. Contract funds amounting to $1,601,800 will be used for laboratory sample analyses, inspectipnal support, and development and revision of enforcement strategies. In addition, $1,000,000 in 1981 resources will he used for the TSCA cooperative enforcement grants-in-aid program. The 1981 toxic substances enforcement program will continue to have as its first priority at both headquarters and the regional offices the initiation of enforcement actions in emer- gencies involving substantial threats to public health, safety, and the environment. Head- quarters staff will be responsible for the management and execution of national programs to -implement or administer and enforce Section 5 new chemical regulations, Section 5 chenical control regulations (PCBs, CFCs and others in place in 1981, including asbestos rules), and Section 8 reporting regulations. Headquarters "ill also provide enf ,'i-cement partici- pation in regulation development directed by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, and for support to the regional offices in the development and prosecution of enforcement cases. The establishment and management of a national contract for inspection and analysis functions will be a headquarters responsibility. Technical support will be provided tc the regional offices in major enforcement cases. Toxics Enforcement Policy Statements (TEPS) will be developed and published to alert the public to major enforcements policy determinations. Finally, a pilot cooperative enforce- ment grant program with selected States will be developed and iitipleriented by mid-1981. Grants will be initiated with five States, based upon the presence of regulated chemical industries, especially those related to PCB, and the existence of appropriate State statutory authority. A total of $1,000,000 in 1981 resources has been designated for this purpose. In addition, the regional office will conduct 847 inspections related to Section 6 chemical control regulations including PCB marking and disposal, PCB ban, and CFC ban, and 95 inspections of facilities subject to the requirements of Section 8 . In 1931, as additional rules are developed and become enforceable for other sections, additional inspections will be conducted under those sections. Enforcement cases will be developed and prosecuted as appropriate upon the detection of violations. TS-24 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate . ' ..- The net increase of $305,400 results from several actions, as follows: • - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is 515,700. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $9,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $13,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of 57 million to the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; a decrease of $42,000 was applied to this activity, - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by 5750,000; a decrease of $2,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $2,000 was applied to this activity* - An increase of $179,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-hoard needs resulted in a transfer of $67,900 from hazardous waste site-enforcement (515,100), hazardous waste enforcement ($12,100); toxic substances management ($7,900); and management support personnel management ($6,700). - A transfer of $153,000 from air stationary source enforcement ($1,900); water quality manpower planning and training ($4,000), permit issuance ($26,800), water quality enforcement ($7,800); drinking water public systems supervision program assistance ($73,200), enforcement ($9,300); and toxic substances management (330,000). - A transfer of $10,000 from air quality management implementation ($700); air stationary source enforcement ($5,000); and water quality enforcement ($4,300). - A transfer of $18,900 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of 55,566,400 for this program, of which $4,032,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,534,400 for the Abatement, Control and Cr» p"liance appropriation. The increase of 27 permanent workyears and $1,135,800 in Salaries and Expenses is necessary because of the increased number of enforceable rules promulgated under the Act requiring enforcement in 1982. The requested resource level reflects an over- all increase of $68,400 due primarily to a decrease IP the total amount of funds available for the pilot cooperative enforcement grants program, offset in part by an increase in the Salaries Expenses appropriation. Approximately $1,034,400 is designated for contracts and will include inspection support, laboratory analysis of samples, and development and revision of enforcement strategies. A total of $500,000 in 1982 resources will be utilized to fun-1 the TSCA cooperative enforcement grant pilot program to selected States. In 1982, the toxic substances enforcement program will again have as its first priority the initiation of enforcement actions in emergencies involving substantial threats to public health, safety, or the environment. Headquarters staff will participate in the TSCA ruletnak- ing process, in accordance with the projected rulemaking outputs of OPTS, and develop enforce- ment strategies for newly-enforceable regulations. Headquarters staff will also participate in litigation and obtaining injunctions under Sections 5(e) and 5(f) of TSCA, and conduct certain compliance monitoring and enforcement functions under Sections 4,5(e), 5(f), and 6. TS-25 ------- Support for regional compliance monitoring and enforcement programs under Sections 4,5,6,8 and 13 will be,.provided, as well as the administration and monitoring of five pilot coop-. erative enforcement grants-in-aid. Headquarters will continue to provide general program management, guidance and evaluation, including oversight and review of regional toxic sub-- stances enforcement programs. Other activities include: developing :and managing extramural contracts; the development of outreach or other public participation programs; developing . and presenting training programs; providing support to Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group (IRLG) activities; and developing and publishing Toxics Enforcement Policy Statements (TEPS). In addition to the above, the regional offices will conduct 1185 inspections of facili- ties subject to Section 6 chemical regulations, including requirements relating to PCB marking and disposal, PCB ban, CFC ban, asbestos, and other enforceable rules as they are developed. The regions will conduct 170 good laboratory practices (GLP) and test rule inspections for Section 4 testing regulations, 265 inspections under Section 5 new chemical regulations, 80 inspections under Section 8 reporting requirements, and 200 Section 13 import inspections. In all cases, enforcement actions will be initiated as appropriate. Regional staff will assist headquarters in the further development and refinement of the pilot State grant program. The five States which were selected for and initiated com- pliance monitoring functions under the terns of these grants in mid-1981 will continue to be supported. State program activities will focus upon the regulation of PCBs; all enforce- ment actions will be developed by EPA. TS-26 ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Program Highlights Scientific Assessments: Salaries and Expenses Technical Information and Liaison: TOXIC SUBSTANCES Chemical Testing and Assessment Budget" Current Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate 1980 1981* 1981 1982 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Salaries and Expenses Research and $8,866 $11,711 $12,315 $14,420 Development....... 22,041 28,674 24,193 24,354 TOTAL................. 30,907 40,385 36,508 38,774 Permanent Kerkyears... 118 187 181 174 Full-Time Equivalency.. 154 225 237 213 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 $ +2,105 + 161 + 2,266 -7 -24 96 91 95 93 -2 Salaries and Expenses Research and D evelop m ent...,.,... Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and 0 evelop m ent........ Environmental Engineering and Technology: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development........ Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development...... 289 3 1,838 2,861 2,959 7,418 482 1,228 3,068 7,619 281 17 1,802 1,980 3,760 9,039 614 1,158 4,970 10,761 293 17 1,844 1,810 3,761 6,673 638 1,158 5,491 8,816 285 17 2,031 2,732 4,502 7,414 625 1,153 6,738 7,623 -8 ... + 187 + 922 + 741 + 741 -13 -5 + 1,247 -1,193 TS-26 ------- Stratospheric Modification: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... National Center for lexicological Research: Research and Development Total, Research and Development Programs Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... Total.—... .. P erm anent P osftions Scientific Assessm ents Technical Information and Liaison Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance Health Effects Environ mental Engineering and Technology Environmental Processes and Effects. Stratospheric Modification Total .— F ull-Ti m e Equivalency Scientific Assessm ents Technical Inform ation and Liaison Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance Health Effects Environmental Engineering and Technology Environmental Processes and Effects. Stratospheric Modification Total....... Actual 1980 $ 134 1,261 1,652 8,866 22,041 30,907 2 4 26 21 12 53 3 118 3 6 31 27 12 74 3 Budget Estimate 1981* "(dollars In $ 193 1,219 4,500 11,711 28,674 40,385 2 4 29 48 12 89 3 187 3 7 35 54 14 109 3 Current Esti m ate 1981 thousands) $ 193 1,219 4,500 12,315 24,193 36,508 2 4 29 45 11 87 2 181 3 7 35 •! 51 14 124 2 Esti m ate 1982 $ 146 914 4,500 14,420 24,354 38,774 2 4 32 43 12 79 -1 174 4 7 38 49 14 99 -1 . Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 $ -47 -305 • • • +2,105 + 161 +2,266 • • • • 0 « +3 -2 +1 -8 .7 +1 ... +3 -2 ... -25 154 225 237 213 -24 *January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the OR D restructuring. TS-27 ------- Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $38,774,000 and 174 permanent workyears for 1982, a increase of $2,266,000 from 1981. Included in this total is $14,420,100 for Salaries and Expenses and $24,353,500 for Research and Development, with an increase of $2,105,200 and $1,609,000 respectively. Program Description The program has been developed under the auspices of the Chemical Testing and Assessment Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub- programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program's mix of activities is intended to contribute substantively to the development of abatement, control and compliance assurance actions for toxic substancs. The goals of the program are directed toward achieving outputs which will help determine and support, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the need for regulation and approaches for ensuring that promulgated regulations are met. A major thrust of this overall program is to develop and/or evaluate tests, testing methodologies and predictive capabilities and apply them within the Agency's regulatory forum. Although health and environmental effects are of primary concern, the research to elucidate them and the preparation of testing protocols cannot be done without sound measurement and analytic methods. For this reason, the program includes measurement methods research. Similarly the program includes engineering and technology efforts to elucidate the ways in which chemicals are produced, modified and used — where, which ones, and how much. Data of this nature provides a basis for estimating and predicting human and environmental exposures. Finally, the program includes an identified effort to investigate the effects of stratopheric ozone depletion on health and the biosphere. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material. SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $96,100 for this sub-program, all of which was for Salaries and Expenses. Draft Guidelines were formulated by which the Agency will conduct exposure assessments in the future. The Guidelines have a two-fold purpose. The first is to improve consistency and acceptability of the assessments made by the various programs and to make explicit the limitations or assumptions associated with the assessments. The second is to provide the capacity for expeditious evaluations of toxic substance exposure which may be required due to emergency situations. To complement these Guidelines, a first draft of an Exposure Assessment Workbook was developed to provide the specific details of how exposure assessments are to be performed. This Handbook is to be used by EPA personnel, Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group member agencies, and others in conducting exposure assessments. In addition, a library of all exposure documents developed by the Agency was compiled to provide a central repository for use by all individuals conducting exposure assessments. These exposure assessment activities are concerned with all media and are therefore pertinent to m any research com mittees. TS-28 ------- A List of Carcinogens was developed and adopted by the Agency. This List was utilized by the Office of Solid Waste in preparing their hazardous waste disposal rules under Section 3001 of RCRA and by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances to develop chemical substance labeling regulations under Section 6 of TSCA and by the Office of Planning and Management in writing a chapter in EPA's Occupational Safety Mantel stipulating the handling procedure for chemicals posing chronic hazards to users. The Occupational Safety and Health. Administration also used the List in im plementing its cancer policy. Provided leadership and scientific support to several Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group subcommittees including risk assessment, exposure and m utagem'city. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $94,500 to this sub-program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation. The scientific assessment program will provide support to the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances on assessments of toxic chemicals. The program will continue to update and maintain the Agency's list of carcinogens which is being used by Agency program offices in development of regulations. Technical assistance will be given for the development of multi-media exposure assessments on chemicals considered high priority by the Toxic Substances Priority Committee (TSPC). The TSPC has the responsibility for coordinating all media activities for a chemical with respect to possible regulatory action. The program will also participate in TSPC and Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group committee and work group activities dealing with carcinogenicity, m utagem'city, and reproductive issues and provide oversight and review of major carcinogenicity, m utagem'city and reproductive risk assessments to assure scientific consistency within the Agency. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $3,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $500. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $800 was applied to this activity. - An Increase of $4,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $92,900 for this sub-program, all of which is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation. TS-29 ------- This reflects a decrease of $1,600, a modest redirection of funds to higher priority activities in this program area. The scientific assessment program will update and maintain the Agency's List of .carcinogens which is currently being used by Agency program offices in the development of regulations. Limited technical assistance will be given for the development of multi-media exposure assessments on chemicals considered high priority by the Toxic Substances Priority Committee (TSPC). The program will continue to participate in TSPC and Interagency Regulatory liaison Group committee and work group activities dealing with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive issues. A limited oversight and review will be performed of major carcinogenicity, m utagenicity, and reproductive risk assessments to assure scientific consistency within the Agency. TECHNICAL INF OR H ATIO N A NO LIAISON 1980 A ceo m plish m ente In 1980, the Agency used a total of $291,700 for this sub-program, of which $289,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,700 was for extramural research activities. In 1980, the Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the R esearch H ighh'ghts. technical information plans and guidance, and other documents of general interest to the environmental decision making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accomplishments in the area of toxics included: Publication and dissemination of reports on: o Biodegradability studies with organic Priority Pollutant Compounds. o XAD-2 Thermal Blank Determination - Conducting seminars on: o Structure-activity Research and its applicability to OPTS and ORD needs. o Mussel Watch-Coastal Environmental Assessment System. o Short-term in Vivo Assays for Environmental Carcinogens. The Regional Services Staff provided for effective communications between ORD and the regions. Specifically, they: - Developed and implemented the Regional Support Management Information System. - Carried out regional liaison activities to provide technical assistance. The Technical Information and Liaison activities helped enable ORD to communicate its research information to EPA's regional offices and to the environmental decision making community. Further, they assisted in making better coordination between ORD and the regionals possible, allowing each to better fulfill its role and to meet the needs of the Agency and the public more efficiently. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $310,100 to this sub-program, of which $292,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $17,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. TS-30 ------- This part of the program is providing various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet Research Committee requirements. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort, have been prepared. Throughout the year, support will be provided to develop these information products and to distribute them to the appropriate • users. The support is also being provided to manage information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are continuing as in 1980* To this end;, such activities will: Continue the Regional Support Management Information System. i Conduct ORD/Regional Senior Staff Meetings and other liaison activities to provide technical assistance. These will include preparing reports, con- ducting special staff and policy studies, developing regional problem statements, and identifying research and technical assistance requirements. Develop and implement a process to address the research needs of state and local government in the OR D planning process. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net increase of $11,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these re- visions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. - An increase of $11,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $900 from other activities. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $302,700 for this sub-program, of which $285,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $17,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This sub-program will continue, in 1982, ;to provide the same type of services as in 1981. This includes the development and production of technical information products to insure that research information is properly and ade- quately communicated to the environmental decision making community. Specific products planned by the appropriate Research Committee will be developed. Support to managing systems which track ORD's research projects and resources will be provided as will strong liaison with regional offices, of a similar nature to that conducted in 1981. TS-31 ------- MONITORIHG SYSTEMS AMD QUALITY ASSURANCE 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $4,699,300 for this sub-program, of which $1,838,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,860,800 was for extramural research activities. A study to determine the feasibility of linking several gas chromotographss to a Fourier Transform Infrared System was completed leading to a decision to proceed with a prototype system. The new system should facilitate the analysis of large numbers of samples at reduced costs. A sampling protocol for bulk asbestos was published to standardize quality of data obtained from the asbestos in school sampling program. A standardized method for measuring PCB's in of! was published in support of the PC8 regulation. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,653,800 to this sub-program, of which $1,844,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,809,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Priority wffl again be given to those activities aimed at improving the quality of data collected, advancing the state-of-the-art in the most critical measurement areas, and examining ways to streamline and reduce costs associated with tasting and analysis. Specifically: Effort will continue on developing a series of standardized guidelines for designing monitoring programs to field test predictive models. Emphasis in 1981 will be on field testing a draft guideline for validating stream models. The guidelines are being developed to provide consistency in the type and quality of m onitoring data collected by validation studies. A prototype system linking several gas chromatographs to a single Fourier Transform Infrared detector will be evaluated. If successful, the system would increase signficantly the number of samples that could be handled and. also result in lower costs. Effort will also continue on investigating various microbia! systems ?s rapid, low cost screening tests for specific toxic substances. The program is currently focusing on finding a system sensitive to dioxin. Current sampling techniques for air are not suitable for collecting polar compounds, a major category of toxics of interest to the Agency. Thus development of new polymeric substrates aimed at collecting polar compounds will continue to be supported in 1981. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. TS-32 ------- The net decrease of $128,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi- sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $7,900. - The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million; a decrease of $121,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agency wide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $8,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide A DP services by $2 million; a decrease of $1,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $62,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogram mings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $1,100 from other activities. - A transfer of $200 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - Transfer of $50,000 to realign support to all programs supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds; within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, $700 to solid waste/non-energy, and within the Research and Development appropriation, $49,300 to drinking water environmental processes and effects $49,200 and to toxic substances en- vironmental processes and effects $100. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $4,763,200 for this sub-program, of which $2,031,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,731,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $1,109,400 over the 1981 request. The increase will permit the establishment of a quality assurance program specifically tailored to the Agency's regulatory and enforcement activities. The quality assurance program will be focused on Toxic Substances Control Act requests. Activities will iunclude the development/preparation and repository for the distribution of standard reference materials; the conduct of laboratory comparison studies; on-site laboratory evaluation; and m ethods evaluation and standards. A droplet detector for use with high pressure liquid chromatography will be demonstrated. A field study wiTI be conducted at a research site to further evaluate the F Y '81 draft guidelines for validating stream models. Efforts will continue on developing a broader range of polymeric substrates for sampling polar compounds. TS-33 ------- Support to the mandatory quality assurance program will provide technical guidance, support & over view to assure that the Agency will have enviro- nmental data that are appropriate for the EPA needs. HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 A ceo m plish m ents In 1980, the Agency used a total of $10,376,600 for this sub-program, of which $2,959,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $7,417,600 was for extramural research activities. A post-natal model for evaluating toxicity of the developing nervous system has been designed and validated for collecting behavioral and neuro- physiological data which characterize central nervous system (CMS) damage resulting from exposure to toxic substances. Dose response functions for a series of neurotoxic substances have been determined for use in quantifying the relative sensitivity of four different behavioral effects. The ability to quantify the effects of hazardous chemical substances is a critical part of regulatory risk assess- ment because it allows the selection of economically feasible regulatory test protocols which provide optimum sensitivity. The effectiveness of a method developed for chemical substances which cause Cancer was demonstrated in experimental animal for 16 direct- and indirect- acting chemicals. Data acquired during the validation of an in vivo prenatal toxictty screen utilizing pregnant mice, a method originally *3eveloped in EPA health labor- atories, support the. use of this testing methodology, in part, as a birth defect and reproductive effects screening system. There is a potential utility of this cost-effective screen for regulatory testing guidelines and standards. The search for more sensitive, reliable and economical birth defect testing has resulting in the development of methods to obtain fetal electro- cardiograms (ECG's). Changes in fetal ECG due to various toxic substances, pesticides, and hormones have been recorded and characterized and their relationships to morphological changes are being tabulated. Introduction of such techniques into the chemical regulatory testing system greatly enhances the ability to detect a harmful substance during development of early, subtle effects and often leads to reduced time and cost to the chemical manufacturers and processors in establishing chemical safety. The mouse lymphoma cell assay has been determined to have the ability to measure separate types of genetic damages. This is significant because both gene and chromosomal mutations are known to contribute separately to a variety of diverse conditions. Whole-animal tests to determine the effects of toxic chemicals on immunolo- gical defense against tumor cells and against viruses were developed and are . in the process of being validated. Validation of the tests will be carried out with immuno-suppressant drugs which determine how im munologic screening tests detect effects of a broad range of chemical substances to be evaluated under TSCA and other regulatory areas. The development of an immunotoxicological, tiered, testing system is the ultimate goal. From the many methods available, the best must be identified and evaluated by research procedures. TS-34 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $10,434,400 to this sub- program, of which $3,761,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,673,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The 1981 program continues to focus on the development of specific research data needed to support the guidelines and standards required under TSCA. The research includes the selction and validation of known techniques for screening broad ranges of chemical types and large numbers of individual chemical substances with emphasis on accelerating the advancement of the more promising- techniques from the research development state to a state of functional utility. The objective is to develop a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive testing capability which can screen all essential human life systems for harmful effects. The major research being addressed is in the following areas of: Acute, subchronic and chronic testing. This research concentrates on the development and validation of test systems and selection of animal species that serve as predictors of human disease processes which may be potentially impacted, directly or indirectly, by chemical substances. Reproductive effects and teratology testing. Screening methodology is being defined to detect adverse effects on reproductive organs and repro- ductive processes and to determine potential perinatal and early prenatal adverse responses to chemicals which can result in developing offspring during pregnancy and early infancy. Neurotoxicology and behavioral effects testing. Short-term testing methods using identification of specific neurophysiological, neurochemical, and neurobehavioral changes are being developed to screen for the effects of toxicants upon the functional and structural integrity of the nervous system. Mutagenicity testing. This research will continue to develop and refine the tiered, short-term genetic damage testing scheme which consists of a matrix of screening and confirmatory tests employing bacteria, yeasts, plants, insects,isolated mammalian cells, and whole animals. C arcinogenicity testing. Appropriate short-term tests to be included in the three-tiered cancer testing matrix are being established. This tiered chemical testing system will permit (1) inexpensive tier-one screening to detect potential cancer-causing chemical substances, (2) tier-two confirma- tory testing with bioassays which are still relatively short in duration and low in cost, and (3) longer-term tier-three risk estimation laboratory studies which will permit quantification of the degree of health risk to the human situation. Metabolism. Research in this area evaluates testing methods to determine which laboratory animal test species proximate the human response, the chemical reactivity of metabolic intermediate compounds, and the inter- action of metabolic intermediate compounds with ON A which can serve as presumptive test evidence of cancer or genetic damage at the first (screening) level of testing. Epidemiology. This research attempts to explain the cause and determinants of disease where pre-existing human exposure situations can be found. Although only a select number of chemicals are found in situations which can be studied epidemiologically, these epidemiological studies provide import- ant chemical-specific information and are a vital part of the validation of animal and cellular test systems. TS-35 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected 1n this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $2,363,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses, The reduction applied to this activity is $11,000. - The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million; a decrease of $649,300. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $3,200 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $49,900 was applied to this activity, - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $1,803,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide A DP services by $2 million; a decrease of $13,700 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $98,600 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supple m ental appropriation. - Reprogrammiogs to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $3,200 to other activities. - Offsetting transfer of $16,100 were made to realign support to all program supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds; $16,100 was transferred within the Salaries Expenses appropriation to solid waste/non-energy; $16,100 was transferred within the Research and Development appropriation from toxic substances environmental processes and effects. - Transfer of $70,800 from toxic substances environmental processes and effects, to realign contract funds. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $11,915,800 for this sub-program, of which $4,501,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $7,414,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $1,481,400. Activities such as test develop- ment and application in the areas of neurotoxicology and genetic toxicology deferred in 1981 will be resumed. This restoration will provide data for regula- tory determinations in areas where such information is extremely limited. TS-36 ------- This sub-program will continue to emphasize-the development and refinement of testing protocols for determining the adverse health effects of "commercial chemicals. The biological testing indicators of harmful effects being addressed cover a variety of physiological, biochemical, morphological and other effects relating to specific organ or life system toxicities. In addition, advancing the state-of-the-art for predicting carcinogenicity, mutagenieity, and teratogeni- city is a major concern. A closely related goal is the validity arid accuracy of tests and testing methodology which are rapid and economically feasible. The data from this program will be used for regulatory testing standards and guidelines and for the risk assessments needed for regulatory determinations. Research will focus on development and validation of testing methods for use in the Tier I and Tier n portions of the three-tiered testing schemes for chemical substances. Emphasis is placed on accelerating the development of promising techniques from the research and development state to practical uti- lity. Research in this area will include neurotoxicology and behavioral programs for the development of methods to screen the effects of toxicants upon the functional and structural integrity of the nervous system using observations which can be defined by a recognizable biological change. Epidemiological research will assess the impact of manufactured chemicals in industrial areas and other chemical use situations. Research will include human reproductive effects, and teratology studies to define screening methodology to determine potential perinatal and early prenatal adverse responsiveness to manufactured chemicals. Risk assessment research will encompass the use of information on the biological of mechanism action and the activity of chemical substances as well as a study of the relative importance of uneven numbers of chromosomes in genetically-mediated disease. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOG Y 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used~a total of $1,710,200 for this sub-program, of which $481,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,228,400 was for extramural research activities. The destruction of PCS in industrial and utility boilers was investigated which determined the destruction efficiencies, developed control techno- logies, and established test burn protocols. Conceptual design, operations guidelines, and preliminary environmental assessment of offshore hazardous waste incineration facilities were conducted to develop the knowledge of offshore hazardous waste incineration technique. An optimization demonstration for removal of asbestos by baghouse, an assessment of asbestos on road surfaces, and an ORO asbestos research status report were completed which all contribute to the solution of the asbestos proble m. Development of organic chemicals producers ,data base was initiated for PMN review and other purposes. More than 300 P M Ns were reviewed. Reference manuals on dioxins were completed, which cover the sources, exposure, transport, control, analytical methods, and assessment of dioxin- forming chemical processes. TS-37 ------- Development of process alternatives and evaluation of chemical substitu- tions. The generic unit process technology and pollutant assessemerit work was being undertaken. This work provides data for the establishment of a predictive model which leads to identification of potential uses and the associated risks and substitutes and manufacturing processes for existing and new chemicals to be regulated by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPTS) under TSCA Sections 5 and 6. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,796,000 to this sub-program, of which $638,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,157,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. M ajor activities supported in this portion of the program will: Provide expert P M N review. Assess alternative disposal methods for PCBs, document and correlate PCB destruction with combustion efficiencies in high efficiency boilers, and develop alternative non-thermal destruction methods for PCBs. Initiate asbestos study on commercial products and additional support work for the OPTS program. Assist in the development of agency policy and strategies for reducing chlorofluoro carbon (refrigerant) use. Develop and maintain the data bases and other services for PMN review and chemical control actions. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $24,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,200. - An increase of $31,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. Reprograminings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $800 to other activities. - A transfer of $2,700 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide addtional resources to support a new program for instituting civil non- compTiance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. TS-3S ------- 1982 Plan - The Agency requests a total of $1,777,400 for this subprogram, of which $624,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,152,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This decrease of $18,600 has no significant programmatic impact. The research activities will: Continue to emphasize the "new chemical" manufacture pollution predictive model. This model is based on the unit process approach and will provide information such as the manufacturing processes, distribution and use patterns, waste disposal methods, and control options for a specific chemi- cal. Together with a viable analytical model, ft will predict human risk as the chemical product moves through com merce. Continue source characterization and estimation of the environmental release of asbestos from the use and disposal of com mercial products. Continue correlation of PCB destruction and fuel combustion efficiencies and assessment of a 1 ternate disposal methods for PCS ' s . Focus on developing alternative manufacturing methods and process condi- tions to reduce the occurrence of toxic product contaminants. Evaluate the possibility of developing substitutes for chemicals that pose toxic threats. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $10,686*900 for this sub-program, of which $3,063,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $7,618,600 was for extramural research activities. A method was developed for the separation and identification of toxic vola- tile organies in sediments. This method will provide data for defining bioavaflability of toxic chemicals in aquatic environments. A method of multi-residue analysis for organic toxic chemicals has been developed. This method will be used for measuring exposure concentration of potential carcinogens in air. Solid polymeric devices for collection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from atmospheric samples have been developed. The methodology involves the use of sorbents such as XA-D type resings. This method is being used to define exposure concentration of PC8s in the U.S. and wffl be helpful in the regulation of PCBs under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). An experimental protocol has been developed for the determination of ozone reaction rate constants. This method will be used in defining the persis- tence of toxic chemicals in the air. A method for defining anaerobic microbial degradation of toxic chemicals has been developed. This method will provide data for predicting persistence of chemicals in aquatic environments* TS-39 ------- A first generation structure-activity model has been "developed. This model is designed to predict the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic animals. A laboratory microcosm ecosystem has been developed to predict the fate of toxic chemicals in estuarine environments. This system will provide a tool for validation of exposure assessment models. Soil microcosms have been developed and evaluated for assessemnt the fate and effects of toxic chemicals in terrestrial environments. The effects of different environments and the biodegradation characteri- zatics of microbial communities have .been determined for methyl parathion, pentachlorophenol, and p-nitro phenol using the E CO-CO RE water/sediment test system. This information will enhance the standardization of this test system and further its application for the production of fate and transport information for regulatory decision making by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. A series of acute toxicity tests were conducted by EPA and contract labora- tories using three species. The tests will enable the Office of Toxic Substances to estimate variation in results from tests conducted in the participating laboratories under identical test conditions, and determine the precision of toxicity tests on aquatic animals. With this information, the Office of Toxic Substances should be better able to evaluate data submitted by industry in response to TSC A. 1981Prooram In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $14,306,600 to this sub- program, of which $5,490,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,815,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. These resources are assigned to develop improved, validated, and cost- effective methodologies for characterization and measurement of toxic chemicals; for predicting transport and fate of toxic chemicals in the environment; and for defining exposure and hazards associated with toxic chemicals to environmental species and ecosystems. The main research objectives in 1981 are to (1) develop improved techniques for identification and quantification of trace level toxic chemicals in air, sediment, plants, and marine systems; (2) develop methodologies and validated models for predicting movement, transformation, exposure, prslstence and bio- accumulation of chemicals in air, water, estuarine-marine, terrestrial and biota environments; (3) develop methodologies for defining toxicity and hazard of chemicals to ecosystems; and (4) develop methodologies and models for defining humna exposure to environmental toxicants. These methodologies will contribute the risk assessment process under Sections 4 and 5 of TSC A. The major areas of research for the 1981 Environmental Processes and Effects Research program include: technical assistance, protocols for fate testing and environmental process characterization, development of toxicity tests, round robin testing, structure activity exposure assessment, bioaccu m ulation models, food chain models, microcosm technology, specialized test development, inter- species interaction research, and behavioral tests. Protocols for Fate Testing and Environ mental Process. The availability of a series of standard characterization tests protocols for fate testing and process characterization of chemicals in the environment is necessary for the implement- ation of Section (4) and Section (5) of TSC A. The research objective is to develop methods for defining degradation, accumulation, and transport of chemicals which can be used in testing chemicals, and generating information for building exposure assessment models. Several examples are: TS-40 ------- Determination of the jn vitro oxidation/reduction relationships in in chemical and biological systems, describing adapation of specific systems. Evaluation of the relationships in degradation of toxic chemicals in soils. Determination" of environmental factors affecting microbial -adaptation and the role of marine microorganisms and their associated communities in controlling and affecting hydrolysis, sorption/desorption processes, bound residue transport, and biodegradation as related to improving and using tierred fate testing programs. Completion of protocols for defining leaching of chemicals in soils, and comparing batch sorptfon, soil thin layer chromatography and column methods, Development of models to predict bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish. Development of Toxicity Test. The availability of standard tests for defining toxicity of chemicals to aquatic, terrestrial, and estuarine marine species 1s necessary for implementation of Section (4) and Section (5) of TSCA. Development, validation, and improvement of these tests is anticipated to be a continuous need of OPTS for the next 5 years. Some of the activities for development of these toxicity tests include: Development and validation of tests for assessing resistence to and recovery fro m toxic chem icals in a soil-plant syste m. Development of methods for measuring and predicting effects of more than one toxic chemical on aquatic species with special emphasis on defining chemical interactions. Round Robin. Research to validate tests for determining toxicity and effects of chemicals to environmental species is being conducted via round-robin testing involving EPA and non-EPA laboratories. These tests will be incorporated into Section (4) and Section (5) tests rules and standards under TSCA, and thus are a high priority to OPTS. Structure Activity. The structure-activity concept for predicting fate and effects of chemicals, based on structural characteristics, physical-chemical properties, toxicity, transport and transformation characteristics, and certain electronic parameters of the chemical, will be further developed. The structure activity concept will provide OPTS with a rapid evaluation technique, and is necessary to enable OPTS to provide an evaluation of new chemicals within 90 days after submission by industry, as mandated under Section (5) of TSCA. Major activities in this area of development include: Development of the ability to predict microbial degradation of one class of organic chemicals on the basis of chemical structure. Determination of the feasibility of a structure activity concept for predi- cting adsorption, hydrolysis, photolysis and biodegradation of chemicals in aquatic and terrestrial environ reents. Development of a biodegradabflity data base for toxic chemicals to be used in developing structure-activity concept for predicting biodegradability rate of chemicals. Developing the structure-activity concept for two classes of chemicals in order to predict effects to aquatic species. TS-41 ------- Determination of the reaction and fate of toxic chemical compounds from smog chamber studies using data to develop structure-activity relationships. Development of a data base for rate parameters and reactivity of chemicals in air, to be used in structure activity development. Examination of relationships between partition coefficient High Pressure Liquid Chromatography and bioaccumulation of selected compounds in marine system. Verify conceptual models developed in freshwater with marine systems. Exposure Assessment. A major research objective in 1981 is to increase the precision and accuracy of predictive techniques used to estimate the exposure concentrations of chemicals in various compartments of the environment. A knowledge of the concentration of chemicals in the environment is critical to the determination of the risk which chemicals may pose to humans and the environment as required under Sections (4) and (5) of TSCA. A multi-laboratory program has been initiated to develop models which predict the concentration of chemicals in the ambient environment based upon the physical-chemical properties, transport and transformation chacteristics, and the total input of a chemical. Validation of the improved models will be carried out in laboratory microcosms and field channels. Some of the activities in this area include: Development of refined and improved freshwater EXAMS based on laboratory and field evaluation results, and inclusion of additional transport, trans- formation and degradation processes. Identification of current air quality mathematical models or modeling tech- niques which can handle toxic substances in the atmosphere. Evaluation and recommendation of specific models to estimate human exposure to toxic substances in the atr. Determination of the conceptual framework for a model of continuous flow microcosms. Bioaccumulation Models. Models are being developed to predict bioaccumu- lation of chemicals in plants and animal species in freshwater, marine-estuarine and terrestrial environments. In addition to providing input for food chain models, the bioaccumulation data will provide risk estimates necessary for TSCA implementation. Some specific research activities include: Development of models for predicting bioaccumulation of chemicals in aquatic plants, and terrestrial plants and animals. Development of models to predict bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish. Food Chain Models. Research is being conducted to develop rapid simple and cost-effective techniques to predict bioaccumulation and effects of toxic chemicals via food chain systems. Emphasis is on the development of models capable of defining the impact of chemical contamination in the food web. Food chain model research is a multi-laboratory effort covering freshwater, estuarine-marine, and terrestrial media. Activities in this area include: Evaluation of the exposure of humans to contaminated Great Lake fish through the aquatic food chain, and estimation of health significance. TS-42 ------- * Tracking the transfer of a toxic compound in a single estuarine prey/predator food chain as influenced by variations in chemical concentra- tion and organism numbers. Microcosm Technology. Laboratory ecosystems and microcosms are being deve- loped to predict fate, effects and movement of chemicals. Microcosms will be used to validate exposure assessment and other models. The major activities wiTI include: * Development of simple aquatic microbial ecosystem for screening toxic mate- rials. Determination of processes and rates of transfer to toxic chemicals within sediments. Development of improved experimental aquatic ecosystems for exposure model evaluation and validation. Development of the use of laboratory microcosms for predicting leaching adsorption and volatility of toxic chemicals. Development of a MonticeTIo Minnesota stream channel microcosm study. Specialized Test Development. The development of specialized tests based upon (a) biochemical and physiologic in vtb-o tests for acute and chronic effects and (b) evaluation of multiple chemicals exposure, for defining hazard of chemicals will provide rapid and more cost-effective testing methods. Interspecies Interaction. Interspecies interaction research is designed to develop cost-effective procedures based upon multiple species assays and is necessary to develop methods for estimating toxicity at system and community levels. Behavioral Tests. This area of research, which is designed to provide methods for rapid screening of chemicals, is the development of behavioral effects of che micals to fish. Research in this area includes: •>• Design of a laboratory preference-avoidance system, and preparation of a behavioral testing protocol and support document. Developmnt of methods for defining predator-prey interactions for aquatic systems, using aquatic species identified by OPTS. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $1,424,300 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $17,800. TS-43 ------- - The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million; a decrease of $79.800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agency wide travel costs fay $850,000; a decrease of $5,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $15,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Services bonuses by $750,00; a decrease of $2,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $1,200,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide A DP services by $2 million; a decrease of $58,300 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $240,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $7,800 from other activities. - A transfer of $22,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. A transfer of $200,000 was made to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. - Offsetting transfers of $394,400 were made to realign support to all program supported by what was formerly anticipatory research funds: $394,400 was transferred within the Salaries Expenses appropriation, from interdisciplinary-exploratory research; $394,400 was transferred within the Research and Development appropriation, to interdisciplinary- exploratory research ($378,400), to toxic substances monitoring systems and quality assurance ($100), and to toxic substances health effects ($16,100). - Transfer of $70,800 to toxic substances health effects, to realign contract funds. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $14,361,100 for this sub-program, of which $6,737,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $7,623,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a modest increase of $54,500, to be applied to determining predictive and evaluative approaches, such as structure-activity relationships. The major areas of research for the Environmental Process and Effects Research Program will include: protocols for fate testing; structure-activity; exposure assessment models; validation of toxictty tests; ecosystem process methodology; methods for avoidance behavior; interspecies interaction; speciali- zed test development; microcosms; bioaccumulatfon models; food chain models, and human exposure. TS-44 ------- Protocols for fate testing. Development of improved protocols for testing the environ mental fate of toxic chemicals win Include: completion of protocols for defining leaching of toxic chemicals in soils, in order to provide method for predicting the contamination of sub-surface waters by toxic chemicals, and deve- lopment of a protocol and data base for photolysis of chemicals in air, including the development of predictive methods for defining potential ozone-depleting chemicals. Methodologies will also be developed for determining the fate of chemicals, including: (a) studying the effect of catalytic processes, sediments, and naturally occurring substances (algae) on hydrolysis, phtolysis, oxidation, and microbial degradation rates. Special emphasis will be placed on persistence of intermediate degradation products, (b) quantitative methods for describing the biodegradation of toxic chemicals in fresh and estuarine waters, and in soils and sediments. The emphasis will be to define the effects of chemical concentration on the rate of biodegradation, extrapolation of laboratory data to real environmental conditions, and degradation by naturally occurring organisms such as algae; (c) techniques for predicting transformation of chemicals in marine and estuarine environments; (d) defining uptake and trans- formation of toxic chemicals in plants (e) predicting oxidation reduction of toxic chemicals in water, osfl and sediments; and (f) characterization of soils and sediments for testing adsorption, leaching and degradation of toxic che m icals. Structure Activity. Screening techniques developed will be based upon the structure-activity relationship of chemicals to toxicity, pattern recognition, and benchmark concepts for predicting fate and toxicity of chemicals. Work with two classes of chemicals using aquatic species will be completed, including extrapolation of toxicity from one species to another. A feasibility study on structure-activity concepts for predicting toxicity of chemicals to marine and terrestrial species will be completed. Structure-Activity concepts will be developed for predicting fate of toxic chemicals, emphasizing two classes of toxic chemicals mutally identified by OPTS and ORD for defining hydrolysis, photolysis or biodegradation of chemicals. Exposure Assessment Models. Validated models for defining exposure concen- tration of toxic chemicals in air, water and terrestrial environments will be developed. This research wfll provide exposure data which is required to determ- ine the risk posed by chemicals, and necessary for implementation of TSCA. A second generation Exposure Assessment Model (EXAMS) for predicting the concentr- ation of toxics chemicals in aquatic environments will be developed. Validation of Toxicity Tests. Validated single species tests for defining acute and chronic toxicity of chemicals to certain aquatic estuarine, marine and terrestrial animals and plants will be developed, Culturing techniques will be developed for standardizing selected aquatic, estuarine and terrestrial species for ecological effects testing as well. Ecosystem Process Methodology. Key ecosystem processes, which can be used to develop screening methods, multispecies tests, and to define ecosystem stress due to chemical exposure, will be identified. Tests for defining ecological effects due to multiple chemical exposure, and the effect of chemicals on ecosystem nitrification, ammomfication, and nitrogen fixation will be developed. Techniques and criteria win also, be developed for measuring ecosystem stress due to toxic chemicals and the capacity of the ecosystem to recover from the perturbation. Methods for Avoidance Behavior. This area of research is designed to provide methods for rapid screening of chemicals based on the behavioral effects of chemicals on fish. Methods for assessing the effects of toxic substances on the predator-prey interaction will be evaluated. TS-45 ------- Interspecies Interaction. Research on species interaction will continue to develop cost-effective procedures necessary to develop methods for estimating toxicity at the ecosystem and community levels. • Specialized Test Development.- Specialized tests using in vivo and in situ assays for defining cytogenetic damage in marine organisms due to toxic chemical exposure will be evaluated. Additional specialized tests will be developed based upon physiologic and biochemical responses, and using In vivo tests to assess acute and chronic chemical effects (including aerobiology). Microcosms. Laboratory ecosystems and microcosms will be further developed as cost-effective screening devices for defining and predicting the fate and effects of chemicals. Emphasis will be placed on standardization of ecosystems, reproducibflity. Laboratory microcosms will be used to test EXAMS and other exposure assessment models. Improved terestrial microcosms for validating exposure models and defining fate and effects of toxic chemicals will be develop- ed. Two chemicals will be completely tested. Freshwater microcosms using complex laboratory streams for predicting biological effects of toxic chemicals in aquatic communities wiTI be developed. Toxic chemicals will be tested in laboratory microcosms to define transport and transformation in both saturated and unsaturated soils. Bioaccumulation Models. Models for defining bioaccumulation potential of toxic chemicals in organisms will be advanced, and used in risk estimation. Mathematical models for predicting the bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in aquatic plants will be developed, using chemical uptake, transport, and transfo- rmation as parameters. Mathematical models for predicting bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in terrestrial plants and animals will be developed, considering chemical uptake and organisms metabolism. Mathematical models for predicting bioaccumulation in aquatic animals, wiTI be developed based on animal metabolism, and chemical release and interaction. Food Chain Models. Measurement techniques for estimating concentration of toxic chemicals in food chain systems will be developed. The work will include model development, identification of chemical uptake and accumulation pathways in freshwater, terrestrial, and marine food webs; and validation using available data. Human Exposure. Human exposure to selected toxic chemicals present in the ambient environment in the New jersey Area will be measured in order to define injury to human health as required by TSCA. The research activities will emphas- ize measurement of toxic chemical concentration in air, watsr, the food chain, and soil incorporation, in order to define total human body burden and risk. STRATOSP H ERIC M 0 DIFIC A TIP hi 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,394,300 for this sub-program, of which $133,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,260,800 was for extramural research activities. TS-45 ------- Major accomplishments are summarized as follows: Funded the publication of the National Academy of Sciencies' state-of- knowledge reports of their studies on causes, effects, and alternate controls of stratospheric ozone depletion, mandated by P.L, 95-95. These reports were entitled: ."Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Halocartsons: Chemistry and Transport" and "Protection Against Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone by Chlorofluorocarbons." Wrote and delivered the second biennial report to Congress on research concerning causes and effects of stratospheric ozone depletion. Chaired and managed the Interagency Committee on Stratospheric Ozone Protection and its subcommittees which coordinated Federal research on stratospheric ozone depletion and identified research priorities. Priority areas are atmospheric science, and health and ecological effects. Completed epidemiologies! studies supported by EPA funds and conducted throughout the U.S. by the National Cancer Institute on the correlation of nonmelanoma skin cancer to ultraviolet-B radiation. Preliminary analysis indicates that each one percent increase in damaging ultraviolet radiation results in a 1.6 to 2.4 percent increase in nonmelanoma skin cancer in the U.S., depending on latitude. Began to use personal dosimeters in studies to correlate exposure to ultra- violet radiation with skin cancer incidence. Continued research which provided updated data for use by the National Academy of Sciences and other organizations engaged in making improved integrated assessments of causes, effects and controls of stratospheric ozone depletion. Expanded research on the adaptability of plants under field condictions to enhanced ultraviolet-8 radiation in order to understand why plants are affected to a greater degree in control chambers than in the field. The plants selected for study (wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, citrus) have high economic value. Completed ultraviolet-B marine and freshwater penetration studies indicating the large depth to which solar LJV-B radiation penetrates. The studies on plankton organisms, northern anchovy. Pacific mackeral and shrimp and crab larvae indicated harmful effects from increased ultraviolet-B penetration. Developed an ultraviolet-B radiometry calibration and measurement technique in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards. An instruction manual for use by UV-B radiation effects experimenters is nearing completion. Initiated study to develop methodology with which the ozone depleting potential of chemicals, especially chemicals considered as alternatives to the chloroflurocarbons with ozone destructio potential, can be evaluated. Assessed the present knowledge on the causes of melanoma skin cancer. This indicated that the relationship between UV-radiation and melanoma skin cancer is not as straighforward as the relationship between UV-radiatio and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The evidence indicates the existence of a complex relationship. Made initial model calculations on the connection between ultraviolet-B radiation and photochemical smog. TS-47 ------- Sensitivity analyses of health damages continued and economic and social measures of skin cancer costs were tested. The result of these analyses and related data will be combined to make an integrated assessment of causes, • effects, and alternate controls of ozone depletion. Initiated research to study the role and effects of ultraviolet-B radiation in the photosynthesic process. Research on the role and effects of critical molecular targets of ultravio- let-B radiation continued. The results of this research will enchance our ability to predict effects on a range of marine organisms. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,412,100 to this sub-program, of which $193,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,219,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Highlights of the Program are sum marized as follows: Provide the most recent state-of-the-art knowledge on causes, effects, and control of stratospheric ozone depletion to those conducting integrated assessments and to policy and decision-making officials. A comprehensive assessment of the state of knowledge and research needs will be prepared, based on new knowledge obtained in 1980 and 1981. Initiate new analytical studies to determine the relationship between UV-B radiation and melanoma skin cancer. The present understanding is complex and uncertain. Continue the pilot study using personal dosimeters to test the relationship of ultraviolet-B and skin cancer. Develop the methodology, begun in 1980, to. evaluate the ozone depleting potential of chemicals, especially those cheicals considered as alternatives to the chlorofluorocarbons deemed substantial contributors to ozone destruction. Continue Federal research cordination by the Interagency Committee on Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. Continue studies of ultraviolet-B effects on key marine life forms. The specific target populations and methodologies used in these studies will be based in part on the results of the studies conducted in 1980 on plankton organisms, shrimp and crab larvae, and mackeral. Provide a manual on UV-B radiometry and methodology for use by effects experimenters. Study the adaptability of plants under field conditions to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation in order to understand why.plants are affected to a greater degree in control chambers than in the field. The plants selected for study (wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, citrus) have high economic value. Prepare the third biennial research report to the Congress, due December 1981. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. TS-48 ------- The net change to this activity is zero. Several actions contribute to this net change, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. * The Congress reduced agency wide travel Costs by $850,000; a decrease of $600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Services bonuses by $750,00; a decrease of $2,400 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $6,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprograminings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $900 to other activities. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,060,500 for this sub-program, of which $146,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $914,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $351,600 which will reduce by about 70 percent the studies on the effects of ultraviolet B radiation on economically important agricultural crops. Activities planned for 1982 will: Provide the most recent state-of-the-art knowledge on causes, effects, and control of stratospheric ozone depletion to those conducting integrated assessments and to policy and decision-making officials. An updated compr- ehensive assessment of the state of knowledge and research needs, based on new knowledge obtained in 1980 and 1981, will be prepared. Perform analytical studies to determine the relationship between UV-B radi- ation and melanoma (the more fatal type) skin cancer. Continue the pilot study using personal dosimeters to test the relationship of uttraviolet-B radiation and skin cancer. Conduct research on the adaptability of plants under field conditions to enhanced ultravoilet-B radiation in order to understand why plants are affected differently in the field than in the laboratory. The plants selected for study (wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, citrus) have high economic value. Study the effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on key marine life forms. The specific target populations and methodologies used in these studies will be based in part on the results of the studies conducted in 1980 and 1981 on fish and other aquatic plant and animal organisms. Utilize methodology previously developed to evaluate the ozone-depleting potential of chemicals, especially those chemicals considered as alternatives to the chlorofluorocarbons deemed substantial contributors to ozone destruction. TS-49 ------- Continue Federal research coordination by the Interagency Committee on Stratospheric Ozone Protection. Deliver the third biennial research report to the Congress, due December 1981. NATIONAL CENTER FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,651,700 for this sub-program, of which all was for extramural research activities. The National Center for lexicological Research (NCTR) was jointly estab- lished in 1971 by Presidential proclamation between the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (now DHHS) to be administered by the Food and Drug Administration as a research center to resolve problems of common interest to government, academia and industry in the field of toxicology. Core support for construction, renovation and research program development was provided by EPA and FDA. The development of various research programs of common interest to all regulatory agencies occurred in the late 1970's. The 1980 initiatives for EPA provided by NCTR staff can be divided into two general categories: expert staff assistance and programmatic basic research initiatives. Contributions to EPA in the area of expert staff assistance have provided in: statistical analysis of 2,4,5-T results; and participation on task forces for risk assessment of (1) teratogy and reproduction; (2) nitrilotriacetic acid; and (3) benzidine. Other accomplishments included: (a) completion of long-term aromatic amine studies of benzidine and its congeners (compounds of major importance in the rubber, dye and petro-chemical industries), and initiation of mechanism studies of various aromatic amines such as naphthylamines; (b) construction of a revolutionary new waste water treatment plant capable of handling greater volumes of contaminated water in a more cost effective and timely fashion. This plant is serving as a model for various industries and municipalities; (c) development of protocols for addressing the complex problems of additivity of risk resulting from chlorinatipn of municipal water supplies. The results of these experiments may be directly applicable to evaluating the toxic impact of waste dumps. The proposals has been submitted to EPA for review and comment; (d) in addition to routine dioxin analysis in waste dumps, food products and water supplies, NCTR for the first time developed methodology for analysis and determination of isomers of dioxin in the environ- ment. This method develops a classification of dioxin mixtures relative to their potential toxic effects. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,500,000 to this sub-program, all of which is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Highlights of the activities being supported are as follows: Continuation of research programs in risk estimation (carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogemcity) to assist EPA in the extrapolation of animal data to humans thereby permitting sound regulatory decisions on safety for health and the environment. TS-50 ------- Continuation of long-term support in conducting carcinogenesis studies. Development of systematic interaction' studies utilizing both in vitro bioassavs and long-term in vivo bioassays in intact animals to examine synergfem and/or antagonisms among compounds. Continuation of long-term research relevant to EPA needs and to the uniqueness of thefr fit to the NCTR capabilities to do long-term, chronic exposure studies under barrier conditions. Support to the following intramural core research programs which are of mutual-interest to EPA and FDA: Mutagenesis Research Im munotoxicology Research Chemical Research P athology R ese arch Biochemical Mechanisms of Toxicfty, and Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Technical Assistance in the form of multi-disciplinary support in document preparation and review in research areas other than biometry. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. There is no change from the budget estimate. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $4,500,000 for this sub-program, all of which is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The research win include an additive risk study, carcinogenesis studies, and plan development for determining toxicological state-of-the-art usefulness of structure-activity relationships. In the additive risk study (carcinogenesis interaction), multifactoral bio- assay protocols will be used to determine if four carcinogens found in drinking water exert an additive carcinogenic effect when administered to rodents in combination. A rotenone carcinogencity bioassay in the rat for which dosing was completed 1n October, 1979 will continue until study completion. According to the protocol, test animals wiTI be observed for 16 months following dosing at which time they will be sacrificed and histopathology performed. Studies, designed to evaluate phenotype differences in in-bred mice regarding their susceptabflity to spontaneous neoplasia, will be performed. Structure activity relationships, regarding carcinogenecity of four .aromatic amines are being investigated. The impetus for this study was a desire by EPA to set water effluent standards for benzidene and related compounds. NCTR will develop a proposed project plan to extend currently planned carcinogenic interaction addi- tive risk studies and wiTI develop a proposed project plan to determine the status of the usefulness of the structure-activity relationship in toxicology. TS-51 ------- Energy SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- ENERGY Appropriation Research and Development... Total Program H1gh1lc|hts Multi-Media Energy Program: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Oxidants Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Hazardous Pollutants Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Gases and Particles Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Drinking Water Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Industrial Wastewater Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Solid Waste Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Toxic Chemical testing and Assessment Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Actual 1980 $11,211 92,199 103.410 152 238 137,420 103,461 4,054 27,168 1,636 12,802 » 59? 5,785 2,273 22,514 627 10,355 87 2,496 1,207 2.781 285 1,340 237 6,585 Budget Estimate 1981* (do! $11,026 99,968 110,994 152 256 105,000 107,599 4,042 35,269 1.550 12,741 581 5,577 2,424 22,477 661 10,115 21 2,640 1,102 2,662 293 1,247 101 6,878 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Tars in thousands) $11,237 $12,790 95,341 84,055 106,578 141 245 117,466 107,599 4,105 35,482 1,603 12,725 579 4,901 2,425 21,128 683 9,713 21 2,350 1,151 2,185 303 648 106 5,847 96,845 142 242 118,439 * * Authorization 5,227 31,140 1,835 12,492 680 5,234 2,626 21,751 ' 1,059 9,976 * • # • • • 1.121 2.324 242 1,138 * * • • * • Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$1,553 - 11,286 -9,733 +1 -3 + 973 Pending +$1,122 -4,342 +232 -233 +101 +333 +201 +623 +376 +263 -21 -2,350 -30 +139 -61 +490 -106 -5,847 Page E-10 E-29 E-36 E-45 E-57 E-.65 E-67 E-70 E-73 E-l ------- Municipal Spills Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development, Total: Salaries and Expenses..., Research and Development. Grand Total < Permanent Positi ons MuTti-Media Energy Program, Oxidants Energy.. Hazardous Pollutants Energy Gases and Particles Energy. Energy... Drinking Water Energy...... Industrial Wastewater Energy Solid Waste Energy......... Toxic Chemical Testing and Assessment Energy... Municipal Spills Energy.... Total, Full-time Equivalency MuTti-Medi a Energy Program.. Oxidants Energy ............ Hazardous Pollutants Energy. Gases and Particles Energy.. Energy Drinking Water Energy Industrial Wastewater Energy Solid Waste Energy.... . Toxic Chemical Testing and Assessment Energy. Municipal Spills Energy Actual 1980 285 373 11,211 92,199 103,410 69 23 8 21 4 • » • 18 2 1 6 152 86 33 11 45 11 • * • 35 6 2 9 Budget Estimate 1981* 251 362 11,026 99,968 110,994 71 20 9 24 4 * • • 16 2 1 5 152 93 31 13 56 14 1 31 6 3 8 Current Estimate 198.1 (dollars in 261 362 11,237 95,341 106,578 69 20 8 23 4 • » • 14 2 1 » • » 141 91 30 12 54 16 t * * ' 29^" 7 3 3 Estimate 1982 thousands) m m m • * « 12,790 84,055 96,845 68 22 5 24 7 * • • 14 2 • • » * • * 142 89 33 12 56 17 • * * 29 6 • • • * • * Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -261 -362 +1,553 -11,286 -9,733 -1 +2 -3 1-1 +3 • • * • • * • • « -1 • • * +1 -2 +3 • * • +2 +1 * * * * • • -1 -3 -3 Page E-77 E-10 E-29 E-.3.6 E-45 E-57 E-65 E-67 E-70 E-73 E-77 E-10 E-29 E-36 E-45 E-57 E-65 E-67 E-70 E-73 E-77 Total, 238 256 245 242 -3 * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. E-2 ------- Overview and Strategy Energy development and use is undergoing major change;. It is apparent that our national energy policy will call for a widespread converion of utility and industrial power facilities from scarce oil to plentiful coal, decreased fuel consumption, particularly for the transportation sector, and the use of technologies that are only now beginning to emerge for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels from coal, oil shale, and biomass. The development of these new domestic energy sources to power the Nation's homes and industry may pose a variety of threats to environmental quality. One of the Agency's major objectives is to protect the public health and welfare from adverse environmental effects associated with the shift from petroleum to coal and the development of emerging technologies. Research and Development toward this end is mandated by the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts. To be effective such protection must be accomplished through an integrated approach so that the control of one form of pollution does not result in other unacceptable impacts. Effective control of the environmental impact of changes in the Nation's energy systems must be based on a sound understanding of the likely course of energy development and must be accomplished in a reasonable manner at an acceptable cost. The Nation's attempts to meet its energy needs will be determined by the policies adopted by the Department of Energy and by the Synthetic Fuels Corporation. The major provision of these policies as now envisioned includes: - Increased use of coal through conventional combustion. - More efficient extraction and utilization processes. - The replacement of approximately 2.0 million barrels per day of imported oil with oil substitutes derived from coal liquefaction, oil shale, and biomass by 1992. ., The President addressed the environmental issues inherent in the changeover of the energy systems in his environmental message: "In the near term the switch to coal must be accomplished with currently available technology, I recognize that pollution control technology for direct combustion of coal is not fully adequate and direct that Federal research be increased in certain key areas. For the longer term, I am directing the Administrator of EPA, the Secretary of DOE and the Secretary of HEW to identify the health and environmental effects of each advanced technology and to develop procudures for establishing standards for all new energy technologies." The three agencies are activily working on a cooperative basis in responding to this initiative. General workshop reports have been published and a document which outlines the major helath and environmental problems associated with synthetic fuels has been issued. With the passage of the Energy Security Act, the need for pollution control technologies which will allow the development of these energy sources in an environmentally acceptable manner is more imperative than ever. The agency has started the preparation of multi-media pollution control technology, analyze performance and costs, and describe controlled discharge from synfuels plants. They will be used by Federal and local permitting officals to assure that the best, most economical pollution control methodology is being utilized, and they will serve as a data base for future regulations to be issued by the-Agency. As a result of our knowledge of possible health and ecological effects associated with both existing and new technologies for fuel processing, transportation, conversion, and utilization, the Environmental Protection Agency has made a major commitment to ensure that the environmental and human health are protected. Further, since many of the problems are long term (e.g., many technologies will not be available or in commerical use before 1985), EPA must have programs underway to develop the.health, environmental and engineering data base necessary to support technology-based standards to control pollutant discharges. The lead times for impact assessment and control technology development are such that research programs must continue to be implemented now if energy development is to be compatible with environmental protection. Areas requiring long-term research may result in Agency regulatory and enforcement activity. Increased reliance on substitute fuels from coal and oil shale may generate new pollutants whose effects are not yet known and must be defined. For example, coal gasification processes may emit unacceptable quantities of carcingenic materials or impact groundwater supplies. New and emerging energy sources (e.g., advanced combustion, synthetic fuels and geothermal facilities) may produce cumulative chronic health and ecological effects. Me must begin research in these areas now if we are to ensure the compatibility of energy system development and public health and welfare. E-3 ------- The Agency must also address many energy-related environmental problems in the near term. The Nation will substantially accelerate coal use for industrial and electric utility use. This conversion from oil to coal will result in additional emissions of particulates, mitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, and other combustion pollutants. In addition to the health and environmental impacts of these emissions, knowledge of their atmospheric transport and deposition is needed. The increased use of coal will accelerate mining in semi-arid western areas, raising serious question about restoration of mined lands and degradation of the quality of available ground and surface water resources. Increased quantities of solid waste from energy facilities must be disposed of in an environmentally, acceptable manner. Program Responsibilities EPA has the statutory responsibility to protect the environment in the course of the national program to develop and use the Nation's domestic energy resources to lessen our reliance on imported energy sources. Research and Development programs in support of that requirement are mandated by the Clean Air Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Energy development and utilization cut across virtually every aspect of industrial, utility, commercial, and residential activity and thus require an exceptionally strong technical and policy basis for effective and equitable regulatory action. The energy-related environmental policy, which will be implemented by all agencies of the Federal Sovernment. Furthermore, EPA has the responsibility to review and coordinate the research activities of other Federal agencies with respect to the environment as they pursue their individual missions contributing to progress toward the national energy goals. Program Goal s The goals of the energy research and development program are: (1) to provide, sound data necessary for the Agency to establish effective and practical environmental regulations and incentives 1n extraction, process- ing and utilization of energy resources, and (2) to provide pollution control options, as soon as practicable, for those extraction, processing and utilization practices which may cause significant health and ecological damage. The research program on the environmental impacts of energy supply and utilization is integrated with the Agency's operating programs. The resources of this program are specifically used to prepare the information that will be required for writing or implementation at least five major regulations. This information includes: * The engineering performance and costs of control options for SOx, NOx and particular matter to be used in establishing the New Source Performance Standards for industrial boilers. Emission factors for some particulate matter from energy and industrial sources. The Agency is reviewing the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for total suspended particulate matter and may modify the standard to apply to fine or respirable particles. Information on emission factors and control capabilities will be prepared and issued for the development of State Implementation Plans for the attainment of such a future standard. Performance data on the economical use of low NOx burners on electric utility and industrial combustion sources to be used in revising the New Source Performance Standards for this pollutant. Data on the costs and capabilities of technology for disposing of high volume solid wastes, i.e., ashes, and desulfurization sludges from energy technologies, to be used in establishing performance standards for disposal of hazardous wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. • E-4 ------- - Data on the costs and capabilities of control measures for air or water pollutants and solid waste. This information will be used to prepare guidance documents for synthetic fuel and other alternative energy production facilities. These doccuments will give industry and permitting officials the information required to make decisions within the time schedule imposed by the Energy Mobilization Board. The ecological damage due to acid rain has prompted an intensive review of technology to control acid rain precursors (e.g., SOg control with simultaneous NOx). A breakthrough technology which combines S02 control with simultaneous NOx control has been identified. The process which has been designated as the LIMB process is based upon mixing coal and limestone together, pulverizing the mixture, and combusting the mixture in a low NOx burner. Assessment will determine the potential environmental problems associated with currently unregulated coal combustion pollutants (e.g., trace elements, organics, sulfates). In addition, information on the health and ecological effects of coal and oil shale extration and on environmentally protective mining and reclamation techniques will be demonstrated. The program has developed and will demonstrate the operation of low NOx burners for pulverized coal combustion. The program in flue gas desulfurization will assess operating systems and evaluate sludge handling procedures. Control of particulates will focus on evaluating the effectiveness of alternative technologies for limiting fine particle emissions. The definition of the environmental problems and requirements for control of the longer term energy supply systems is of particular importance. EPA is working in cooperation with . other Federal agencies, including DOE, to develop the Nation's energy supplies without harm to the environment. EPA's part in this cooperative effort is to: (1) conduct environmental assessments; (2) develop an adequate scientific basis for new environmental regulations; (3) provide guidance on control technology requirements to Federal and industry groups developing new technologies; (4} assist in the development of control technologies especially where the Office of Research and Development has special expertise; and (5) assess the adequacy of existing control technologies. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of .$96,845,300 for 1982, a decrease of $9,732,600 from 1981. Of this total, $12,790,400 is for Salaries and Expenses and $84,054,900 is for Research and Development with an increase of $1,553,300 and a decrease of $11,,285,900, respectively. In addition, the Agency is requesting 142 permanent workyears, an increase of 1 from 1981. Program Description Plans for the 1982 energy program have, for the first time, been developed within EPA's Research Coimittee system. Phasing the energy program into that system has been an important benchmark in the Office of Research and Development's succession of steps to integrate its programs with those of the Agency as a whole. 1982 energy program activities are aligned, through the various committees, to the Agency's regulatory and operational components, with a special and necessary energy perspective being coordinated and focused through the Energy Research Committee. Further, the plans show, for the first time, the relationship and complimentarity between energy and non-energy programs in a simplified format. The Energy Research and Development program;is designed to determine the environmental implications and effects of the Nation's energy development efforts. This energy/environment comprehensive plan to classify program content and resources has been developed to assure that the entire range of Federal energy/environment research and development program is woven together into a manageble frame work. This plan identifies research areas by the type of energy resource, the processes in obtaining and using the energy, and the scienfific disciplines of pollution options for conventional energy systems and the assessment of the environmental problems or advantages of new energy.techonologies being developed by the Department of Energy. E-5 ------- In addition to its activities with other agencies, EPA conducts, within its own laboratories, a widely diversified program. The interageticy program used several mechanisms to minimize duplication of effort by involved Federal agencies. The use of "pass through" funding allows EPA to reimburse other Federal agencies for performing research in areas where they have expertise useful for EPA's priority programs. Reviews are conducted and program planning documents are updated annually as basis for managing pass-through funds. EPA management of the interagency program ensures comprehensive coverage of environmental concerns. The program is divided into broad segments. The health and ecological effects program; that is, the research activities associated with the behavior and effects of energy related pollutants once they are in the environment. The control technology program is designed to provide information on the types and quantities of pollutants released by energy supply activities and to develop or stimulate the development of control options where necessary. The control technology program consists of six subprograms — fuel processing, preparation and advanced combustion; fuel extraction; environmental assessments of conventional and advanced energy systems; flue gas sulfur oxide control; nitrogen oxide control; and flue gas particulate control. The health and ecological effets research program has four subprograms -- the transport, fate and effects of pollutants on organisms and ecosystems; atmospheric transport, and transformation of energy related pollutants; measurement systems and instrumentation development; and health effects of energy related pollutants. In 1982, the energy drinking water, energy toxic substances, and municipal sm'lls energy research programs will be terminated in order to concentrate ORD's research efforts on higher priority areas. In the energy program, synthetic fuels deposition, and hazardous and toxic spills will continue to receive major emphasis. Highlights of the 1982 Energy Program, as they relate to the Agency's media categories, are described below. Air The portion of the energy program addressing air pollutants will continue to focus on the impacts from fossil fuel combustion. In the oxidants area, emphasis on NO control technology will be continued, as it relates, for example, to utility and industrial boilers. Health and environmental processes research will also continue ongoing studies on the effects of ozone. Research on gaseous and particulate pollutants from energy-related sources will highlight visibility studies. Further, the engineering and technology portion of the program will include control technology for particulates along with other technology assessments, such as flue gas desulfurization. Other areas of emphasis include complex terrain modeling health studies on sulfur oxides. In the hazardous air pollutant area, emphasis is on particulate organic matter. Both the engineering and health effort will focus on organics emitted for stationary sources, particularly known or suspected carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens. Research on indoor air " pollution will continue. Hater Quality In 1982, we will continue to assess the environmental transport, fate and effects of energy-related pollutants on the aquatic environment. Emphasis will be placed of freshwater (both surface - and groundwater) and estuarine environments. In addition, we will continue to develop and evaluate alterntive pollution control technologies for effluents and discharges associated with coal mining, uranium mining, oil shale mining, oil and gas production, conventional powerplants, and coal preparation facilites. Research on the development of protocols for toxic and hazardous spills will receive greater support. Solid Waste In 1982, this program will receive slightly less emphasis than In 1981. However, we will continue to assess control technology options and associated costs with controlling solid residuals from industrial and utility boilers, and coal-cleaning facilities. Multi-Media 'The program will continue to focus on the synthetic fuel and acid deposition research programs. The synthetic fuels program will continue to. concentrate their research efforts on synfuels from coal and oil shale, petroleum refining, and geothermal energy. The acid deposition program will include activities which range from problem evaluation to the determination of environmental effects. E-6 ------- SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars) 1981 Energy Program $106,578 Salaries and Expenses..*....... +1,553 The increase is primarily in the multi- media energy program, environmental engineering and technology activity. Research and Development -11,286 The decrease is comprised primarily of major reductions in the multi-media, drinking water and toxic chemical testing and assessment programs, health effects, environmental processes and effects, and environmental engineering and technology activities ($14.3 million); a slight increase of $1.9 million in the multi-media, acid rain activity; and several minor in- creases and decreases to the other RSD activities, the net effect of which is an increase of $1.1 million* 1932 Energy Program 96,845 SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES 1. Summary of Budget Request An appropriation of $96,845,300 is requested for 1982. Included in this total is $84,054,900 for Research and Development and $12,790,400 for Salaries and Expenses, with a decrease of $11,285,900 and an increase of $1,553,300 respectively. This represents a net decrease of $9,732,600 from 1981, The slight increase of $1,553,300 in intramural funds will be used to provide additional support to the synthetic fuel and acid diposition programs. In addition to the increase of $1,121,500 in the multi-media activity, there are increases of $232,500 in oxidants, $100,700 in hazardous pollutants, $201,100 in gases and particles and $376,600 in the energy activities, offset by decreases totaling $479,100 in the other energy activities. Extramural funding is reduced by $11,285,900, primarily in the health effects and environmental processes and effects epidemiology area ($10,715,600), and the environmental engineering and technology, integrated technology assessment, solar energy and energy management areas ($3,536,800); with a slight increase ($1,856,400) in the acid rain activity, which was transferred from the engineering and technology area. Minor increases and decreases are in hazardous pollutants ($332,900), gases and particles ($623,500) energy ($262,300) industrial wastewater (5138,600), solid waste ($490,600) multi-media ($142,600), oxidants {$233,500) and municipal spills ($361.700). E-7 ------- 2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: (In thousands ofdollars) Original 1981 estimate..., • • 110,994 Presidential reduction (House Doc. 96-294).....,. -52 Congressional Increases/decreases: Travel.. -3.9 Consulting services -52 ADP,.... , -15 SES bonuses -8 General reduction of $12.2 to R&D, -957 Acid rain increases of $1.5m +1,500 Anticipatory research reduction of $2.5m...... -1,000 $.9m reprogramming for cold Climate research.. -950 Reprogramming to support aquatic weed research -75 Proposed pay raise supplemental +444 Reprogramming for salary and related costs -42 Transfer to solid waste/non-energy for Love Canal -3,146 Transfer to Office of the Inspector General...... . -12 Mi seel 1 aneous reprogr ammi ngs -12 Current 1981 estimate, , 106,578 The Congress reduced Agency travel costs by $850,000, resulting in a decrease of $39,000. A congressional reduction of $2 million to AOP costs created a decrease of $15,000 to this media. The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million and SES bonuses by $750,000, resulting in decreases to this media of $52,000 and $8,000, respectively. A congressional reduction of $12.2 million to the Agency's R&D appropriation resulted in a decrease of $957,000* In addition. Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million, resulting in a decrease of $1 million to this media. Also, congressional reprogrammings of $900,000 for cold climate research and $620,000 for aquatic weed research resulted in decreases of $950,000 and $75,000, res- pectively. Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this media is $52,000. The Congress Increased funding for acid rain research by $1.5 million. Other changes to this media include an increase of $444,000 for the proposed supplemental to fund the October ,1980 pay raise, and decreases In the amount of $42,000 for reprogramming related to salary and other costs; $3,146,000 transferred to solid waste/non-energy for Love Canal; $12,000 transferred to the Office of the Inspector General; and miscellaneous reprogrammings of $3,700 transferred to Administrative Law Judges, $200 transferred to radiation for the Radiation Policy Council, and $8,100 transferred to program management to support industrial hygienist positions at Research Triangle Park. E-8 ------- •ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 19.81 1982 (in thousands of dollarsT Prior year obligations ... 103,410 106,578 Effect of congressional changes -1,596 Proposed pay raise supplemental.... +444 Reprogrammings.. -66 ... Change in amount of carryover funds available . -309 Program decrease -3,198 -9,733 Change in rate of obligation +7.893 ..^ Total estimated obligations 106,578 96,845 (Fran new obligation authority), (106,578) (96,845) (From prior year funds) . EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS The Congressional referred to in changes the previous section are estimated to decrease obligations by $1,596,000. The funding of the October 1980 pay raise through a proposed supplemental is expected to increase obligations by 5444,000. Program decreases of $3,146,000 and $75,000 in 1981 are expected to decrease obligations for this media by $3,198,000. However, a change in the rate of obligation should increase obligations by $7,893,000. In 1982, the program decrease of $9,733 will reduce obligations by the same amount. There 1s no carryover available for obligation in 1981 or 1982. Miscellaneous reprogrammings are expected to result in a decrease of $66,000 in 1981. E-9 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Research and Development SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- ENERGY Multi-Media Energy Program Appropriation Technical Information and Liaison: Salaries and Expenses.. ... Research and Development......... Energy Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development .— Energy Environmental Engineering & Technology Salaries and Expenses Research and Development Energy Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development Acid Rain: Salaries and Expenses...*......... Research and Development TOTAL: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development......... GRAND TOTAL: Actual 1980 $258 3 175 4,891 3,274 17,267 169 3,238 $ 178 1,769 4,054 27,168 31,222 Budget • Estimate 1981* (dollars in S254 17 64 4,159 3,337 20,569 188 4,073 $ 199 6,451 4,042 35,269 39,311 Current Estimate 1981 thousands) $263 17 25 4,141 3,383 20,569 225 3,804 $ 209 6,951 4,105 35,482 39,587 Estimate 1982 S231 16 66 1,622 4,350 17,032 350 3,663 $ 230 8,807 5,227 31,140 36,367 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -$32 - 1 + 41 - 2,519 + 967 - 3,537 + 125 - 141 *$ 21 + 1,356 + 1,122 - 4,342 - 3,220 E-10 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions Technical Information and Liaison 444 if Energy Health Effects 1 ... ... ,.. Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology 59 61 60 59 -1 Energy Environmental Processes and Effects 111 1 Acid Rain Total Full-TimeEquivalency Technical Information and Liaison 676 6 Energy Health Hfects 11 2 1 -1 Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology 72 75 74 73 -1 Energy Environmental Processes and Effects 355 5 t 69 5 71 t 69 4 68 -1 Acid Rain 4 5 4 4 Totals 86 93 91 89 -2 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $36,367,200 and 68 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $3,220,500 and one permanent workyear from 1981. Included in this total is $5,227,000 for Salaries and Expenses and $31,140,200 for Research and Development, with an increase of $1,121,500 and a decrease of $4,242,000, respectively. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Energy Research Committee* The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program provides the Agency with the scientific and technical basis for developing defensible policies that strike a balance between domestic energy production and environmental quality. The major components of this pro- gram consist of research to characterize discharges and develop and evaluate cost effective pollution control technology for energy processes, and research, on the health and environmental effects of pollutants from energy-related technologies. Processes addressed include synfuels from coal, oil shale, biomass, geothermal etc., and conventional E-11 ------- technologies. This program addresses accelerated energy development and multi- media impact characterization which includes the collection of transport, trans- formation and fate data to measure impacts on ecosystems and human health. In addition, atmospheric dispersion and transformation models are developed to enable the Agency to devise effective abatement strategies on both a local and regional scale. The program also develops methods for. sampling and analysis and continuous monitoring of emissions/effluents from energy technologies to charac- terize residuals and control technology performance. The program evaluates environmental, economic and social impacts of energy supply so that environmentally acceptable approaches can be developed. A major output of this effort is the scientific information needed for the establishment and implemen- tation of technology-based, environmental guidelines and standards for pollutants associated with energy development. Also included in this program is the Agency's research to understand and control the sources and impacts of acid deposition. TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $261,100 for this sub-program, of which $258,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,700 was for extramural research activities. The Technical Information Program supported the preparation and publication of the Research Outlook, the Research Highlights, technical information plans and guidance, and other general documents of interest to the environmental decis- ion making community. It also provided ORD with information systems necessary to effectively plan and manage its research projects and resources. Specific accom- plishments in the area of energy included the publication and dissemination of: - A Decision Series Report on Acid Rain - A Pollutant Assessment for Oil Shale and Coal Technologies. The Regional Services Staff (RSS) provided for effective communications between ORD and the regions and the Regional Support Management information system was developed and implemented. 1981 ...Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $279,800 to .this sub-program, of which $262,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $17,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Various research program and project summaries, decision series documents, and technology transfer publications to meet ;the Energy Research Committee requirements are being provided. Technical Information Plans, listing the explicit information products for this research effort are being prepared. Support is also being provided to manage the information systems which track ORD's research projects and resources. Regional liaison activities are being continued, as is support for the Regional Support Management Information System. A process to address the research needs of state and local governments in the ORD planning process is being developed. E-12 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 19S1 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $8,SOO results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi- sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,100. - An increase of $9,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $800 from other activities. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $247,000 for this sub-program, of which $231,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $15,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $32,800. ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $5,065,800 for this sub-program, of which $174,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $4,891,100 was for extramural research activities. A series of level one and two biological assay techniques were refined for detection of biological activity in synfuel products, fractions, effluents, emissions, and combusion products. The first phase of exposure assessment for five fluidized bed combustion facilities was completed. This effort will be de-emphasized in the future due to projected limited development and application of this technology. Various epidemiological associations were determined for mutagenesis, reproductive dysfunction, and dermatological disorders in a variety of energy-related industries such as advanced fossil fuel combustion, hazardous waste disposal, coal gasification, and petroleum refining. Studies were initiated to develop methods for identification of neurotoxins (such as phenols) and teratogens (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) found in synthetic fuels. A phased health assessment was initiated to determine the relative anticipated health impact of organic coated participates from fluidized bed combustion vs. those from conventional coal combustion, A study was initiated to identify organic and metallic compounds from shale oil and coal conversion technologies to be used in multi-species metabolism investigations. E-13 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of 4,166,200 to this sub-program, of which $25,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,141,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. Refinement and ultimate validation efforts will continue for levels one and two biological assays for toxicities of synfuel products, fractions and processes. The first stage of epidemiologicai studies in synfuel operations will proceed. Operating synfuel process will be selected and accumulation of the data base on workers health which will enable future epidemiologicai associations will commence. - Industrial exposure assessment for oil shale, direct coal liquefaction and coal gasification processes will proceed. This is a large effort which will involve both planning and initiation of exposure measurements. The development of fish and amphibian assays for identification of neurptoxic and teratogenic hazards in synthetic fuels, their fractions and process effluents will continue. Studies to determine the absorption, retention, and distribution of metabo- lic products of organic and metallic compounds such as benzo(a) pyrene and vanadium found in effluents from shale oil and coal conversion processes will continue. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $56,600 results from several actions, as follows; - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi- sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $300. - An increase of $1,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $300 from other activities. - Transfer of $45,900 to energy-hazrdous pollutants to perform work related to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale. - Offsetting transfers of $28,700 were made to realign contract funds — $28,700 was transferred within the Salaries and Expenses appropriation to energy environmental processes and effects in this same subactivity; $28,700 was transferred within the Research and Development appropriation from energy environmental processes and effects in this • same subactivity. - A transfer of $12,200 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. E-14 ------- 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,687,500 for this sub-program, of which $65,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,622,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $2,478,700. The most promising assays for estimation of somatic and genetic toxicities of synfuel products, fractions, effluents, emissions and combustion products will be validated. Exposure assessments will be continued for oil shale, direct coal liquefac- tion and coal gasification processes. Assays for neurotoxicity and teratogenicity of synthetic fuel products, by- products and pollutants will be validated. Results from these assays will be integrated into the overall "Synfuel Assessment." Multi-species metabolism investigations will be conducted for synfuel products, by-products or fractions identified in the previous two years and key factors to be utilized in interspecies extrapolations will be determined. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $20,541,200 for this sub-program, of which $3,274,100 was for Salaries and Expenses and $17,267,100 was for extramural research activities. In 1980 the Agency placed major emphasis on the synfuels program, highlighting the environmental assessment and control technology evaluation associated with coal gasification, coal liquefaction and oil shale processing. EPA initiated efforts to produce Pollution Control Guidance Documents for these synfuels technologies to help EPA's Regional offices better review Environmental Impact Statements and permit applications and to provide the industry with early input as to available control technology. It is EPA's objective to minimize environmental damage while permitting timely synfuels commercialization. The documents will characterize technology guidance considering the integrated nature of the process and a multimedia waste management system. Significant accomplishments include the following: Synfuels from Coal and Oil Shale Preliminary and draft Environmental Impact Statements and Prevention of Significant Deterioration permits for the Solvent Refined Coal II (liquid fuel from coal) demonstration planned for West Virginia were reviewed and comments were submitted to Region III. This is to assure minimum impact of this large synfuels demonstration and assure inclusion of adequate control technology. An advanced draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Solvent Refined Coal I (solid clean fuel) demonstration was reviewed and comments were submitted to Region IV. This is to insure inclusion of adequate pollution control technology. The sampling and analysis at the Solvent Refined Coal pilot plant in Ft. Lewis, Washington, was completed in order to provide data for the Pollution Control Guidance Documents and program offices on direct coal liquefaction. E-15 ------- The effectiveness of participate control devices for oil shale processes in conjunction with the Department of Energy were evaluated. This will provide input to the standard setting offices and the Pollution Control Guidance Documents to provide data for cost effective control alternatives. Environmental perspectives documents for -the emerging' oil shale industry were completed. This describes the potential environmental impact of this soon to be commercialized industry. An engineering analysis of the Stretford device for sulfur removal from oil shale processes was completed. This will describe performance of major sulfur control technologies for input into both Pollution Control Guidance Documents and standard setting activities to assure cost effective control. This will encourage industry to incorporate Best Available Control Technology. Draft data bases for the indirect coal liquefaction and the low BTU coal gasification Pollution Control Guidance Documents were developed. These documents will be used by the EPA regional offices to review Environmental Impact Statements and permits, and by synfuels developers to avoid costly retrofit and redesign. Environmental assessments of the Wellman-Galusha low BTU coal gasification process and Lurgi medium BTU process were conducted. These characterize the discharge from significant low and medium BTU processes and will provide input to both the Pollution Control Guidance Documents and emission/effluent standards. An EPA/Industry Coal Liquefaction Forum was held in Chicago and the proceedings were published to help disseminate environmental information needed by the coal liquefaction industry. All significant developers described their processes and status of commercialization. Geothermal The sampling and analysis of fluids at 120 potential geothermai sites including springs and wells in the western U.S. were completed. Fifty chemi- cal constituents were analyzed. This information, when combined with historical data, will provide regulators and developers with a preliminary, but sound, basis for evaluating pollution control needs. A document "Status of Environmental Controls for Geothermal Energy" which established coordinated priorities, objectives, and management of environmental controls research among EPA, DOE, DOI and other agencies working through the Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council was completed. This will streamline and expedite the development of environmental controls needed to rapidly commercialize geothermai energy in the United States. Solar Preliminary results from a study on the air emission impacts of potential solar energy use in three metropolitan air quality control regions (Houston, Chicago and Philadelphia) through 1995 were obtained. These results begin to indicate the potential benefits from solar energy in resol- ving environmental problems in urban areas. Alcohol from Biomass Multimedia sampling and analysis at nine alcohol production facilities uti- lizing grain feedstocks were completed. This will provide the data base for standard setting offices and the Pollution Control Guidance Documents for alcohol fuels. E-16 ------- The standard support plan and control technology research plan were completed. This will describe ORD's plans and schedules for gathering the data base characterizing discharges from alcohol fuels processes. Fluidized Bed Combustion A comprehensive environmental assessment of the Georgetown University fluidized bed boiler was completed* This will provide OAQPS with data on air emissions from industrial boiler size fluidized bed units. Chemically Active Fluid Bed The environmental assessment program of Chemically Active Fluid Bed demonstration using high sulfur oil as feedstock was continued. This will encourage the use of domestic high sulfur oil. It will also supply OAQPS with a data base from which to set reasonable standards. Petroleum Refining A report assessing atmospheric emissions from petroleum refineries was com- pleted. This will be a first step to improving necessary control technology. Strategy Research The Congressionally-mandated Ohio River Basin Energy Study was completed. The forthcoming final report identifies and analyzes the likely impacts of future energy development within the Ohio River Basin. A legislatively required overview of the effectiveness of the Department of Energy's solar energy and energy conservation programs was completed. Com- ments from industry, Congressional staff and the public sector were received and incorporated into six preliminary reports and the forthcoming Report to the President and Congress. This could impact the Nation's energy policy in this area. A preliminary analysis of possible regulatory strategies for mitigating acid rain impacts in the U.S. and Canada was completed, and ongoing support was provided to the U.S.-Canada Bilaterial Research Consultation Group on the Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants. The results from these activities are a major part of the data base upon which bilaterial transboundary air pollution discussions with the Canadian Government are proceeding. 1981 Program In 1931, the Agency has allocated a total of $23,952,600 to this sub- program, of which $3,383,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $20,569,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appro- priation. In 1981 the Agency reduced its activities in fluidized bed combustion (FBC) and in assessing the environmental impact of the Chemically Active Fluid Bed processes to provide greater support for our efforts to support the Federal Synthetic Fuels Program. Much of the fluidized bed combustion activity and all of the Chemically Active Fluid Bed demonstration has been absorbed by the Depart- ment of Energy. In addition to the Pollution Control Guidance Document effort, this program element includes a large component for EPA regional support in the synfuels area. Activities include: Synf uels from Coal and Oil Shale Comments to Region III on the final Environmental Impact Statement and permit applications for the Solvent refined Coal II demonstration planned for Morgantown, West Virginia (other Regions will be similarly supported in the various synf uel technologies) are being provided. E-17 ------- Review of the final Environmental Impact Statement and permit applications for the Solvent Refined Coal I demonstration to Region IV is being completed. This is to assure that adequate control technology is incorporated in this synfuels demonstration. The first and second drafts of volumes "I, II, and III of the Pollution Control Guidance Document for direct coal liquefaction are being completed. This will provide guidance for the EPA Regions in the Environmental Impact Statement and permit application review for this industry. Sampling and analysis at the Exxon Donor Solvent and H-Coai pilot plant are being conducted. This will provide a data base for the Pollution Control Guidance Document and the Agency's standard setting office for direct coal liquefaction. The final Pollution Control Guidance Documents for low BTU coal gasification, indirect coal liquefaction and oil shale processing are being completed. These will provide guidance to Regional permit reviewers as to recommended control technology and provide developers with advance informa- tion concerning control technology needs so as to avoid costly retrofit. Public forums on the low BTU gasification and indirect liquefaction Pollution Control Guidance Documents are being held to help disseminate information on the pollution control needs of this industry. Pollution Control Guidance Document efforts in Lurgi high and medium BTU processes are being initiated. This will provide information on the recommended pollution control technology for these important synfuels industries. The sampling and analyses program at Occidental oil shale retort burns 7 and 8 is being initiated. This will provide a data base for Pollution Control Guidance Documents and standard setting in the oil shale industry. Bench scale effluent treatability studies for oil shale processes are being completed. This will help describe cost effective control technology for oil shale processes. Alcohol From Biomass The environmental assessment of ethanol production from biomass is being completed. This will characterize all emissions/effluent from this process and thus provide a data base for the Pollution Control Guidance Document and the standard setting process. Multimedia sampling at three alcohol production facilities utilizing cellu- lose and sugar feedstocks is being completed. This will compare the emissions/effluent from alcohol production as a function of feedstock and provide input to standard setting. A preliminary analysis of air pollution cbntrol costs on alcohol production facilities is being completed. This will provide cost effective pollution control of emissions from alcohol production. Geothermal An assessment of large-scale, long-term subsurface injection for geothermal fluids, and the development of techniques for remotely sensing the movement of injected geothermal fluids are being conducted. These projects will enable site developers to comply with drinking water aquifer production and subsidence prevention regulations under the underground injection program. Preparation of a Pollution Control Guidance Document for hydrothermal geothermal energy is being prepared and sampling and analysis programs on associated discharges are being conducted. This will provide guidance to EPA Regional permit reviewers, DOE, resource developers, and be an input to the standard-setting and review process. E-18 ------- A Best Available Methods Manual for sampling and analysis of geothermal liquids, gases and solids is being prepared. This will enable developers and regulators to assemble data for permits, process engineering and compliance monitoring on a consistent and cost-effective basis. Solar The study of air emission impacts of potential solar energy use in three metropolitan air quality control region is being completed, The results will be used to identify specific emission sources to which solar energy systems can be applied in compliance planning. Several analyses attempting to anticipate the significant environmental problems associated with the manufacture and/or use of solar energy techno- logies are being conducted. These studies will enable EPA, DOE, and techno- logy developers to take early steps to insure that environmental impacts are minimized. FluidizedBedCombustion Several industrial sized fluidized bed boilers for sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide and particulates are being monitored. This will provide support for the development of air emission standards for industrial boilers. Chemically Active Fluid Bed Demonstration of the use of coal as a fuel in the Chemically Active Fluid Bed utility demonstration in San Benito, Texas is being conducted. This will provide for the environmentally sound use of coal in a gas fired utility boiler in accordance with the National Energy Plan, Petroleum Refining Sampling and analysis for volatile organic compounds from wastewater treat- ment plants at five petroleum refineries is being conducted. Strategy Research Program The legislatively required analysis of the Department of Energy's conserva- tion and solar energy programs is continuing. The development of advanced analytic models for determining the economic, energy and pollution release consequences of environmental regulation is continuing. Major support for the assessment efforts required by the U.5. Canada Memorandum of Intent on Transboundary Air Pollution will be continued. These assessments on the emission rates of acid rain precursors and on the transport and effect of acid rain will provide the technical support for future negotiations on an international agreement on transboundary air pol- lution. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $45,800 results from several actions, as followss E-19 ------- - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29*0; these revi- sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $22,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $38,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $153,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $46,000 to other activities. f A transfer of $1,000 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. A transfer of $200 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. 1982Plan The Agency requests a total of $21,382,600 and 59 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $4,350,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropria- tion and $17,032,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The Envionmental Engineering and Technology Program element was reduced by $2,570,000 This decrease results from reduced levels of support for the Inte- grated Technology Assessment, solar energy and energy management research programs. The decrease also results from a transfer of acid precipitation activities to the Acid Rain Program Element.— The Chemically Active Fluid Bed demonstration and environmental assessment program, as well as the alcohol production from biomass program, are scheduled to be completed as planned in 1981, and therefore are not included in the 1982 submission. In addition, fluidized bed combustion has been deleted from the 1982 program. Most of this program will be included in the Department of Energy's direct combustion program. Synf uels from Coal and OH Shale Pollution Control Guidance Documents for medium BTU coal gasification, Lur- gi high BTU coal gasification and direct coal liquefaction will be com- pleted. This will complete the first series of Pollution Control Guidance Documents for the Agency. These documents will provide guidance to the EPA Regions as to recommended control technologies to allow for a realistic review of Environmental Imapct Statement and permit applications. Air, groundwater and subsidence effects of in-situ coal gasification pro- jects will be assessed. This will provide a better understanding of the impact of this technology to assure maximum use of our coal resources. Comprehensive data gathering of a variety of domestic and foreign bench, pilot, demonstration and commercial synthetic fuel facilities in support of the regional, the program office and enforcement activities will be con- ducted. Emphasis will be on control effectiveness, applicability, cost, energy penalty and residual characterizaion. E-20 ------- Chemical composition and biological activity data for synfuel products and synfuel combustion will be developed. This will help assure that synfuel products will be handled with minimal environmental impact. Support for the EPA Regions in the area of Environmental Impact Statement, Prevention of Significant Deterioration and New Source Performance Standard reviews will be continued. This will help assure that realistic permits will be written in a timely manner for synthetic fuels. Control technology for disposal of retorted oil shale and raw oil shale will be developed, demonstrated and validated. This will help assure that cost effective control technology will be available to minimize the impact of solid waste for this important synfuel technology. Petroleum Refining - Emissions/effluents at a petroleum refinery will be compared with those at various synfuel plants to determine relative impact and associated control costs for similar fuel products. Emissions from fluidized bed catalytic crackers in the oil refining industry will be assessed. This will provide a data base for setting an emission standard for petroleum refineries. Ceotherrnal Preparation of a Pollution Control Guidance Document for hydrothermal geothermal energy will be continued and sampling and analysis programs on associated discharges will be completed. This will provide guidance to EPA Regional permit reviewers, DOE and resource developers, and provide input to the standard setting and review process. - Solid waste management practices from geothermal energy systems and recom- mend control alternatives will be assessed. This study responds to a Congressionally-rnandated study (RCRA 1980 amendments). Conventional Combustion Environmental Assessment (Synfuels) Emissions for stationary conventional combustion sources burning synthetic fuels will be characterized. This will be a first step to assure minimal environmental impacts associated with a significant use of synfuels. Strategy Research program As required by Section 11, P.L.93-577, EPA will continue to conduct an annual review of the Federal Non-Nuclear Energy Research and Development Program. Working with U.S. Department of Agriculture, EPA will analyze the effec- tiveness of alternative strategies to mitigate adverse socioeconomic impacts of rapid energy development in rural areas. This supports EPA Region VIII's needs for analysis of policy options in this area. ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,407,400 for this sub-program, of which $169,400 was for Salaries and Expenses "and $3,238,000 was for extramural research activities. An analysis of the ambient air quality data collected at the Kosovo, Yugoslavia coal gasification plant was completed. Significant concentrations of potentially health impairing organic air pollutants were found which were directly traceable to fugitive emissions from the synfuel plant. E-21 ------- The air quality monitoring and modeling effort at the western Colorado oil shale extraction area was initiated with particular emphasis on visibility impairment in the adjacent Federal Class I areas. Multimedia environmental monitoring strategies were developed for commercial scale fluidized bed coal combustion and low BTU coal gasification plants so as to direct the facility emission and discharge sampling programs. A groundwater monitoring system design report was completed for situations involving above-ground oil shale retorting facilities supplied with shale from underground mines. Preliminary designs were completed for modified in-situ operations. A study to evaluate the environmental effects of pollutants from coal gasification technologies was initiated, A study to provide guidance for the use of non-mined wastes as soil amendments on coal and oil shale spoils was completed. : The use of vegetation that can withstand the arid conditions pf surface mined lands in the west is needed to reclamate these areas. A user-oriented report was completed which identifies plant materials for use on mined lands in arid and semi-arid regions. Documentation for stabilizing mine spoils in surface mined areas of the northern Great Plains was completed. The transfer of this technology to state agencies and mining companies is in the final phase of completion. A field deployable flow reactor, and efficient delivery system, and a clean air dilution system were developed to characterize secondary aerosol products formed through atmospheric reactions involving synfuel emissions. A 16 day ambient air study outside the fenceline of the commercial medium BTU lurgi coal gasification plant in Kosovo, Yugoslavia, was conducted. Thirty organic compounds in five classes (CHO, CHN, CHS, aliphatic and aromatic) were identified. A monitoring strategy for multi-media environmental effects of fluidized bed combustion plants was developed and published. New methods for revegetation of surface mined lands have been developed. These include direct seeding and soil improvement techniques. Through cooperative research involving EPA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a program has been initiated to develop strategies for dealing with the Prevention of Signicant Deterioration (PSD) regulation of the Clean Air Act. This strategy is urgently needed to assist EPA and land managers in decisions involving the siting of new energy-related industries. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $^,028,600 to this sub-program, of which $225,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,803,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. Field monitoring protocols for coal and oil shale sites are being developed to assist in the development of mitigation actions to protect groundwater, and a groundwater monitoring system is being developed to provide an early warning in the event of leakage at a site designed to dispose of hazardous wastes generated by electric utility operations. E-22 ------- Improved atmospheric dispersion models are being developed for use in eval- uating compliance with air quality standards and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) in areas of complex terrain, especially in the mountainous areas of the western United States. Data are being collected to provide input for a model to develop protocols and methods for testing the environmental effects of complex synfuel mixtures. Specific tasks include the setting of exposure levels to use in designing long-term chronic and systems level bio-assays of Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) liquids; the defining of the hazards of synfuel products; and the providing of a base for environmental regulations governing the production and use of SRC materials. The potential for chronic leaching of abandoned oil shale retorts is being quantified. Surface and subsurface geological factors that can be related to aquifer characteristics and groundwater movement are being identified. This information will aid in the selection of potential sites to be developed for oil shale facilities. New and/or existing "Best Management Practices" for the protection of top soil and reclamation of surface mined areas in arid and semi-arid areas of the U.S. are being developed and evaluated. The development of improved plant materials to reclaim surface mined lands of arid and semi-arid areas of the western coal mining region will be continued. The acute and chronic effects of pollutants discharged or emitted from oil- shale mining and processing on freshwater organisms are being studied. This work includes: (1) identifying and quantitating the waste products from oil shale mining and the chemicals used and formed by the refinement processes involved; (2) testing the acute and chronic effects of the wastes on aquatic organisms; (3) determining the possible bioaccumulation of organic compounds in aquatic animals; CO identifying potential pollutants which may enter the aquatic environment from these processes; and (5) recommending which pollutants should be treated or removed before wastewaters are released in the environment. Strategies will be developed to deal with the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) part of the Clean Air Act for the protection of fish, wildlife, and their habitats. A monitoring strategy for low-medium coal gasification and indirect coal liquefaction is being prepared. A groundwater monitoring system is being developed to provide early warning in the event of leakage at a site designed to dispose of hazardous wastes generated by electric utility operations. In preparation for a FY-82 second phase study of the ambient air impacts of the commercial scale medium BTU coal gasification plant at Kosovo, Yugosla- via, ambient organic monitoring techniques are being developed or adapted. Emissions from various types of synfuel processes, e.g., low-medium BTU coal gasification, indirect coal liquefaction, indirect coal liquefaction, direct coal liquefaction, oil shale retorting, or solvent refined coai (SRC II etc.), will be examined using the flow reactor system to determine atmospheric reaction rates and products. A preliminary characterization of dissolved organic compounds in the White River of Colorado is being performed. The White River, and one of its tributaries, the Piceance Creek, drain an area of intense oil shale develop- ment activities. This effort is part of an interagency coordinated effort also involving USGS and DOE. £-23 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $232,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-29ft); these revi- sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $500. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $8,700 results from the Cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $500 from other activities. - Transfer of $70,000 to energy-hazrdous pollutants to' perform work related to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale. - Offsetting transfers of $28,700 were made to realign contract funds — $28,700 was transferred within the S & E appropriation to energy environ- mental processes and effects in this same subactivity; $28,700 was transferred within the Research and Development appropriation from energy environmental processes and effects in this same subactivity. 1982 Plan- The Agency requests a total of $4,012,700 and one permanent workyear for this sub-program, of which $350,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,662,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects a decrease of $15,900. Methods for determining fish and wildlife management practices and monitoring procedures on surface mined lands will be developed. Handbooks for mine reclamation covering erosion protection, water manage- ment, and revegetation procedures in arid and semi-arid areas of the United States will be prepared. Reclamation and revegetation techniques to minimize the transport of radio- active materials from uranium mine tailings will be developed. Research will focus on the biological consequences of diverting water for various uses, including energy production in arid and semi-arid portions of the United States, Data will be collected to provide input for a model to develop protocols and methods for testing the environmental effects of complex synfuel mixtures. This information will be used to define the hazards of synfuel products, to provide a basis for environmental regulations governing production and use of these synfuel materials. E-24 ------- An ambient air study of emissions from the commercial-scale medium BTU Lurgi coal gasification plant at Kosovo, Yugoslavia will be expanded. this study will measure specific organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, pyrrole and classes of organic compounds such as mercaptains, thiophanes, pyridines, phenols and polycyclic organics. The Kosovo gasifier represents an uncontrolled gasification system. The results will toe used to evaluate various control strategies. A monitoring guidance document will be prepared for each of the synfuel technologies. Indirect liquefaction will be addressed in 1982. The final phase of an assessment of the impact of oil shale development on the levels of organic compounds in the White River will be implemented. ACID RAIN 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,946,800 for this sub-program, of which $177,700 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,769,100 was for extramural research activities. The short-term assessment program was completed with publications identifying sensitive areas in the eastern U.S., including lakes and streams, bedrock geology and soil types. These results allow EPA to focus its research in areas that are or may become adversely impacted by acid precipitation. The analysis of the results of the first year of a study involving the impacts of simulated acid rain on 28 agricultural crop species was completed and published. This study will provide EPA with important preliminary information regarding the effects of acid precipitation on crops. A first approximation of sulfur accumulation in southeastern forest ecoystems was provided. Within two ecosystems, the largest sink for sulfur occurred in the forest soil, where 97% of the total deposition of sulfur accumulated. Results from rainfall simulation studies indicated that the growth of soybean and pinto bean were inhibited by simulated acid rainfall. The' data will contribute to our knowledge base for determining the effects of acid precipitation on agronomic crops. The Critique of Methods to Measure Dry Deposition; Workshopi Surnmary (EPA- 600/9-80-050? was published. This publication assesses dry deposition met- hods for routine monitoring use and provides direction for development of the more accurate methods that will be necessary for EPA to understand the importance of dry deposition in evaluating the total acid deposition problem. Remote acid rain baseline sites such as Australia, Venezuela Alaska, Colorado, Bermuda and Amsterdam Island were established through an EPA-NDAA Interagency Agreement. The MAP3S/RAINE program performed in the DOE-affiliated national laboratories was restructured in line with EPA objectives in addressing the acid rain issue. In 1980, a comprehensive statistical analysis was performed on precipitation monitoring data collected over a 3 year time period. MAP3S/RAINE models were executed from practical impact analyses, such as the mutual export/impact of acidic species over the U.S. Canadian border; the oil blackout scenario; and the relative impact of point vs. area sources on acid rain. E-25 ------- A national acid precipitation data system was established and is entering data from several networks. This system will allow EPA and others to establish and analyze acid deposition levels and trends to understand the extent and magnitude of the acid deposition problem, 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,160,500 to this sub-program, of which $209,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,951,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. In response to a congressional mandate, the FY1981 acid precipitation program was increased by $1.5M. This increase was split between the Multimedia Energy and Gases and Particles Energy programs. The acid rain program element in the Multimedia program was increased by $500K» and the Environmental Engineering and Technology program element in the Gases and Particles Energy program was increased by the remaining $1.0M. The $500K in this program is being used to acclerate studies on dry deposition; assess impacts on surface and groundwater, and on forest soils; and to conduct activities supporting the U.S.-Canadian Work Group. An acid deposition issue paper will be prepared by leading U.S. scientists summarizing current scientific knowledge of the acid rain phenomenon. Both biological and chemical issues relevant to determining the ecological impact of acid precipitation on aquatic systems are being evaluated and assessed. Several appropriate areas known to receive acid precipitation will be selected for study. Historical records will be compiled and field surveys will be conducted to provide data for models used to predict future conditions under various scenarios of precipitation acidity. Surveys of the water chemistry and biology of lakes and streams in the upper-midwest, northeast, and mid-Atlantic region are being continued. The studies are oriented to determine the relationships between water quality/acidity and biological status. An analysis of historical lake data to assess the rate of change of lakes in pristine and polluted areas is being continued. Chemical and biological indicators for past, present, and future comparison of the impacts of acid precipitation on aquatic ecosystems are being established. Dose/response studies at experimental research sites are being continued to determine the impacts of acid precipitation on physical and biological components of aquatic ecosystems. The results of cause and effect studies and methodologies which relate the decline of fish populations to the acidi- fication of waters by acid precipitation are being assessed. Research involving soils will include the effects of acid precipitation on the mobilization of toxic metals, soil-nitrogen reactions, microbial processes and transformations, and nutrient availability to vegetation. An understanding of these potential impacts will be used to improve the identi- fication of sensitive areas and the . assessment of impacts on forest and aquatic systems. Agricultural impact studies relevant to crop yield effects are being expanded to evaluate both sulfate and nitrate components and the interactive effects of these pollutants with ozone sulfur dioxide. Dose/response functions are being developed. Studies to evaluate the impacts of acid precipitation on drinking waters are being continued. E-26 ------- Forest oriented research will include the completion of a model ecosystem study and continued research to evaluate acid rain impacts on interactions involving fungal-conifer relationships and nutrient cycling as related to optimal forest growth. Research involving the effects of acid precipitation on buUding stones and statues is being continued in FY-81 and field studies to evaluate dry deposition on natural surfaces, are being performed. Methodologies, theoretical studies, laboratory studies, field studies and dry deposition maps of the North American Continent are being continued. This effort is part of the MAP3S/RAINE program. Continuing leadership of the Federal Acid Precipitation Task Force is being provided, and an issue paper summarizing current scientific knowledge of the acid precipitation phenomenon will be prepared. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswaiking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $510,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revi- sions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $600. - The Congress added $1.5 million to the budget estimate for acid rain research; $500,000 of the increase was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $900 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $11,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $700 from other activities. The Agency requests a total of $9*037,^00 for this sub-program, of which $229,900 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,807,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. E-27 ------- This reflects an increase of $1,876,900. This increase results from the transfer of a program dealing with mitigation strategies from the Engineering and Technology Program Element to the Acid Rain Program Element in the Multimedia Energy program. • In addition to this transfer, the increase will provide for the following research: (1) an assessment of data bases that have been completed for lake stream, soil, groundwater, and forest ecosystem impacts the eastern states; (2) the initiation of a study to identify areas in the western U.S. that are sensitive to acid deposition; and (3) an evaluation of the contamination of groundwater supplies by acid precipitation. The location of aquatic and terrestrial systems which are sensitive to acid precipitation will be refined from the knowledge base developed in FY~ 80/81. Criteria for evaluating nutrient and toxic metal transport in soils and water will be established. The impacts of acid precipitation on soil, water, and sediment chemistry will be identified. Surveys and assessments of acid precipitation impacts on lakes, streams, and terrestrial systems will be continued. The data base for evaluating the impacts of acid rain on agronomic crops will be improved. Threshold damage levels and dose/response curves will be developed for important crop species. Studies will also focus on the crop effects of ambient acid rain in the northeastern United States. Impacts on growth, yield, and quality will be emphasized. The results and conclusions of acid rain and sulfur dioxide/ozone interaction studies involving crop and yield effects will be presented in report form. Summary reports on the impacts of acid precipitation on stone and statues will be prepared. An evaluation of changes in tap water quality relevant to acid precipitation effects will be provided. Health risks associated with water chemistry, including heavy metal contamination, will be determined. The cost effectiveness of possible control measures for acid precipitation will be determined. Acid precipitation control options relevant to coal supply and transportation will be assessed. The field studies and modeling of acid deposition under project MAP3S/RAINE will continue. Final results are expected in the FY 83-84 timeframe. Development of analysis tools for more accurately assessing the costs and benefits of alternative emission control strategies will be continued. These required analysis tools will allow more detailed analysis of the economic and energy impacts on specific sources and source categories. Support for activities of the Federal Acid Precipitation Task Force will be continued. Research strategies will be developed (in cooperation with other Agencies) for controlled forest ecosystem studies in areas impacted by acid precipitation. A study to identify areas in the western U.S. that are sensitive to acid deposition will be initiated, and historical soil and geological data, and water quality information will be assessed for the development of maps which show the locations of sensitive terrestrial and aquatic systems. £-28 ------- ENERGY Oxidants - Energy Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate 1980 1981* 1981 (dollars in thousands) Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Appropriation Energy Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses........... Research and Development........ Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development........ Energy Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses........... Research and Development........ TOTAL: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development........ GRAND TOTALs $ 43 1 ,308 1,569 11,099 24 395 1,636 12JJ02 14,438 $ 10 1,392 1,514 10,970 26 379 1,550 12,741 14,291 $ 10 1,376 1,567 10,970 26 379 1,603 12,725 14,328 $ 10 1,211 1,825 11,281 • * a • a » 1,835 12,492 14,327 $ ... - 165 + 258 + 311 - 26 - 379 + 232 - 233 - 1 Permanent Positions Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology.......... full-Time Equivalency Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology.......... 22 32 20 30 20 30 22 33 •January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $14,327,300 and 22 permanent workyears for 1982, a decrease of $1,000 from 1981. Included in this total is $1,835,400 for Salaries and Expenses and $12,491,900 for Research and Development, with an increase of $232,500 and a decrease of $233,500, respectively. E-29 ------- Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Oxidants and Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program provides EPA's regulatory decision makers, the Regional offices and local and state implementation agencies with the scientific and technological data base to optimize this nation's energy development and self- reliance with minimal deleterious environmental and health effects. In particu- lar, the research addresses the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) needs in developing and evaluating New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The specific research areas covered are as follows: (a) assessment of the human and ecological effects of ozone and other photochemical oxidants, and (b) development and evaluation of control technologies for oxidant precursor emissions. In order to fully complete the objectives of this program, resources are devoted to assessing; the long-term impacts of oxidant pollution derived from energy-related pollutants, These studies focus on assessing the health and ecological effects of oxidants and on developing and evaluating new control technologies for oxidants (e.g., ozone) and its precursors (nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons). Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented indivi- dually in the following material. ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,351,500 for this sub-program, of which $43,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,308,100 was for extramural research activities. The protocol for a court-mandated epidemiological study to examine the effects of elevated levels of oxidants on asthmatic persons in the Los Angeles area was completed. Animal inhalation toxicology studies designed to determine the influence of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the clearance of particulates, and to adapt to intermittent nitrogen dioxide spikes simulating urban levels were continued. A manuscript on incomplete adaptation following nitrogen dioxide expsoure was completed. An animal inhalation toxicology study designed to determine if ozone can act as a co-carcinogen in specimens previously exposed to carcinogens was continued. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,386,800 to this sub-program, of which $10,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,376,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The Los Angeles Asthma study will proceed with funds allocated from the 1980 budget. This study will investigate associations between elevated oxidant levels and pulmonary impairment in normal and asthmatic persons in the South Coast Air Basin. E-30 ------- Work on the clinical study involving exposure of persons with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) to 0.12pprn (and possibly higher concentrations) of ozone win be continued. Positive findings would indicate the inadequacy of the present standard, while negative findings would provide a firmer scientific basis for the standard. The development of methods for PAN aerosol dispersion will be initiated. A study of the combined effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide will be initiated. The assessment of pulmonary morphological indicators of oxidant damage in experimental animals will be completed. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $15,000 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100. - An increase of $300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramrnings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $100 from other activities. - Transfer of $15,300 to energy-hazardous pollutants to perform work rela- ted to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,221,200 for this sub-program, of which $10,100 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,211,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects decrease of $165,600; $400 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and a $165,200 in the Research and Development appropriation. The court-mandated Los Angeles Asthma study will be completed. Information obtained from this study will be used to evaluate current and future ozone standards. The second year of the Los Angeles epidemiological study investigating the association between elevated oxidant levels and a broad range of human health end points will be continued. The second year of the clinical study relating ozone effects in persons with COLD will be continued. Investigation of the effects of nitrogen dioxide in combination with ozone or nuisance particulates on particle clearance in- experimental animals of different age and susceptibility will be completed. E-31 ------- A study to develop methods for nitrosamine aerosol dispersion and toxicity study will be followed by study to test nitrosamine acute toxicity will be initiated. The Kinetic growth response to chronic ozone exposure will be determined. The study will include a complete assessment of cytologic -end points applied to chronic ozone exposure. A health risk assessment will be conducted for the increasing ambient levels of photochemical oxidants which will accompany increased coal combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $12,668,000 for this sub-program, of which $1,569,100 was for Salaries and Expenses and $11,098,900 was for extramural research activities. A low NOx burner at an industrial coal-fired boiler host site was installed. The goal of this program is to reduce NOx emissions from pulverized coal- fired industrial boilers to 0.2-0.3 pounds of NOx per million BTU heat input (a 70-80 percent reduction from uncontrolled emissions). A 30 day, long-term NOx emissions monitoring program to support the establishment of a Standard of Performance for Industrial Boilers was comp- leted. A pilot scale evaluation of a new heavy oil burner for use in oil field steamers was completed. This burner is capable of reducing NOx emissions to less than lOOppm which would allow for the expanded production of heavy oil in California without degrading the environmental quality. In cooperation with the Department of Energy, a pilot scale evaluation of two flue gas treatment processes for NOx control and simultaneous SOx/NOx control was completed. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $12,537,000 to this sub- program, of which $1,566,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $10,970,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro- priation. " The first 30 day intensive test program at the industrial boiler low NOx burner demonstration site and the initiation of an 18 month long- term performance evaluation program will be completed. The effectiveness of the EPA developed heavy oil burner in a 50 million BTU per hour oil field steamer will be demonstrated. A pilot scale evaluation of the simultaneous SOx/NOx control process is being conducted. This technology has the potential to reduce the cost of SOx compliance by up to 50 percent when compared to the current state of the art. Documentation of the effectiveness and cost associated with the combustion of coal/limestone pellets is being completed. The pellet fuel offers an opportunity to lower the cost of SOx control for stoker fired boilers when compared to the current state-of-the-art. E-32 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the . 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $52,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,800. " An increase of $62,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of S3,400 to other activities, 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $13,106,100 and 22 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $1,825,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropria- tion and $11,280,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Develop- ment Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $569,100 and two permanent workyears, with an increase of $258,500 for the Salaries and Expenses appro- priation and $310,600 for the Research and Development appropriation. The increase will permit the aceelereated development and demonstration of the limestone injection/multistage burner sulfur oxide control process. This sulfur oxide control process has a potential to significantly reduce the cost of compliance with State Implementation Plans. EPA will perform comprehensive boiler performance and emissions characteri- zation tests at the industrial and utility boiler NOx burner demonstration sites. In addition, the limestone injection into low NOx burner will continue to move as rapidly as possible toward demonstration in full scale, operating boilers. Both the low NOx burner and the limestone injection into low NOx burner efforts are designed to develop low cost, effective environ- mental control systems which would permit the United States to expand domestic coal usage while preserving the quality of our environment. The program provides for: - Completion of the 18 month performance evaluation of low NOx coal burners which are applicable to tangentially and wall-fired utility boilers. - Completion of the 18 month performance evaluation of low 'NOx coal burners which are applicable to wall fired industrial boilers in the 100,000 to 1,000,000 pounds of steam per hour range. - Completion of the field evaluation of the performance of low NOx com- bustion concepts applicable to coal-stoker fired industrial boilers. - Completion of the first phase of demonstration of techniques to lower NOx emissions from existing boilers to permit . their cost effective com- pliance with existing coal-fired plume visibility regulations for Western utilities. This would permit expanded coal usage in these areas. E-33 ------- - Continue the bench scale and pilot scale evaluation of- limestone • injection using advanced low NOx burner designs with an SO_ emission reduction goal of 50-70 percent and with an SO. control incremental cost of $15-40 per kilowatt. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments to 1980, the Agency used a total of $418,900 for this sub-program, of which $23,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $395,400 was for extramural research activities. The data base has been completed for a three level model which relates ozone stress to the sensitivity of three genetic categories of ponderosa pine - sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. Data will be used to determine the extent of ozone induced inhibition in the growth of ponderosa pine, a major western timber species. The relationship between the growth of ponderosa pine and the rate of photosynthesis as controlled by ozone stress was established. This rela- tionship will be used to form the basis for relating the process of pho- tosynthesis to ponderosa pine productivity. Through additional measure- ments of photosynthesis, the impacts of ozone and other pollutants can be predicted for other plant species. A portable battery-powered device was developed to measure photosynthesis and water loss rates for trees and field crops. The device can be used in the field to relate the impacts of ozone and other pollutants on photo- synthesis and the accumulation of biomass. Initial results were presented which relate the impacts of water stress to the sensitivity of ponderosa pine to ozone. This information can contribute support for regional air quality standards as based on differences in mois- ture availability. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $404,500 to this sub-program, of which $25,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $378,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Field expermiments to determine the agricultural impacts of ozone will be initiated. This study will focus on evaluating the impacts of the formation of ozone. Ozone is formed in the atmosphere by the photochemical reaction involving nitrogen oxides, a major pollutant resulting from the increased combustion of coal. A research strategy which discusses the use of the Zonal Air Pollution System for field assessments of the impacts of ozone on crops is being developed. - Automated field exposure systems for ozone studies are being developed for deployment at regional study sites to assess ozone impacts on crop yield. These systems will be used to simulate pollution levels for dose/response evaluations. Crop growth and yield models will be evaluated to predict the effects of air pollutants. E-34 ------- The field study and data collection involving the impacts of ozone on ponderosa pine is being completed. This information will be utilized as input to the Ozone Criteria Document required under the Clean Air Act, 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $? million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100. - The Congress reduced agency wide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $800 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $100 from other activities, 1982 Plan The Agency requests no resources in this subprogram. This reflects a decrease of $404,500 for assessing the effects of ozone and nitrogen oxides on crop yields. £-35 ------- ENERGY Hazardous Pollutants Energy Appropriation Energy Monitoring System and Instru m entatfon Development: Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... Energy Health Effects Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology Salaries and Expenses Research and Development........ Energy Environmental Processes and Effects Salaries and Expenses Research and Development........ TOTAL Salaries and Expenses 520 Research and Development........ GRAND TOTAL Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate 1980 1981* 198.1 "(ioTfars in thousands) Estimate 1982 $ 80 $ 72 $ 70 $ 73 377 428 385 428 54 13 13 13 1,411 1,504 1,222 1,504 368 480 479 577 3,576 3,161 2,858 2,818 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +S3 + 43 + 282 + 98 40 18 421 581 5,785 16 484 579 5,577 17 17 436 484 + 48 680 + 101 4,901 5,234 + 333 6,305 6,158 5,480 5,914 434 E-36 ------- Budget Current Increase* Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease- 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions E nergy M onitoring Syste m s and Instrumentation Development 1 1 1 1 Salaries and Expenses Research and Development......... Energy Health Effects ... ... ... E nergy E n viron m errtal Engineering and Technology 78 7 4 - 3 Salaries and Expenses Research and Development. Energy Environmental Processes and Effects Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... TOTAL 89 8 5 - 3 FuTl-Time Equivalency Energy Monitoring Systems and Instrumentation Development 11 2 1 - 1 Salaries and Expenses Research and Development....... Energy Health Effects ... 1 ... 1 +1 E nergy E n viron m ental Engineering and Technology 9 10 9 9 Salaries and Expenses Research and Development. Energy Environmental Processes and Effects 1 1 1 1 Salaries and Expenses Research and D evelop m ent...... TOTAL 11 13 12 12 * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $5,914,100 and for 5 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $433,600 and a decrease of 3 permanent workyears from 1981. Included in this total is $679,900 for Salaries and Expenses and $5,234,200 for Research and Development, with an increase of $100,700 and an increase of $332,900, respectively. E-37 ------- Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Hazardous Air Pollutants/Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub- programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program develops the information necessary to evaluate poten- tially hazardous air pollutant emissions problems associated with conventional energy systems and energy conservation methods, and defines control techniques to mitigate any significant problems which are identified at a reasonable cost. The research program consists of 4 major components: (1) characterization of discharges and evaluation of cost effective pollution control options: (2) gathering of health effects data for pollutants from energy-related sources and development of testing and bioassay techniques; (3) development of near-field air dispersion models for determining general population exposures to hazardous air pollutants; and (4) development of hand-held monitoring systems and other instrumentation for measuring HAPs and exposures to them in indoor and outdoor environments. Sources addressed include stationary conventional combustion equipment (burning non-synthetic fuels) and the indoor environment, as it is affected by indoor and outdoor sources, and by energy conservation measures. A major output of the program is the scientific information needed for the estab- lishment of NESHAPS regulations and guidelines. The research includes the deve- lopment of source characterization data; health effects data; testing and assay methods for screening HAPs; near-field air dispersion models for determining general population exposures; and the development of monitoring systems and instrumentation for improving data collection. Another major output is the definition of indoor air quality. Characterization of the indoor component of total exposure development of risk assessments for indoor exposures, and deve- lopment of cost effective control methods and systems for indoor sources are a crucial aspect of this work, this data is needed to develop an understanding of the significance of indoor vs. outdoor exposures to hazardous air pollutants. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented indi- vidually in the following material. E N| R 61H ONITORIN6S Y ST EMSANDINSTRUHEN T A TIP N DEV E10 P M E NT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $456,600 for this sub-program, of which $79,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $376,800 was for extramural research activities. A gas chrpmatographic system employing a GC column etched on^a 5 cm silicon wafer and controlled by a microcomputer has been assembled into a 5 Ib. package. The system can be programmed to analyze up to 10 different gases simultaneously and analyses are complete in less than one minute. This instrument will be used in quantftating emissions from synfuel plants. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $455,300 to this sub-program, of which $70,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $385,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Passive personal dosimeters which are commercially available are being evaluated for use in measurement of hazardous, organics at ambient air levels. These devices will be used in exposure monitoring studies needed by OA QPS in the development of national ambient air quality standards. The sensistivity of the miniature gas chromatograph is being increased from the present ppm to ppb range. Validated protocols for measuring hazardous air pollutants utilizing the miniature gas chromatograph are being deve- loped. These protocols will be used by OAQPS to measure energy-related NES HA PS pollutants. E-38 ------- A study is being conducted to determine the feasibility of producing a portable mass spectrometer instrument for use in field measurements of complex mixtures of gas phase pollutants. Such a measurement system would be used for field detection of hazardous organic polutants at spill sites and other sources. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $44,300 results from several actions, as follows; - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $500. - The Congress reduced agency wide A DP services by $2 million; a decrease of $4,400 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $2,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogram mings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $900 from other activities. - Transfer of $43,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $500,900 and one permanent workyear for this sub-program, of which $72,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $428,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro- priation. This reflects an increase of $45,600. This wiTl permit the development of hand-held measurement devices such as the miniature gas chromatograph and the portable mass spectrograph to measure hazardous air pollutants. These devices will be used for four air pollutants currently undergoing Type n assessments by OAQPS. The evaluation of the first set of commercial badges for measuring exposure of individuals to ambient levels of toxic organic molecules will be com- pleted. The development of protocols for analysis of hazardous air pollutants using a miniature gas chromatograph (GC) will be continued as will the effort to increase the sensitivity of the GC, It is expected that the miniature GC wiTl become com mercially available in this timeframe. ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS 19SO Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,465,500 for this sub-program, of which $54,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,411,300 was for extramural research activities. E-39 ------- Eleven chromium compounds have undergone cell mutagenicity assays to deter- mine their relative toxictty. Factors influencing genotoxicity (frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations) for exposure to inhaled benzene have been evaluated to establish increases in genotoxicity of multiple pollutant exposures. A link between specific pulmonary lining proteins to certain pulmonary disease has been established. This link may serve as a marker for damage by air-borne energy-related pollutants. Initial stages of experiments were completed to determine hazardous gaseous cofactors, such as formaldehyde, which enhance the potential of chemical carcinogens. A study was initiated on the perturbation of respiratory epithelium by energy-related substances, such as acrolein and phosgene, which are on EPA's hazardous substances list. Work was initiated to develop a method for chronic implantation of a lym- phatic catheter for subsequent determination of lymphatic clearance rates of hazardous particles of cadmium chloride, ferric oxide, asbestos, and glass fibers. Cellular markers were developed for assay of neoplastic development in pul m onary tissue. Initial studies were completed to determine the effects of gaseous toxi- cants, asbestos, and disease on enzymatic secretions and cell populations of the lung. An in vitro assay was developed to detect precancerous lesion in respiratory epftfielium of animals exposed in vitro to hazardous pollutants such as dimethyl bensanthracene and benzo(aj pyrene. Release devices were developed for in vivo testing of hazardous pollutants, such as benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (e) pyrene, dimethyl benzanthracene and 3 methyl cholanthrene in tracheal implants. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a totaj of $1,235,600 to this sub-program, of which $13,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,222,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. An In vitro assay will be validated for detection of precancerous lesions following chronic exposure to dimethyl benzanthracene. The development of release devices will continue for cancer promoting che- micals and for water-in sol u able inorganic toxicants, such as managanese dioxide. Six- and twelve-month sampling of exposure and control populations for determination of cocarcinogenic activity of formaldehyde will be completed. Studies with acrolein and phosgene will be completed,-as will sub-acute and chronic exposures. The development of a method for chronic implantation of a lymphatic catheter will be completed. A model of lymphatic clearance for inert particulates wiTl be completed. A model for lymphatic clearance of metals such as cadmium and iron wiTI be completed. E-40 ------- Acute exposures to various fractions from a coal gasffer will be assayed using the sister chromatid exchange frequency in lung cells. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $281,800 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document '96-294}; these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100. - The Congress directed a reprogramming of funds to provide for aquatic weed research; $75,000 was transferred to pesticides environmental pro- cesses and effects. - An increase of $800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay revise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Transfer of $16,500 to energy environmental processes and effects, to perform work related to alternate fuels research initiative and to ob-» tain information on oil shale. - Transfer of $191,000 to solid waste/non-energy, to support efforts on Love Canal. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,517,700 for this sub-program, of which $13,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,504,500 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $282,100. This will permit the study on the inhalation toxicity of selected energy-related pollutants. Animal inhalation toxicology studies will be continued to determine the effects, responses to, and mechanisms of action of acute and chronic expo- sures to gaseous and particulate pollutants, such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide in association with asbestos. The assay for precancerous pulmonary lesions will be refined further, and development of tracheal implant release devices will continue for water soluble organics, particulates, and gaseous toxicants, such as diethyl ni- trosamine, fly ash, and sulfur dioxide. Promotion studies with formaldehyde as a cof actor will be completed. Analysis of cocarcinogensis data will be completed. Measurement of pul- monary function after six- and twelve-month exposures to acrolein and phos- gene will be completed. Studies on the effects of pre-exposure to oxidants, such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide, on lymphatic clearance of toxic particulates will be completed. Investigation to correlate the sister chromatid exchange frequency with gene mutations in lung cells will be initiated. A study on acute and chronic exposure to coal.gasifier emissions will be completed, E N VIR.O N MEN T AIE N GINEE RIN G A N D_ T EC UN 0 L 0 6 Y 1980 A ceo m plish m ents In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,943,600 for this sub-program, of which $367,500 was for Salaries and Expenses and $3,576,100 was for extramural research activities. E-41 ------- Volatile organic compound emission factors for utility coal-fired power plants have been updated using the data from 43 boilers firing bituminous and lignite coal, residual oil, or gas. A paper entitled, "POM Emissions from Stationary Conventional Combustion Processes, with Emphasis on Polychlorinated Compounds of Dibenzd-p-Dioxin Biphenyl and Dibenzofuran was updated. A comparative environmental assessment report on the environmental impacts from controlled coal-fired and oil-fired utility boilers was published. An assessment report on the POM emissions from residential wood combustion was published. Studies to monitor indoor air quality for NO , CO, and formaldehyde were initiated. An evaluation of sealants to reduce exposure to asbestos in the indoor environment was im'tated. Studies monitoring hydrocarbons from residential and commercial wood com- bustion are being initiated. Assistance to 20 state and local agencies on requests for emissions factors associated with wood combustion is being provided. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $3,336,900 to this sub-program, of which $478,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,858,300 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The NIOSH study to determine total daily exposure to indoor and outdoor contaminants by selected worker groups and their families is being con- tinued. An evaluation of asbestos sealants for public buildings is being completed. This will provide administrators of public buildings with a viable and cost- effective approach to reducing public exposure to this known carcinogen. The development and evaluation of a vacuum removal system for asbestos- bearing building materials is being initiated. This will enable the even- tual removal of deteriorating asbestos materials which release asbestos fibers to indoor environ m ents. Remedial measures for reducing indoor radon concentrations in new and existing buildings are being evaluated. Radon exposures indoors has been linked to lung cancer. The activities of the Interagency Research Group on Indoor Air Quality, as it seeks to define and execute a coordinated federal strategy for under- standing the problems of and remedies for indoor air pollution are being continued. A 2-year study of the effects of wood burning in a New England community is being initiated. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $350,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $2,100. E-42 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3,8 million; a decrease of $12,900 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $13,700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and Is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprograminings to realign salary and related costs to meet ori-board needs resulted in a transfer of $800 to other activities. - Transfer of $303,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $3,395,000 and 4 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $577,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,817,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appro^ priation. air poTlutants from the combustion of coal, oil, and coal-oil mixtures and to determine the effectiveness of conventional control technology to reduce these emissions. Workyears are reduced by 3. The last year of a two year study to assess the impacts of extensive domestic wood burning on ambient air quality will be completed. Assessment of dioxin emissions from 8-12 types of combustion sources with the highest probability of forming this compound will be completed. - An interim report on the first year's assessment of the effects of extensive domestic wood burning on ambient air quality will be prepared. A seminar on residential and commercial wood combustion will be conducted and the planned wood combustion R&D program will be presented for public comment. Interagency program with NIOSH determining total daily exposures of workers and their families to indoor contaminants in a variety of settings will be completed. This will establish for the first time the relationship of on- the-job to total daily exposure by workers and their families. Various air cleanup devices looking toward systems that control the total indoor air contaminant problem in a cost-effective and energy efficient manner for m ajor types of buildings will be examined. Methods to remove asbestos from building will continue to be evaluated. Such methods are needed, because sealants are merely an interim measure for preventing exposure to asbestos fibers which break loose from deteriorating building materials. ! ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 A ceo m plish m ents In 1980, the Agency used a total of $439,000 for this sub-program, of which $18,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $420,600 was for extramural research activities. Urban and non-urban relationships, global distributions, and daily doses of a large number of selected hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and nitrous oxide were determined. This data will be used to assess the impacts of these poTlutants on the stratospheric ozone layer. E-43 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $452,700 to this sub-program, of which $16,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and 5435,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Source apportionment methods employing chemical signatures of synfuel-re- lated organic emissions are being developed. These methods will be used to determine population exposures and pollution isopleths in a localized area near these energy sources. The feasibility of developing a comprehensive master analytical scheme for energy-related organics in air is being determined as Phase I of a deve- lopment effort. A plan for developing such a scheme is also being deve- loped. 19S1 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $47,200 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these re- visions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Sala- ries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100. - An increase of $700 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is Included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $200 from other activities. - Transfer of $48,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of 1500,500 for this sub-program, of which $16,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $483,900 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $47,800 which will permit an Increased effort in the areas of transport and transformation of polar pollutants and prganic particulates. The chemical species balance method of determining the source of carbon- aceous atmospheric pollutants will be applied to a coal conversion plant. The collection efficiencies involved in the capture, concentration and analysis of gas-phase organic polar compounds from energy sources will be determined and any potential artifact problems will be identified. This will be Phase n of the development of a; master analytical scheme for organic pollutants in air. The effort to determine the local impact on air quality of inorganic and organic emissions from synthetic fuel production operations will be con- tinued. The approach entails putting in place a relatively dense network of samplers including some upwind of the synfuel plant. The emissions at the source are measured as well. E-44 ------- ENERGY Gases and Particles - Energy Appropriation Energy Monitoring Systems/Instrument. Development: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development Energy Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.......... Energy Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development ,. TOTAL: Salaries and Expenses. Research and Development.. GRAND TOTAL: Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate 1980 1981 * 1981 (dollars in thousands) Estimate 1982 $ 206 $ 186 1,108 1,746 98 23 2,582 2,731 $ 192 $ 215 1,545 1,520 23 23 2,701 2,731 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$23 - 25 30 1 , 1 54 7,633 815 11,191 2,273 22,514 1,497 11,057 718 6,943 2,424 22,477 1,488 10,557 722 6,325 2,425 21,128 1,535 11,132 853 6,368 2,626 21,751 + 47 + 575 + 131 + 43 + 201 + 623 $24,787 $24,901 $23,553 $24,377 * 824 E-45 ------- Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Permanent Positions Energy Monitoring Systems/Instrumentation. Development:...,........ 1 1 1 1 ... Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology:....... 17 20 19 20 +1 Energy Environmental Processes and Effects: .... 4 3 3 3 ... TOTAL: 22 24 23 24 +1 gull-Time Equivalency Energy Monitoring Systems/Instrumentation. Development:..... 3 6 6 6 ... Energy Health Effects: ,. 1 1 ... 1 + 1 Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology:...... 26 28 27 28 +1 Energy Environmental Processes and Effects:..... 15 21 21 TOTAL: 45 56 54 56 + 2 •January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Qfftee of Research and Development restructuring. ' ; Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $24,377,100 and 24 permanent workyears for 1982, a increase of $824,600 from 1981. Included in this total is $2,626,100 for Salaries and Expenses and $21,751,000 for Research and Development, with an increase of $201,100 and an increase of $623,500, respectively. E-46 ------- Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Gases and Particles and Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub- programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research, effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. This overall program provides EPA's regulatory decision makers, the Regional" Offices, and local and state implementing agencies with the scientific and technological data base which is needed to economically achieve this nation's energy development and self-reliance goals with minimum deleterious environmental and health effects. In particular, research under the Gases and Particles Energy DU addresses the research needs of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) and the Office of Enforcement (OE) in setting, reviewing, implementing and/or enforcing National Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) stipulations of the Clean Air Act. The GAP-Energy program focuses on SO,, fine and inhalable particles (IP) and other related pollutants resulting mainly from increased coal use. The research includes the development and evaluation of less expensive pollution control technologies, studies of public health impacts, and environmental processes and effects, and development of measurement technology. This DU provides support for long-term exploratory research on alternative control technologies for these pollutants. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented indi- vidually in the following material. ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,314,300 for this sub-program, of which $206,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,108,000 was for extramural research activities. A single train sampling system, the Brookhaven Controlled Condensation System (BNL/CCS) was shown to determine accurately sulfuric acid, metal sulfates, TSP, principle metals, SO-, NO , H_0, 0_, CO & CO, in flue gases of coal and oil-fired stationary combustion sources. This enables both an accurate inventory of pollutant loadings in the atmosphere, and gives plant operators information on combustion parameters so that they can make appropriate adjustments. Methods for predicting potential plume opacity from commercial oil-fired utility stations have been developed. The method is useful in comparing emissions from the burning of low and high sulfur oil. An Ultra-Violet-Differential-Absorption System (UV-DIAL) for measuring energy-related pollutant concentrations was developed and tested. This system can be used to obtain a 3-dimensional mapping of pollutants in the atmosphere. Such information is being used for modeling and field studies such as the Project VISTTA (Visibility Impairment due to Sulfur Transport and Transformation). E-47 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,736,400 to this sub- program, of which $191,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $1,544,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Deve- lopment Appropriation. Improved fine particle measurement and analysis techniques are being developed to provide the means of evaluating regional scale fine parti- culate models. The Brookhaven Controlled Condensation System (BCCS) is being modified to sample volatile organic compounds from stack gases. This system will enable the correlation of emissions to combustion sources. Two remote monitoring systems (UV DIAL - Differential Absorption LIDAL and HSRL - High Spectral Resolution LIDAR) are being further improved. This technology will be used in Visibility and Sulfur Transport and Transformation (VISTTA) field studies aimed at improving the under- standing of atmospheric chemical and the transport of criteria pol- lutants. The UV-D1AL is being adapted for airborne SO. measurements. - The actual exposure of a population cohort to two energy-related pol- lutants, SO, and fine participates, is being measured using personal exposure devices. This effort will enable the correlation of actual exposures to ambient pollutant levels. Present models used for plant siting predict ambient pollution levels, but not actual human exposures. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in'the Special Analyses'Section of this submission. The net decrease of $196,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $800. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $1,100 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $7,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. E-48 ------- - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $800 from other activities. - Transfer of $202,000 to energy environmental processees and effects to support work related to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,735,500 and one permanent workyear for this sub-program, of which $215,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appro- priation and SI,520,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a net decrease of $900; an increase of $23,500 for the S&E appropriation and a decrease of $24,400 for the R&D appropriation. The human exposure monitoring effort of SO, and participates will be continued. In the 1982/83 timeframe we expect to obtain an accurate correlation between ambient concentrations and actual human exposures. The development and evaluation of visibility measurement devices will be completed and field evaluated in field studies under the Environ- mental Processes and Effects program element. An improved lidar system will be developed to gather atmospheric data for Visibility and Sulfur Transport an Transformation (VISTTA) field studies and for atmospheric modeling input. The lidar systems will be used to obtain pollutant data for regional scale models. This modeling data is needed for development of State Implementation Plans (SIPs) in their five year revision cycle. ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $2,679,800 for this sub-program, of which $97,400 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,582,400 was for extramural research activities. An epidemiologies! study was initiated among El Paso school children to determine pulmonary effects of intermittently high ambient concentrations of sulfur oxides and participates. Data was collected for the multi-year "Six-City" epidemiology study designed to provide a definitive assessment of the effects of air pollution on health with particular concern for sulfur dioxide and respirable participates. Two new human clinical studies were initiated. These were designed to determine individual and/or combined effects of sulfur dioxide and re- spirable particulates. An effort to determine the carcinogenic potential of common air pol- lutants such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides generated by fossil fuel combustion was continued. .E-49 ------- Animal studies were continued addressing health impacts of inhaling individual and combined concentrations of fly ash, sulfur oxides and sulfuric acids aerosols generated by fossil fuel combustion. Project reports were completed describing effects of respirable sulfates, sulfuric aerosols, and participates, alone and in combination, on respiratory endpoints such as mucous clearance, airway sensitivity to histamine, reparative and adaptive changes occurring progressively and cumulatively - in healthy and diseased animal models. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,724,300 to this sub- program, of which $23,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,700,800 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The first year of the El Paso epidemiological study to determine in school children the pulmonary effects of intermittently high ambient concentrations of sulfur oxides and particulates will be completed. The "Six-City" epidemiology study will be continuedj this is a comprehensive health effects and monitoring effort designed to elucidate effects of air pollution, primary sulfur oxides and particulate matter, on human health (healthy and impaired individuals) in six locations, having both relatively high and relatively low levels of ambient air pollution. The first year of two clinical studies which will examine the effects of combined exposures to sulfuric acid aerosols and ozone in young individuals and ozone adaptation in normal subjects will be completed. A clinical evaluation of physiological effects of specific particulate air pollutants and simple air pollutant mixtures (sulfur and nitrogen oxides) in normal and susceptible human subpopulations will continue. The second year of an animal inhalation toxicology study to investigate the possible lung tumor increase associated with concurrent or sequential exposure to common air pollutants and carcinogenic chemicals will be completed. Efforts will be 'continued via animal inhalation lexicological studies, to determine pulmonary reparative adaptive changes in mammals following chronic exposures to oxides of sulfur and particulates. The second year of animal inhalation toxicology studies to determine loss of lung function and lung clearance functions following acute and chronic exposures of normal and impaired animate to acid sulfates and fly ash will be completed. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived fromncrosswalkingn the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. E-50 ------- The net decrease of $29,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (house Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100. - An increase of $500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $100 from other activities. - Transfer of $29,900 to energy environmental processes and effects, to perform work relatd to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $2,754,100 for this sub-program, of which $23,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,730,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $29,800 for the R&D appropriation for epidemiological studies of populations located near energy sources. Support will continue for the second and final year of the El Paso epidemiology study and to the proposed penultimate year of the "Six City" epidemiology study. These studies are designed to assess the human health impacts of elevated ambient levels of sulfur oxides and particulate matter generated by the combustion of fossil fuel. The second year of two clinical studies will be completed. Emphasis during this period will be on evaluating effects of combined exposures to sulfuric acid aerosols and ozone on older age groups and on smokers vs. nonsmokers. Clinical investigations of pulmonary impacts of sodium, ammonium and hydrogen sulfate aerosols - as well as sodium nitrate and sodium chloride aerosols, varying concentration, particle size, and humidity and temperature extremes will continue. The final year of experiments to determine if the action of carcinogens is potentiated by common air pollutants will be completed. The final report from this study will provide valuable data relative to the possible cocarcinogenicity of SO., which will be used in the 1984 review of the SOy/POM Criteria Document. Studies of altered respiratory function and physiology in healthy and impaired animals models as a function of Chronic exposures to SO, plus fly ash, ammonium sulfates, and sulfuric acid aerosols plus carbon or fly ash will continue. E-51 ------- ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $8,787,400 for this sub-program, of which $1,154,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $7,633,200 was for extramural research activities. Full scale, adipic acid testing at the City of Springfield Utilities host site was completed. Preliminary data indicate performance improvement from 70 percent SO, reduction to 93 percent SO- reduction by the addition of small amounts of adipic acid. Full scale evaluation of the performance of a lime spray dryer system on an industrial boiler burning eastern, non-alkaline ash, low sulfur coal was initiated. Long term evaluation of the dual alkali scrubbing process at Louisville Gas and Electric was completed. The final report documents the sulfur oxide reduction observed during the test program. A state of the art review of dry SO, control processess was completed. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $12,045,400 to this sub- program, of which $1,488,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $10,557,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. In response to a Congressional mandate, the FY 1981 acid precipitation program was increased by $1.5M. this increase was split between the Multimedia Energy & Gases & Particles Energy program. The acid rain program element in the Multimedia program was increased by I500K, and the Environmental Engineering & Technology program element in the Gases & Particles Energy program was increased by the remaining $1.0M. The $1,000.000, in this program is being used to accelerate the development of the limestone injection multistage burner (LIMB), which is the key component of ORD's control technology research on acid rain. 1981 fexplanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimated reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $508,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $6,700. - The Congress increased the acid rain program by $1.5 million, of which is added to this activity. E-52 ------- - The Congress reduced the anticipatory research program by $2.5 million, of which $1,000.0 is decreased from this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 milion; a decrease of $31,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Services bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $7,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress directed a reprogramming of $950,000 be made for the Cold Climate research activity; $500,000 is reduced from this activity and transferred to Water Quality/non-energy. - An increase of $46,100 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - A transfer of $8,100 to program management to support public awareness and industrial hygienist positions at Research Triangle Park. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $12,667,000 and 20 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $1,534,600 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $11,132,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $621,600 and one permanent workyear; $46,600 for the S ------- ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS - - " 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $11,877,500 for this sub-program, of which $815,200 was for Salaries and Expenses and $11,062,300 was for extramural research activities. In close cooperation with the National Crop Loss Assessment Network, field research was initiated in the midwestern, northeastern, and southeastern portion of the United States to determine the interactive effects of SO, and NO, on the yield of major crops. Initial experiments utilized soybean as the first crop species to be tested. Dose/response data will be developed and related to a national assessment of the impacts of SO, and pollutant mixtures on crop productivity. The development of ihis data base is needed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Results from studies which stimulated SO. and NO. fumigations from a coal-fired power plant indicated that soybean foliage was protected from SO, injury at 1 ppm SO, when plants were grown in the presence of NO, at concentrations of 0.17 to 0.70 ppm NO,. These results differ from other conclusions which indicate that the combined effects of SO, and NO. are greater than the effects of either pollutant alone. Differences in crop varieties, environmental factors, and pollution loadings appear to be involved in these effects. Results from laboratory experiments indicated that the feeding of some insect species is increased by foliar injury induced by SO,. This behavioral change could increase the severity of the adverse effects of insects on crops. The analysis of a major mult-year field study to determine the environmental impact of SO, from a coal-fired power plant in the northern Great Plains was completed. Emission of SO- had no significant impact on northern grassland ecosystems within the 26 km study area. Long-term subtle effects or effects due to the long-distant transport and transformation of SO, remain unknown. Modeling was initiated to determine the maximum amount of emissions that grassland ecosystems can withstand before adverse effects occur. Results can be utilized to set criteria for future coal-fired power plants. The multi-year complex terrain modeling effort was initiated. Phase I of the program is in progress. This phase encompasses the field validation of stable plume impaction on elevated terrain. Phase n which will be initiated in 1981/82 involves field validation of actual power plant plume dispersion and impaction in complex terrain. The resluts of the Visibility and Sulfur ; Transport and Transformation (VISTTA) field study were analyzed and subsequently presented at the November 1980 Symposium on Plumes and Visibility. The data characterized the effects of power plant emission on visibility in clean Western areas. The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory plume blight model and photographic simulation technique was delivered to the Office of Air Quality Planning and standards to support rulemaking for visibility protection in Federal Class I areas. E-54 ------- 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $7,046,400 to this sub- program, of which $721,700 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,324,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The Phase n program will be conducted of the complex terrain modeling effort. This phase will be oriented toward a comprehensive understanding of power plant plume morphology in complex terrain, including plume impaction, fumigation, and meandering. Field studies and modeling will be performed of fine and inhalable particle characteristics and concentrations. The majority of these particles emanate from energy sources, such as oil, gas, and coal-fired power plants, industrial boilers, and transportation sources. These particles are a potential health hazard; and therefore, are classified as a primary pollutant by the Clean Air Act. The particles also impair visibility; and hence, are classified as a secondary (welfare) pollutant. A regional visibility model is being developed which will be used in support of the Phase n visibility regulations. Phase I visibility regulations are being supported by providing an improved data base for the so-called "plume blight" problem. Data is being gathered to measure trends in air quality as a coal-fired power plants go into operation. By measuring a broad spectrum of pollutants, it is expected that it will be possible to distinguish urban plume pollutants from pollutants originating from coal-fired plants. Three validation sites will be selected representing grassland, pinewoocfland, and agro-ecosystems having known chronic sulfur dioxide exposures for future impact studies in the Northern Great Plains. Studies will focus on the impacts of air pollution from the construction of coal-fired power plants. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate .column are derived from"crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $614,700 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $3,200. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $100 was applied to this activity. E-5.5 ------- - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $3,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services, by $2 million; a decrease of $10,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $17,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $3,200 from other activities. - Transfer of $618,000 to Solid and Hazardous Waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $7,220,500 and 3 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $852,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $6,367,700 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $174,100; $131,000 for the S&E appropriation and $43,000 for the R&D appropriation for developing models describing the transport of air pollutants emitted by energy-related sources. Further field studies and modeling efforts will be performed on inhalable particles from energy sources. The Agency is planning to substitute the TSF (total suspended particles) standard by a size and possibly chemically specialized standard. This will constitute the major effort by this program element in 1982. Final results should be available in the 1982-1983 time frame. The complex terrain modeling effort described above will continue in 1982. It is expected that a field validated model will become available for public use in 1983-1984. Crop assessment studies relevant to the impacts of SO. and NO, mixtures will be continued. Studies will continue to be field oriented and focus on the interactive effects of year-to-year variation in climatic factors and the yield response of major crop species to air pollution. Reports describing the results and conclusions from 1981 studies will also be published for input to Air Quality Criteria Documents. Validation of environmental impact models involving sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants in the Northern Great Plains will continue. The 1982 effort will focus on three field sites, representing! grasslands, pinewoodlands, and agroecosystmes subjected to chronic exposures of sulfur dioxide. E-56 ------- ENERGY Water Quality - Energy Budget Current . Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 1980 1981* 1981 ' 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Energy Environmental Processes and Effects; Salaries and Expenses.. Research and De veloptn ent........... Energy Monitoring Systems/Instrumentation Development! Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development........... Total: Salaries and Expenses.. Research and Development........... Permanent Positions Energy Environmental Processes and Effects... Energy Monitoring Systems/Instrumentation Development............. Full-Time Equivalency Energy Environmental Processes and Effects... Energy Monitoring Systems/Instrumentation Development..........!... $ 467 $ 517 $ 532 $ 913 9,491 9,129 8,917 8,990 +$381 +73 160 864 627 10,355 2 2 7 3 144 986 661 10,115 2 2 12 2 151 796 683 9,713 2 2 12 -4 146 986 1,059 9,976 5 2 15 2 -5 +190 +376 +263 +3 ... +3 -2 •January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. E-57 ------- Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $11,034,900 and 7 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $638,900 from 1981. Included in this total is $1,059,300 for Salaries and Expenses and $9,975,600 for Research and Development, with an increase of $376,600 and a decrease of $262,300, respectively. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Water Quality/Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub- programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program assesses the environmental transport, fate, and effects of energy-related pollutants on the aquatic environment. The primary objective of the program is to provide a scientific data base to: (1) determine the qualitative and quantitative effects of energy-related pollutants on freshwater (both surface- and groundwater), and estuarine environments; (2) assess the ecosystem risks associated with the extraction, processing, transportation, and use of fuels; (3) develop measurement techniques to evaluate the presence of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems; (4) provide information for the establishment of regulations consistent with the needs of the various regulatory offices concerned with water quality; and (5) conduct long-term exploratory research geared at developing improved, more comprehensive and rapid assessment methods for evaluating aquatic systems, especially wetlands. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material. ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $9,975,600 for this sub-program, of which $467,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $9,490,500 was for extramural research activities. The Ecological characterizations for the Coastal Ecosystem of the Chenier Plain of Louisiana and Texas and the Sea Island Coastal Region of South Carolina and Georgia were completed and distributed to State, Federal, and local planners for use in developing land use and coastal zone management plans. A major study was completed on the effects of a well-established offshore oil/gas drilling field on the biota of ocean systems. The results of the study will provide information relevant to the effects of produced water discharges within the Gulf of Mexico. It was confirmed that the short-term dispersion of the bulk of suspended particulate effluents from offshore oil and gas drilling rigs is limited to the immediate vicinity of the rig. Discharges of potential toxicants are associated with the drilling of new offshore oil and gas wells. Both drilling fluids and cuttings are discharged to the ocean environment. The initial development of laboratory toxicity tests has been completed. A joint governmnent-industry symposium was held on the fate and effects of drilling fluids and cuttings. E-58 ------- Two distinct water mass types acting on the Texas Flower Gardens coral reef banks simultaneously were identified. The Flower Garden banks topography helps to shape the boundaries of these water masses. A rapid analytical technique was developed to measure Barium, Aluminum, and Cadmium metals in sea water. Toxicity cage design criteria was developed to contain and remotely monitor test animals at precisely located grid points in ocean waters. Such a cage would be used for research and perhaps ultimately for routine monitoring of ocean waters near drilling rigs for the presence of toxic agents. A Grilling fluid standard reference material for chemical analysis and toxicity testing was developed. Chemical and toxicity profiles of drilling fluid discharges from an active well were obtained. This information will aid in the development of toxicity based standards/guidelines. The use of fluorescent mineral sphalerite as a tracer for use in performing pollutant dispersion studies of offshore oil and gas drilling platform discharges was evaluated. Sphalerite was determined to be suitable for this purpose. Vertical columns of acoustically reflective participate matter were observed in the Gulf of Mexico in waters near the Texas Flower Gardens coral reef banks. These columns are indicative of vertical mixing from the surface down into the nephloid layer and are distinctly different from the numerous gas seep columns found in the area. Definite density gradient layers were identified in the Gulf of Mexico waters on which participate pollutant discharges from drilling rigs may spread. These layers are the habitat for large concentrations of mid-water fishes at night. It was demonstrated that very dilute concentrations (ppm) of suspended marine particulates originating from offshore oil and gas drilling rigs can be tracked acoustically. An important component of the Great Lakes program within EPA is focused on the determination of the atmospheric contribution of pollutants to the Great Lakes System. These pollutants, which include sulfur and nitrogen compounds and heavy metals, are being measured to separate atmospheric inputs from those related to water pollutant discharges. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $9,448,600 to this sub-program, of which $531,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,917,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. Rates of uptake of metals by brown trout are being measured to investigate the effects of temperature and other stressors on the uptake of priority pollutants by fish in Lake Michigan. Bioaccumulation rates and toxicity of Zinc and Cadmium in natural phytoplankton assemblages are being measured using in situ incubation techniques to correlate bioaccumulation rates of priority pollutants with toxicity. E-59 ------- Field data are being analyzed on plankton communities from 1975-1980 involving the development of correlations between state variables and plankton successional states, documenting the spatial and temporal development trends of the plankton community in the southern basin of Lake Michigan, and analyzing statiscally the correlations between community trajectories and physio-chemical parameters. Specimens of fish from Lake Michigan are being analyzed to identify and measure levels of priority pollutants. The information will provide current levels of pollutants. Research is being conducted to investigate the fate and effects of the natural oil (petroleum) seeps and related pollutants in the Santa Barbara Channel. The effects of aromatic hydrocarbons on selected food resources are being assessed, and the relationship of recruitment and succession of benthic organisms to sediments contaminated with drilling muds and petroleum is being studied. This information will be utilized to establish appropriate NPDES permit conditions. The relative hazard of drilling fluid discharge from offshore and the estuarine drilling operations of aquatic organisms are being assessed. The impact of oil and gas drilling activities in the Gulf of Mexico Flower Banks area on coral reefs will continue. Toxicity tests for sub-lethal and lethal effects of chemicals discharged from offshore and gas drilling activities on the American Lobster at George's Bank (New England Coast) are being completed. This information will be utilized to establish NPDES permit conditions. A method to disseminate state-of-the-art information on the effects of oil and gas drilling activities on organisms and ecosystems to industry, government, academic community and the general public is being developed. Mixing zone calculation methods are being developed and verified for discharges of drilling muds, cuttings, and fluids from oil and gas platforms and from the pumping of brines from strategic petroleum reserve salt domes. Emphasis is being placed on discharges which contain participates and which are heavier than seawater. This information will be utilized to establish regulations required under Section 403(c) of the Clean Water Act. Data are being collected regarding the actual sources, transport mechanisms, fates, extent and cycling of mercury and selenium in the Northern Great Plains reservoirs and its relationship to coal mining development and aquatic resource contamination. Improved methods are being developed for utilizing ecological information in the assessment of the effects of energy development activities on coastal ecosystems. Program reports are being prepared relative to the impact of surface mining on streamflow and water quality. Methods are being developed to determine fish and wildlife management practices and monitoring procedures on surface mined lands. Ecological relations and values of Playa Lakes and the impact of agriculture, urbanization and industrialization on these ecosystems are being characterized and defined. E-60 ------- The metabolism and toxicity of hydrocarbons associated with offshore oil and gas drilling operations including the study of bioaccumulation and biotransformation in selected marine vertibrate and invertebrate species, are being examined. Data will be used to establish NPDES permit conditions. The long-term consequences of man-induced stresses, such as entrainment and impingement at power plants or mortality due to toxic substances, on fish populations and fishing yields are being projected. This information will be utilized to establish regulations under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act. The development of a heavy metal transport and fate model is being completed and additional modeling needs identified. This model provides information for the criteria documents for priority pollutants. The biological and physical transformation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants into different chemical species is being assesed and techniques are being developed to measure low concentrations of nitrogen-containing hydrocarbons as required to evaluate transport and fate mechanisms. The major controls on the movement of important solutes in local and regional ground water systems within the Fort Union Group affected by surface mining of lignite in western North Dakota is being studied. Reaction rates and mechanisms for decomposition of organic compounds in hydrogeological environment similar to those stressed by oil shale developments, lignite strip mining operations and oxidation of coal mine tailings are being analyzed. Chemical species found in marine waters resulting from degradation of drilling mud components either during offshore drilling operations or after discharge into seawater are being characterized. Trace elements found in drilling fluid mixtures are being quantified. Suitable chemical species are being identified that can be used to detect and map drilling mud plumes accurately at even greater distances than present techniques. A tethered cage is to be used to remotely monitor the health status of caged animals exposed to discharges from oil and gas drilling rigs. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and dvelopment program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $9,903,500 and 5 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $913,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $8,990,200 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $454,900. This will permit the development of protocols and research for hazardous/toxic spills that will be effective in the environmental assessment and recovery management involving spills of hazardous/toxic substances including petroleum. E-61 ------- Research will continue to characterize the compostion, determine the biological fate, and evaluate the acute and chronic effects of discharges, such as drilling muds and fluids, from oil and gas drilling activities. The acute and chronic effects and bioaccumulation rates of petroleum hydrocarbons and combustion products on marine and freshwater ecosystems will be assessed. The aquatic/biological effects of discharges from conventional coal-fired power plants and their control technology facilities, effluents from cooling water systems, ash ponds, coal piles, and emission control devices will be studied. A research plan for verifying heavy metal transport and fate models and for assessing the binding of heavy metals to organic particulates will be developd. The environmental effects of by-products resulting from biological treatment of marine-once-through-cooling waters from coastal steam electric generating facilities will be determined. The metabolism and toxicity of hydrocarbons associated with offshore oil and gas drilling including a study of bioaccumulation and biotransformation in selected marine vertebrate and invertebrate species will be examined. Research will focus on the characterization of ecological relations and values of Playa Lakes and the impact of agriculture, urbanization and industrialization on this unique ecosystem. Data will be presented relevant to the actual sources, transport mechanisms, fates, extent and cycling of mercury and selenium in Northern Great Plain reservoirs and determine its relationship to coal mining development and aquatic resource contamination. Research will evaluate and document the probable biological effects of small-scale hydroelectric power generating facilities on stream systems that have a high ecological value. Core samples taken throughout Lake Michigan will be analyzed to establish the depth and concentration of trace metals that result from coal combustion. These metals include cadmium, zinc, lead, mercury, selenium, and arsenic. The preparation of scientific protocols for oil and hazardous material toxic spills will begin. These protocols will: (1) provide guidance for the establishment of a scientific response system at the scent of a spill; (2) provide a damage assessment element which eventually translates environmental or societal impacts "insurance adjuster" into economic terms; and (3) provide a research element which gathers and assimilates spill data and establish long-range studies for further assessment or evaluation. Continue the assessment of long-term consequences of man-induced stresses, such as entrainment and impingement at power plants, on fish populations and fishing yields. E-62 ------- Provide user oriented handbooks and/or guidance documents for the protection of fish and wildlife resources at coastal energy developmemt areas. Develop a handbook for applying comprehensive ecological information to coastal energy development areas. - Develop guidelines and environmental safeguards for the construction and maintenance of electric utility corridors through wetlands. ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEMS/INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,024,000 for this sub-program, of which $159,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $864,200 was for extramural research activities. The analytical protocol for the Master Analytical Scheme (MAS) used to quantify the organic pollutants present in energy sources discharges was completed. Three reports were completed describing preliminary groundwater monitoring systems for active coal strip mines in the West, reclaimed mining situations, and for communities experiencing rapid growth from new energy developments. In studying the residuals from landfills, the USGS has found that the distribution of organic species in the subsurface environment at a waste disposal site is controlled principally by the biological degradation of organic matter. The use of tracers for monitoring the integrity of waste disposal sites was evaluated and determined to be a viable approach to an early warning monitoring system. Thiocyanate and iodide ions were found to be suitable as tracers. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $947,400 to this sub-program, of which $151,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $796,100 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. The Master Analytical Scheme (MAS), a system for semi-quantitative analysis of organic compounds by means of validated sample preparation protocols and automated Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) is being extended to the analysis of stream sediments. Laboratory analytical methodologies for toxic organic compounds in marine waters are being developed. The emphasis is on non-GC/MS methodology so that the methods will be relatively inexpensive. Advanced warning systems for detecting leachates from electric power system hazardous waste disposal sites will be developed. Candidate tracer species will be evaluated. E-63 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $182,600 results from several aections, as follows: - An increase of $7,400 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Transfer of $190,000 to Solid and Hazardous Waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,131,400 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub-program, of which $146,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $985,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects a net increase of $184,900; a decrease of $5,300 for the S&E appropriation and an increase of $189,300 for the R&D appropriation. This will support efforts to measure participate dispersion resulting from drilling fluid discharges, and to develop new methodologies for measuring energy-related consent decree toxic compounds in the marine environment. The marine analytical methodology effort will enter its final phase in developing analytical methods not employing Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Emphasis will be on the most recalcitrant set of organic compounds in the 129 Consent Decree list. The protocols for analysis of sediment employing the GC/MS system known as the Master Analytic Scheme (MAS) will be completed. In the development of leachate detection systems for electric power systems, the use of tracer species will be validated. E-64 ------- ENERGY Drinking Water - Energy Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in tnousandsj Appropriation Energy Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses..., $87 $21 121 ... -$21 Research and Development, 2.496 2.640 2,350 ... -2,350 Total 2,583 2,661 2,371 ... -2,371 Permanent Postions ... ... ... ... • • • Full-time Equivalency ... 1 * January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests no resources for this program. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Drinking Water Research Conmittee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research need 1n this subject area. The overall program provides EPA's energy decision-makers with data on the qualitative and quantitative health effects which may be attributed to contamination of drinking water with pollutants derived from energy-re!ated processes. Research performed in this program provides the Office of Drinking Water with a portion of the health effects data necessary for enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This data base assists in the establishment of "Maximum Contaminant Levels" for organic and inorganic contaminants of drinking water, as required by the SOWA. This data is also used for the issuance of criteria for safe use of wastewater for potable purposes. The areas of research that are covered in the program may be described as follows: (1) the refinement and validation of human health monitoring and assay methods for determining the hazards (reproductive and carcinogenic) associated with waters contaminated by pollutants from fossil fuel production and utilization sources; (2) the development of new and better methods for recovering and concentrating trace quantities of waterborne energy-related organic chemicals; and (3) the determination of the most appropriate and accurate measure of pollutant/toxicant dose to body constituents most significantly impacted". In addition, this program includes long- term exploratory research which focuses on the human health problems that may be associated with exposure to drinking waters contaminated with energy-related pollutants. Actlvites and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material. E-65 ------- ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of SZ.SSS.SOO for this activity, of which 589,300 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,495,900 was for extramural research activities. - An improved method for concentrating pollutants in drinking water was developed. - A specific cell (the hemopoietic stem cell) was established as the primary target for leukemogenic effects. - Preliminary studies with benzene showed negative results. - Oocytes were isolated as invivo indicators of chemical toxicity in reproductive system. - Abnormalities in sperm shape were positively related to exposure to chemical toxicants and correlated to reproductive effects. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,370,600 to this activity, of which $21,000 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,349,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation* - The method for concentrating pollutants in drinking water will be completed and fully tested. - The liver island enzyme assay will be tested and the assay technique evaluated for automation. - Studies on the leukemogenic effect of benzene through the route of ingestion will be completed. - A study indicating benzene as a leukemia promoter will be completed, - Dose-response curves for oocyte damage form oil shale effluents will be developed. Preference will be given to effluents containing aromatic amines and polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons. 1981 Explanation ofChangefrom Budget Estimate i i The resources reflected under the 1931 budget estimate column are derived from "cross- walking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources Itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $289,400 results from several actions, as follows; - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $100. - An increase of $500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogramurings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $100 from other activities. - Transfer of $28,900 to energy - hazardous pollutants to perform work related to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale. - Transfer of $261,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. 1982 Plan Funds for research in this area are no longer needed. E-66 ------- ENERGY Industrial Wastewater Energy Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Esti iate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs 1931 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology: Salaries and Expenses $1,207 $1,102 51,151 $1,121 -S30 Research and Development ... 2.781 2,662 2.185 2,324 +13JL Total: 3,988 3,764 3,336 3,445 +109 Permanent Positions 18 16 14 14 Fu 11-time Equivalency ..» 35 31 29 29 Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $3,444,500 and 14 permanent workyjars for 1982, an increase of $108,600 from 1981. Included in this total is SI,120,500 for Salaries and Expenses and $2,324,000 for Research and Development, with a decrease of $30,000 and an increase of $138,600, respectively. Program Deseri pt i on This program has been developed under the auspices of the Industrial Wastewater/Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are irttergrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. . ,... This overall program assures that comprehensive wastewater characterizations are per- formed and adequate pollution control technologies are developed and evaluated so as to provide the data base needed for the establishment of discharge standards for liquid effluents from conventional power plants, coal mining, coal preparation facilities, oil shale mining, oil and gas production, and uranium mining. This Decision Unit provides support for long-term exploratory research in the area of surface chemistry in order to obtain a better understanding of the pollution adsorption phenomena. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material. Energy Envirot;:nenta1 Engineering and Techno! ogy 1980 Accompl1shments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $3,988,300 for this sub-program, of which Sl.,206,900 was for Salaries and Expenses and $2,781,400 was for extramural research act- ivities. - Environmental assessments at two coal preparation plants which showed the pre* sence of low to moderate environmental hazards were completed. This information is re- quired to prescribe control technology requirements for these facilities. E-67 ------- - A technology assessment report on coal cleaning for low sulfur coal was completed. The information is utilized in background documents for an industrial boiler NSPS. - A study which showed that physical coal cleaning can reduce sulfur variability and substantially increase the availability of compliance coals was completed. - Engineering support in the effort to assess the effectiveness of various control technologies in reducing the concentration of priority pollutants from steam-electric plants was provided. This information was utilized in the preparation of revised effluent guide- lines. - Continued environmental assessment of toxic pollutants associated with the develop- ment of energy sources including coal, oil, natural gas and uranium was provided. This work was in support of the effluent guidelines program. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated to total of $3,335,900 to this sub-program, of which $1,150,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,185,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Revelopment appropriation. - A study on the relationship between emission regulations, S02 emission control technologies and the availability of compliance coals is being completed. This informa- tion is required by the Office of Air Programs to evaluate NSPS for industrial boilers. - A environmental assessment of in-situ uranium mining operations is being continued. This information is required to determine ths adequacy of control technologies for these operations and if necessary to establish effluent guidelines. - Laboratory testing of an improved fly-ash sluicing system has been initiated. This is required in order to reduce the cost of complying with steam-electric effluent guidelines. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate relected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this sub- mission. The net decrease of $428,700 results from several actions, as-follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted. President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $5,300. - The Congress directed a reprogramming of $900,000 to support the cold climate research activity; $200,000 was transferred from this activity to water quality/non- energy. - An increase of $53,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $200 to other activities. - Transfer of $277,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support Love Canal efforts. E-68 ------- 1J82Plan The Agency requests a total of 53,444,500 and 14 permanent workyears for the sub-pro- gram, of which $1,120,500 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $2,324*000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation. This reflects an increase of $108,600 which will be utilized '.o assess the chemical/ physical characteristics of liquid wastes from coal cleaning facilities in an attempt to provide more economical alternative technologies. - The adequacy of control technologies for mine water from oil shale and lignite mining operations will be assessed, this information will provide t!*e data base for effluent guidelines. - Control technologies for uranium solution mining will tie provided. This informa- tion is needed as a basis for effluent guidelines. - A biofouling detection system to reduce the use of chemicals in utility boiler condensers will be evaluated. - The treatability of spent coal slurry water to reduce the discharge of priority pollutants will be determined. £-69 ------- ENERGY Solid Waste - Energy (RCRA) Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981* 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) Appropriation Energy Environmental Engineering and Technology: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Total $285 1 ,340 1 ,625 2 6 $293 1 ,247 1,540 2 6 $303 648 951 2 7 $242 1,138 1,380 2 6 -$61 +490 +429 • • • -1 *January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $1,380,200 and 2 permanent workyears for 1982, and increase of $429,600 from 1981. Included in this total is $242,200 for Salaries and Expenses and $1,138,000 for Research and Development, with a decrease of $61,000 and an increase of $490,000, respectively. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Solid Waste/Energy Research Committees. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program provides continuous monitoring of leachates leaving disposal sites in order to determine the effectiveness of solid waste disposal regulations promulgated for utility and industrial boiler facilities under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The data from the program will be used to support revisions to the regulations. Also work is done to determine the impact of new SOx scrubbing technologies on solid waste disposal requirements and to conduct an assessment of the solid waste disposal requirements and to conduct an assessment of the solid waste pro- blems associated with increased coal cleaning activities. In addition, this program includes long-term research on the development of methods to control pollutant releases from solid waste disposal sites. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material. E-70 ------- ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,625,100 for this sub-program, of which $285,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and Si ,340,TOO was for extramural research activities. - Environmental assessments at two coal preparation plants which showed the presence of low to moderate environmental hazards were completed. The information. was required to prescribe the best disposal control technology practices for these facilities. - A technology assessment report on coal cleaning for low sulfur coal which was utilized in defining cost-effective residuals disposal procedures was completed. - A study to update field data from coal fired power plants to determine the best practices which can be employed for the disposal of fly ash, flue gas desulfuri- zation sludge and mixture of the two was initiated. This information is required by the Office of Solid Wate for the promulgation of regulation designed to protect groundwater and surface waters in the vicinity of these disposal sites at a reasonable cost. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $950,600 to this sub-program, of which $303,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $647,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. - A study of the performance, costs and benefits of using physical coal cleaning to reduce SOj emissions for acid rain control is being completed. This information is required to determine whether the residuals from these processes can be a source of groundwater and/or surface water contamination'. - The collection of field data at utility boiler sites for the purpose of defining the best management practices for the disposal of fly ash and/or flue gas desulfurization sludge is being continued. This Information will serve as the data base for cost-effective guidelines to be issued under RCRA. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget sub- mission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $588,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter trans- mitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,300. E-71 ------- - The Congress directed a reprogramming of $900,000 to support the cold climate research activity; a decrease of $250,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $149.000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $13,800 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $700 from other activities. - A transfer of $200,00 was made to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. - A transfer of $2,700 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. 1982 Plan The Agency requests a total of $1,380,200 and 2 permanent workyears for this sub- program, of which $242,200 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,138,000 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. This reflects an increase of $429,600. The increase will be utilized for the development of economic disposal of wastes from industrial boilers in compliance with RCRA regulations. E-72 ------- ENERGY Toxic Chemical Testing and Assessment - Energy Appropriation Energy Health Effects: Salaries and Expenses..... Research and Development.. Energy Environmental Processes and Effects: Salaries and Expenses..... Research and Development.. Total: Salaries and Expenses..... Research and Development.. Grand total........... Permanent Positions Energy Health Effects* Full-timeEquivalency Energy Environmental Processes and Effects. Actual 1980 $185 5,457 52 1,128 237 6,585 6,823 1 1 1 Budget Estimate 1981* $43 5.792 58 1,086 101 (5,878 6,979 1 2 1 Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 (dollars in thousand) $46 4,895 60 952 106 5,847 5,953 1 ... 1 2 Increase + Decrease - . 1982 vs. 1981 -$46 -4,895 -60 -952 -106 -5,847 -5,953 -1 -1 -2 Total........ 23 3 ... -3 B udget Request No funds are requested for the 1982 program. Program Description This program has been developed under the auspices of the Chemical Testing and Assessment/Energy Research Committee. The health effects and environmental processes and effects programs are directed toward refining and monitoring techniques to be used for identifying and assessing the toxic effects of energy-related chemical sub- stances on human health and on aquatic and terrestrial environments. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material. ENERGY HEALTH EFFECTS 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $5,641,600 for this sub-program, of which $185,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $5,456,600 was for extramural research activities* The rate of uptake of cadmium as a surrogate for trace metals emitted from power plants has been established for rats, guinea pigs and pigs. A mammalian short-term test using rodent cells has been developed. This method offers the speed of bacterial tests and the advantage of the application of mammalian cells. •January 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. E-73 ------- The impact of dose-rate on carcinogenesis of certain coal power plant effluents has been established at high dose rates. This information is necessary to evaluate carcinogenic effects of Con 1 plant effluents. A mathematical model has been developed to relate dose and temporal aspects for chronic exposure and limited exposure to carcinogens to induction of cancer in several organs. This information is used-to relate infrequent exposures to Continuous exposure occuring in the environment in the vicinity of fossil fuel power plants. - A relationship has been established between the dose-response function and the reversi^ billty of several cancer promoters. This information is needed to establish the conditions of promoters to the carcinogenic effects of fossil fuel power plants. A level II test for carcinogenicity testing has been validated using 20 carcinogens and 20 noncarcinogens. This viral transformation assay of hamster embroyo cells has also been modified to reduce its time from three weeks to about one week. The impact of methylation on the toxicity of chromium VI has been established, and quantitative mutagenicity of nine thallium compounds has been completed. Certain serum macromolecules (plasma lipoproteins) have been Identified as primary transport mechanism of lipophillic toxicants, notably polynuclear aromatic matter. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $4,941,700 to this sub-program, of which $46,300 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,895,400 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. The usefulness of papilloma induction (a benign growth on connective tissue) as an indicator of carcinogenesis will be established for several classes of carcinogens including polynuclear aromatic hydro carbons appearing as a result of combustion of petroleum power plants or synfuel combustion. * The relationship between the dose response function and the reversibility of cancer promoters will be tested for several classes of cancer promoters. -» Studies on the cytogenic effects of benzene as a surrogate compound of energy pollutants including the determination of the influences of age, sex, induction status and exposure using chromosal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange as indicators of cytogenic effects will be completed. The viral transformation of the hamster emgryo test (Level II test) will be used in association with immunofluorescence. Antibodies will be developed to permit the instrumental detection of viral transformation. Quantitative mutagenesis of a variety of fly ash samples will be completed. The significance of plasma lipoproteins for*transport of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from blood to target organs will be established. The rate and kinetics of the uptake of several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in several species of animals (rats, guinea pigs, and pigs) will be determined to extra- polate data from lower animals to humans. A battery of tests for the determination of neurotoxicity of energy-ralated pollutants will be validated. The immune response to aromatic hydrocarbons will be established. A comparison of immune responses between rodents and primates such as humans. A method for estimating human exposure to toxics from synthetic fuel facilities will be E-74 ------- A method for estimating human exposure to toxics from synthetic fuel facilities will be developed. This method will have applicability in environmental assessments other than health. A method will be adopted for evaluation of carcinogenic effects of synfuel products. This method will be based on prioritizing various products from synfuels in terms of their carcinogenic potential. Coal power plant effulents will be used to evaluate the validity of cell mediated mutagenesis. Emphasis will be on the evaluation of metabolites and the evaluation of most sensitive cells to shorten the testing time. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this; submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $893,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $200. - The Congress applied a general reduction of $12,214,000 to the Research and Development appropriation; a decrease of $758,000 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $2,900 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $200 from other activities. - Transfer of $75,000 to solid waste/non-energy to support efforts on Love Canal. - Transfer of $63,500 to energy-hazardous pollutants to perform work related to alternate fuels research initiative and to obtain information on oil shale. 1982 Plan Funds for research in this area are no longer needed. Research funding for implenen- tatlon of regulatory requirements of the Toxic Substances Act are included in that program's research component. ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 1980 Accgjnp1_1sJHiie_nts,.' In 1980, the Agency used a total of $1,180,400 for this sub-program, of which $52,000 was for Salaries and Expenses and $1,128,400 was for extramural research activities. Research was initiated to develop test methods for evaluating the effects of sediments con- taminated by energy-related pollutants on benthic invertebrates. The test will be designed to evaluate pollutant effects on the life cycle of freshwater invertebrate species. These methods will allow EPA to rapidly screen various energy-related pollutants for toxicity reactions on important food chain organisms. E-75 ------- A program was initiated to validate the assumption that laboratory methods and laboratory- derived criteria will protect whole ecosystems, using microcosms, mathematical ecosystem models, and field studies, This work is being performed at the Monticello Ecological Research Station. Behavior test methods were developed to determine the response of aquatic organisms to energy-related pollutants. Tests have been integrated with a computerized video detection system to document such responses as feeding and swimming rates. A manual which describes the computerized video detection system has also been prepared for use in the quantifica- tion of the impacts of petroleum compounds on the behavior of aquatic life. In 1980, a new barnacle larvae bioassay procedure was developed. A pilot testing program at two refuse-fired incinerators was completed to assess the emission of pollutants from incinerators which are planned to be used as electric generat- ing facilities. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $1,011,000 to this sub-program, of which 359,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 3951,600 is for extramural purposes under the Research and Development appropriation. Research is being conducted to evaluate the overall effect of selected pollutants associated with coal combustion on aquatic life in experimental channels in the EPA test facility at Monticello, Minnesota. Methods are being developed and validated to test the reproductive and chronic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on freshwater invertebrates. A method used to assess the effects of coal combustion products on the behavior of aquatic organisms so as to establish MATC (Maximum Allowable Toxicant Concentrations) is being developed and validated. A survey/environmental assessment is being expanded to determine if energy combustion processes at refuse-fired incinerators emit dioxin and other highly toxic organic com- pounds. 1981 [Explanation of Change from Budget^Esttmate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate column are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. The net decrease of $132,900 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisiois ' resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $200. - An increase of $2,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $300 from other activities. - Transfer of $135,000 to solid waste/non-cnergy to support efforts on Love Canal. 1982 Plan Funds for research in this area are no longer needed. E-76 ------- ENERGY Municipal Spills - Energy Appropriation Municipal Spills Energy: Salaries and Expenses.... Research and Development. Total , ... Permanent Positions. Fu) 1-t jme Equi valency. Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 •*_ 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollarsfin thbu sands) ' $285 373 658 6 9 $251 362 613 5 8 $261 362 623 • » • 3 -$261 ... -362 -623 * * * • • a -3 Vanuary 1980 President's Budget as adjusted by the Office of Research and Development restructuring. BudgetRequest The Agency requests no resources for this program. Program Descriotion This program has been developed under the auspices of the Municipal Spills Research Committee. The disciplinary components (or sub-programs) of the program are Integrated into an overall research effort designed to produce outputs clearly focused on Agency research needs in this subject area. The overall program develops, evaluates and demonstrates new and improved equip- ment, devices and systems for the prevention, detection, identification, containment, control and removal of oil released 1n the environment. This includes the cleanup and recovery of oil from spills. The development of hardware is carried beyond the prototype stage to the point where it is ready for field implementation by the commercial community. The program also defines the techniques for the redevelopment and restoration of ecosystems that have been biologically damaged as a result of spills. Methodologies for mitigating the effects of such discharges are also identified. This program also provides support for long-term exploratory research on the refinement of oil spfll control technology. Activities and program proposals for each sub-program are presented individually in the following material. HUN 1C IP AL SPILLS , 1980 Accomplishments In 1980, the Agency used a total of $657,800 for this sub-program, of which $284,800 was for Salaries and Expenses and $373,000 was for extramural research activities. The following 1980 accomplishments addressed technology for the prevention and control of oil spills in support of section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. - Oil spill control equipment including skimmers and floating booms were evaluated, developed and Improved at EPA's 011 and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT). This equipment is being used by on-scene personnel 1n the control of oil spills. E-77 ------- - User manuals were developed for oil spill damage assessment and oil spill preven- tive health assessment as required under Sections 1.12 and 122 of the Clean Air Act. - A field study of chemical and physical parameters such as viscosity and particle size, which affect the oil content of produced water discharged into waters of the outer continental shelf from oil and gas production facilities were completed. The data will be evaluated to determine methods of removing oil and other organics from the discharge streams. 1981 Program In 1981, the Agency has allocated a total of $623,100 to this subprogram of which $261,400 is for the Salaries and Expenses Appropriation and $361,700 for extramural purposes under the Research and Development Appropriation, The oil spills research program will be phased out by the end of 1981 due to the higher priority accorded to other research programs by the Agency. • Final reports on the evaluation of oil spill control and cleanup related equipment, techniques for using chemicals to control oil spills, and procedures for cleanup of spills in cold climates will be published. - The development of techniques for use by Regional on-scene coordinators for directing oil spill cleanup and response efforts will be completed. - The OHMSETT facility will be managed on a self-sufficient basis through customer funding. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The resources reflected under the 1981 budget estimate col urn are derived from "crosswalking" the program structure presented in the 1981 President's Budget submission to the new structure as presented in the 1981 current estimate reflected in this submission. The details of the restructuring of the research and development program, as well as the crosswalk of resources itself, can be found in the Special Analyses section of this submission. " The net increase of $10,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $1,200. - An increase of $12,200 results from the cost of the October 3,980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a transfer of $500 to other activities. 1982 Plan '• No funds are requested for this program in 1982. The oil and spills Engineering and Technology portion of the research program is being phased out due to higher priority accorded to other Agency activities. E-78 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Management and Support SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Salaries and Expenses.,.. Permanent Workyears...... Full-Time Equivalency.... Out! ays. , Authorized Levels. Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 7981 Current Estimate 1981 • Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) $200,367 2,491 3,205 160,163 26,753 $219,403 2,559 3,303 186,940 4,666 $214,802 2,575 3.318 189,914 4,666 $256,922 2,676 3,421 224,931 » • .* +$42,120 +101 +103 +35,017 • * * OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY The Management and Support media includes both headquarters and regional activities and services directed toward Agencywide management and executive direction. The full cost of these activities is charged to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. The management and support portions of this media distinguish between program, agency and regional management and support activities. Program Management includes policy development, program direction and over- sight, and associated top management activities in the offices of: Water and Waste Management; Air, Noise and Radiation; Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Enforcement; and Research and Development. Agency Management pertains to the functions of the Administrator and Deputy Administrator, their immediate staff and the staff offices which report directly to them. Included is the office responsible for Agencywide budgeting and financial management, for analytic and evaluation functions, and for the administrative services for EPA headquarters and the Agency's two largest field installations, located at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina and Cincinnati, Ohio, Regional Management includes the centralized management and administrative functions performed in each region that are not directly associated with a given program. The scale of management and support activities is a function of the demands of the programs they serve. Therefore, increases reflected under this media are confined to high priority needs or mandatory increases necessary to support the Agency's program activities. SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES 1981 Management and Support Program. Management. The increase is primarily to establish a multi-media policy analysis and strategy development capacity 1n the Office of the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement; to support pre-award and interim audits in the Office of Inspector General; to permit the Agency to complete an initiative begun in 1981 to strengthen management of its (in thousands of dollars) $214,802 +21,582 MS-1 ------- information resources; and, provides additional support to negotiate State/ EPA Agreements (SEA) and manage the SEA process with the States. Support +20,538 This increase will primarily cover laboratory and office services, utilities, and building maintenance; nationwide support costs; and ADP technical services. 1982 Management and Support Program............ 256,922 SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES 1. Summary pf Budget Request An appropriation of $256,921,700 is requested in 1982 under the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This represents an Increase of $42,119,800 over the 1981 management and support media. This change reflects increases in agency management, regional management and regional support activities. 2. Changes from Original 1981 Budget Estimate Changes from the budget are as follows: (In thousands of dollars) Original 1981 estimate $219,403 Congressional reductions: Travel. -176 Consulting services......... -928 Senior executive services bonuses..... -288 ADP services... -157 Planning and evaluation contracts..... -1,000 ADP technical support.... -5,795 Presidential reduction of $7M (H. Doc. 95-294) -5,143 Proposed hazardous waste amendment... +838 Proposed supplemental for October 1980 pay raise................ +7,186 Miscellaneous reprogamming actions.... +862 Current 1981 estimate '. 214,803 Congressional changes of $8,344,300 were made through reductions to travel ($.8 million), consulting services ($3.8 million), senior executive service bonuses ($.8 million), ADP services ($2 million}, planning and evaluation contracts ($1 million), and ADP technical support ($5.8 million). The proposed supplemental to fund a portion of the October 1980 pay raise will increase this media by $7,185,000. A Presidential reduction of $7M in salaries and expenses decreased this media by $5,143,100. MS-2 ------- Reprogramming actions result In a net increase of $862,100 to the management and support media and includes net transfers from the air media ($241,900); from water quality ($181,500h from solid waste ($1,275,300); from pesticides ($30,300); from toxic substances ($62,600); from noise ($51,300); from energy ($71,800); to radiation ($259,200); to interdisciplinary ($776,600); and to drinking water ($19,800). ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 Prior year obligations $200,367 $214,802 Effect of October 1980 pay raise... +7,186 Program increase................... +10,612 42,120 Change in amount of carryover funds available -3,363 ___ni Total estimated obligations... 214,802 256,922 (From new obligated authority)..... (214,802) (256,922) (From prior year funds)............ (...) (...) EXPLANTION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS The effect of the October 1980 pay raise will increase obligations by $7,186,000, The Increase in 1981 budget authority over the 1980 level will increase obligations by $10,612,000. In 1982 the increase in budget authority will result in an increase of $42.1 million to obligations. In 1980, obligations included $3.3 million from carryover funds primarily for prior year support costs. In 1981 and 1982, there are no carryover funds. MS-3 ------- MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT MANAGEMENT Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 IdolTarsin thousands) Salaries and Expenses: Program Management...., Agency Management Regional Management.... $13,108 $14,058 73,914 75,321 22.019 23.641 $13,763 $15,938^ +$2,175 79,676, 95,484 +15,808 24.415 28.014 + 3.599 Total... $109,041 $113,020 $117,854 $139,436 +$21,582 Permanent Positions: Program Management Agency Management , Regional Management.... 263 1,572 656 281 1,608 670 269 1,639 667 280 1,687 709 +11 +48 +42 Total. Full-time Equivalency: Program Management.. Agency Management Regional Management 2,491 2,559 316 2,072 817 386 2,092 825 2,575 371 2,122 825 2,676 385 2,172 864 Total, 3,205 3,303- 3,318 -3,421 +101 +14 +50 +39 +103 This activity provides for centralized executive direction and management of EPA programs at the headquarters and ten regional offices. It Includes the program management activities for the following EPA offices: Research and Development; Water and Waste Management; Air, Noise and Radiation; Pesticides and Toxic Substances; and Enforcement. Agency and regional management provides direction, management and administrative support for all EPA programs at headquarters and the ten regional offices. It includes those activities which are not directly associated with a given program activity. Agency and regional management encompasses the salaries and related expenses of the Administrator and the Regional Administrators, their immediate staffs, the staff offices which report directly to them, the Office of Inspector General, and the Office of the General/Regional Counsel. In addition, it includes those organizations within the Agency which provide central management, analytic, and administrative services* These central management activities include program planning and evaluation, economic analysis, budgeting and financial management, personnel administration, contracts and grants management, and other activities required for the effective management of Agency programs. The full cost of these program direction and managerial activities are charged to the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT BudgetRequest The Agency requests a total of $15,938,200 and 280 permanent, workyears for 1982, an increase of $2,175,300 and 11 permanent workyears from 1981. MS-4 ------- Program Description This activity provides for the program direction of the following offices: Office of Water and Waste Management, Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Enforcement, and Office of Research and Development. Specifically, this activity covers the salaries and related expenses for the Assistant Administrators of the aforementioned offices and their immediate staffs. 1981 1982 Change Pos. Amount Pos. Amount Pos.Amount ^dollars in thousands) Office of Air, Noise and Radiation 48 $2,131 48 $2,931 ... +$800 Office of Enforcement.. 38 1,708 48 2,308 +10 +600 Office of Research and Development 85 4,061 82 3,975 -3 -86 Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances 47 2,727 52 3,245 +5 +518 Office of Water and Waste Management. 51 3,136 50 3,479 -1 +343 Total 269 $13,763 280 $15,938 +11 +$2,175 Included in the 11 position net increase is a ten position increase in the Office of Enforcement to establish a multi-media policy analysis and strategy development capacity in the Office of the Assistant Administrator. This will enhance the Agency's ability to develop multi-media compliances monitoring, and inspection programs and integrate compliance and monitoring information. It will also strengthen overall policy direction and coordination in the areas of litigation management, penalty policy, and criminal investigations. The remaining minor increases and decreases in this component represent priority shifts between central management functions and Agency program activities. 1981 Expanation ofjChjng^ fj-pm Budget Estimate The net decrease of $295,400 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $75,400. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $23,400 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $82,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000: a decrease of $33,900 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide ADP services by $2 million; a decrease $57,500 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $750,000 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Transfer of $62,600 from air-gases and particles/non-energy, in order to support technical information coordinator and an international travel coordinator. . HS-5 ------- * Transfers resulted in an increase of $68,100: from energy-gases and particles ($8,100); from air-gases and particles/non-energy ($40,000); and from air-oxidants non-energy (520,000), in order to support industrial hygtenist positions at Research Triangle Park. - Transfer of $816,500 to Interdisciplinary-Minority Institutions Research Support, to reflect the transfer of this program out of the management account. - Transfer of $27,800 water quality municipal source control in order to provide additional support for the Office of Water Program Operations. - A transfer of $15,300 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - A transfer or $65,100 was made to the raditlon media in order to support the Radiation policy Council. - A transfer of $33,900 was made to the Office of Inspector General in order to provide additional resources to that Office. AGENCY MANAGEMENT Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $95,484,000 and 1,687 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $15,807,100 and 48 permanent workyears from 1981. Program Description The Agency management component provides for Agencywide policy direction and management activities and includes the salaries and associated costs for the Immediate Office of the Administrator, the staff offices which report directly to the Administrator, the Office of the Inspector General, the Office of General/Regional Counsel, and the Office of Planning and Management. Officeof the Administrator/Executiye Offices < . . ; The Office of the Administrator includes the Administrator and Deputy Administrator and their immediate staffs. The Administrator and Deputy Admini- strator are responsible for providing policy direction to the Agency and ensuring the implementation of these policies. The staff offices perform a variety of functions which are closely related to the development and implementation of Agency policies and programs. These staff groups are responsible for legislative services and congressional relations, public awareness and press services, inter- national activities, civil rights, liaison with other Federal agencies, coordination of regional operations, and relations with State and local governments. The Office of Administrative Law Judges and trie Agency's Science Advisory Board are also included in the Office of the Administrator. The Science Advisory Board consists of expert consultants, supported by a small staff, who provide advice to the Administrator on scientific and technical issues. The Office of the General Counsel provides legal advice and assistance to the Administrator and other Agency components. The Office of Regional Counsel provides similiar services within each of the ten regional offices. The Office of the Inspector General provides independent appraisals of EPA's programs and financial operations and analyzes EPA's legislation and regulations, to ensure that they promote efficiency and economy within the Agency. In addition 1t conducts investigations of alleged violations of EPA regulations" and Federal criminal statutes. MS-6 ------- The 1982 request provides for a net increase of 6 positions and $3,189,200 for the Office of the Administrator and the Executive Offices, This net increase summarized in the following chart, reflects several changes. Additional contract resources are provided to the Office of the Inspector General to handle pre-award and interim audits of construction grants. A four position increase in the Office of Administrative Law Judges provides for increased adjudicatory support in the areas of Pesticides Cancellation hearings, Section 120 of the Clean Air Act and civil penalties under the Toxic Substances Control Act. A two position increase in the Office of the Administrator provides for an assistant to the Judicial Officer and a slight increase in clerical support to the Administrator and Deputy Administrator. Partially offsetting these increases are decreases in other staff offices, reflecting the transfer of resources to higher priority activities. Pfice Office of the Administrator....... Office of International Activities Off i ce of Publ i c Awareness • ....... Office of Environmental Review.... Office of Regional Liaison........ Office of Small and 01 sadvantaged Office of Intergovernmental Subtotal Administrator/ Office of the Inspector General... Office of General/Regional Counsel.. TOTAL Executive Offices 1! Pas'. 44 34 21 26 32 35 22 3 14 12 6 3 252 143* 209 604 727 381 Amount $2,141 1 ,246 1,258 1,125 2,573 1,343 894 211 959 544 188 274 $12,756 10,936* 7,869 $31 ,561 • • • 1< P'b's'. 46 35 22 27 32 34 26 3 15 12 5 3 260 143 207 610 732. J82 Amount $2.158 1,463 1,262 1,455 2,878 1 ,439 962 166 1,113 825 204 340 $14,265 11,941 8_i544 $34,750 • • * Cl Pos. +2 +1 +1 +1 -1 +4 +1 -1 • * * +8 • • * -2 -i- 6 +5 iange Amount +$17 +217 +4 +330 +305 +96 +68 -45 +154 +281 +16 +66 +$1,509 +1,005 +675 +$3,189 * * * Reflects a reduction of 4 permanent workyears and $144,800 for "superfund". MS-7 ------- CONTRACTS The significant contracts for the Executive Offices in 1981 and 1982 are listed below: Office of Public Awareness Office of the Inspector General 1981 198Z Change (dollars in thousands) $252 $365 +$113 $3,627 $3,754 +$127 Production and distribution of information/educational material, including publications, films, television and radio announcement; maintenance of Visitor's Center. Center. Contracts with CPA firms and State agencies for the conduct of construction grant audits. Office of Planning and Management The Office of Planning and Management (0PM) performs agencywide management and analytic functions and provides administrative services to headquarters and the Research Triangle Park (RTP) and Cincinnati, Ohio field facilities. There are four organizational components within the Office of Planning and Management (0PM). The Office of the Assistant Administrator provides overall direction for all 0PM activities and carries out the Agency's occupational health and safety program. The Office of Planning and Evaluation (OPE) serves as an Agencywide economic and policy analysis resource, in addition to performing program evaluation and regulatory review functions. The Office of Resources Management (ORM) is responsible for coordination and management of the Agency's budget, program review and accountability, and financial and grants management. The Office of Management and Agency Services (QMAS) provides services in the areas of personnel administration, contract placement, data processing and system design, management analysis, library services and facilities acquisition and management. 1981 1982 Change Pos. Amount Pos. Amount Pos. Amount 27 $1,928 25 $1,963 -2 +$35 680 232 96 24,882 9,408 11,897 689 223 140 26,919 9,371 22,481 + 9 -9 +44 +2,037 -37 +10,584 Office of the Assistant Admin 1 strator. Office of Management and Agency Services Office of Resources Management.... Office of Planning and Evaluation. Total 1,035' $48,115 1,077 $60,734 +42 +$12,619 Full-Time Equivalency .....1,395 1,440 +45 The Agency requests a net increase of 42 permanent workyears and $12,617,900 for the Office of Planning and Management in 1982. An increase in the Office of Management and Agency Services will permit the Agency to complete an initiative begun in 1981 to strengthen management of its information resources. Enhanced central design and management of information systems is essential to consolidate and integrate major cross-media information resources, particularly critical in the toxics and hazardous waste areas. MS-8 ------- This increase will enable the Agency to reduce reliance on systems design contractors, eliminate expensive duplication, and greatly increase the utility of EPA's information resources. A small increase in the area of personnel administration will enhance personnel operations agencywide through the development of a planning system to forecast and plan for workforce needs, and will provide the capability to effectively manage and evaluate the SES and Merit Pay compensation programs. The Agency is developing and will implement an approach to regulating toxic substances which ensures more consistent, coordinated regulation by EPA's various program offices and regions. In order to finish developing and then implement this strategy, the Office of Planning and Evaluation will receive an increase of 30 positions and approximately $7,000,000. Other Increases in the Office of Planning and Evaluation would provide enhanced statistical support to the regions and program offices, better management control over the information collection requirements, mandated by Executive Order 12174, and a strengthened capacity to evaluate EPA programs. The major contracts for the Office of Planning and Management for 1981 and 1982 are summarized below: Office Office of Resources Management 1981 _ (dollars J2_ Change frf thbusanc tousands) $597 $894 +$297 Contract assistance will be used to determine the resource impact of new regulations, such as those covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, and to assess the the impacts of alternative construction grants formulations. Contracts will be used to modify the grants information sytem and to integrate the Office's budget and financial Management systems. Office of Planning and Evaluation $7,922 $14,970 -i-$7,048 Contracts will help assess the economic impacts and benefits of EPA regulations on major industries, state and local governments, and consumers. OPE will also utilize funds to analyze the energy impact of environmental regulations and the environmental impact of energy legislation, and provide statistical analysis to support the regions and programs. In FY82 contract funds will also be used to finish developing and then implement an integrated approach to the regulation of toxic substances. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Request The net increase of $4,356,100 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $379,600. XS-9 ------- - A 1981 budget amendment for hazardous waste programs and related activities was submitted to the Congress. This amendment resulted in an increase of $838,000 to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000;a decrease of $93,500 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $562,900, was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $166,000 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced planning and evaluaton contracts by $1 million. - An increase of $4,927,500 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Transfers resulted in an increase of $369,000 from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation ($253,000) and from hazardous waste permit enforcement ($116,000), to support the legal services workload associated with hazardous waste program implementation. - Transfers resulting in an increase of $193,900 from hazardous waste regulations, guidelines and policies ($81,600), from hazardous waste enforcement ($7,700), from hazardous waste permit enforcement ($23,000), and from solid waste/non-energy ($81,600), in order to provide the Office of Planning and Management with additional resources to administer RCRA programmatic increases. - Transfer of $281,400 from agencywide resources for the Office of Inspector General. The net decrease to media is as follows: energy ($12,200); water quality ($144,300); solid waste ($13,600); air ($11,700); pesticides ($4,700) toxic substances ($18,900); radiation ($11,100); interdisciplinary ($23,300); and other management and support activities ($41,600). - Transfer of $185,100, agencywide, from various activities to provide additional resources to the Office of the Administrative Law Judges to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act: the transfers summarized by media are from: air ($100,800); from water quality ($21,800); from pesticides ($11,600); from radiation ($500); from noise ($10,500); from interdisciplinary ($6,000); from toxic substances ($13,300); from energy ($3,700); and from other management and support activities ($16,900). * A transfer of $87,100 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. - Transfer of $526,000 to the nationwide support account in order to reflect the agencywide charges for payroll checks in a support account. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in an increase of $376,300: from air stationary source enforcement ($6,800); water quality dredge and fill ($12,700); drinking water standards and regulations implement ($33,800); solid waste management strategies implementation ($33,100); solid waste technical assistance delivery ($1,800); solid waste strategy regulations development ($108,000); pesticides enforcement ($10,600); interdisciplinary EIS review ($8,800); toxic substances management ($7,000); and from regional management activities ($140,600). MS-10 ------- REGIONAL MANAGEMENT Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $28,013,900 and 709 permanent workyears for 1982, an increase of $3,599,200 and 42 permanent workyears from 1981. Program Description This component provides for the salaries and expenses of the Regional Administrators, their limed late staffs, and of the staff offices reporting directly to them. Additional activities supported here include the regional central management functions of program planning, analysis and evaluation, financial and personnel management, and administrative services. Within the proposed increase, approximately $1 million and 25 positions have been centralized under Regional Management from other regional activities to negotiate State/EPA Agreements (SEA) and manage the SEA process with the States. An additional ten positions have been shifted from headquarters and regional management resources to support continued growth of the Regional Management Analytic Centers. At least eight regions will have Centers in FY82, five of which will be fully operational with the rest at various stages of development. The Analytic Centers will continue to employ individuals with a high level of project management and analytic skills to the following advantage: the regions will participate more effectively in the Agencywide regulatory reform process, develop integrated environmental strategies appropriate to their region, and evaluate and improve the SEA process and delegated programs. A small increase is Included to develop more reliable cash outlays projections for the construction grants program and to enhance cash management activities in order to prevent possible abuse of Federal funds by grantees. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $773,600 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $138,100. - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $57,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $177,800 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide Senior Executive Service bonuses by $750,000; a decrease of $88,400 was applied to this activity. - An increase of $1,479,300 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Transfer of $98,300 from municipal waste treatment facility construction, to provide sufficient resources to support regional financial management support of construction grant activities. - Transfer of $474,000 to regional support as a1 result of a study made of regional needs. - Reprogrammings to realign salary and related costs to meet on-board needs resulted in a net transfer and increase of $278,800: to water quality permit issuance ($1,100), to standards and regulations ($1,000), to municipal waste treatment facility construction ($122,500); to drinking water standards and MS-T1 ------- regulations implementation ($46.900), to drinking water enforcement ($6,700); to pesticides use management ($25,200); to toxic substances enforcement ($6,700); from water quality dredge and fill ($l,20Q)j from hazardous wastes enforcement ($255,500), from solid waste regional technical assistance delivery ($8,100), from hazardous waste management regulatory strategies implementation {$86,900)5 from pesticides enforcement ($26,100); from radiation program implementation ($1,200); from noise regional program implementation ($30,200); from Environmental impact statements ($1,800); from energy review and permitting ($47,800); and from toxic substances strategies ($30,100) - A transfer of $4,700 was made to the Office of Inspector Seneal in order to provide additional resources to that Office. - A transfer of $1,600 was made to the Administrative Law Judges to provide additional resources to support a new program for instituting civil noncompliance penalties under Section 102 of the Clean Air Act. - Transfer $140,600 to agency management, office of General/Regional Counsel, to realign regional costs to meet on-board needs. MS-12 ------- MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT SUPPORT Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate -Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (donars in thousands) Salaries and Expenses: Program Support....... $8,488 $6,338 $6,143 $6,744 +$601 Agency Support 74,149- 88,371 78,664 98,991 +20,327 Regional Support 8,689. 11,674 12.141 11,751 ~390 Total $91,326 $106,383 $96,948 $117,486 +$20,538 Support Services include non-personnel costs for services provided across the Agency, such as laboratory and office services, building operations and maintenance, communications, facilities lease costs, and central ADP services. PROGRAM SUPPORT BudgetReguest The Agency requests a total of $6,744,000 for 1982, an Increase of $600,600 from 1981. Program De scripti on These funds pay for support services required to operate the laboratories of the Office of Research and Development, the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, and the Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation. These direct costs consist mainly of laboratory and office services, utilities, building maintenance, and other housekeeping items. The program support increases are due to projected cost increases for utilities, building operations, and laboratory and office services. 1 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $194,700 results from several actions, as follows: - The Congress reduced agencywide travel costs by $850,000; a decrease of $1,600 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $94,100 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced agency ADP services by $2 million; a decrease of $99,000 was applied to this activity. AGENCY SUPPORT Budget Reguest The Agency requests a total of $98,991,100 for 1982, an increase of $20,327,600 from 1981. MS-13 ------- Prpgrain The Agency support component provides general support services to all program operations at EPA headquarters; Research Triangle Park (RTP), North Carolina and Cincinnati, Ohio. It also includes a number of support activities which serve the needs of all Agency programs and which are managed at the headquarters level. The Agency support subactivity can be summacized in terms of the following major areas of cost: Office Services — Common services at the three locations referred to above, including laboratory and office supplies, audio-visual equipment and contracts, and printing and duplication. B ui 1 d i ng Ser v j ces-^Ut i 1 i t i es , local telephone service, minor building alterations and space relocations, buildings maintenance contracts, equipment rentals, guard and janitorial services, and employee health service contracts. Library Services — Books, journals, equipment, and service contracts for the branch libraries at headquarters, Research Triangle Park, and Cincinnati, Ohio as well as specialized ADP services, literature searches, technical reports processing and library systems development for the Agencywide library system. Nationwide .Costs— A1 1 Agency costs for the following support activities: f ac i 1 1 "ties rental and associated costs; payments to the U.S. Postal Service; Federal Telecommunications Service (FTS); security investigations; reimbursements to the Federal Employees Compensation Fund; payments to the Public Health Service for personnel administration services for commissioned officers assigned to EPA; and contracts which support the Agency's occupational health and safety program. ADP Technical Support — Contracts for systems development and evaluation and other techni cal services required to support the Agency's central ADP activities. ADP^ Timesharing Services— Central ADP services provided to all Agency programs through timesharing contracts with commercial suppliers or by in- house computer facilities. The following tabulation is a breakdown of overall costs of providing support services: J9§X X982 Change (dollars in thousands) Office Services ................. $3,107 $3,327 +$220 Building Services ...... . ........ 13,940 15,607 +1,667 Library Services ................ 1,444 1,483 +44 Nationwide Costs ................ 36,836 45,011 +8,175 ADP Technical Support ........... 3,547 12,237 +8,590 ADP Timesharing... ..... , ........ 19,190 20,771 +1,581 Professional Training........... JOQ _ 550 _ +50 Total ...................... $78,664 $98,991 +$20,327 The requested increase of $220,000 for Office Services will provide for expected cost increases for printing and duplicating, expendable office supplies, and audio-visual services. The Building Services increase of $1,667,400 provides for increased costs of telephones, utilities, guard services, equipment rentals, and maintenance of facilities due to the higher costs of fuel, services, and contracts. MS-14 ------- The Library Services increase of $44,100 will provide for higher costs of scientific and technical publications. The $8,174,900 increase requested for Nationwide costs provides for costs of additional space which is being leased to accommodate additional personnel and programs authorized in 1980, 1981, and 1982-at Headquarters, in regional offices and field laboratories. The ADP technical support increase of $8,590,200 provides for the acquisition of a major ADP system in accordance with OMB Circular A-109, and also includes funds to design, develop, and test systems for integration of Agencywide management and information systems; to operate the Agencywide information clearinghouse; and to expand technical studies. The ADP Timeshare increase of $1,581,000 provides for expanded air, drinking water, hazardous waste, and toxic substances systems support provided through the Agency central data center. The $50,000 increase for professional training provides for higher contractual training program costs in 1982. 1981 Explanationj)fJ^iange from Budget Estimate The net decrease of $9,707,500 results from several actions, as follows: - Shortly after the 1981 budget estimate was submitted, President Carter transmitted revisions to the budget (House Document 96-294); these revisions resulted in a decrease of $7 million to EPA's request for Salaries and Expenses. The reduction applied to this activity is $4,550,000. - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.8 million; a decrease of $3,300 was applied to this activity. - The Congress reduced ADP technical support by $5,795,000. - An increase of $29,200 results from the cost of the October 1980 pay raise and is included in a proposed supplemental appropriation. - Transfer of $526,000 from agency management to reflect the agencywide payroll check charges in the agencywide support account. ; - Transfer of $205,400 from hazardous waste regulations, guidelines, and policies ($117,000); hazardous waste enforcement ($22,000); and solid waste/non- energy ($66,400), to provide additional funds to meet increased RCRA programmatic requirements. * A transfer of $119,800 was made to the radiation media in order to support the Radiation Policy Council. REGIONAL SUPPORT '• Budget Request The Agency requests a total of $11,750,700 in 1982, a decrease of $390,000 from 1981. Projram Descri ption This activity covers the mandatory support for regional offices including telephone service, guard service, supplies, printing, copying services, rental of office equipment, GSA work orders, and ADP equipment. This activity also provides for other necessary services such as management MS-15 ------- surveys of equipment utilization, library services, and laboratory analyses. The decrease of $390,000 results from non-recurring equipment purchases and space alterations that occurred in 1981. 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimate The net increase of $466,600 results from several actions, as follows: - The Congress reduced agencywide consulting services by $3.3 mill ton; a decrease of $7,400 was applied to this activity. - Transfer of $474,000 from regional management activities reflecting a study made of regional needs. HS-16 ------- Buildings and Facilities SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- BUILDINSS AND FACILITIES PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 7981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars rn thousands) Buildings and Facilities: Appropriation.. .-. $1,667 $4,115 $4,115 $6,646 +$2,531 Outlays.. .» ,-. 1,592 2,500 2-500 3,965 +1,465 Authorization Level...... Authorization is by virtue of the Appropriation Act. OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY The Buildings and Facilities appropriation funds the design, construction, repairs and improvements to federally-owned or leased buildings occupied by EPA. In 1981, the Agency is developing a comprehensive long-term strategy for improving the quality of its facilities, including its laboratories. Special attention will be directed toward improving capabilities at both research and program oriented laboratories and toward ensuring availability of appropriate Toxic/Hazardous material handling facilities. The Agency will give primary attention to projects which are (1) required to protect the health and safety of EPA employees and (2) provide more effective pollution control. SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars) 1981 Buildings and Facilities Program....... $4,115 Increase related to completion of the shop and storage building at the Gulf Breeze facility; and numerous projects In various locations to correct health and saftey deficiencies and reduce pollution 1982 Buildings and Facilities Program. SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES !• Summary of Budget Request An appropriation of $6,646,000 is requested for the Buildings and Facilities account, an increase of $2,531,000 over 1981. The total amount requested will be used for repairs and improvements to existing facilities. 2. Changes from Original Budget Estimate There is no change from the budget estimate. BF-1 ------- ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES Current Estimate Estimate - 1980 1982 (in thousands of dollars) Prior Year Obligations... $1,667 $4,300 Change in amount of carryover available......... +718 -136 Program increase. . +1,938 +2,531 Change in rate of obligation -23 _r2_78 Total estimated obligations.. 4,300 6,367 (From new obligation authority).... (3,393) (5,646) (From prior year funds) (907) (721) EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS The amount of carryover funds to be obligated In 1981 is $907,000, an increase of $718,000 from the 1980 level. The amount of carryover funds to be obligated 1n 1982 is $721,000, a decrease of $186,000 from the 1981 level. The increase of 1981 budget authority over the 1980 level will increase obligations by $1,938,000; the change in 1982 will increase obligations by $2,531,000. A change 1n the rate of obligations in 1981 reflects a decrease of $23,000; the change 1n 1982 reflects a decrease of $278,000. SF-2 ------- BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 (dollars in thousands) Agprppriation Repalre and improvements.. $1,522 $3,665 $3,665 $6,646 +$2,981 New Facilities. 145 450 450 ...... -450 Total,... $1,667 $4,115 $4,115 $6,646 +$2,531 BudgetRequest The Agency requests a total of $6,646,000 for 1982, an i""--ease of $2,531,400 from 1981. Program Descri pti on This appropriation covers the design and construction of new EPA-owned or leased facilities as well as necessary repairs and improvements to federally-owned or leased facilities occupied by EPA. In previous years this account provided only for projects at federally owned installations. Formerly, projects at leased buildings have been funded from support services or program accounts. NEW FACILITIES 1980 Accompli shments Design work was completed for a Marine Environmental Assessment Laboratory Building located at the Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze, Florida. A'construction contract was awarded for this facility and construction is underway. Also at Gulf Breeze, a design contract was awarded for a shop and warehouse facility. 1981 Program The design of the shop warehouse facility at Gulf Breeze 1s scheduled for completion in early 1981 and the construction is expected to be awarded about June 1981. The funding for this facility 1s $450,000. REPAIRSAND IMPROVEMENTS 1980 AccomplJ shments The bulk of the repair and improvement projects, which were undertaken to correct health and safety conditions, effect pollution control, or maintain property have been completed or are underway. ------- 1981 Program Work on 30 projects at 15 separate locations will be initiated in 1981. These projects have a total estimated cost of $3,665,000, and are needed to correct health and safety deficiencies and reduce pollution. They include modifications to ventilating systems and hazardous materials storage areas and a containment laboratory for handling highly toxic and hazardous materials. 1982 Plan The funds requested in 1982 will be used to correct health and safety deficiencies throughout most of EPA laboratories. Included! will be projects to: upgrade fume hoods and ventilation; provide safe storage for hazardous and toxic materials; modify emergency exits; upgrade electrical systems; modify or replace fire detection systems; and provide for incineration of chemicals. In addition to health and safety modifications, funds will be used for roof and gutter repairs, sidewalk repairs, floor covering replacement, waterproofing, and other essential maintenance without which there will be a substantial deterioration to government property. Also included in this request are funds for major modifications to several EPA laboratories to permit them to perform the high hazard sample analysis required for EPA to develop the test data and analytical methods required under the Toxic Substances Control Act and The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 Without these modifications, EPA lacks the capacity to test high hazard substances, has only marginal capacity for low hazardous substances, and will not be able to develop toxicity data and test protocols for highly toxic substances such as dioxins, benzidlne, vinyl chloride, and others. BF-4 ------- Scientific Activities Overseas SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS Budget Current Increase + Aortal Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 198.1 Page (dblTarsin thousands) Scientific Activities Overseas: Appropriation .. $28 $1,000 ... ... Outlays 2,053 3,000 $2,700 $1,300 -$1,400 Authorized Levels..... By Virtue of Appropriation Act. OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY f Scientific Activities Overseas (SAO) are funded from excess foreign currencies accruing to the United States from the sale of agricultural commodities under PL 480. The use of these currencies enables EPA to engage in unique environmental research programs which establish and strengthen links between EPA and foreign agencies and institutions that have mutual interests in seeking solutions to environmental problems. Ths SAO program supports the Agency's international goals, and is designed to: (1) augment EPA's multimedia data base, (2) assist in the solution of environmental problems by merging the expertise of U.S. and foregin investigators, (3) extend new technology into a broader world community, (4) assist in meeting EPA international agreements, and (5) develop and/or demonstrate new technologies including sampling, modelling, and control strategies. No new obligational authority is being requested for this program in 1982. However, $805,000 of prior year carryover funds will be available in 1982. These funds will be used for technological programs in environmental research directly re- lated to problem areas of concern to EPA, such as studies to provide increased capability to evaluate the environmental impact of chemicals, the development of waste water treatment technology, the gathering of primary data on the health consequences of the use of toxic substances, and the demonstration of the best available technology for air pollution control. Carryover funds 1n the amount of $25,000 will be used for SAO-related travel. SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES (in thousands of dollars) 1981 Scientific Activities Program. 1982 Scientific Activities Program , •—— SUWARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES 1. Summary of Budget Request There Is no appropriation request for the Scientific Activities Overseas activity. 2. Changesfrom Original 1981 Budget Estimates The decrease of $1 million was made by the Congress. SAO-1 ------- ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Change in amount of carryover funds avail able.. ....... .......».•..•.»•.....: (From new obligation authority).......... Current Estimate 1981 (in thousands $28 ., j-2.472 2,500 (...) (2.5001 Estimate 1982 of dollars) $2,500 -1,695 805 (...) (805) EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASESTOOBLiGATIONS The amount of carryover to be obligated In 1981 1s $2.5 million, an increase of $2,472,000 over the 1980 level. In 1982, the amount of carryover funds decreases by $1,695,000. SAO-2 ------- SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS (Special Foreign Currency Program) Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - J980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Page (dollars Tn thousand?) Program Levels SAO Projects.. .......... 6 Technology Transfer Semi nars ........... i ... 1 .... $300 India................... 28 700 ... Total ................... 28 1,000 No funds are requested Budget Request The Agency requests no funds for 1982, Carryover funds totalling $805,000 will be used. 1 980 Accompl j shments SAO activities currently cover projects in Egypt, India and Pakistan, in the areas of air pollution control, industrial "waste problems, and water reclamation and reuse. SAO cooperative project reports were published through the EPA and in U.S. scientific journals. Research results shown in the reports are useful to the EPA, environmental decision-makers, regulatory officials, and the public use and private sectors. 1981 Program The SAO program will relate directly to environmental problem area$ specific to EPA domestic priority programs. New activities will build on the solid base of opera- tions that have been established as a result of direct involvement in US/Foreign Science and Technology Subcommissions and Joint Board activities. Cooperative projects of mutual interest to EPA and participating countries, India and Pakistan, "will be designed to augment EPA's multi-media data base used by Office of Research and Development, program and regional offices to establish domestic goals and standards; seek solutions to environ- mental problems by merging the expertise of U.S. trained foreign investigators with scientists and engineers from EPA laboratories, universities and industries; meet EPA international obligations under the National Environmental Policy Act, and the Water and Air Pollution Control Act Amendments. 1981 Expjj|nj|tj£n^ The reduction of $1 million resulted from congressional action. 1982 Plan The SAO program will be directed toward cooperative projects in India and Pakistan. These projects will include studies to provide increased capability for the evaluation of environmental impact of chemicals, and increased activity in the development of waste management technology for maximum utilization of limited water resources. In addition, an interchange program will be developed to bring EPA and foreign scientists together to exchange technology for the enhancement of control and abatement of pollution in both countries. SAO , ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- U.S Regulatory Council SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- U.S. REGULATORY COUNCIL PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS U. S. Regulatory Council Appropriation Permanent Workyears... Full-Time Equivalency. Outlays............... Actual 1980 $2,449 9 33 1,869 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 (dollars in thousands)" $3,338 11 26 2,800 $2,560 11 26 2,110 $2,580 11 26 3,000 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$20 +890 OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY This appropriation covers the salaries and expenses of the U.S. Regulatory Council and its supporting staff. The Council is composed of the heads of those agencies within the Executive Branch which have regulatory responsibilities. Its purpose 1s to maintain an overview of Federal regulatory activities; to assist the President in managing them in a coordinated manner in order to limit their adverse impacts on the Nation's economy; and to publish the semiannual Calendar of Federal Regulations. The Regulatory Council is composed of 18 executive agencies and 18 independent agencies. The member agencies are: Executive Agencies Administrative Conference of the United States Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Energy Department of Health and Human Services Department of the Interior Department of Justice Department of Labor Independent Regulatory Agenci es Civil Aeronautics Board Commodity Futures Trading Commission Consumer Product Safety Commission Federal Communications Commission Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Election Commission Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Federal Home Loan Bank Board Federal Maritime Commission Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration Executive Agencies Department of Transportation Department of Treasury Environmental Protection Agency Equal Employment Opportunity Commission General Services Administration National Credit Union Administration Small Business Administration United States International Trade Commission Veterans Administration Department of Housing and Urban Devel opment The Council reports directly to the President. For administrative convenience, because the Council's chairman is the EPA Administrator, its 19S2 budget request is included within EPA's overall budget submission. independent Regulatory Agencies Federal Reserve System Federal Trade Commission Interstate Commerce Commission National Labor Relations Board Nuclear Regulatory Commission 'Occupational Health and Safety Postal Rate Commission Securities and Exchange Commission RC-1 ------- SUMMARY OF INCREASES AND DECREASES 1981 Regulatory Council Program. (inthousands of dollars) $2,560 This Increase will provide for additional special projects 1982 Regulatory Council Program. SUMMARY OF BUDGET ESTIMATES 1. Summary of Budget Request The U.S. Regulatory Council requests an appropriation of $2,580,000 to provide for staff salaries, related expenses, contracts, grants, and cooperative agreements. 2. Changes fromOriginal1981 Budget Estimates Changes from the budget are as follows: (in thousands of dollars) Original 1981 estimate.. $3,338 Congressional reduction... -338 October 1980 pay raise, proposed supplemental +60 Current 1931 estimate 2,560 ANALYSIS OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS Current Estimate Estimate 1981 1982 (inthousands of dollars) Prior year obligations $2,449 $2,560 Program increases...........*.......... +51 +20 Effect of October 1980 pay raise....... +60 • ... Total estimated obligations. 2,560 2,580 (From new obiigational authority).... (2,560) (2,580) (From prior year funds) EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBLIGATIONS The 1982 program increase for special projects results in an estimated obligation of $20,000. ; Budget Request The U. S, Regulatory Council requests a total of $2,580,000 for 1982, an increase of $20,000 from 1981. RC-2 ------- Program OescriptiQ" . The U.S. Regulatory Council was established to provide the President with a complete picture of the regulation development effort of the various agencies under his direct control, and to help him provide for better management of the Federal regulatory process. The Council, consisting of a small staff of professionals .trained in law, economics, and sciences supported by research assistants and clerical personnel, will work in the following areas: Calendar Development - This will involve refining and maintaining a consolidated calendar, published semiannually, of all major regulatory actions proposed by the member agencies. This calendar will help make it possible to identify the interrelationships among existing and proposed regulations. The Council also publishes supplementary information on special topics such as regulatory initiatives. Liaison - A substantial amount of effort is spent maintaining liaison with member agencies, interest groups, and the public over the effects of various regulations and the ways in which the Administration is attempting to cope with regulatory problems and reform. Special Projects - The staff will also undertake a number of special projects aimed at resolving specific regulatory problems. These include: Unique short term problems which involve the regulatory activities of member agencies; Sector studies which focus on the effect of specific regulations on certain industries, such as the coal, automobile and nonferrous metal industries; and Improved techniques for regulatory analysis including cost benefit studies and assessments of innovative regulatory techniques. 1980 Accomplishments Publication of three issues of the Calendar of Federal Regulations. An interagency policy on chemical carcinogens. Regulatory Reform Highlights - a compilation of major regulatory reform achievements. ;• A report on regulation in a small city. A Presidential directive on minimizing regulatory burden in small businesses. Special projects which identify overlapping and conflicting regulations and develop alternative means of reducing the regulatory burdens. 1981Program The U.S. Regulatory Council, composed of the heads of the Executive Branch, regulatory agencies and certain independent regulatory agencies, will review the cumulative impact of regulations and publish the semiannual Calendar of Federal Regulations, which will identify and coordinate resolutions of inter-Agency regulatory issues; will hold formal Regulatory Councl] meetings which establish committees to focus on specific regulatory problems; will conduct special projects which identify overlapping and conflicting regulations and develop alternative means of reducing the regulatory burdens; and, will undertake projects on cross- cutting issues, such as determining the costs and benefits of regulation or regulatory alternatives. RC-3 ------- 1981 Explanation of Change from Budget Estimates The decrease of $778,000 results from two actions. First, the Congress reduced the request by $838,000. Second, a proposed supplemental to cover the October 1980 pay raise, provides an increase of $60,000. 198Z Plan The U.S. Regulatory Council will further refine and maintain a semiannual consolidated calendar of all major regulatory actions proposed by the member agencies. The Council will conduct additional special projects to resolve specific regulatory problems. These special projects include' (a) Development of an index of the Calendar of Federal Regulations; (b) Expansion of the cost-benefit studies now underway on distinct industries affected by regulations; (c) Development of an automobile regulatory calendar; (d) Initiation of a study of regulations and innovations in science and technology; e) Development of a calendar of regulatory decisions; and, f) Expansion of the Innovative Techniques project. CONTRACTS 1981 1982 Change Purpose Office of Regulatory Council 226 683 +457 Monitor contracts and projects on the effect of regulations in the following areas: Health and Safety Human Resources, Natural Resources, Trade and Commerce, Transportation Communications Banking and Finance. RC-4 ------- Construction Grants SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- CONSTRUCTION GRANTS Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 • Estimate 1982 (dollars in thousands) Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Appropriation 3,400,000 3,700,000 3,304,837 3,700,000 +395,163 Obligations (Gross)* Appropriation Contract Authority .. Outlays.. Appropriation Contract Authority .. Liquidation of Contract Authority Authorization Levels 4,673,011 4,500,000 4,200,000 5,250,000 +1,050,000 (4,566,594) (4,500,000) (3,923,197) 5,250,000 (1,326,803) (106,417) (...) (276,803) (...) (-276,803) 4,343,010 3,950,000 4,200,000 4,230,000 +30,000 (1,923,765) (1,750,000) (2,285,000) (3,030,000) (+745,000) (2,419,245) (2,200,000) (1,915,000) (1,200,000) (-715,000) 1,500,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,000,000 -700,000 5,950,000 5,950,000 5,950,000 5,950,000 *Net obligations in 1980, 1981, and 1982 are $300 million less each year. Budget Request An appropriation of $3.7 billion is requested for 1982 to continue the municipal construction grants program established under Title II of the Clean Water Act (CWA), as amended. An appropriation of $1 billion is also requested for 1982 for the liquidation of contract authority pursuant to authority contained in Section 203 of the CWA. Gross obligations for 1982 are expected to total $5.25 billion, an increase of $1,050 million from 1981. Outlays will increase by $30 million in 1982, to a total of $4.230 million. The carryover at the end of 1980 was $2,954 million. In 1981, expected net obligations of $3,900 million and a $3,305 million appropriation will decrease the carryover by $595 million. In 1982, a net obligation rate of $4,950 million against the requested appropriation level of $3,700 million will result in a further decrease in the carryover of $1,250 million. Within the constraints of the current method of distributing funds to the States and an appropriation of $3.7 billion, EPA estimates that in 1982 approximately 30 States will have more projects ready for grant award than available funds can finance. An allotment formula based primarily on long term needs and population prevents shifting funds from slow-moving into fast-moving States. Accordingly, EPA is studying alternative mechanisms for channeling funds to those States with more high priority projects than available funds, which will result in recommen- dations to Congress in the near future. Program Description This program provides grants to municipal, intermum'cipal, State, and Interstate agencies to assist in financing the planning, design, and construction of municipal waste water treatment facilities. In addition, under the State manage- ment assistance grant program [Section 205(g) of the Clean Water Act], a maximum of two percent of the funds authorized for each State or $400,000, whichever Is higher, may be used to fund State management functions delegated through specif- ically negotiated agreements. Amounts made available for obligation are allotted CG-1 ------- to each State on the basis of formulas set forth in the Clean Mater Act as amended. Within these allotments, grants are awarded on a priority basis for individual projects. Generally, each project 1s eligible for 75 percent Federal assistance, although grants may provide up to 85 percent for projects using innovative or alternative technology in treatment facility design. The Clean Water Act of 1977 amended selected portions of the Act, including provisions for a five-year extension of the funding authorization and a mandate to delegate major portions of the program to the States, but did not substantially alter the basic objectives or intent of the original 1972 Amendments (P.L. 92-500). Under the current legislation, a 3-step approach to funding projects is required. The first step is development of the facilities plan, which includes a prelimi- nary description of the project, a cost-effectiveness analysis of alternatives, an environmental assessment, an infiltration/inflow evaluation, and an identifi- cation of effluent discharge limitations. The second step 1s the development of design plans and specifications. The third and final step 1s to fund the actual construction of the treatment works. Grants are made for each of these steps, with funding of subsequent steps contingent on the successful completion of prior steps and the availability of funds. Under the 1980 amendments to the Clean Water Act, upon completion of an approved facility plan, communities of 25,000 or less are eligible for a combined design and construction grant in those cases where total estimated cost of treatment works does not exceed $4 million (or $5 million in stipulated "high cost" States). Payments against obligations are made to the grantee as all or portions of each of these steps are completed, usually in the form of progress payments on a monthly basis. The State management assistance grant program authorizes, at the Administrator's discretion, two percent or $400,000, whichever 1s greater, of each delegated State's authorization to cover the cost of delegation of the construction grants program and (to the extent that funds suffice) the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, dredge and fill, and Section 208 management programs to the States. Until 1981 the 2 percent was based on the appropriation rather than the authorization. Beginning in 1982 additional activities, currently funded under Section 106 State program grants, can be funded under 205(g) for States with 205(g) delegation agreements. The goal of this program is to allow the States, rather than EPA, to assume responsibility for day-to-day management of construction grants and related activities. The timing and extent of delegation and financial support to each State depends on the State's ability to operate a program that meets the necessary competency requirements and policy direction mandated by the law and EPA objectives. A grant is given to a State when it can show that it is able to assume delegated responsibility for a substantial portion of construction grants program activities. The program strategy will continue to recognize that there are limited funds available to meet these pollution control needs and that available funds must go toward assisting municipalities in meeting the most critical needs in the shortest possible time. Accordingly, the major objectives guiding the program over the near term will continue to be the following: Available funds must go toward meeting the environmental requirements of the Clean Water Act 1n;an efficient, effective, and timely manner, using stringent cost-effectiveness criteria on a project-by-project basis to ensure the most appropriate use of funds. A portion of funds are to be oriented toward Innovative and alternative technology leading to more environmentally compatible solutions to waste control, including water and energy conservation, reuse, and reclamation. • - Funds specifically available for State delegation under Section 205(g) of the Act are to be used to maximize State assumption of program activities 1n the shortest possible time, under specific EPA policy direction and environmental objectives. CG-2 ------- It has become Increasingly evident that the present method for distributing funds does not necessarily channel funds to the highest priority projects, nor does it realistically correspond to the actual capabilities of many of the States to obligate the money available to them in the annual allotments. As a consequence, many States have more money available than can be effectively absorbed within the allotment period, while other States lack sufficent funding to begin construction of urgently needed waste water treatment projects which are already planned and designed. EPA is, therefore, currently reevaluating the construction grants funding as part of the major, reassessment of construction grants to determine the 1990 goals for the program and the steps needed to reach these goals. Funding issues being addressed in the "1990 Strategy" reassessment include eligibilities, priorities, and funding distribution. EPA will issue final recommendations, including possible changes in legislation, during 1981. EPA has established a detailed review process related to funding of advanced waste treatment projects. This review ensures that such funding is strictly limited to those situations where the higher level of treatment is both necessary to meet water quality standards and be effective in meeting higher standards. In accordance with the Conference Report of the 1981 appropriation for construction grants, the EPA Administrator will continue to review all waste treatment projects involving treatment levels more stringent than secondary where the incremental cost of the advanced component. is greater than $3 million. The review of these projects will not be delegated to the regions but will be performed by EPA staff in headquarters; the regional offices will be responsible for review of similar projects with an incremental cost of $3 million or less. 1980 Accomplishments During 1980, awards in the construction grants program totalled $4,673 billion, Including 752 Step 1, 608 Step 2, 303 Steps 2+3, and 729 Step 3 awards. This level of activity resulted in 11,054 active projects in various states of planning, design, and construction by the end of 1980. The level of Federal outlays, at $4.3 billion, was the highest annual total in the history of the program, with 845 Step 3 projects completed during the year. Under the Section 205(g) State delegation program, a total of 8 delegation agreements were negotiated and signed, bringing the total number of States with delegation agreements as of the end of 1980 to 38. A total of $61 million was obligated in 1980 as these States began to assume the primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the program. 1981 Program A total of $4.2 billion in gross obligations is projected during 1981. This will fund 2,862 new awards for the planning, design, and construction of treatment facilities. About 11,682 projects will be in various stages of preconstruction or construction activity by the end of the year. Outlay levels will be $4.2 billion. Beginning in 1981, Congress tied the 2 percent reserve for 205(g) State delegation management assistance to the State's authorized level rather than appropriated level as in the past. EPA estimates that a total of 44 States will receive State management assistance grants, totalling $80 million. 1980 Explanation ofChanges from Budget Estimate The Congress reduced the budget request by $300 million, In addition, the HUD-Independent Agencies Appropriation Act, 1981 (P.L.96-526), directed a two percent reduction to budget authority; this resulted in an additional decrease of> $95,163,000. 1982 Plan In 1982, gross obligations totalling $5.25 billion are projected. These obligations will support approximately 3,146 new awards. This represents an increase in obligations and number of awards compared to 1981, principally because of the increase In Step 3 awards and the drop in expected numbers of Step 1 and 2 awards. CG-3 ------- EPA expects to award State management assistance grants totalling $87 million to 46 States during the year, an increase of 10 million over 1981. In 1982, the Agency .will require that, in addition to direct construction grants management activities, additional activities can also be funded under the 205(g) grants for those States which have signed Section 205(g) delegation agreements* These activities, currently funded under Section 106 State Program Grants, include pretreatment, operation and management training, Section 402/404 delegation, municipal compliance monitoring and point/nonpoint source planning in support of construction grant decisions. The following table summarizes the 1982 program and compares activity levels to the previous two years: 1980 1981 1982 Item Actual Estimated Estimated Total Gross Obligations $4.673 Billion $4.2 Billion $5.25 Billion New Awards Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 2 & 3 Active Projects (All Steps) Construction Completions (Steps 384) Total Outlays State Management Assistance Grants Nuntoer Amount 752 608 729 303 11,054 845 $4.343 Billion 38 $61 Million 655 1,003 789 415 11,682 1,487 $4.2 Billion 525 1,118 1,032 471 10,863 1,623 $4.24 Billion 44 46 $80 Million $87 Million The $3.7 billion requested for 1982 is needed to ensure that the maximum number of States, under the fixed allotment formula legislated by Congress, receive sufficient funds to continue operations. An estimated 30 States will obligate all of their available funds during 1982. Other States will be close to using all funds and may have to slow down their programs. CG-4 ------- Superfund SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY FUND Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs 1981 (dol1arsin thousands} Appropriation Hazardous Substance Response Actions, Assessing and Replacing Natural Resources Operations Support Total $58,500 3,250 16,250 $206,000 +$147,500 7,850 36,150 $250,000 578,000 +4,600 +19,900 $250,000 +$172,000 Permanent Positions Hazardous Substance Response Actions.. Operations Support.. Total, F ul 1 vt inie Equivalency Hazardbus Substance Response... Operations Support,... Total 92 50 142 no 50 160 465 170 635 560 170 730 +373 +120 +493 •+450 +120 +570 Budget Request The Agency requests a 1981 supplemental appropriation of $78,000,000 and a 1982 appropriation of $250,000,000 for implementation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. The Budget is, however, based on preliminary assessments of staffing and budget resources required for the program. Should additional needs be demonstrated, this Administration would consider amending the request. Prpjram Description On December 11, 1980, the President signed into law the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund), which greatly expands Federal responsibilities 1n responding to problems created by abandoned and uncontrolled hazardous waste sites and spills. . These expanded responsibilities include: - Emergency response to hazardous substance spills into all media. - Emergency response to uncontrolled and abandoned hazardous waste sites which cause or threaten danger to public health and welfare or the environment. - Long-term remedial and containment actions at sites where the responsible party cannot be identified, is insolvent, or refuses to take appropriate remedial -action. SF-1 ------- - Revision of the existing National Contingency Plan to include definitive guidelines on methods of site discovery and assessment, evaluation of alternative remedial actions, and defining Federal, State, and local government roles and responsibilities. - Conduct of enforcement actions involving the identification of responsible parties, development of evidence, and initiation of administrative and judicial actions to force privately financed cleanup at uncontrolled waste sites. - Conduct of enforcement actions against responsible parties to recover expenditures by Federal and State entities for removal and/or remedial actions. - Enforcement of criminal provisions — such as knowing failure to notify of a hazardous release, or knowing destruction of site records. - Development of protocols for assessing damage to natural resources, development of scientific bases for determining the cost-effectiveness of alternative environmental restoration techniques, and payment of claims or natural resource damages. The law establishes a Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund to finance this program, composed primarily of tax receipts from industry 1n addition to general appropriations to cover "such costs and expenses" as "... are reasonably necessary for and incidental to implementation of ..." Title I of this Act. The Superfund appropriation includes the following program activities: - Hazardous Substance Response Actions - Assessing and Replacing Natural Resources - Operations Support HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE ACTIONS 1981 Program In 1981 the Agency requests a supplemental appropriation.of $58,500,000 • and 92 permanent workyears for this program activity. The major emphasis of this program activity in 1981 will be the development of the program structure to carry out the expanded responsibilities under the Act and the initial implementation of its provisions. Successful implementation of this program depends on timely promulgation of key regulations, revision of the National Contingency Plan, development of national program guidance, State strategies, Interagency coordination, development of training programs for field personnel, demonstration and evaluation of personnel safety equipment, and an expanded response and enforcement program. During 1981, usingithese resources, EPA will take remedial actions at several sites. These actions will include investigation, evaluation, design and construction of remedies. The Agency will provide increased emergency responses to hazardous substance spills into all media and to uncontrolled hazardous waste sites which threaten public health and the environment. Additional enforcement actions to force privately financed clean-up at waste sites will be initiated. The costs associated with the payment of claims for response actions is included within this request. For FY 1981, additional related activities are funded under the Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site, .Environmental Emergency Response and Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site Enforcement subactivities of the Salaries and Expenses and Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriations. SF-2 ------- 1982 Plan ' • The Agency requests 5206,000,000 and 465 permanent workyears for this activity for the fund in 1982, an increase of $147,500,000 and 373 permanent workyears over the 1931 supplemental request for the fund. This request includes resources previously budgeted under the environmental emergency response and uncontrolled hazardous waste sites program. However, it does not include resources for the'oil spills program. The 1982 request includes all resources necessary for the first full year of implementation of hazardous substance response actions under Superfund. The request includes not only the continuation of expanded response/removal programs, but significant resources for remedy (evaluation, design, and construction) at both spills and sites. The request also provides necessary resources for evaluating the effectiveness of alternative response and remedial actions, safety and training, State programs, long-term operations and maintenance costs, and payment of claims for response actions. During 1982 the Agency's enforcement program will continue to streamline and standardize the initiation and management of enforcement activities and judicial actions involving hazardous waste problems to maximize privately financed site cleanup and to ensure the integrity of the fund and cost-effective use of Superfund expenditures! The volume of administrative and judicial enforcement actions •.— including Superfund recovery actions and enforcement activities to generate privately financed site cleanups -- will increase in response to new problems revealed by Superfund investigations, additions to current hazardous waste site inventories by Superfund- mandated notifications, and on-going compliance investigations. Precedents, policies, and guidance established during 1980 and 1981 are expected to produce increasingly efficient case development processes and speedier resolution of newly filed enforcement cases. ASSESSINGAND REPLACING NATURAL RESOURCES 19|1 ...Program In 1931 the Agency requests a supplemental appropriation of $3,250,000 for this program activity. A major emphasis of this program activity will be to develop protocols to assess damages to natural resources, including sensitive environmental ecological systems, and to develop scientific bases for determining the cost-effectiveness of alternative environmental restoration techniques (e.g., revegetation, groundwater reclamation). Resources for the payment of claims for natural resource damage brought to the fund are included in this request. Actions taken by agencies under this activity will be defined by the national contingency plan. 1982 Plan The Agency requests $7,850,000 for this program activity in 1982, an increase of $4,600,000 over the 1981 supplemental request. The 1982 request provides resources to continue the development of damage assessment protocols through the first full year of the programs operation. These protocols will include assessing both the short-term and long-term destruction or loss of any natural resources resulting from a release of a hazardous substance and provide scientific bases for estimating the most cost effective means to restore, rehabilitate, or replace the lost natural resources. This data will be used in settling claims brought to the fund. The cost of paying these claims for natural resource damage is also included in this request. SF-3 ------- OPERATIONS SUPPORT 1981 Program In 1981 the Agency requests a supplemental appropriation of $16,250.000 and 50 permanent workyears for this program activity. The Operations Support program activities provide direct support to authorized response activities and will play a key role 1n the implementation of this program. EPA must develop the fund management, financial control, and contract mechanisms necessary to carry out the response and remedial activities authorized under the fund. Operations support activities will be necessary in the areas of personnel processing, information systems design, legal services, resources management, laboratory renovations, equipment procurement, and policy direction and analysis specifically related to the Super-fund program. 1982 Plan The Agency requests 536,150,000 and 170 permanent workyears for this program activity in 1982, and increase of $19,900,000 and 120 permanent workyears over the 1981 supplemental request for the fund. The 1982 request includes resources to continue direct operations support activities through the first full year of operations. In addition, major emphasis will be given to inspector general activities in the area of contract auditing, economic analyses, and an analysis of the financial condition of the fund as it begins its second full year of operation. SF-4 ------- Special Analyses SECTION TAB ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- SPECIAL ANALYSES Contents EPA Organization Chart SA-2 EPA Regional Offices- Locations. SA-3 Summary of Resources SA-4 Work years and Budget Authority, By Media and Appropriation, 1981.. SA-7 Workyears and Budget Authority, By Media and Appropriation, 1982...... SA-8 Total Funds Obligated. 1981 SA-9 Total Funds Obligated. 1982 SA-11 Positions by Grade ami Average Employment............ SA-13 Classification by Objects: Research and Development. SA-17 Abatement, Control and Compliance SA-19 Salaries and Expenses SA-22 Buildings and Facilities.. SA-29 Scientific Activities Overseas... SA-31 Regulatory Council ...., SA-32 Research and Devel opinent Crosswal k SA-45 SA-1 ------- U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDOES OFFICE OF CIVIL RIOHTS OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES OFFICE OF LEGISLATION OFFICE OF PUBLIC AWARENESS OFFICE OF PRESS SERVICED OFFICE OF REGIONAL tIAISON OFFICE OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT SUPPORT SCIENCE AOVISOSY BOARD ADMINISTRATOR DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR ASST. ADMINISTRATOR FOR ENFORCEMENT - OF 01 iWM OFF W ENFOf OFI MOBILE & Amn ASST, ADMINISTRATOR FOH WAFER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT - Off WATER Rl ANDOT tiff WAICR OMB Of MHtKl ttf SOL OFFICE OF INSPECTOR OENERAL OFFICE OF SMAU AND IISADVANTAQED BUSINESS UTILIZATION ASfiT. AOMINISTRATOR FOR AIR, NOISE AND RADIATION - OFT AM)C MJNf •TAH OFF MUBILI AIRCOLtU OF NtMSG * AND Off HAC ASST. AOMINISl RA TOR ran RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT - OFFICE OF 8 van QUALITY or fNViR ENtW FICI OFF ENVmO PfiOCESSE RES Off MtALTH »SET. ADMINISTRATOR ron prsTiciOES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES - OF HI rao OFF TOXIC St :J L SA-2 I I ------- EPA RFGIONS LOCATIONS AND STATES Region I Headquarters> Boston, Hassachusetts Region VI Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont Region II Headquarters, Hem York, Hen York New Jersery, New York, Puerto R1co Virgin Islands Region III Headquarters, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, District of Col umbl a Region IV Headquarters, Atlanta. Georgia Region IX Alabama, Florida, Georgia, sentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee Region V Headquarters. Chicago, II linols Region X Illinois, Indiana, Michigan Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin Headquarters, Dallas, Texas Arkansas, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana Region VII Headquarters, Kansas City, Misso Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska Region VIM Headquarters, Denver, Colorado Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming Headquarters«. San franc.1 sco, Ca 11 fornia Arizona,'California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Guam, Trust Territories of Pacific Islands, Northern Mariana Islands Headquarters, Seattle, Washington Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington SA-3 ------- Summary of Resources (dollars In thousands) Salaries and Expenses Budget authority...... Obligations..... , Outlays Permanent Horkyears... Full-time equivalency. Abatement, Control and Compllance Budget authority. ObiIgatlons. Outl ays Permanent Horkyears........... Ful 1 -time equlvalency .. Research and Development Budget authority.............. Obi 1 gatl ons Outlays....................... Scientific Activities Overseas Budget authority. Obligations...... Outlays.......... Buildings and Facilities Budget autKbr 1 ty Obligations. Outlays Actual 1980 $524 773 522.137 471,062 10,572 12,940 506,430 573,518 503,017 • B * 39 233,481 236,888 277,218 28 2,053 2,177 1,667 1,592 Current Estimate 1981 $573,492 573,492 558,573 10,989 13,486 545,183 541,533 507,692 • * * 72 253,520 251,020 232,585 2,500 2,700 4,115 4,300 2,500 Estimate 1982 $645,618 645,618 661,561 10,965 13,460 492,072 497,084 504,133 » » • 162 229,355 227,229 230,886 805 1,300 6,646 6,367 3,965 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$72,126 +72,126 +102,988 -24 -26 -53,111 -44,449 -3,559 * * * +90 -24,165 -23,79] -1,699 -1,696 -1,400 +2,531 +2,067 +1,465 SA-4 ------- Construction Grants Budget authority.. Obligations. Outlays Actual 1980 $3,400,000 4,673,011 4,343,010 Hazardous Substances Response Trust Funel Budget authority Obligations Outlays..... Permanent Horkyears... Full-Tlme Equivalency. Operations, Research and Facilities Obligations................... Outlays. Revolving Fund Obligations.. Outlays...... Trust Funds Budget author1ty. Obligations...... Outlays.......... Reimbursements Obligations... Permanent Workyears... Full-time equivalency. 917 2,890 580 -92 16 4 7 24,781 58 66 Current Estimate 1981 $3,304,837 3,900,000 4,200,000 78,000 78,000 39,000 142 160 1,669 3.200 650 BO 20 20 30,000 64 73 Estimate 1982 $3,700,000 4,950,000 4,230,000 250,000 250,000 164,000 635 730 2,000 700 100 25 20 30,000 63 71 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$395,163 +1,050,000 +30,000 +172,000 +172,000 +125,300 +493 +570 -1,669 -1,200 +50 +50 +5 -1 -2 SA-5 ------- Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Regulatory Council Budget authority. , $2,538 $2,560 $2,580 +$20 Obligations.. 2,449 2,560 2,580 +20 Outlays. 1,869 2,110 3,000 +890 Permanent Workyears 9 11 11 Full-time equivalency 33 26 26 Consgl1dated Work1ng Fund Obligations.* ....•............. ... ... ... •• ... Outlays. ... 17 ... -17 Total, Environmental Protection Agency Budget authority............... 4,669,415 4,761,707 5,326,271 +564,564 Obligations... 6,035,980 5,385,744 6,610,408 +1,224,664 Outlays 5,602,626 5,548,447 5,800,965 +252,518 Permanent Workyears............ 10,639 11,205 11,674 +459 Full-time equivalency.. 13,078 13,817 14,449 +632 SA-6 ------- 1981 Resources By Media and Appropriation (dollars In thousands) Salaries 8 Expenses Abatement, Control S Compliance Amount Air 1,827 $79,896 $127,097 Water Quality . 2,958 119,114 186,136 Drinking Water . 535 22,729 42,615 Solid Wastes 855 37,017 92,639 Pesticides 912 33,637 31,249 Radiation 218 9,576 8,173 Noise 94 4,545 8,179 Interdisciplinary 124 6,198 1,310 Toxic Substances.... 750 34,741 47,785 Energy.. 141 11,237 Management and Support 2,575 214.802 ^__, Subtotal „ 10,989 573,492 545,183 Regulatory Council...... ... ... ... Buildings and Facilities....... ... ... ... Reimbursements.... Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund ... ... ... Subtotal 10,989 573,492 545,183 Construction Grants............ ... ... ... Total... 10,989 573,492 545,183 Research S Development Amount ~ $41,254 39,578 18,665 25,059 4,618 1,437 3,376 24,192 95,341 Total 253,520 253,520 253,520 Permanent^ Horkyears Amount 1,827 2,958 535 855 912 218 94 124 750 141 2.575 10,989 11 « « • 63 $248,247 344,828 84.009 154,715 69.504 19.186 12,724 10,884 106,718 106,578 214.802 1,372,195 2,560 4,115 142 78,000 •11,205 1,45 3,304,837 11,205 4,761,707 SA-7 ------- 1982 Resources By Media and Appropriation (dollars in thousands) Air Water Quality..... Drinking Water.... Solid Wastes Pesticides Radiation Noise Interdisciplinary. Toxic Substances.. Energy. Management and Support. Subtotal, Regulatory Council Buildings and Facilities. Reimbursements........... Hazardous Substance Response Trust fund. Subtotal, Construction Grants. Total Salaries ft Permanent HorNyears 1.912 2,857 550 713 874 206 94 144 797 142 2,676 10,965 * * • * B * « * * * • * 10,965 *.« • 10,965 Expenses Amount $89,031 125,470 25,770 35,324 35,459 11,408 5,279 6,765 41,400 12,790 256,922 645,618 * » • * • • • • • • • * 645,618 • • • 645,618 Abatement , Control * Compliance Amount $126,821 141,787 44,414 84,580 35,633 4,737 7,480 4,732 41.888 » * * • * * 492,072 9m* • * * * * • • * * 492,072 « * * 492,072 Research H Development Amount $39,369 30,277 21,488 23,432 1 ,042 825 • * * 4.514 24,353 84,055 * « * 229,355 * * * * « » • * • * * « 229,355 * * * 229,355 Total Permanent Morkyears 1,912 2,857 550 713 874 206 94 144 797 142 2.676 10,965 11 • • * 63 635 11,674 • * * 11,674 . Amount $255,221 297,534 91,672 143,336 72,134 16,970 12,759 16,011 107,641 96,845 256,922 1,367,045 2,580 6,646 « • • 250,000 1,626,271 3,700,000 5,326,271 SA-8 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Total Funds Obligated, 1981 (dollars in thousands) Budget Authority Research and Development 253,520 Air............... ..41,254 Water Quality......... j 39,578 Drinking Water... 18,665 Solid Waste.. ;..-. 25,059 Pesticides 4,617 Radiation,.. 1,437 Interdisciplinary 3,376 Toxic Substances 24,193 Energy.... 96,341 Abatement, Control and Compliance 545,183 Atr............. l2?,097 Water Quality 186,136 Drinking Water 42,615 Solid Waste 92,639 Pesticides... 31,249 Radiation.... 8,173 Noise 8,179 Interdisciplinary. 1,310 Toxic Substances 47,785 Salaries and Expenses 573,492 Atr 797596 Water Quality 119,114 Drinking Water... 22,729 Solid Waste ,... 37,017 Pesticides.. 33,637 Radiation 9,576 Noise 4,545 Interdisciplinary. 6,198 Toxic Substances..... 34,741 Energy...... 11,237 Management and Support. 214,802 Unobligated Balance Brought Forward +4.874 Unobl1gated Balance Carried Forward -7.374 Total Obligations 251.020 +1,149 +2,288 +280 +471 +414 • * * +256 +16 +21.362 -1,868 -3,475 -500 -323 -643 • • * « -565 -25.012 40,535 38,391 18,445 25,207 4,388 1,437 3,067 24,209 95,341 541,533 +3,852 +4,575 +3,754 +5,779 +2,277 +1,091 +34 -4,921 -4,806 -4,059 -7,672 -2,409 •1,135 -10 126,028 185,905 42,310 90,746 31,117 8,173 8,179 1,266 47,809 573,492 79,896 119,114 22,729 37,017 33,637 9,576 4,545 6,198 34,741 11,237 214,802 SA-9 ------- Unobl1gated Unobl1 gated Balance Balance Regulatory Council Budget Authority 2,560 Brought Forward * • • Carried Forward • * * Total Obligations 2,560 Buildings and Facilities 4,115 +907 -722 4,300 Scientific Activities Overseas +3.305 -805 2.500 Construction Grants 3.304.837 +3,016.758 -2.421,595 3,900,000 Operations, Research and Facilities +1,669 1.669 Hazardous Substance Resp. Trust Fund 78.000 78.000 Total 4,761,707 +3,048,875 -2,455,508 5,355,074 Sft-10 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Total Funds Obligated, 1982 (dollars In thousands) Budget Authority Research and Development 229,355 Air. --.- , 39,369 Water Quality 30,277 Drinking Water.. 21,488 Solid Waste.......... 23,432 Pesticides..... 1,042 Radiation...... . 825 Interdisciplinary 4,514 Toxic Substances... 24.353 Energy 84,055 Abatement, Control and Compliance 492,072 A1r 126,821 Water Quality 141,787 Drinking Mater..... 44,414 Solid Waste. 84,580 Pesticides.... 35,633 Radiation...... 4,737 Noise 7,480 Interdisciplinary 4,732 Toxic Substances 41,888 Salaries and Expenses 645,618 Air........... 89,031 Water Quality 125,470 Drinking Hater.... 25,770 Solid Haste 35,324 Pesticides.... -.,- 35,459 Radiation 11,408 Noise 5,279 Interdisclpl1 nary.............. 6,765 Toxic Substances......... 41,400 Energy 12,790 Management and Support.... 256,922 Unobligated Balance Brought Forward +7.374 Unobligated Balance Carried Forward -9,500 Total Obligations 227,229 +1,868 +3,475 +500 +323 +643 * * * +565 +25,0-12 -3,259 -3,235 -557 -700 -371 • • * -1,378 -20.000 37,978 30,517 21.431 23,055 1,314 825 3,701 24,353 84,055 497.084 +4,921 +4,806 +4,059 +7,672 +2,409 +1,135 +10 -5,979 -4,152 -2,476 -3,869 -1,690 -1,248 -586 125,763 142,441 45,997 88,383 36,352 4,737 7,480 4,619 41,312 645,618 89,031 125,470 25,770 35,324 35,459 11,408 5,279 6,765 256,922 SA-11 ------- Unobligated Unobligated Balance Balance Budget Brought Carried Total Authority Forward Forward Obligations Regulatory Council 2.580 „. •_„ 2.580 Buildings and Facilities 6.646 +722 -1.001 6,367 Scientific Activities Overseas ._., +805 .~ 805 Construction Grants 3.700.000 +2.421.595 -1.171.595 4.950.000 Operations, Research and Facilities .... ... .._. ..^ Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund 250.000 ... .._. 250.000 Total -.- -.. 5,326,271 +2,455,508 -1,202,096 6,579,683 SA-12 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Positions By Grade and Average Employment Grades Actual 1980 Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Executive Level II 1 Executive Level III............ 1 Executive Level IV 7_ Subtotal 9_ ES-4..... 142 ES-3 22 ES-2... 29 ES-1 32_ Subtotal.. 225 GS-16 1-0 GS/GfMS...... 525 6S/GH-14 -.. 1,083 GS/GM-13. 1,692 GS-12 1,798 GS-11 . 1,168 GS-10 62 GS-9..... -.-. 984 GS-8 -.. 192 GS-? .-. 853 GS-6.-..., 555 GS-5...., «-...-. 833 GS-4.......... 442 GS-3... 126 GS-2 20 GS-1 2_ Subtotal 10,345 142 22 29 32 225 10 532 1,085 1,700 1,812 1,169 62 990 193 855 557 836 439 131 20 2 142 22 29 32 225 11 531 1,081 1,690 1,808 1,170 61 990 194 853 555 835 437 131 20 2 10,393 10,369 SA-13 ------- Actual Estimate Estimate Grades I960 1981 1982 Positions established by act of July 1, 1974 (42 U.S.C. 207): Assistant Surgeon General, $31,558 to $45,990 1 1 1 Director Grade, $23,393 to $40,410 91 91 91 Senior grade, $18,709 to $32,969 143 143 143 Full grade, $15,772 to $27,572. 41 41 41 Senior assistant grade, $14,656 to $23,843 17 17 17 Assistant grade, 12,776 to $17,690.. -.. 22 2 Subtotal. 295 295 295 Positions established by act of November 16,1977 (42 U.S.C. 201) compensation for which Is not to exceed the maximum rate payable for a GS-18..... 30 30 30 Ungraded........... 100 100 100 Total permanent positions.... 11,004 11,052 11,028 Full-Time Equivalency: Permanent......... 10,631 11,205 11,674 Other......... ...... 2.418 2.612 2.775 Total.... 13,049 13,817 14,449 SA-14 ------- Regulatory Council Actual Estimate Estimate 1980 1981 1982 GS-17.... GS/GM-15. GS/GM-14. GS-12.... GS-11,... GS-9..... GS-8 GS-6 GS-5 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total permanent positions. 1-1 11 11 SA-15 ------- HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES RESPONSE TRUST FUND Positions By Grade and Average Employment Grades Actual 1980 Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Excutlve Level IV. ES-4. ES-3. ES-2. 6 4 3 Subtotal. 11 14 GS/GH-15. GS/GM-14. GS/GM-13. GS-12.... GS-11.... GS-10.... GS-9..... GS-8..... GS-7 GS-6 GS-5..... GS-4 GS-3 GS-2 GS-1..... V * * • « • • • • • * • • * * • * * • • * * * • • * * M • • 10 20 20 19 13 2 12 2 9 6 8 5 3 1 1 30 99 99 110 67 2 54 12 46 27 39 27 7 1 1 Subtotal ,. Total permanent positions 131 142 621 635 SA-16 ------- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Classification by Objects Includes Direct Obligations Only (1n thousands of dollars) Current Actual Estimate Estimate 1980 1981 1982 21 Travel and Transportation of persons 22 Transportation of things, 23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent. 24 Printing and reproduction......... 25 Other services , 26 Supplies and materials. 31 Equipment 32 Lands and structures............ 41 Grants, subsidies, and contributions........ Total other objects... Total obi 1 gat Ions., EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS Other Services. The decrease of $26,788 to the 1981 current estimate results from the following: Congressional add-on for acid rain Congressional add-on for Great Lakes. Congressional reduction for urban systems....... Congressional reduction for Innovative research. Congressional general reduction against all research areas Shift of contract funds to grants within this appropriation " * • * 20 228 231 150,241 150,839 170 284 95 82.026 233,303 Actual 1980 94.018 244.857 Budget Estimate 1981 146,650 • » • • • • 76.079 222,729 233,303 244,857 222,729 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 $150,241 $177,627 $150,839 $146,650 -$4,189 +$500 +800 -125 -1,000 -5,000 -13,145 SA-17 ------- New estimate based on 1980 actual data Reduction 1-n the amount of carryover originally projected to be carried forward in 1981., The decrease of $4,189 in the 1982 request reflects the reduction 1n contracted research within water quality, hazardous wastes and energy. -3,685 -5,133 -26,788 Grants, subsidies, and contributions. Budget Current Increase t Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 $82,026 $80,873 $94,018 $76,079 -$17,939 The increase of $13,145 to the 1981 current estimate reflects a shift from contract to research grants activities within this appropriation. The decrease of $17,939 In the 1982 request reflects both the transfer of the HIRS program from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation($598); an Increase of $2.5 million 1n the amount of carryover available; and the reduction in research grants for air, water quality, pesticides, radiation, toxic substances and energy. SA-18 ------- ABATEMENT, CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE Classification by Objects Includes Direct Obligations Only (1n thousands of dollars) Personnel Services. Other Objects: 21 Travel and transportation of persons...... 22 Transportation of things..... 23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent. 24 Printing and reproduction................. 25 Other services. 25 Supplies and materials. 31 Eq u1pment 41 Grants, subsidies, and contributions...... Total other objects Total obi Igatlons. Position Data: Average salary, GS positions......... Average grade, GS positions....... EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS Actual 1980 $741 6 14 25 619 225,116 65 887 305.776 532,508 533,249 $24,874 10.3 Budget Actual Estimate 1980 1981 Current Estimate 1981 $922 10 * * t e • • 243,462 * * * 296.649 540.121 541,043 $27,288 10.3 Estimate 1982 $2,760 85 5 * * * 25 224,495 * « • * • « 269.714 494.324 497,084 $27,510 10.3 Current Increase + Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981 1982 1982 VS. 1981 Personnel servlces $740 The Increase of $844 In the 1981 current estimate supports the estimate for actual salary costs needed for the authorized State assignees In the grant programs. The Increase of $1,838 In the 1982 request supports the salary costs associated with an additional 90 State assignees authorized for the hazardous waste grant program as well as the annualizatlon of the FY 1981 pay raise. $78 $922 $2,760 +$1,838 SA-19 ------- Actual 1980 Budget Current Increase + Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Travel and transportation of persons $6 $10 $10 $85 +$75 The Increase of $75 In the 1982 request reflects the travel associated with the addition of 90 State assignees authorized for the hazardous waste grant program. Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Printing and reproduction. 619 ... ... 25 +$25 The Increase of $25 In the 1982 estimate Is to support printing related to the State assignees. Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Other services..... $225,116 $244,200 $243,462 $224,495 -$18,967 The decrease of-$738 In the 1981 current estimate results from the following: Congressional add-on to clean-up PCBs * In Waukegan Harbor +$1,200 Congressional reduction to pesticides.. -2,500 Congressional reduction against all abatement, control and compliance activities -4,000 Hazardous Waste Amendment................ +4,562 -738 The decrease of $18,967 In the 1982 request reflects the following: Transfer of contract activities to Hazardous Substance Trust Fund..... i.., -$7,000 Increases In contracts for pesticides premanufacture review process, energy review and permitting, and ocean disposal................ +4,000 SA-20 ------- Reductions In contracting for effluent guidelines, water quality mannagement, radiation, and toxic s ubst ances Grants, subsidies, and contributions , The decrease of $1,994 1n the 1981 current estimate to grants results from the following: Congressional reduction to Clean Lakes......... Congressional add-on for Section 106 grants. Congressional reduction to underground Injection control grants. Congressional reduction to resource recovery grants. Congressional add-on for academic training........... Shift from grant object class to personnel services to support salaries for State ass 1 gnees Change In rate of obligation of grant programs Actual 1980 -15.967 -18,967 Budget Current Increase + Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 The decrease of $26,935 to grants 1n the 1982 reauest primarily results from the termination of the State and local areawide planning grants (Section 208) with additional reductions to toxic substances grants, solid waste grants, and pesticide certification training. Grant Increases went to hazardous waste, resource recovery. Section 106 and pesticides enforcement grants. $305,776 $298,643 $296,649 $269,714 -$26,935 -2,000 +2,000 -1,500 -4,000 +700 -844 +3.650 -1,994 SA-21 ------- SALARIES AND EXPENSES Classification by Objects Includes Direct Obligations Only (In thousands of dollars) Personnel Services • Other Objects: 21 Travel and transportation of persons....«... 22 Transportation of things 23.1 Standard level user charges. 23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent... 24 Printing and reproduction..... 25 Other services 26 Supplies and materials.... 31 Equi pment, 32 lands and structures 41 Grants, subsidies, and contributions 42 Insurance claims and Indemnities Total other objects Total obiIgations . PosjtIoni Data; Average salary, GS positions Average grade, GS positions...... Actual 1980 15,812 2,229 18.800 35,268 8,142 72,652 12,739 15,146 120 1,307 11 $24,874 10.3 Current Estimate 1981 17,816 2,104 21,706 33,438 8,602 79,665 13,903 15,112 » * • 963 $27,288 10.3 Estimate 1932 $339,886 $380,183 $390,662 19,731 2,316 28,427 38,012 12,665 118,303 16,605 18,532 • • * 365 182.226 193.309 254.956 522,112 573,492 645,618 $27,510 10.3 SA-22 ------- EXPLAHATIOM OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS Budget Current Increase > Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Personnel services $339,886 $357,056 $380,183 $390,662 +$10,479 The Increase of $23,127 In the 1981 current estimate results from the following: Reduction to Budget Estimate by President Carter (House Document 96-264) Hazardous Waste Amendment +3,175 Congressional add-on for personnel costs to cover review of AWT projects..... +300 Congressional reduction for consulting services... -1,741 Congressional reduction for SES Bonuses............ -750 Supplemental for partial payment of October 1980 pay raise +25,934 Decrease resulting from OMB reduction In authorized workyears -1,341 +23,127 The Increase of $10,479 1n the 1982 request results from the following: October 1980 pay raise, full year cost -.-.- +$6,946 Transfer of Superfund workyears to Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund.. -6,756 Increase 1n authorized workyears. +5,497 Increase to support costs related to IPA agreements that were covered under the other services object class and to support full salary needs +4.792 +10,479 SA-23 ------- Travel and transportation of persons. Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate 1980 1981 1981 1982 $15,812 $17,714 $17,816 $19,731 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$1,915 The Increase of $102 1n the 1981 current estimate reflects an Increase of $952 for the Hazardous Waste Amendment and a congressional reduction of $850 Including a reduction of $250 1n International travel. The Increase of $1,915 In the 1982 request reflects an Increase of $315 to support travel costs for new authorized workyears and an Increase of $1,600 to cover a portion of the Increase costs already realize with Increases 1n coroner leal air fares higher per dlen rates, and higher mileage rates. Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Transportatlon of th1ngs. $2,229 $1,655 $2,104 $2,316 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$212 The Increase of $449 1n the 1981 current estimate results from an adjustment to cost estimates using 1980 actual -costs as a base. The increase of $212 In the 1982 request again reflects estimates based on 1980 actual costs and expected Increases for the shipping of materials. SA-24 ------- The Increase of $4,063 1n the 1982 request will support Increases In printing and reproduction costs and Federal Register changes for the pesticides RPAR process, Issuance of Hazardous Waste enforcement regulations, toxic substances test rules, as wall as anticipated cost Increases for these services in other agency programs. Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Other services ............ $72,652 $91,260 $79,665 $118,303 +$38,638 The decrease of $11,595 to the 1981 current estimate results from the following: Reduction to budget estimate by President Carter (House Document 96-264)....,... -$4,550 Hazardous Waste Amendment for AOP Contracts and other serv 1 ces ,.... +$ 1,784 Congressional reduction for A-1Q9 program.. -5,795 Congressional reduction for consulting services -2,459 Congressional reduction for ADP. -1,955 Congressional reduction to planning and evaluation contracts , -1,000 New estimate of costs based on 1980 actual data. +2,380 -ll,595 The Increase of $38,638 In the 1982 request results from the following: Regional contracts for Increased analytical activites and State/EPA agreement process...... +919 A-109 procurement +7,250 Increase to Technical ADP support -for an Integration of agencywlde management Information systems and operation of an agency-wide Information clearinghouse......... +1,340 'Increase for ADP timesharing that will provide Increase for contractor management of EPA's owned and leased computer fad 11 ties +1,581 Increase to ADP contracts which will primarily support the design, development, and Implementation of the major toxics data bases and a MO ecosystems effects predictive model .. +3,105 SA-25 ------- Increase to planning and evaluation contracts most 1f which is a new initiative to develop a more fully integrated approach to the regulation of toxic substances..................... Increase to contract support for research projects... Increase to contract support for abatement, control and compliance projects.............................. Increase to support anticipated Increases for adminis- trative and maintenance service contracts that support the operation of facilities, equipment, training, publication of notices, and other related services.. Supplies and materials. Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate 1980 1981 1981 1982 $12,739 $14,637 $13,903 $16,605 +8,407 +5,553 +2,824 +7.659 +38,638 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$2,702 The decrease of $734 in the 1981 current estimate reflects an adjustment on actual 1980 costs. The increase of $2,702 In the 1982 request primarily represents cost Increases for supplies and materials, including paper products and other consumables used agency- wide. This increase also supports the RPAR process in pesticides and the premanufacture review process in toxic substances that are growing programs in 1982. Equipment. The reduction of $1,516 to the 1981 current estimate includes a decrease of $45 for a congressional cut to ADP and the remaining decrease of $1,471 for adjustments based on 1980 actual costs. Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate 1980 1981 1981 1982 $15,146 $16,628 $15,112 $18,532 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$3,420 SA-26 ------- Actual 1980 Standard level user charges. The Increase of $226 In the 1981 current estimate reflects the revised projections of SLUG and direct lease costs. The Increase of $6,721 In the 1982 request covers the cost for the expansion In space that the Agency will acquire In 1981 and 1982 and also covers GSA- set price Increases. Actual 1980 Communications, utilities, and other rent. The Increase of $832 1n the 1981 current estimate reflects the adjustment 1n utility costs for Increasing energy costs. The Increase of $4,574 In the 1982 request supports Increasing costs for rental of equipment, telephones, and the continually rising cost of utilities. Printing and reproduction. The Increase of $318 1n the 1981 current estimate supports an adjustment for Increasing printing and reproduction costs. Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 $18.800 $21,480 $21,706 $28,427 Estimate 1982 $35,268 $32,606 $33,438 $38,012 Estimate 1982 $8,142 $8,284 $8,602 $12,665 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$6,721 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$4,574 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$4,063 SA-27 ------- The increase of $3,420 to the 1982 request reflects planned purchases In the radiation program for emergency response and nonionlzlng monitoring equipment, in atr mobile source activities for equipment at test sites for studies on particulate matter, 1n the hazardous waste research program to support RCRA implementation, and in the toxic substances research program. Lands and structures. The reduction of $55 to the 1981 current estimate results from the congressional directive that no funds in this appro- priation be utilized for such costs. Grants, subsidies, and contributions. Actual 1980 $120 Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 $55 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 $1,307 $1,167 Current Estimate 191L $963 Estimate 1982 $365 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -$598 The decrease of $204 In the 1981 current estimate reflects a redefinition and shift of these activities to other services. The decrease of $598 in the 1982 request reflects the shift of the minority institutions research support (MIPS) program to the Research and Development appropriation in the interdisciplinary media. SA-2R ------- BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES Classification by Objects Includes Direct Obligations Only (In thousands of dollars) Actual 1980 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 21 Travel and transportation of persons.. $25 $23 $23 23 Communications, utilities and other rent..... 21 ... ... 25 Other services. 1,481 535 1,221 26 Supplies and materials.... 1 31 Equipment...... 12 ... ... 32 Lands and structures.... -.. 127 3,742 5,123 Total obligations...... 1,667 4,300 6,36? EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Travel and transportation of persons..... $25 $23 $23 $23 There Is no change from the 1981 budget estimate or the 1982 estimate. Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Communications,utilities and other rent........................ $21 ... ... ... Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - T980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Other servlces. $1,481 $200 $535 $1,221 +$686 The Increase of $335 In the 1981 current estimate results from which was not anticipated one year ago. The Increase of $686 In the 1982 estimate supports architectural and engineering design contracts to correct health and safety deficiencies In EPA laboratories and to modify several laboratories to permit high hazard sample testing. SA-29 ------- Actual 1980 Budget Current Increase + Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Supplies and materials. $25 The decrease of $25 In the 1981 current estimate results from an adjustment based on the actual costs In 1980. Equipment. The decrease of $20 1n the 1981 current estimate results from nonrecurring requirements from 1980. Actual 1980 $12 Budget Estimate 1981 $20 Current Estimate 198T Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Lands and structures. $127 $2,707 $3.742 $5.123 +$1,381 The Increase of $1,035 In the 1981 current estimate results,from carryover which was not anticipated one year ago. The Increase of $1,381 In the 1982 estimate supports the new construction required to correct health and safety deflcencles In EPA laboratories and to modify several laboratories to permit high hazardous sample testing. SA-30 ------- SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS Classification by Objects Includes Direct Obligations Only (In thousands of dollars) Current Actual Estimate 1980 1981 Estimate 1982 21 Travel and transportation of persons. 25 Other services..... Total obligations. $12 12 2,500 EXPLANATION OF INCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS Travel and transportation of persons. Actual 1980 $12 The Increase of $10 In the 1982 request supports travel costs which has to be financed 1n 1981 from Salaries and Expenses. Actual 1980 Budget Estimate 1981 $15 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 $15 Current Estimate 1981 Estimate 1982 $25 Estimate 1982 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$10 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 Other services. The Increase of $1,299 In the 1981 current estimate reflects a higher carryover balance than was anticipated one year ago. The reduction of $1,705 In the 1982 request reflects the decrease In carryover funds anticipated for 1982 and the fact that no new funds are available in either 1981 on 1982. $1,185 $2,485 $780 -$1,704 SA-31 ------- REGULATORY COUNCIL Classification by Objects Includes Direct Obligations Only (In thousands of dollars) Current Actual Estimate 1980 1981 Estimate 1982 Personnel Services*. $1,130 $1,000 $1,022 Other Objects: 21 Travel and transportation of persons 19 38 38 22 Transportation of things... 223 23.2 Communications, utilities, and other rent 95 158 119 24 Printing and reproduction -.. 295 357 417 25 Other services 852 929 936 26 Supplies and materials. 22 29 15 31 Equipment....... 34 47 30 Total other objects 1.319 1.560 1,558 Total obligations 2,449 2,560 2,580 EXPLANATION OF IHCREASES AND DECREASES TO OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS Budget Current Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate J980 1981 1981 1982 Personnel services $1,130 $939 $1,000 $1,022 •The increase of $61 in the 1981 current estimate reflects the supplemental request for the October 1980 pay raise. The increase of $22 In the 1982 request reflects annual 1- zation of the FY 1981 pay raise as well as Increased salary costs. Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$22 SA-32 ------- the Trar There is no change from the 1981 budget estimate through 1982 estimate. Actual 1980 $19 Actual 1980 $2 Budget Estimate 1981 $38 Budget Estimate 1981 Current Estimate 1981 $38 Current Estimate 1981 $2 Estimate 1982 , $38 Estimate 1982 $3 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 * « * { Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$1 . The Increase of $2 in the 1981 current estimate reflects a change in the estimate of needs after the first year of operation. Rent, communications, and utilities The reduction of $32 in the 1981 current estimate reflects a readjustment of costs to provide for Increased equipmental rentals. The reduction of $39 In the 1982 request reflects anticipated costs for rent and communications based on actual experiences In 198d. Actual 1980 $95 Budget Estimate 1981 $190 Current Estimate 1981 $158 Estimate 1982 $119 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -$39 Printing and reproduction* Actual 1980 $295 Budget Estimate 1981 $651 Current Estimate 1981 $357 Estimate 1982 $417 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 +$60 The decrease of $294 in the 1981 current estimate reflects a portion of the $838 congressional reduction to the appropriation. The increase of $60 in the 1982 request supports anticipated Increases associated with the printing of Council calendars and reports. SA-33 ------- c Budget Current Increase + Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 Other services. $852 $1,450 $929 $936 +$7 The decrease of $521 in the 1981 current estimate reflects a portion of the $838 congressional reduction to the appropriation. The slight Increase of $7 in the 1982 request supports projected contract costs for Regulatory Council activities. Supplies and materials. Actual 1980 $22 Budget Current Estimate Estimate Estimate 1981 1981 1982 $23 $29 $15 Increase + Decrease - 1982 vs. 1981 -$14 The Increase of $6 In the 1981 current estimate reflects a slight Increase anticipated as a result of 1980 actual costs. The decrease of $14 tn the 1982 request reflects an anticipated reduction In needs. Equipment. The reduction of $17 1n the 1982 request reflects non- recurring expenses from 1981. Actual 1980 $34 Budget Current Increase + Estimate Estimate Estimate Decrease - 1981 1981 1982 1982 vs. 1981 $47 $47 $30 -$17 SA-34 ------- RESTRUCTURING THE BUDGET FORMAT OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT JANUARY 1981 Introduction - The Research...Committee System Over the past two and a half years, EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) has steadily progressed toward a stated goal of Increasing the responsiveness of Its programs to Agency-wide requirements for scientific data In support of EPA's mission. One of the most Important steps In achieving this goal has been the design and establishment of the Research Committee system as a cornerstone of ORD's program planning process. The concept of this system was Introduced In 1978 when ORD tested the feasibility of Joint planning In five Research Committees. Composed of representatives from ORD and each of EPA's other major organizational components, the Committees addressed ORD's programs In five major regulatory areas: drinking water; Industrial wastewater; participate air pollution; mobile sources air pollution; and pesticides. The success of the pilot project led ORD to expand the number of Committees from five to twelve, developing the Committee structure In concert with each concerned Assistant Administrator. In addition, ORD established a thirteenth Energy Research Committee early last calendar year to specifically address the portions of the energy program which are multi-media, such as synthetic fuels. This group will also coordinate with the Committees In planning the remainder of the program to assure a necessary overall energy perspective. The Committees and their relationship to EPA's regulatory program offices are shown In Figure 1. Current Status - The Committee System and Planning Process Early In the design of the Committee system, ORD recognized the need to substantially modify Its Internal planning process to Incorporate Committee Input. This has been accomplished by aligning Its Fiscal Year 1981 budge subactlvities to the subject areas addressed by the Committees. The proposal to restructure ORD's budget • subactlvities resulted from an exhaustive ORD analysis of the existing structure and Its Ideal relationship to the Committees. The analysis began in April 1979 and drew heavily on experience gained In aligning the Committee system to the ZRB process. This restructuring establishes a total of 24 budget subactlvities for ORD, rather than the 31 which existed for the Fiscal Year 1980 ZBB process. Twenty-two of these subactlvities cover 95% of ORD's total'program, and correspond directly to the Research Committees. Sub-programs are structured within each new subactlvlty for clear reporting, tracking, and accounting. Two subactlvities are not aligned to Research Committees. Program Management and Support Is one of these an presented separately. The remaining subactlvity, Intermedia Programs, contains only those portions of the ORD effort which are either strongly intermedia in nature or are not' readily relatable to the Committees' areas of concern. SA-35 ------- FIGURE 1 RESEARCH COMMITTEES AND CORRESPONDING PROGRAM OFFICES OFFICE OF WATER ft WASTE MANAGEMENT OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE OFFICE OF DRINKING WATER OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAM OFFICE OF RADIATION PROGRAMS OFFICE OF WATER PLANNING AND STANDARDS OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM OPERATIONS OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING Gr STANDARDS OFFICE OF AIR, NOISE, AND RADIATION -36 ------- The new structure orients ORD's program so that each subactivlty contains the appropriate mix of research activities to carry out the Research Committee strategy. For example, the oxldant subactlvity Is composed of a mix of health effects, environmental processes, control technology, and monitoring sub-programs. The sub-programs are structured according to major disciplinary types of activities such as "Health Effects," "Environmental Engineering and Technology," "Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance," etc. These areas In turn correspond directly and uniquely to each ORD Deputy Assistant Administrator's area of program responsibility. The new structure permits tracking by Research Committee subject area (at the suhactlvlty level) and by disciplinary or functional area (at the sub-program level) corresponding to ORD's line management structure. Planning, budgeting, Implementation, and accountability are thus tied together for the first time. In the new structure there are fourteen non-energy and ten energy subactlvities. The alignment of suhactivltles to Research Committees to Program Offices In described In Table 1. In order to derive the new structure, the old subactlvities were, In general crosswalked Into the sub-programs of the new regulatory subactlvities as follows. In most media categories such as Toxic Substances, Drinking Water, Radiation, Solid Waste, and Pesticides, the health and control technology programs were translated directly. The ecological effects, pollutants characterization, and transport and fate efforts were consolidated Into the new sub-program, Environmental Processes & Effects. The monitoring and measurement methods development, quality assurance, and technical assistance efforts were consolidated into the new sub-program, Monitoring fi Quality Assurance. By constrast, In the large Air & Water Quality Medium, some old subactivities were in some cases split between new subactlvities. For example, the old Health Effects/Non-Crlteria Pollutants translates into both the new Gases and Particles Subactivlty and Hazardous Air pollutants Subactlvity. Such cases of a more complicated nature are comparatively few 1n number and the resource crosswalks are being supplied to the Congress Finally, the Scientific Assessments and Technical Information programs were moved from the Interdisciplinary Medium to align these activities to Research Commltteest These activities should be Integral to the presentation of a total program package and are now planned accordingly. The basic crosswalk Is diagrammed for one media as an example in Figure 2. Our analysis Indicates that the following benefits are obtained through the restructuring: - Research Committees are a fundamental feature of ORD's Improvements of Its planning and oversight processes. Each Committee annually produces a research strategy which relates the regulatory plans of that program to needed research outputs in specific timeframes. If these plans are to be valuable, they must be linked directly to the planning and budgeting system I.e., the subactivities which form the building blocks of the planning process and the Congressional Budget submission. - The new subactlvity structure permits a cohesive description of the research in each major regulatory subject area. This confines the areas of concern of a Research Committee to identified subactivities and makes It easier for each Committee to work with Its program. Experience with the old structure showed that the text of the various subactlvities together did not provide an adequate description of a given Committee's overall area of concern, because each subactivlty was written from a disciplinary rather than Committee perspective. SA-37 ------- TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF ALIGNMENT BETWEEN RESEARCH COMMITTEES AND BUDGET SUBACTIVITIES Committee Mobile Sources Gases and Particles Qxidants Hazardous Air Pollutants Mater Quality Municipal Waste- Mater and Spills Industrial Wastewater Drinking Hater Solid Maste Pesticides Radiation Program Office Office of Mobile Source A1r Pollution Control/ Office of A1r, Noise and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards/ Office of Air, Noise and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards/ Office of Air, Noise and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards/ Office of Air, Noise and Radiation Office of Mater Planning and Standards/ Office of Water and Haste Management Office of Water Program Operations/ Office of Mater and Maste Management Office of Hater Planning and Standards/ Office of Mater and Haste Management Office of Drinking Water/ Office of Water and Haste Management Office of Solid Haste/ Office, of Hater and Waste Management Office of Pesticides Programs/ Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Office of Radiation Programs/ Office of Air, Noise and Radiation Testing and Assessment Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Energy Intermedia Programs Program Management and Support All Not aligned to Committees Budget Subactlvity 1 Non-Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Non-Energy 1 Energy 1 Multi-Media Energy Subactlvity 1 Intermedia 1 Program Management and Support SA-38 ------- Figure 2 Subactlvlty Crosswalk - An Example Toxic Substances Medium Subact1 vIt 1es/Sub-programs Old Budget Structure Toxics Medium Health arid Ecological Effects Health Effects Ecological Effects Transport and Fate Monitoring and Technical Support Characterization and Measurement Methods Development Technical Support• Industrial Processes Interdisciplinary Medium Scientific Assessments (portion related- to toxics) Subact1v1t1es/Sub-progranis New Budget Structure Chemical Testing and Assessment Health Effects NCTR (1) Stratoshperlc Modification (2) Environmental Processes and Effects Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance (3) -a»Environmental Engineering and Technology Scientific Assessments •*• Technical Information and Liaison Technical Information (portion related' to toxics) (1) National Center for lexicological Research - Joint support with FDA. (2) Special program appearing 1n this medium only. {3; In 1981, there was no quality assurance program. In other media having such programs, quality assurance Is Identified and transferred to the new structure In the new monitoring and quality assurance sub-program. SA-39 ------- EPA's regulatory offices have Indicated that the way In which the Committees' areas of responsibility have been delineated Is, from their perspective, the most sensible way to partition the research program. Consequently, resource allocations made on that same basis In the planning process should lead to a more balanced research and development program. The subaetlvltles present a complete proposal for research on a given regulatory subject area, Including program description, resource levels, and a dlscrlptlon of the Agency research requirements to be addressed In that area. This facilitates review by the appropriate Research Committee, OMB, and th« Congress, ensuring that ORD's programs reflect established priorities. The sub-program areas are unique to each of ORD's Deputy Assistant Administrators or staff office directors. This automatically eliminates organizationally shared program elements, which have historically required staff effort to solve administrative problems. Even more Importantly, the sub-programs clearly and explicitly align to the disciplinary structure of the ORD management organization which will continue to Implement the program. The disciplinary (ORD line organization) and problem area (Research Committee) orientations are the two .main perspectives from which to view ORD's program. If both perspectives are brought to bear on planning 1n a complementary way, the result should strengthen and enhance planning and resource allocation efforts. The new structure provides a means for doing this. It Is easier for non-research program personnel to translate the program from regulatory subject areas to disciplines than to make the reverse translation. Thus, the restructuring achieves a basic Intent, I.e., to simplify the way In which ORD arrays Its program plans. The 1982 budget request to the Congress represents the first set of plans developed entirely within the committee system and using the new budget format. This 1s thus the cumulation of several years of effort to Integrate ORD activities with those of the rest of the Agency. SA-40 ------- Summary of Media Changes Table 2 provides a summary by media of the changes in workyears and dollars between the old and now budget structure, while Figure 3 provides a programmatic diagram of the changes. The most dramatic media chan-je Is a shift of programs out of the Interdisciplinary category and Into the subactlvltles which correspond to and are within the purview of ttie Research Committees. The Impetus for this change lies In ORD's recognition that the programs are relatable to the Agency's regulatory and operational areas of concern; the result of this change is a more complete and better planned research package. As noted earlier, the change Involves the alignment of both the scientific assessment and technical Information activities and the Interdisciplinary medium to the Committees. The change also concerns the old Anticipatory program and the recognition that Its activities such as acid rain are no longer anticipatory, but are dealing with present problems. In addition, the change Involves moving aTl of the exploratory program but core support to the Committee system. The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Air Medium totals $73.8 million and 451.8 permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $3.7 million and 43.8 permanent workyears from the original 1981 President's Budget. The majority of this Increase is the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); and Energy (Monitoring Methods and Systems). The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Water Quality Medium totals $63.7 million and 494.3 permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $1.7 million and 23,1 permanent workyears from the original 1981 President's Budget. The majority of this Increase Is the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); Drinking Water (Monitoring Methods and Systems); and Energy (Technical Support). The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Dr1nkinq Hater Hed1urn totals $28.7 million and 153.1 permanent workyears. This represents an Increase of $1.2 million and 13.6 permanent workyears from the original 1981 President's Budget. This Increase is the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary . (Technical Information and Anticipatory); and Water Quality (Monitoring Methods and Systems). The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Solid Haste Medium totals $26,8 million and 73.4 permanent workyears. This represents an Increase of $350,200 and 4.4 permanent wortyears from the original 1981 President's Budget. This Increase 1s the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information, Scientific.Assessment and Anticipatory)* The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Pesticides Medium totals $10.1 million and 114.1 permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $6t7,lbO and 11.1 permanent workyears. This Increase is the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information, .Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory). The FY 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Radiation Medium totals $3.3 million and 33.4 permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $78,000 and 0.3 permanent workyears from the original 1981 President's Budget. A portion of this increase is the result of transferring resources from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information). SA-41 ------- Media Table 2 Research and Development FY 81 President's Budget Summary by Media Old Structure New Structure Difference Air Water Quality Drinking Water Solid Waste Pesticides Radiation Interdisciplinary Toxic Substances Energy Program Management Total PFTE 408.0 471.2 139.5 69.0 103.0 33.1 160.4 155.3 149.4 87,3 1,776.2 $(000) 70,167.4 60,021.9 27,446.1 26,445.8 9,435.8 3,181.3 22,844.1 36,895.0 107,598.6 4,666.1 368,702.1 PFTE 451.8 494.3 153.1 73.4 114.1 33.4 30.1 187.1 151.6 87.3 1,776.2 $(000) 73,823.6 63,732.2 28,693.3 26,796.0 10,052.9 3,259.3 6,300.2 40,384.8 110,994.4 4,665.4 368,702.1 PFTE +43.8 +23. 1 +13.6 +4.4 + 11.1 +.3 -130.3 +31.8 +2.2 .0 .0 $(000) +3,656.2 +3,710.3 +1,247.2 +350.2 +617.1 +78.0 -16,543.9 +3,489.8 +3,395.8 -.7 .0 SA-42 ------- FIWRE 3 MAJOR MEDIA CHANGES e INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES ANTICIPATORY ACID RAIN TRANS & FATE, —— & CANCER N CORE SUPPORT _. FOR EXPLORATORY RESEARCH SCIENTIFIC ———. ASSESSMENTS *•», TECH. INFORMATION ® REGIONAL SERVICES STAFF (FROM AIR & WATER) MIRS (FROM PM & S • WATER QUALITY • MICROBIOLOGY/ RADIONUCLIDE MEASUREMENTS ENERGY - MULTI-MEDIA TOXICS INTERMEDIA COMMITTEE DU's COMMITTEE DU's COMMITTEE DU's INTERMEDIA DRINKING WATER SA-43 ------- The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Interdisciplinary Medium totals $6.3 million and 30.1 permanent workyears. This represents a decrease of $16.5 million and 130.3 permanent workyears from the original 1981 President's Budget. This decrease reflects the transfer of resources to A1r (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); Hater Quality (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory): Drinking Water (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); Solid Waste (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); Pesticides (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); Radiation (Technical Information); Toxic Substances (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory); and Energy (Anticipatory and Acid Rain). The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Toxic Substances Hedlurn totals $40.4 million and 187.1 permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $3.F million and 3t.8 permanent workyears from the original 1981 President's Budget. The majority of this Increase reflects the transfer of resources from Interdisciplinary (Technical Information, Scientific Assessment and Anticipatory). The 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Energy Medium totals $111.0 million and 15T.6 permanent workyears. This represents an increase of $3.4 ml1lion ana 2.2 permanent workyears from the original 1981 President's Budget. The majority of this Increase reflects the transfer of resources from Interdisciplinary (Anticipatory). There is no change In the 1981 restructured President's Budget for the Program Management Hedlum. The details of the crosswalk from the old budget structure to the new structure are presented In the following table by program element, and within program element, by workyears and dollars. SA-44 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media; Air DU/PE: Health Effects- Transportation Media: Air PE: Health Effects (9XA1C) Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (9WA1C) Environmental Processes «Jc Effects (9YA1C) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A01A1A C01A1A A105 PFTE 39.1 39.1 OPFTE 18.5 18.5 $(000) 3,179.0 3,438.3 6,617.3 PE Code A9XA1C A9WA1C C9XA1C C9WA1C C9YA1C PFTE 34.1 5.0 39.1 OPFTE 17.5 1.0 18.5 $(000) 3,179.0 3,179.0 2,670.3 568.0 200.0 3,438.3 SA-4R ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Air DU/PE: Health Effects-Criteria Pollutants Old Structure Media: Air PE: Health Effects (9GA1A) New Structure PE Code A02A1A C02A1A A110 PFTE 28.1 28.1 OPFTE 6.0 6.0 $(000) 2,365.8 4,499.4 6,865.2 PE Code A9GA1A C9GA1A PFTE 28.1 OPFTE 6.0 $(000) ' H " li" 1' I'*™ 2,365.8 4,499.4 6,865.2 SA-46 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Air DU/PE: Health Effects - Non-Criteria Pollutants Old Structure PECode PFTE OPFTE $(000) A03A1A 114.7 16.0 6,499.8 C03A1A 9,860.0 A115 114.7 16.0 16,359.8 *• Media: Air PE: Monitoring Sys Monitoring Sys Health Effects Health Effects Monitoring Sys . & Quality Assurance . & Quality Assurance (AGA1D) (9RA1B) . & Quality Assurance (9FA1A) (AFA1D) (9QA1B) New Structure PE Code A9FA1A AAFA1D AAGA1D A9RA1B A9QA1B CAGA1D C9RA1B PFTE 2.0 10.0 88.6 6.1 8.0 TT477 OPFTE 12.8 3.2 TeTo I(OQO) 6,154.8 345.0 6,499.8 6,832.2 3,027.8 9,860.0 SA-47 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Air DU/PE: Ecological Processes and Effects Old Structure Media: Air PE: Environmental Processes and Effects (DWA1A, DTA1D) New Structure PE Code A04A1A C04A1A A120 PFTE 11.0 11.0 OPFTE 18.0 18.0 $(000) 975.0 1,320.3 2,295,3 PE Code ADWA1A ADTA1D CDWA1A CDTA1D PFTE 6.5 4.5 11.0 OPFTE 10.4 7.6 18.0 $(000) 568.5 406.5 975.0 766.0 554.3 l,l20Tf SA-48 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Air DU/PEj Transport and Fate Old Structure PECode PFTE OPFTE $(000) A05A1A 42.0 6.0 2,470.3 CQ5A1A 10,635.4 A125 42.0 6.0 13,105.7 Media? Air PE: Environmental Processes & Effects (DWA1A, 9TA1B, DTA1D) PE Code ADWA1A A9TA1B ADTA1D CDWA1A C9TA1B CDTA1D New Structure PFTE OPFTE 15.5 2.5 3.0 — 23.5 3.5 42.0 6.0 • $(000) 925.2 154.2 1,390.9 2,470.3 4,132.8 195.8 6,306.8 10,635.4 SA-49 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Air DU/PE: Industrial Processes Media: Air PE: Environmental Engineering & Technology (9HA1A, 9SA1B, AIJA1D) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A06A1B C06A1B A128 PF'l'E 18.1 18.1 OPFTE 13.3 13.3 $(000) 1,069.0 3,029.8 4,098.8 PE Code A9HA1A A9SA1B AAHA1D C9HA1A C9SA1B CAHA1D PFTE 10.6 3.6 3.9 18.1 OPFTE 7.8 2.7 2.8 13.3 $(000) •mwMtnut 627.0 214.2 227.8 1,069.0 1,773.7 605.5 650.6 3,029.8 SA-50 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Air DU/PE: Characterization and Measurement Methods Old Structure PE Code A07A1D C07A1D A130 OPFTE 2.6 2.6 1(000) 3,102.3 4,942,1 8,044.4 Media: Air PE: Envir. Processes and Effects (DWA1A, 9TA1B, 9YA1C, DTA1D) Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (9QA1B, AFA1D, 9FA1A) New Structure PE Code ADWA1A A9TA1B A9YA1C ADTA1D A9QA1B AAFAlD CDWA1A C9FA1A C9TA1B C9QA1B C9YA1C CDTA1D CAFA1D PFTE OPFTE 11.0 — 3.0 - 11.2 1.6 13.0 - 10.5 — 12.5 1.0 61.2 2.6 $(000) 534.6 145.8 544.3 759.8 510.3 607.5 3,102.3 839.8 31.0 920.2 978.7 455.7 707.2 1,009.5 4,942.1 SA-51 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Air DU/PE: Monitoring Methods and Systems Old Structure PE Code A08A1D C08A1D A135 PFTE 21.0 21.0 OPFTE 11.5 11.5 $(000) 2,223.5 2,948.0 5,171.5 Media PEs PE Code A9QA1B A9WA1C A9FA1A AAFA1D C9QA1B C9WA1C CAFA1D : Air Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (9QA1B, 9WA1C, 9FA1A, AFA1D) New PFTE 4.0 5.1 2.3 9.6 21.0 Structure OPFTE 0.8 3.6 4.0 3.1 11.5 $(000) 328.3 595.0 367.0 933.2 2,223.5 207.7 165.0 2,575.3 2,948.0 SA-52 ------- OLD STHUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Air DU/PE*. Quality Assurance Old Structure PE Code A09A1D C09A1D A145 FFTE 42.2 42.2 OPFTE $(000) 2,224.7 2,430.0 4,654.7 Media PE: : Air Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (9QA1B, 9WA1C, 9FA1A, AFA1D) PE Code A9QA1B A9WA1C A9FA1A AAFA1D C9QA1B C9WA1C C9FA1A CAFA1D New PFTE 6.4 1.2 3.6 31.0 42.2 Structure OPFTE 1.2 — 0.2 2.1 3.5 $(000) 370.1 58.4 185.0 1,611.2 2,224.7 493.2 35.6 121.0 1,780.2 2,430.0 SA-53 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Air DU/PE: Technical Support Media: Air, Water Quality, Toxics, Radiation PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (9QA1B, 9WA1C, 9FA1A, AFA1D) Technical Information & Liaison (9EA1A, 9PA1B, 9VA1C, AEA1D, CQL1A, CEF1A) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A10A1D C10A1D A140 OPFTE 6.3 6.3 $(000) 1,949.5 1,005.2 2,954.7 PE Code A9QA1B A9WA1C A9FA1A AAFA1D A9EA1A A9PA1B A9VA1C AAEA1D ACQL1A ACEF1A C9QA1B C9WA1C C9FA1A CAFA1D PFTE 10.8 .4 7.5 6.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — 30.6 OPFTE 3.1 — • 2.4 0.8 • — — „ • — — _ 6.3 $(000) 765.9 22.1 546.5 425.0 29.2 16.4 17.7 55.3 44.5 26.9 1,949.5 565.5 55.9 332.5 51.3 1,005.2 SA-54 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Health Effects Old Structure Media: Water Quality PE: Health Effects (AQB1A, AYB1B, BFB1C) New Structure PE Code A27B1A C27B1A B103 PFTE 31.8 31.8 OPFTE 18.3 18.3 $(QOD) 2,124.5 5,032.8 7,157.3 PE Code AAQB1A AAYB1B ABFB1C CAQB1A CAYB1B CBFB1C PFTE 13.5 17.3 1.0 3~O OPFTE 9.0 9.0 0.3 18.3 $(000) 891.9 1,165.7 66.9 2,124.5 2,638.9 2,208.2 185.7 5,032.8 SA-55 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Transport and Fate Old Structure Media: Water Quality PE: Environmental Processes and Effects (ARB1A) New Structure PE Code A28B1A C28B1A Bl'06 PFTE 8.7 8.7 OPFTE 6.6 6.6 $(000) 573.2 694.4 1,267.6 PE Code AARB1A CARB1A PFTE 8.7 OPFTE 6.6 $(000) 573.2 894.4 1,267.6 SA-56 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Medias Water Quality DU/PE: Chesapeake Bay Old Structure Media: Water Quality PE: Chesapeake Bay Study (ASB1A) New Structure PE Code A29B1A C29B1A B145 PFTE 6.4 6.4 OPFTE 4.3 4.3 $(OOQ) 409.7 2,503.3 2,913.0 PE Code AASB1A CASB1A PFTE 6.4 OPFTE 4.3 $(000) • in i ii i 409.7 2,503.3 2,913.0 SA-57 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Great Lakes Old Structure Media: Water Quality PE: Great Lakes Study (ATB1A) New Structure PE Code A30B1A C30B1A B142 PFTE 7.0 7.0 OPFTE 6.3 6.3 $(000) in. »»»•--.— .,1. .• 945.0 654.5 1,599.5 PE Code AATB1A CATB1A PFTE 7.0 OPFTE 6.3 $(000) 945.0 654.5 1,599.5 SA-58 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Yean 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Marine Ecological Effects Old Structure Media: Water Quality PE: Environmental Processes & Effects (ARB1A) New Structure PE Code A31B1A C31B1A B112 PFTE 54.4 54.4 OPFTE 62.4 62.4 $(000) 2,860.7 445.1 3,305.8 PE Code AARfllA CARB1A PFTE 54.4 OPFTE 62.4 $(000) 2,860.7 445.1 3,305.8 SA-59 ------- Years 1981 Media: Water Quality OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Freshwater Ecological Effects Old Structure PE: Environmental Processes and Effects (ARB1A) Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BEB1C) New Structure PE Code A32B1A C32B1A B115 PFTE 88.1 88.1 OPFTE 36.9 36.9 $(000) 3,916.7 1,724.1 5,640.8 PE Code AARB1A ABEB1C CARB1A PFTE 88.1 887T OPFTE 36.6 .3 3O $(000) 3,916.7 1,724.1 5,640.8 SA-60 ------- Years 1981 Media: Water Quality OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Industrial Processes Old Structure PE: Envir. Engineering & Technology (AZB1B, BGB1C) New Structure PE Code A33B1B C33B1B BUS PFTE 33.0 33.0 OPFTE 9.3 9.3 $(000> 1,754.9 9,162.8 10,917.7 PE Code AAZB1B ABGB1C CAZB1B CBGB1C PFTE 4.5 28.5 33.0 OPFTE 2.0 7.3 9.3 $(000) 270.0 1,484.9 1,754.9 1,485.0 7,677.8 9,162.8 SA-61 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE; Renewable Resources Media: Water Quality PE: Environmental Processes <5c Effects (ARB1A) Old Structure New Structure PECode A34B1B B133 PFTE 10.0 10,0 OPFTE $(000) 319.3 319.3 PE Code AARB1A PFTE 10.0 OPFTE 319.3 SA-62 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Wastewater Systems Old Structure Media: Water Quality PE: Environmental Engineering <5c Tech. (AZB1B) New Structure PE Code A35B1C C35B1C B124 PFTE 56.7 56.7 OPFTE 14.9 14.9 $(000) 2,522.7 4,275.2 6,797.9 PE Code PFTE AAZB1B 56.7 CAZB1B OPFTE 14.9 $(000) 2,522.7 4,275.2 6,797.9 SA-63 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Urban Systems, Toxics Old Structure Media: Water Quality PE: Environmental Engineering & Tech, (AZB1B) New Structure PE Code A36B1C C36D1C B121 PFTE 55.1 55.1 OPFTE 3,2 3.2 $(000) 2,315.2 5,686.5 8,001,7 PE Code AAZB1B CAZB1B PFTE 55.1 OPFTE 3.2 $(000) 2,315.2 5,686.5 8,001.7 SA-64 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Characterization <5c Measurement Methods Development Old Structure Media: Water Quality PE: Monitoring Sys. <5c Quality Assurance (APB1A,BEB1C) Environmental Processes & Effects (ARB1A) New Structure PE Code A37B1D C37B1D B127 PFTE 27.7 27.7 OPFTE 4.7 4.7 $(000) 1,302.1 202.8 1,504.9 PE Code AAPB1A AARBIA ABEB1C CAPB1A CBEB1C PFTE 10.7 2.0 15.0 27.7 OPFTE 2.3 2.4 4.7 $(000) 565 . 4 150.0 586.7 1,302.1 135.1 67.7 202.8 SA-65 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Monitoring Methods and Systems Media: Water Quality, Drinking Water, Pesticides, Solid Waste, Radiation PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BEB1C, APBIA, BLC1A) Technical Information 3c Liaison (ANB1A, AWB1B, BDB1C, BKC1A, BUD1A, BY El A, CEF1A) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A38B1D C38B1D B136 OPFTE 18.4 18.4 $(000) 3,009.9 1,135.2 4,145.1 PE Code ABEB1C AAPB1A ABLC1A AANB1A AAWB1B ABDB1C ABKC1A ABUD1A ABYE1A ACEF1A CBEB1C CAPB1A PFTE OPFTE 16.0 8.0 32.3 10.4 6.0 1.0 — 1.0 ~ 1.0 - 1.0 — 1.0 - 1.0 — — — 60.3 18.4 $(000) 892.8 1,588.1 300.0 45.9 44.6 35.6 40.6 18.6 39.2 4.5 3,009.9 575.3 559.9 1,135.2 SA-66 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Mediaj Water Quality DU/PEj Quality Assurance Media; Water Quality PEs Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BEB1C, APB1A) Current Structure New Structure PE Code A39B1D C39B1D B139 PFTE 23.0 23.0 OPFTE 5.7 5.7 $(000) 1,233.7 4,055.5 5,289.2 PE Code ABEB1C AAPB1A CBEB1C CAPB1A PFTE 16.0 7.0 23.0 OPFTE 4.0 1.7 5.7 $(000) 859.6 374.1 1,233.7 3,658.7 396.8 4,055.5 SA-67 ------- Year: 1981 Media*. Water Quality OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Water Quality DU/PE: Technical Support Old Structure PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (AXB1B, BEB1C, APB1A) New Structure PE Code A40B1D C40B1D B130 PFTE 9.0 9.0 OPFTE 10.4 10.4 $(000) 773.0 389.1 1,162.1 PE Code AAXB1B ABEB1C AAPB1A CAXB1B CAPB1A PFTE 4.6 .6 3.8 9.0 OPFTE 5.3 2,0 3.1 10.4 $(000) 535.9 237.1 773.0 313.0 76.1 389.1 SA-68 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Drinking Water DU/PE: Health Effects PE Code A60C1C C60C1C C105 Old Structure PFTE 52.0 52.0 OPFTE 20.9 20.9 $(000) 3,054.0 9,305.1 12,359.1 Media? Drinking Water PE: Health Effects (BMC1A) New Structure PE Code ABMC1A CBMC1A PFTE 52.0 OPFTE 20.9 $(000) 3,054.0 9,305.1 12,359.1 SA-69 ------- Year; 1981 Media; Drinking Water OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Drinking Water DU/PE: DW Treatment and Groundwater OJd Structure PE Code A61C1C C61C1C C110 PFTE 77.5 OPFTE 23.2 77.5 23.2 $(000) 3,588.6 10,490.6 14,079.2 PE: Envir. Engineerig & Technology (BNC1A) Environmental Processes and Effects (BPC1A) New Structure PE Code N ABNC1A ABPC1A CBNC1A CBPC1A PFTE 62.0 15.5 77.5 OPFTE 21.2 2.2 2O $(000) 2,958.5 630.1 3,588.6 9,220.7 1,269.9 10,490.6 SA-70 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Drinking Water DU/PE; Quality Assurance Old Structure Media: Drinking Water PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BLC1 A) New Structure PE Code A62C1D C62C1D C115 PFTE 10.0 10.0 OPFTE 4.0 4.0 $(000) 574.8 433.0 1,007.8 PE Code ABLC1A CBLC1A PFTE 10.0 OPFTE 4.0 $(000) 574.8 433.0 1,007.8 SA-71 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Solid Waste DU/PE: Control Technology Media: Solid Waste, Water Quality PE: Envir. Engineering & Technology (BRD1A) Mentoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (ESDIA) Health Effects (BVD1A) Enviro. Processes & Effects (BWD1A) Scientific Assessments (BTD1A) Old Structure New Structure PE Code PFTE OPFTE A73D1C 69.0 19.8 C73D1C DUO 69.0 19.8 $(000) 3,883.6 22,562.2 26,445.8 PE Code ABRD1A ABSD1A ABVD1A ABWD1A ABTD1A CBRD1A CBSD1A CBVD1A CBWD1A CBTD1A PFTE 43.0 18.0 2.0 3.5 2.5 69.0 OPFTE 18.2 — 0.6 1.0 — 19.8 $(000) 2,529.6 940.0 114.0 190.0 110.0 3,883.6 17,070.2 3,638.0 630.0 854.0 370.0 22,562.2 SA-72 ------- Year: 1981 Media: Pesticides D0/PE; Health Effects OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Medial Pesticides PEi Health Effects (CAE1 A) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A86E1A C86E1A E}05 PFTE 31.0 31.0 OPFTE 12.3 12.3 $(000) 2,439.2 321.3 2,760.5 PE Code ACAE1A CCAE1A PFTE 31.0 OPFTE 12.3 $(000) 2,439.2 321.3 2,760.5 SA-73 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Pesticides DU/PE: Ecological Effects Media: Pesticides PE: Environmental Processes <5c Effects (CBE1A) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A87E1A C87E1A E110 PFTE 49.0 49.0 OPFTE 26.1 26.1 $(000) 2,178.1 244.3 2,422.4 PE Code ACBE1A CCBEIA PFTE 49.0 OPFTE 26.1 $(000) 2,178.1 244. 3 2,422,4 SA-74 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Pesticides DU/PE: Integrated Pest. Mgt. Old Structure PE Code A88E1B C88E1B E120 PFTE OPFTE $(000) 117.0 2,783.0 2,900.0 Media: Pesticides PE: Environmental Processes ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Pesticides DU/PE: Quality Assurance Old Structure Media: Pesticides PE* Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BZE1A) New Structure PE Code A89E1D C89E1D E125 PFTE 12.0 12.0 OPFTE 1.4 1.4 $(000) 517.4 48.0 565.4 PE Code ABZE1A CBZE1A PFTE 12.0 OPFTE 1.4 $(000) 517.4 48.0 565.4 SA-76 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Pesticides DU/PE: Exposure Assessment Media: Pesticides PE; Environmental Processes and Effects (CBE1A) PE Code A8PE1A C8PE1A El 30 Old Structure PFTE 11.0 11.0 OPFTE $(000) 403.9 383.6 787.5 PECode ACBE1A CCBE1A New Structure PFTE 11.0 OPFTE $(000) 403.9 383.6 787.5 SA-77 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media; Radiation DU/PE: Health Effects Old Structure Media: Radiation PE: Health Effects (CGF1A) New Structure PE Code A98P1A C98F1A F105 PFTE 28.1 28.1 OPFTE 5.5 5.5 $(000) 1,556.9 1,433.3 2,990.2 PE Code ACGF1A CCGF1A PFTE 28.1 OPFTE 5.5 $CQOQ) 1,556.9 1,433.3 2,990.2 SA-78 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media; Radiation DU/PE: Quality Assurance Old Structure PE Code A7WF1D F115 PFTE 5.0 5.0 OPFTE 1(000) 191.1 191.1 Media: Radiation PE: Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (CFF1A) New Structure PE Code ACFF1A PFTE 5.0 OPFTE $(000) 191.1 SA-79 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Interdisciplinary DU/PE: Anticipatory R&D Old Structure PE Code AIM HIE C1MH1E H105 OPFTE 23.4 23.4 - $(000) 3,433.2 11,312.0 14,745.2 Media: Indiseiplinary PE: Environmental Processes <5c Effects (BPC1A, CVL1A, DWA1A, 9TA1B, DTA1D, ARB1A) Monitoring Sys. & Quality Assurance (BSD1A, CRL1A) Health Effects (CSL1A, 9RA1B, AGA1D, AQB1A, AVB1A, BMC1A, BVD1A, CAE1A) Acid Rain (CVN1A) Exploratory Research Core Program (CHH1A) New Structure r* ft n n PE Code ABPC1A ABSD1A ACRL1A ACSL1A ACUL1A ACVN1A ACHH1A CDWA1A C9RA1B C9TA1B CAGA1D CDTA1D CAQB1A CARB1B CAYB1A CBMC1A CBPC1A CBVD1A CCAE1A CCRL1A CCSL1A CCUL1A CCVN1A CCHHIA PFTE OPFTE 4.0 - — 8.0 y * o "™" 2.0 - 15.6 4.9 3.0 — 24.1 10.5 BTT7 23.4 $(000) 169.2 — 380.7 84.6 232.2 126.9 2,439.6 3,433.2 50.0 25.0 150.0 75.0 200.0 25.0 900.0 25.0 75.0 450.8 100.0 75.0 630.3 1,065.4 .8 O y fcft-*>df • L 3,647.6 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year; 1981 Media: Interdisciplinary DU/PE: Scientific Assessments Old Structure PE Code A1LH1A C1LH1A HI 10 PFTE 66.3 66.3 QPFTE 39.2 39.2 $(000) 3,117.4 2,114.2 5,231.6 Media: Interdisciplinary PE: Scientific Assessments (9DA1A, 9NA1B, ADA1D, AMB1A, BTD1A, BXE1A, CPL1A) ) New Structure PE Code A9DA1A A9NA1B AADA1D AAMB1A ABTD1A ABXE1A ACPL1A C9DA1A C9NA1B CADA1D GAMBIA CBXE1A PFTE 5.0 25.0 4.5 19.0 1.3 9.5 2.0 66.3 OPFTE 3.0 11.7 3.0 13.5 2.0 4.5 1.5 39.2 $(000) 236.0 1,082.7 221.3 1,011.4 62.0 413.0 91.0 3,117.4 157.0 599.9 171.7 1,146.6 39.0 2,114.2 SA-81 . ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Medias Interdiseplinary DU/PEj Technical Information Media: Interdisciplinary PE: Technical Information & Liaison (9EA1A, 9PA1B, 9VA1C, AEA1D, ANB1A, AWB1B, BDB1C, BKC1A, BUD1A, BYE1A, CEF'IA, CQL1A, CXN1A) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A1NH1D ClNfllD H115 OPFTE 24.0 $(000) 2,265.0 390.0 2,655.0 PE Code A9EA1A A9PA1B A9VA1C AAEA1D AANB1A AAWB1B ABDB1C ABKC1A ABUD1A ABYE1A ACEF1A ACQL1A ACXN1A PFTE 2.5 1.2 .6 5.0 2.7 4.3 2.1 2.6 2.1 .6 .3 3.2 3.2 3074 OPFTE 2.0 .9 .5 3.9 2.1 3.3 1.7 2.1 1.7 .5 .3 2.5 2.5 24.0 $(000) 189.6 85.4 47.3 371.2 197.5 316.0 157.9 197.3 157.9 47.3 23.8 236.9 236.9 2,265.0 SA-82 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Yean 1981 Media: Interdiscplinary Continued DU/PE: Technical Information Media: Interdisciplinary PE: Technical Information & Liaison (9EA1A, 9PA1B, 9VA1C, AEA1D, ANB1A, AWB1B, BDB1C, BKC1A, BUD1A, BYE1A, CEF1A, CQLlA, CX'NlA) Old Structure PE Code PFTE OPFTE 14000) New Structure PE Code PFTE OPFTE C9EA1A C9PA1B C9VA1C CAEA1D CANB1A CAWB1B CBDB1C CBKC1A CBUD1A CBYE1A CCEF1A CCQL1A CCXN1A $(000) 13.8 6.2 3.4 27.0 14.4 248.0 11.5 14.4 11.5 3.5 1.7 17.3 17.3 390.0 SA-83 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Interdisciplinary DU/PE: Environmental Workforce Development Old Structure PE Code A7YH1D Ml 25 PFTE 6.0 6.0 OPFTE .7 .7 Media: Interdisciplinary PE: National Env. Workforce (DVH1A) New Structure 1(000) 212.3 212.3 PE Code ADVH1A PFTE 6.0 OPFTE .7 $(000) 212.3 SA-R4 ------- Yean 1981 Media: Toxic Substances OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Toxic Substances DU/PE: Health Effects Old Structure PE: Health Effects (CSL1A) Stratospheric Modification (CML1A) NCTR (CNL1A) New Structure PE Code A1TL1A C1TL1A AlfaLlA C1WL1A L105 PFTE 46.2 3.0 49.2 OPFTE 6.0 6.0 $(000) 3,675.3 12,473.0 1,219.1 193.0 1,219,1 17,560.4 PE Code ACSL1A ACML1A CCSL1A CCNL1A CCML1A PFTE OPFTE 46.2 6.0 3.0 — $(000) 3,675.3 193.0 7,973.0 4,500.0 1,219.1 SA-R5 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year-. 1981 Media: Toxic Substances DU/PE: Industrial Processes Old Structure Media: Toxic Substances PE: Envir. Engineering &. Technology (CTL1A) New Structure PE Code A1YL1B C1YL1B L110 PFTE 11.5 11.5 OPFTE 2.7 2.7 $(000) 614.2 1,157.5 1,771.7 PE Code ACTL1A CCTL1A PFTE 11.5 OPFTE 2.7 $(000) 614.2 1,157.5 1,771.7 SA-36 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Yean 1981 Media: Toxic Substances DU/PEi Characterization and Measurement Methods Old Structure PE Code A1ZL1D C1ZL1D LI 15 PFTE 8.4 8.4 OPFTE 2.0 2.0 $(000) 381.1 574.1 955.2 Media: Toxic Substances PE: Environmental Processes and Effects (CUL1A) Monitoring Sys. 6c Quality Assurance (CRL1A) PE Code ACUL1A ACRL1A CCUL1A CCRL1A New Structure PFTE 5.4 3.0 OPFTE 1.0 1.0 ~O $(000) 234.7 146.4 381.1 203.0 371.1 574.1 SA-87 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Medias Toxic Substances DU/PE: Technical Support Old Structure PE Code A2AL1D C-2AL1D L125 PFTE 18.0 18.0 QPFTE 5.0 5.0 $(000) 1,312.5 970.0 2,291.5 Medias Toxic Substances, Energy, Radiation PE: Monitoring Sys. <5c Quality Assurance (CRL1A) Tech, Information and Liaison (CEF1A, CXN1A) PE Code ACRL1A ACEF1A ACXN1A CCRL1A New Structure PFTE 17.0 1.0 18.0 OPFTE 5.0 5.0 $1000} 1,274.5 21.2 16.8 1,312.5 979.0 SA-88 ------- QLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Toxic Substances DU/PE: Ecological Effects Media: Toxic Substances PE: Environmental Processes & Effects (CUL1A) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A1UL1A C1UL1A L130 PFTE 43.5 43,5 OPFTE 2.6 2.6 $(DOO) 3t141.4 8?158.1 11,299.5 PE Code ACUL1A CCUL1A PFTE 43.5 OPFTE 2.6 $(000) 3,141.4 8,158.1 11,299.5 SA-89 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year; 1981 Media: Toxic Substances DU/PE: Transport and Fate Media: Toxic Substances PE: Environmental Processes and Effects ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year; 1981 Media: Energy DU/PE: Fuel Processing, Preparation and Advanced Combustion Old Structure PE Code A2GN1E C2GN1E N105 PFTE 47.9 47.9 OPFTE 17.8 17.8 $(000? 2,762.4 15,774.9 18,537.3 Media; Energy PE: Energy Envir. Eng. dc Technology (BBN1G, BQN1A, CZN1A) New Structure PE Code ABBN1G ABQN1A ACZNIA CBBN1G CBQN1H CCZN1A PFTE 1.4 1.2 45.3 47T9 OPFTE 3.6 3.6 10.6 17.8 $(000) 210.0 201.6 2,350.8 2,762.4 190.0 148.4 15,436.5 15,774.9 SA-91 ------- Years 1981 Media: Energy OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Energy PE: Municipal Spills Energy (AUN1K) Envir. Engineering and Technology {BBNlG) DU/PE: Fuel Extraction - Energy Old Structure New Structure PE Code A2HN1E C2HNIE N110 PFTE 19.0 19.0 OPFTE 12.9 12,9 $(000) 1,056.8 1,920.3 2,977.1 PE Code AAUN1K ABBN1G CAUN1K CBBN1G PFTE 5.0 14.0 19.0 OPFTE 2.6 10.3 12.9 $(000) 250.8 806.0 1,056.8 361.7 1,558.6 1,920.3 SA-92 ------- Year: 1981 Media: Energy OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Energy DU/PE: Environmental Assessment of Conventional and Advanced Energy Systems PE: Envir. Engineering & Technology (9KN1C BBN1G, BQ'NIH, CZN1A) Old Structure New Structure PE Code A2JN1E C2JN1E N120 PFTE 24.3 24.3 ., OPFTE -8.2 8.2 f(000) 1,644.7 10,305.8 11,950.5 PE Code A9KN1C ABBN1G ABQN1H ACZN1A PFTE 7.0 1.0 1.0 15.3 OPFTE 2.5 .7 .8 4.2 $(000) 480.7 86.2 91.0 986.8 C9KN1C CBBN1G CBQN1H CCZN1A 8.2 1.644;? 3,161.3 913.8 1,098.0 5,132.7 10,305.8 SA-93 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Medial Energy DU/PEs Flue Gas Sulphur Oxide Control Old Structure Media: Energy PEj Energy Envir. Eng. & Technology (AAN1D) New Structure PE Code > A2KN1E C2KN1E N125 PFTE 4.8 4.8 OPFTE 2.0 2.0 $(000? 367.5 3,146.0 3,513.5 PE Code AAAN1D C A AN ID PFTE 4.8 OPFTE 2.0 $(000? 367.5 3 1 146.0 3,513.5 SA-94 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Energy DU/PE: Nitrogen Oxide Control Old Structure Media: Energy PE: Energy Env. Eng. & Tech. (9BN1B) New Structure PE Code A2LN1E C2LN1E N130 PPTE 19.9 19.9 OPFTE 9.9 9.9 $(000) 1,514.0 10,970.2 12,484.2 PE Code A9BN1B C9BN1B PFTE 19.9 OPFTE 9.9 $(000) 1,514.0 10,970.2 12,484.2 SA-95 ------- OLD STRUCTUHE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media; Energy DU/PEs Flue Gas Partieulate Control Old Structure Media: Energy PEs Energy Env. Eng. & Tech. (AAN1D) New Structure PE Code A2MN1E C2MN1E N135 PFTE 15.0 15.0 OPFTE 6.6 6.6 $(000) 1,128.6 6,911.4 8,040.0 PE Code AAAN1D CAAN1D PFTE 15.0 OPFTE 6.6 $(000) 1,128.6 6^911.4 8,040.0 SA-96 ------- Year: 1981 Media: Energy OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Energy PE: Energy Env. Processes & Effects (9CN1B, ABN1D, AKN1E, CLN1J, DAN1A) DU/PE: Transport, Fate and Effects of Energy Related Pollutants Old Structure New Structure PECode PFTE OPFTE $(000) A2NN1E 3.5 13.8 902.2 C2NN1E 13,765.1 N140 3.5 13.8 14,667.3 PE Code A9CN1B AABN1D AAKN1E ACLN1J ADAN1A C9CN1B CABN1D CAKN1E CCLN1J CDAN1A PFTE .1 .5 2.0 .2 .7 3.5 OPFTE .4 1.7 7.9 .9 2.9 13.8 $(000) 26.1 114.0 516.8 57.4 187.9 902.2 378.9 1,652.3 7,924.2 936.6 2,873.1 13,765.1 SA-97 ------- Years 1981 <» Media? Energy OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Media: Energy DU/PE: Atmospheric Transportation & Transformation of Energy Related Pollutants Old Structure PEj Energy Health Effects (9JN1C, CYNIA) Energy Envir. Processes & Effects (ABN1D, DAN1A) Energy Monitoring System Instrumentation Dev. (ACNID) Acid Rain (CVN1A) New Structure PECode PFTE OPFTE $(000) A2PN1E 3.0 4.0 224.6 C2PN1E . 7,395.3 N145 3.0 4.0 7,619.9 PE Code A9JN1C AABN1D ACYN1A ADAN1A AACN1D ACVN1A CABN1D CCYN1A CCVN1A PFTE _M .8 — .4 .2 1.6 3.0 OPFTE .3 3.2 — .5 — — ~o $(000) 123.9 28.7 -. — — 72.0 . 224.6 3,046.0 971.3 3,378.0 7,395.3 SA-98 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year: 1981 Media: Energy DU/PE: Measurement System ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Years 1981 Media: Energy DU/PE: Health Effects Old Structure PE Code A2RN1E C2RN1E N155 OPFTE 3.7 3.7 $(000) 145.6 18,245.3 18,390.9 Media: Energy PEt Energy Health Effect (9AN1B, 9JN1C, 92N1D, DUN1F, CKN1J, CYN1A) Energy Envir. Engineering & Technology (AAN1D) New Structure PE Code A9AN1B A9JN1C A9ZN1D ADUN1F ACKN1J ACYN1A C9AN1B C9JN1C C9ZN1D CDUN1F CCKN1J CCYN1A CAAN1D PFTE 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 .5 .5 2.0 OPFTE 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.2 .9 3.7 $(000) 10.2 12.8 23.0 20.5 43.4 35.7 14O 1,391.6 1,504.5 2,730.7 2,639.5 5,791.9 3,187.1 1,000.0 18,245.3 SA-100 ------- OLD STRUCTURE/NEW STRUCTURE RESOURCE CROSSWALK Year:1981 Media: Management/Support DU/PE: Program Management Old Structure PECode A2SR5A R166' PFTE 87.3 87.3 QPFTE 29.0 29.0 $(OUO) 4,666.1 4,666.1 Media: Management/Support PE: Program Management (DERIA) New Structure PE Code ADER1A PFTE 87.3 OPFTE 29,0 $(000) 4,666.1 SA-101 ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- Page Intentionally Blank ------- ™ ~ ~ " " • '~" - -- _ ^ ^ " " " "" """"" ~"~ "" ""~ " ii a.!!. TlPirmiiuiiiiiiuiuiuiili HiliLV^i5 'i $» laiaiaiaaaaaaj ^jHign ------- |