UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUDGET JUSTIFICATIONS, F. Y. 1971
WATER QUALITY AND RESEARCH
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
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Contents
SECTION TAB
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Contents
Page
Purpose Statement ...... ............. . . •. . ..... ........... 1
OPERATIONS, RESEARCH, AND FACILITIES... ........ ....... ORF-1
Abatemejt^anjd^^Control
Planning. ...... ....... , ........................... AC 1-1
Monitoring and surveillance ................ ....... AC 2-1
Standards and enforcement .............. . . . . ....... AC 3-1
Control agency support. ... ......... . ....... ...... . AC 4-1
Technical support. , ....... . ....................... AC 5-1
Federal activities. ........ . ....... . .............. AC 6-1
Construction grants administration ................ AC 7-1
Manpower De vel opment ................................ MD-1
Research,
^
Pollution sources and effects ..................... ROD 1-1
Pollution control technology ...................... RDD 2-1
Facilities .......... ..... ........................... F-l
Program Direction and Support ................... .... PDS-1
Special Analyses. . . ....... . ........................... SA-1
Table of contents provided in Special Analyses
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Budget Summary
SECTION TAB
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«•
t-A
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Purpose Statement
The Environmental Protection Agency was established on December 2,
1970, by Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1970. This reorganization
provided for the consolidation of pollution control and abatement
activities which were previously organizationally assigned to several
Departments and Agencies, as follows:
Department of the Interior
- all functions carried out by the Federal Water Quality
Administration; and
- certain pesticide research functions carried out by the
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
- all functions of the National Air Pollution Control Administration;
- all functions of the Bureau of Solid Waste Management;
- all functions of the Bureau of Water Hygiene;
- portions of the Bureau of Radiological Health; and
- pesticides research and standards-setting programs of the Food
and Drug Administration.
Department of Agriculture
- pesticides label registration authority of the Agriculture
Research Service.
Atomic Energy Commission
- environmental radiation protection standard-setting function.
Councilon Environmental Quality
- authority to perform general ecological research.
Federal Radiation Council
- all functions.
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The basic purpose for bringing these functions and responsibilities
together to form the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was to permit
an aggressive and coordinated attack on the problems of environmental
pollution. EPA is concerned with the environment as a single interrelated
system and is directing a coordinated research* monitoring, standard-
setting, and enforcement effort to restore and protect the quality of
the Nation's environment.
The Agency's budget proposals are presented under three appropriations
with the major activities under each as follows:
1. O^erati ons ^JResearch, and Faci1 i t ies - Thi s appropri ati on covers
the following activitiesTTtoi-support aT national program of environmental
protection and pollution abatement:
a. Abatement and control programs which provide for the
establishment of environmental standards, monitoring and surveillance
activities, planning and technical assistance support to State and local
agencies to improve environmental programs, and enforcement activities
to assure compliance.
b. Manpower development programs to increase the supply and
improve the performance of manpower required for environmental
protection agencies.
e. Research, development, and demonstration programs to
determine the cause-and-effect relationships ofenvironmental pollutants
and to develop and demonstrate technological solutions for pollution
abatement and control problems.
d. Facilities programs to support the construction of new EPA
facilities and provide for the alterations, repairs, and improvements
of existing EPA facilities.
e. Program direction and support activities to provide both
centralized and regional 1eadership and administrative support for the
Agency's programs.
2, Construction Grants - This appropriation provides the grants
to local public agencies for the construction of municipal waste water
treatment facilities pursuant to Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended.
3. Scientific Activities Overseas (Special Foreign Currency
Program) - This appropriation supports cooperative programs of research
and demonstration to find solutions to environmental problems which are
of interest to both the United States and a cooperating foreign agency
or country.
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EPA's programs are conducted in large measure by the operating
offices for water quality, air pollution control, solid waste management,
pesticides, and radiation. These offices are in turn supported by
field groups located in the various States. One of the major organizational
activities during this year will be to bring these field activities together
along regional lines and to establish strong regional leadership.
All funds requested in the supplemental are for activities under the
appropriation, "Operations, Research, and Facilities."
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Summary of Budget Authority,
Pennanent Positions, and Man-years
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Operations, Researchj, and
Facilities
Budget authority....... $284,279,000 $297,279,000 $13,000,000
Permanent positions.... 6,039 7,014 975
Man-years » 5,461 5,662 201
Construction Grants
Budget authority....... 1,000,000,0001,000,000,000
Permanent positions....
Man-years
S clen t Iffc Acti vities
Budget authority... 3,500,000 3,500,000
Permanent positions....
Man-years........ •.
Revolving Fund
Budget authority
Pennanent positions.... 12 12
Man-years, 7 7
Advances and Reimbursements
Budget authority.,
Permanent positions.... 166 166
Man-years............... 161 161
Total, Enyi ronmental
Protecti orTAgeri cy
Budget alifhoFfty....... 1,287,779,000 19300,779,000 13,000,000
Pennanent positions.... 6,217 7,192 975
Man-years, 5,629 5,830 201
March 24, 1971 4
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Summary
Authorized Positions
1971 1971
] Presently Revised Proposed
Available -Istjmate. Supplemental
i
i Operations, Research, and
Facilities 6,039 7,014 975
T*
1 Revolving Fund.... 12 12
v
Advances and Reimbursements. 166 166
Total..., 6,217 7,192 975
March 24, 1971
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Summary
Man-Years
Operations, Research, and
Facilities*... ......
Revolving Fund.
Advances and Reimbursements
Total.............
1971
Presently
Avail able
5,461
7
161
1971
Revised
Estimate
5S662
7
161
Proposed
Supplemental
201
5,629
5S830
201
24, 1971
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Summary of Available Funds
(in thousands of dollars)
I Scientific Activities Overseas
1 * (Special Foreign Currency Program)
f ! Budget estimate ; ...
I Transferred from other
\j agencies 3,500 3,500
, | Not transferred from other
agencies
* • * • • *
Total available 38500 3,500
March 24, 1971
^ 1971 1971
.| Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
ll Operations, Research, and
Facilities
Appropriation $21,400 $21,400
Budget estimate....
Transferred from other
agencies.. 247,756 247,756
Proposed supplemental
Pay cost 4,510 4,510
Program ........ ... 13,000 13,000
Not transferred from other
agencies... 14,428 14,428
Unobligated balances
available, start of year. 27,850 27,850
Unobligated balances
available, end of year... -15.736 -15,736 ...
Total available 300,208 313.208 13.000
Construction Grants
Budget estimate
Transferred from other
, agencies 1,000,000 1,000,000
I Unobligated balance
i available, start of year. 439,891 439,891
| Unobligated balance
I available, end of year... -254,891 -254.891 ...
I *
I | Total available, 1,185.000 1,185.000 ...
Total available, Environmental
Protection Agency..... 1,488,708 1,501,708 13,000
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Operations,
Research, &
Facilities
SECTION TAB
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ENVIRONEMNTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Operationsi Research, and Facilities
Purpose
Five major activities are supported under this appropriation.
They are as follows:
1. Abatement and control — Planning grants and control agency
support grants are awarded to State, regional, and local agencies for
planning, establishing, and improving environmental quality programs.
Monitoring and surveillance is performed to determine baseline quality
conditions, pollution problems, and to evaluate the performance of
control devices. Criteria are recommended and standards are established
in cooperation with State and local agencies, and enforcement
actions are instituted to assure compliance. Technical assistance is
provided to Federal agencies, States, interstate regions, local
communities, and industries as cooperative endeavors and also in
response to emergency situations.
2. Manpower development ~ This activity is conducted to
increase the supply and improve the performance of manpower required
for environmental protection activities. Training and fellowship
grants and other forms of assistance are awarded to educational
institutions, States, and individuals. In-house training programs
are conducted in field facilities for personnel of Federal, State,
and local governments, and industry and educational institutions.
3. Research, development, and demonstration — Research and
development activities deal with causes, sources, transport, fate,
and effects of pollutants in ecological systems; the development of
monitoring technology; the determination of pollution exposure effects
on man and environment; and the development of the scientific basis
for criteria, standards, and regulations to protect man and his
environment from pollution. Research, development, and demonstration
activities are also conducted to develop and maintain current knowledge
of devices and technologies for the abatement and control of pollution.
Research, development, and demonstration activities are conducted
under grants, contracts, and other agreements involving universities,
industry, private firms., nonprofit organizations, State and local
governments, other Federal agencies, and through activities conducted
at EPA's laboratories and field locations.
4. Facilities ~ This activity provides for construction of
laboratory facilities and alterations, repairs, and improvements to
existing facilities.
ORF-1
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5. Program direction and support -- This activity includes the
Office of the Administrator, regional administrators, and the
executive staffs of the mission-oriented program offices for water,
air, solid wastes, radiation, and pesticides. It provides executive
direction and leadership, administrative management, and supporting
services such as program planning and evaluation, personnel administration,
budgeting, accounting, auditing, procurement, and automatic data
processing services.
Budget authority
Abatement and control.
Manpower development..
Research, development,
and demonstration
Facilities
Program direction and.
support
Total
Permanent pos i ti ons...
Man-years
1971
Presently
Available
$108,529,000
17,900,000
132,417,000
* a •
25.433,000
1971
Revised
Estimate
116,268,000
18,549,000
136,464,000
* * a
25.998,000
284.279.000 297.279.000
1971
Presently
Available
6,039
5,461
1971
Revised
Estimate
7,014
5,662
Proposed
Supplemental
7,739,000
649,000
4,047,000
565,000
13,000,000
Proposed
Supplemental
975
201
ORF-2
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Comparative Budget Authority by Activity and Subactivity - 1971
(in thousands of dollars)
Pay
Transferred Cost Proposed
From Other Not Supple- Supple-
Agencies Transferreda/ mental mental
Abatement and Control $99,646
Planning .......... 9,279
Monitoring and
surveillance....... 11,324
Standards and
enforcement........ 14,519
Control agency support 40,542
Technical support..... 15,815
Federal activities.... 2,290
Construction grants
administration..... 5,877
Manpower Development 17,928
Research, Development,
and Demonstration 125,345
Pollutionsourcesand"
effects 51,654
Pollution control
technology......... 733691
Fajcjjjties i ._...._.
Program Direction and
Support , 22,422
Total 265,341
$5,434 $2,190 $7,739
Total
$115,009
11,487
646
1,674
1,862
a 9 *
1,129
123
e « a
486
229
349
690
42
581
67
232
154
19333
800
2,940
1S000
1S370
296
14,147
20,011
41,584
18,895
2,776
6,109
649 19,217
5,814
1,240
4.047 136.446
3,783
2,031
775
465
2,595
1,452
58,807
77,639
2,694
926
565 26,607
14,428
4,510 13,000 297,279
a/ $14,428,000 associated with the period July 1, - December ls 1970, was
not shown as transferred in the President's Budget. The program
justification of this supplemental request will reflect the 1971 comparisons
on a full-year comparable basis to simplify discussion of program
objectives.
March 24, 1971
ORF-3
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Comparative Budget Authority by Activity and Subactivity - 1970
(in thousands of dollars)
Transferred
From Other
Agencies
Abatement and Control
PI anni ng
Monitoring and surveillance..
Standards and enforcement....
Control agency support. ......
Technical support
Federal activities
Construction grants
administration
Manpower Development
Research, Development, and
Demonstration
Pollution sources and effects
Pollution control technology.
Facilities
Program Direction and Support
Total
$72,717
6,355
6,413
9,062
36,935
9,210
1,442
4,300
12,255
100,024
37,394
62,630
» * <•
18,988
203,984
Not
Transferred
$17,394
1 ,935
6,202
5,588
3,449
220
• * •
2,050
16,302
7,273
9,029
• * •
6,095
41,841
Total
$90,111
8,290
12,615
14,650
35,935
12,659
1,662
4,300
14,305
116,326
44,667
71 ,659
• • t
25,083
245.825
March 22, 1971 ORF-4
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Operations, Researchs and Facilities
Sunmary of Budget Authority
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Abatement and Control
Monitoring and surveillance.
Standards and enforcement...
Control agency support. .....
Techni cal support.
Federal activities..........
Construction grants
admini strati on
Manpower Development
Research, Development, and
Demonstration
Pollution sources and
effects
Pollution control technology
Facilities
Program Direction and
Sjjpport
Total
$108,529,000
10,208,000
13,290,000
17,481,000
40 ,475 ,000
18,417,000
2,549,000
6,109,000
17,900,000
132^417,000
56,472,000
75,945,000
a • *
25,433,000
284.279.000
$116,268,000
11 ,541,000
14,090,000
20,421,000
41,475,000
19,787,000
2,845,000
6,109,000
18,549,000
136,464,000
59,067,000
77,397,000
* * *
25,998,000
297.279,000
$7,739,000
1 ,333,000
800,000
2,940,000
1,000,000
1,370,000
296,000
649,000
4,047,000
2,595,000
1,452,000
• » *
565,000
13,000.000
March 24, 1971
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' Operations, Research, and Facilities
Summary of Permanent Positions
Abatement and Control
Planning.
Monitoring and surveillance...
Standards and enforcement
Control agency support.. ......
Technical support.
Federal activities*
Construction grants
administration
Manpower Development
Research, Development, and
Demonstration
Pollution sources and effects.
Pollution control technology..
Facilities
Program Direction and Support
Total
1971
Presently
Available
2,986
272
435
791
61
784
177
466
186
1,501
995
506
• • •
1,366
6,039
1971
Revised
Estimate i
3,786
297
479
1,340
61
914
229
466
193
1,555
1,020
535
• » •
1,480
7,014
Proposed
>jjppl emental
800
25
44
549
130
52
7
54
25
29
» • •
114
975
March 24, 1971 ORF"6
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Summary of Man-years
Abatement and Control
Moni tori fid and survpil lance ••
1971
Presently
Available
2,680
241
399
718
54
700
1 SR
Construction grants administration 410
Manpower Development
Research, Development, and
Demonstration
Pollution sources and effects
Pollution control technology.
Facilities
Program Direction and Support
Total ,
171
1,342
913
. . . . 429
* * *
U268
... 5.461
1971
Revised
Estimate
2,847
246
409
828
54
732
168
410
172
1,355
920
435
• * «
1,288
5.6fi2
Proposed
Supplemental
167
5
10
110
a « 9
32
10
a o <*
1
13
7
6
* » «
20
20 T
March 24, 1971 ORF-7
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Summary of Available Funds
(in thousands of dollars)
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Appropriation , ..,.. $21,400 $21,400
Budget estimate ,
Transferred from other agencies 247,756 247,756
Proposed supplementals
Program
Not transferred from other
agencies.
Unobligated balances available,
start of year
Unobligated balances available,
end of year
14,428
27,850
-15,736
13,000
14,428
27,850
-15,736
$13,000
• t »
Total available 300,208 313.208 13,000
March 24, 1971 ORF-8
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Abatement and
Control
SECTION TAB
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Planning
SECTION TAB
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Operations, Research* and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Planning
Purpose
EPA's planning programs comprise three general kinds of activities:
(1) financial assistance to regional, State, and local planning agencies;
(2) administration of the grants used to provide this financial assistance\
and (3) direct performance of broad scope planning in cooperation with
States and other Federal agencies. These programs enable accurate
definition of pollution problems and development of cost-effective systems
and facilities for pollution control. They also help ensure that control
efforts within regions9 States, and localities are complementary and
that they are capable of meeting applicable pollution control criteria
and standards.
The programs provide grant support for water pollution control and
solid waste management planning by non-Federal agencies. They also support
Federal interagency river basin studies, joint Federal-State river basin
studies and a Great Lakes study, and a study to develop a national system
for storage and disposal of hazardous wastes. Compatibility between Federal
and non-Federal planning is maintained through Federal guidelines and
technical assistance and other cooperative relationships between EPA and
States and communities, (State, interstate, and local air pollution control
is carried out as part of the activities supported under the program of
grants to control agencies, which is described under the budget category,
"Control Agency Support.")
The overall purpose of EPA's planning activities is to provide a
rational basis for the Nation's pollution control efforts and to ensure
that the substantial and increasing Federal investment in facilities and
control programs is applied effectively.
Budget Authority
1971
Presently
Available
1971
Revised Proposed
Estimate Supplemental
Planning grants..., $3,370,000
Planning grants administration 570,000
Federal planning 5,468,000
Great Lakes planning.......... 800,000
$4,160,000
685,000
5,896,000
800,000
$790,000
115,000
428,000
Total 10,208.000
11.541.000
1.333,000
Manpower Resources
Permanent positions.
Man-years ,
1971
Presently
Available
272
241
1971 .
Revised
Estimate
297
246
Proposed
Supplemental
25
5
AC 1-1
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
Planning grants $790,000
- Solid waste management planning program: to initiate
grant support for local and regional planning as
authorized in the Resource Recovery Act of 1970 — 790,000
Planning grants administration $115,000
- Solid waste management planning program: to provide the
additional staff needed to adequately administer the
expanded program and to improve program effectiveness.... 115,000
Federal planning $428,000
- The National Disposal Site Study required under the
Resource Recovery Act of 1970: to permit initiation of
the Study 428,000
AC 1-2
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Justifjeatioii
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Planning grants $3,370,000 $4,160,000 $790.000
EPA administers two grant programs expressly for the support of non-
Federal planning - one in the area of water pollution control and the
other in solid waste management. Eligible recipients under these programs
are officially designated State, interstate,, regional, and local planning
agencies. Both programs emphasize coordination of their grant-supported
planning with land-use and other related on-going planning. EPA's
regional staffs work closely with the grant recipients to assure that the
planning is of high qualitys that it is directed toward prevailing local,
State, and Federal pollution criteria and standards, and that it is
consistent with related Federal planning.
No increase is requested for the water pollution control planning
program.
An increase of $790,000 is requested for the solid waste management
planning program to initiate local and regional planning as authorized
under the Resource Recovery Act of 1970. Such planning is critically
needed to bring about a correction of the inadequate and environmentally
damaging solid waste management practiced in a majority of the communities
in the Nation.
The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 authorized grants to assist
State and interstate agencies in solid waste planning. During 1971,
51 State and interstate projects are being supported and about 26 State
and interstate plans are to be completed. The Resource Recovery Act of
1970 added authority to provide grants for local and regional planning.
While the State and interstate plans tend to be broad in scope, local and
regional planning will be oriented to operations dealing directly with
the special solid waste problems of a particular locality and the practical
aspects (equipment, facilities, personnel, procedures, and organization)
of the solutions. Such planning is urgently needed to build on the bases
provided by the State and interstate plans to translate their broad
policies and strategies into implementable plans for the improvement of
community solid waste handling practices,
The requested increase will be used to support sbout 18 local and
regional planning projects as well as about four additional State and
interstate projects.
AC 1-3
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1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Planning grants administration $570,000 $685,000 $115,000
Administration of the previously described planning grant programs
is provided through regional and headquarters staffs. Administration
includes preapplication assistance to prospective applicant agencies,
review of applications to determine need for and prospective quality of
the proposed projects, and provision of guidance and monitoring during
operation of the project to ensure maintenance of high planning standards
and attainment of planning objectives.
An increase of $115,000 is requested for the solid waste management
planning program to provide the additional staff necessary to adequately
administer the expanded grant program and to improve program effectiveness.
The additional staff will be placed largely in EPA's regional offices
Where direct and effective liaison with grantees and potential grantees
can be maintained. This improved staff capability to monitor and provide
guidance for projects will result in better quality plans.
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Federal planning $5,468,000 $5,896,000 $428,000
EPA carries out direct planning activities to support the abatement
and prevention of environmental pollution. These include interagency
water resources, planning, joint Federal-State water pollution control
planning, and review of construction grant applications for conformity to
approved plans. This planning is carried out through a combination of
contract and intramural efforts. The latter is performed largely by
EPA's regional offices. (The disposal sites study is the only activity
for which an increase is presently requested.)
An increase of $428,000 is requested to permit initiation of the
National Disposal Site Study required by the Resource Recovery Act of
1970. The Study must get underway this year so that it can be completed
by November 1972, when a report to the Congress is required.
The Study is to result in a report and plan for creating a system of
national disposal sites for the storage and disposal of hazardous wastes,
including radiological, toxic chemical, biological, and other materials.
It will be carried out primarily by contract, augmented by interagency
agreements and a small intramural effort. Nine related contract studies
are being planned.
The requested increase would enable funding and initiation of these
studies in 1971 and acquisition of the staff needed to monitor and coordinate
the studies and to manage the overall program.
AC 1-4
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Monitoring and
Surveillance
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Monitoring and Surveillance
Purpose
The Agency's monitoring, inventory, and surveillance programs involve
the collection of environmental quality data and information on sources
of pollution. These efforts directly support the other environmental
protection programs carried out by EPA and by State and local pollution
control agencies. The information and data collected are utilized in the
development of environmental protection criteria and standards, for
determining compliance with standards, and for initiation of necessary
abatement measures. These data are also used to formulate effective
pollution control plans and to formulate and manage EPA's pollution
control programs. The programs also provide an early warning system by
which emerging environmental hazards can be identified so that effective
control programs can be designed to deal with them.
The programs cover the monitoring of ambient air quality, water
quality, pesticides, and radiological materials. They also cover the
surveillance of motor vehicle emissions and the collection of information
on municipal and industrial waste water sources and solid waste systems.
For the most part, these efforts are carried out in conjunction with
similar programs operated by State, local, and other Federal agencies.
A guiding principal is to support and complement the efforts of these
other agencies. The general pattern, particularly in the monitoring of
air and water quality, is for EPA to provide overall national direction
of the surveillance system, operate its key stations or elements, provide
support and assistance through laboratory services, introduce new monitoring
and analytical technology, and maintain a central capability for storage,
evaluation, interpretation, and dissemination of data. The overall purpose
of EPA is to encourage and support the creation and operation of integrated
Federal-State-local monitoring, inventory, and surveillance systems.
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
BudgetAuthority Available Estimate Supplemental
Environmental quality
monitoring ,' $10,499,000 $11,199,000 $700,000
Pollution source inventories
and surveillance ,.... 2,632,000 2,732,000 100,000
Water supply studies and
inventories , 159.000 159,000 ...
Total , 13,290.000 14.090.000 800,000
AC 2-1
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Manpower Res onrces
Permanent positions.
Man-years.
1971
Presently
Ayaijable
435
399
1971
Revised Proposed
Estimate Supplemental
479
409
44
10
AC 2-2
-------
i
Summary of Increases andDecreases
Envi ronment al qua! i tymom' tori ng $700,000
- Air quality monitoring program: to provide
equipment and to provide additional staff
needed to expand the Federal air monitoring
network 700,000
Pollution source inventories and surveillance $100,000
- Industrial waste water inventory program: to
accelerate the initial development of this
program 100,000
AC 2-3
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Justification
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Environmental quality
monitoring $10.499.000 $11.199.000 $700,000
EPA currently operates four environmental quality monitoring
programs—covering air quality, water quality, pesticide, and radiological
monitoring. Each of these programs includes a network of monitoring
stations strategically located throughout the Nation at which samples are
collected for subsequent analyses (except in the case of automated
stations where analyses are an integrated part of sample collection).
These networks are supported by laboratory units to perform sample
analyses and by computerized data storage and retrieval systems to handle
the data developed. The data developed by these programs are utilized
in the development of environmental criteria and standards for the
identification of needed abatement actions, for planning, and for other
purposes. These data are also made available to State and local pollution
control agencies and other Federal agencies to be utilized for similar
purposes.
EPA also operates a community studies program to collect
epidenriological information on the effects of pesticides on the health
of man. Although fixed-station monitoring networks are not used, these
studies are similar to the above programs in that they develop data on
the environmental levels of pesticides.
An increase of $700,000 is requested to procure equipment and
provide additional staff necessary to expand the Federal air monitoring
network. This expansion is necessary to assure compliance with the
national ambient air quality standards currently being established by
EPA pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970, and to support
enforcement actions where noncompliance is detected.
The air quality monitoring program currently operates 300 Federal
monitoring stations. These stations are complemented by 2,000 State
and local stations to form an integrated Federal-State-local system
which, at present, provides minimal coverage of approximately 40 percent
of the Nation's urban population. In addition to the operation of these
stations, the program supports the State and local programs by verifying
sampling results, calibrating instrumentation to ensure consistent
results, and monitoring pollutants for which the State and local agencies
have no monitoring or analytical capability. The program also provides
for the centralized storage and processing of all Federal, State, and
local data in the National Aerometric Data Information Service, a
computerized data storage computation and retrieval system.
AC 2-4
-------
Each of the 300 stations in the Federal network has a capability
for measuring suspended particulates and about 200 are equipped with
gas monitors for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These features
are important in Federal stations because most State and local stations
have limited capabilities for gas monitoring and for the more complex
laboratory analysis required for some particulates such as metals. This
supplemental increase will be used for the procurement of equipment for
measuring gases and suspended particulates at an additional 60 stations.
These additional stations will become operational in 1972, and the
frequency of sampling will be increased from the present biweekly to
a weekly schedule. This increase will also be used to employ additional
staff to handle the increased analytical work load associated with this
expansion.
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Pollution source inventories
and surveillance $2.632.000 $2.732.000 $100,000
—————— - .. . - —
EPA's pollution source inventories and surveillance program has four
major parts: a municipal waste inventory and an industrial waste inventory,,
both pertaining to sources of waste water discharges, a solid waste data
program, and a motor vehicle surveillance program. All four activities are
directed toward collecting information and data on sources of pollution and
their discharges into or impact on the environment. This information is
used for evaluating pollution problems and pollution control needs, for
assessing pollution control practices and compliance with established
control regulations or standards, for planning pollution control programs,
and estimating pollution abatement costs.
An increase of $100,000 is requested to accelerate'the development
of a national inventory of industrial waste water sources. This work
is needed to provide additional data needed to effectively plan and carry
out water quality management programs and to support enforcement activities.
EPA's municipal waste water inventory is well established and includes
detailed statistics on 20,000 municipal waste treatment plants. The
similar comprehensive industrial waste inventory is being initiated in
1971 and is now at an early stage of development. Heretofore, there
has been no comprehensive inventory of the Nation's industrial waste water
sources; this has seriously curtailed comprehensive water quality management
and both Federal and State regulatory activities. Data for this industrial
source inventory is being gathered through questionnaires sent to individual
industrial concerns. This increase will be used to employ the staff
necessary to begin the processing of these questionnaries. This effort
will involve technical and clerical review of source documents, computer
programming, coding,and related activities. Some 10,000 questionnaires
will be processed.
AC 2-5
-------
Standards and
Enforcement
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Standards and Enforcement
Purpose
Regulatory controls—the development of criteria and standards for
the protection of the environment, the use of permits and pre-market
product registration, and related enforcement activities—lay at the center
of EPA's program. EPA currently sets national criteria and standards for
the protection of the ambient environment which include ambient air quality
standards, water quality standards, radiation protection guidelines and
standards, and standards for the protection of public drinking water supplies.
Pollution from specific sources or classes of source are regulated by
national emission standards aimed at controlling air pollution from both
mobile and stationary sources, issuance of permits controlling discharges into
navigable waters, development of guidelines covering solid waste management
practices, and registration of pesticide-product labels and fuel additives to
regulate the sale of these products.
EPA's direct enforcement activities involve surveillance and inspection
to determine compliance with standards, collection of evidential data, and
the conduct of enforcement proceedings. Enforcement actions are directed
toward air pollution from mobile and stationary sources, abatement of air
and water pollution under the conference procedure, the post-market regulation
of pesticides and fuel additives, and the certification of public drinking
water supplies.
Budge_t Authori ty
Environmental standards,
Pollution source
standards
Compliance and
enforcement
Total
1971
Presently
Available
$2,479,000
4,436,000
10^566,000
17,481,000
1971
Revised
Estimate
$2,479,000
6,276,000
11,666,000
20,421,000
Proposed
e e B
$1,840,000
1,100,000
2,940,000
Manpower Resources
Permanent positions.
Man-years.
1971
Presently
Available
791
718
1971
Revi sed
Esjtijnate
1,340
828
Proposed
Supplemental
549
110
AC 3-1
-------
Summary of Increases and Decreases
Pollution source standards $1,840,000
- Air program: to establish performance
standards for new stationary sources,
hazardous emission standards, and motor
vehicle and aircraft emission standards................. 730,000
- Water program: to initiate the waste
discharge permit program... 1,000,000
- Solid waste program: to initiate the
development of solid waste management
guidel ines 110,000
Compliance and enforcement $1,100,000
- Water program: to initiate investigations
of and appropriate enforcement actions
against mercury and heavy metal discharges
into navigable waters and pollution of
she! 1 fish areas , 1,100,000
AC 3-2
-------
Justification
Pollution source standards
1971
Presently
Available
1971
Reyi sed
Estimate
[.436.000 $6,276.000
Proposed
Supplemental
$'1,840,000
EPA is responsible for establishing various standards and regulations
to control the discharges of pollutants into the environment. These
standards and regulations prescribe the specific requirements necessary to
achieve compliance with environmental standards and to otherwise prevent
and control pollution. They include emission standards for both stationary
and mobile sources of air pollution, permits for industrial waste water
discharges into navigable waters, guidelines setting forth acceptable solid
waste management practices and registration of pesticide-product labels and
fuel additives to regulate the sale of these products. These activities are
carried out primarily with intramural resources. They also generally entail
close cooperation with other Federal agencies, States, municipalities, and
private organizations.
An increase of $730,000 is requested for the air pollution program for
the development of performance standards for new stationary sources of air
pollution, emission standards for hazardous air pollutants, and emission
standards for motor vehicles and aircraft. This increase is required to
initiate the substantially expanded standards-setting provisions of the
Clean Air Amendments of 1970.
The 1970 Amendments require that (1) national performance standards be
set for the control of air pollution from new facilities in designated
classes of industries; (2) emission standards be set for hazardous materials
for which it is not practical to set ambient air quality standards, (3)
emission standards be set for motor vehicles and aircraft, and (4) motor
vehicle fuel additives be registered and regulated. The Amendments further
specify that a series of special studies and reports to Congress be developed
in connection with these standards.
The amendments require the promulgation of performance standards of the
first group or class of designated industries early in the second quarter of
1972. Accordingly, studies must be completed in 1971 to define and test the
best demonstrated control technology and to define test procedures for the
first industries to be designated. These will include steam electric power
plantSj municipal incinerators, cement plants, and nitric and sulfuric acid
plants. Selected studies will also be initiated in 1971 on the second
group of industries—those generating emissions of odorous materials, fluorides,
and lead—which will be designated later in 1972. Work will also be
started on the determination of the specific agents to be designated as
hazardous pollutants; primary focus will be on asbestos.
AC 3-3
-------
Relative to emission standards for mobile sources, work will be
initiated on the required special studies and reports to the Congress on
the feasibility of future standards for motor vehicles called for by the
Amendments. Investigations will also be started in 1971 to assess the
requirements for aircraft emissions standards. This will involve the
characterization of aircraft emissions, the evaluation of aircraft
movements and the translation of aircraft emissions into ambient air
quality levels near airports.
An increase of $1,000,000 is requested to initiate the industrial
waste discharge permit program. This program will provide a significant
new mechanism for the control of water pollution.
The program, announced by the President on December 25, 1970, is
based on existing authorities, particularly the Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899. It is a cooperative effort between EPA, the States, the U. S. Army
Corps of Engineers, and the Department of Justice. It will involve the
receipt and review of permit applications from industries discharging or
proposing to discharge wastes into navigable waterways, issuance of permits
where conformance to applicable water quality standards can be demonstrated,
and various actions, including prosecution of permit violators, to bring
about and maintain conformance.
The increase requested will be utilized to provide the necessary
additional staff required for the detailed implementation of the program.
This will involve the negotiation of memoranda of agreement between Federal
participants and the development of guidelines, regulations, and procedures.
It will also enable EPA to receive and begin the systematic review of the
approximately 41,000 applications during the last months of 1971 and the
early part of 1972. Permits for the most critical one-third of these
applications will be processed during 1972.
An increase of $110,000 is requested for the solid waste program
begin the development of the solid waste management guidelines which are
required by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970. Early development of these
guidelines is necessary to provide sound requirements for making grant
awards for State and local planning and demonstrations of solid waste
management and resource recovery technology. These guidelines are also needed
for providing guidance to Federal agencies for the improvement of their
solid waste management practices.
The Resource Recovery Act of 1970 requires that EPA develop solid
waste management guidelines. These guidelines will be published and made
available to State, local, and private agencies and will be used to develop
model codess ordinances, and statutes, all for the purpose of assisting and
promoting improved solid waste management nationwide. These guidelines will
also become obligatory standards for federally operated and licensed solid
waste management activities. Finally, the Act requires that resource
recovery projects supported under the demonstration grants program conform
to these guidelines.
AC 3-4
-------
This supplemental Increase will be used to expand the present
limited intramural effort in this area. This increased effort will be
directed toward the completion of state-of-the-art investigations of
techniques for sanitary landfills and municipal incinerator operations
so that guidelines for these areas can be promulgated in 1972.
1971 1?71
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Compliance and enforcement $10,566,000 $11.666.000 $1.100,000'
EPA's compliance and enforcement activities involve (1) surveillance
and inspection to determine compliance with established environmental
standards, pollution-source standards, permits, and product registrations;
(2) the gathering of evidential data in cases where noncompliance is
apparent; and (3) the conduct of actual enforcement proceedings. Enforcement
actions include administrative procedures such as the revocation of
certifications, seizure of products, and actions under the "conference"
procedure provided for under the existing air and water pollution legislation,
as well as the initiation of court proceedings. Relative to environmental
standards for air and water quality and performance and hazardous emission
standards, the States are expected to exercise primary responsibility for
compliance and enforcement, but where this is not achieved, Federal action is
possible pursuant to existing authorities. Relative to mobile source air
emission standards and pesticide-label registration, compliance and
enforcement is primarily a Federal responsibility. In all cases, however,
close coordination with State and local efforts are maintained.
An increase of $1,100,000 is requested for the water program to expand
a program of investigation and abatement of discharges of mercury and other
heavy metal into navigable waters to undertake investigations of and
appropriate enforcement actions in shellfish growing areas where pollution is
suspected of having adverse effects. This work is essential to the abatement
of critical water pollution problems and to the effective implementation of
established water quality standards.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act9 as amended, authorizes EPA to
undertake various enforcement actions to secure compliance with water quality
standards for interstate water, to abate pollution of navigable waters, and
to abate pollution of shellfish areas where the marketing of shellfish in
interstate commerce is adversely affected. Also, in cooperation with the
Coast Guard,pursuant to a delegation of the President's authorities, EPA
carries out various activities to enforce regulations covering the control,
cleanup, and prevention of oil spills.
Relative to discharges of mercury into navigable waters, the current
effort to investigate and bring about the abatement of individual discharges
will be continued and expanded to cover all such discharges throughout the
Nation. Additionally, a panel of experts will be convened to establish
AC 3-5
-------
specific limits for mercury discharges and requirements for the
treatment and control facilities needed to meet these limits. In the
area of other heavy metals, a similar program will be initiated for three
to five of the other toxic heavy metals.
The shellfish pollution program will encompass the initial
comprehensive field investigations in four estuarine areas where water
pollution is suspected of adversely effecting the growth and reproduction
of valuable shellfish and thereby interfering with their sale in
interstate commerce. These investigations will entail the collection of
evidential data necessary to support appropriate abatement and enforcement
actions.
AC 3-6
-------
Control Agency
Support
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Control Agency Support
Purpose
Current Federal legislation clearly sets out the policy that
primary responsibility for pollution control rests with State and
local governments and interstate agencies. This approach carries
with it a commitment for Federal leadership in the development of
effective control programs together with the provision of financial
assistance to support the implementation and operation of State and
local programs. To this end, the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended, authorizes matching grants to State and interstate
water pollution control agencies. The Clean Air Act, as amended,
authorizes assistance to State, regional and local air pollution
control agencies to support the cost of planning, developing, improving,
and maintaining their operations. The Clean Air Act also authorizes
the assignment of Federal employees to these control agencies in lieu
of financial assistance.
Associated with these grants is the Federal effort involved in
their administration as well as in the provision of consultive services
to the various control agencies in the management of these grants.
Budget Authority
Control agency grants.
Control agency grants.
administration
Total,
Manpower Resources
Permanent positions.
Man-years
1971
Presently
Available
$39,200,000
1,275,000
40,475,000
1971
Presently
Available
61
54
1971
Revised
Estimate
$40,200,000
1,275,000
41,475,000
1971
Revised
Estimate
61
54
Proposed
Supplemental
$1,000,000
• « •
1,000,000
Proposed
Supp 1 erne nta 1
* « •»
* » *
AC 4-1
-------
SummaryofIncreases and Decreases
Control agency grants i $1,000,000
Air pollution control agency grants: to increase grant
assistance to State control agencies pursuant to
Increased grant limits allowed by the Clean Air
Amendments of 1970 to enable these agencies to meet
Increased responsibilities set forth by the Amendments. 1,000,000
AC 4-2
-------
Justification
Control agencyjrants
1971
Presently
Available
$39,200,000
1971
Revised
Estimate
$40,200,000
Proposed
$1,000,000
EPA currently provides financial assistance to State, regional, and
local air pollution control agencies and to State and interstate water
pollution control agencies. This support is intended to assist these
agencies in fulfilling their responsibilities under existing Federal air
and water pollution control legislation. Additionally, the matching
features of these grants serve as realistic incentives for State and
local governments to expand their pollution control resources and to
increase their overall commitment to environmental protection programs.
Federal funds are used by these control agencies to employ technical and
managerial personnel to plan and develop control programs, for the
procurement of needed laboratory and field equipment, for the training
of agency personnel, and for the conduct of monitoring and inspection
programs, as well as enforcement activities.
An increase of $1,000,000 is requested for air pollution control
agency grants to increase grant assistance to the State air pollution
control agencies—in accordance with increased grant limits provided by
the Clean Air Amendments of 1970--to enable these agencies to meet
increased responsibilities set forth by the Amendments.
The Amendments specify that each State is to undertake a series of
specific actions not previously required and which must be completed
within the next year. These actions include designating all remaining
areas in each State as Air Quality Control Regions; expanding inventories
of air quality and source emissions data; and developing and submitting,
for EPA approval, implementation plans for meeting national ambient air
quality standards for six major air pollutants within three years of
the time these standards are promulgated. The Amendments also specify
more liberal matching formulae. The ratio of Federal support for
grants for the planning, establishing, and improving of air pollution
control agencies has been increased from 2:1 to 3:1 and the ratio for
grants aimed at maintaining agencies on a continuing basis has been
increased from 1:1 to 3:2.
Under current plans, 201 control agencies are being supported
including 47 State agencies, one territorial, and 153 local agencies.
This supplemental increase will be used to provide additional funds to
these agencies, pursuant to the new grant ratios, to assist them in
meeting their increased responsibilities under the Amendments. Emphasis
will be directed toward those States whose current programs are less
advanced and where problems are anticipated in meeting the increased
responsibilities.
AC 4-3
-------
Allocation of Control Agency Grants
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware.
District of Columbia
Florida -.
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky.....
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland .-.
Massachusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota. .............. .
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshi re
New Jersey
New Mexico.....
New York................ ,
North Carolina
North Dakota
Air Pollution
1971
Presently
Avai 1 abl e
$14,642
55,000
347,500
76 ,000
2,770,500
522,000
512,000
203 ,000
234,134
937,000
533,225
25,000
60,000
1 ,400 ,000
463 ,000
195,009
129,066
525,000
160,000
64,000
1,426,251
664,000
1,485,000
432,000
80,000
757,681
131,000
127,244
163,000
50,000
1 ,551 ,000
257,558
2 ,731 ,000
593,000
18,000
1971
Revised
Estimate
$43,203
55,466
347,500
90,152
2,870,044
522,000
530,869
205,112
234,134
949,918
552,829
27,605
64,937
1,468,457
512,615
215,112
1419324
535,614
183,916
74,093
1,426,251
698,009
1,533,572
447,798
95,359
772,226
135,086
133,408
163,000
55,869
1,587,669
257,558
2,836,675
6209180
21 ,456
Proposed
Supplemental
$28,561
466
14,152
99,544
18,869
2,112
12,918
19,604
2,605
4,937
68,457
49,615
20,103
12,258
10,614
23,916
10,093
34,009
48,572
15,798
15,359
14,545
4,086
6,164
5,869
36,669
105,675
27,180
3,456
AC 4-4
-------
1971 1971
Presently Revised
Available Estimate
Ohio 1,183,000 1,257,189
Oklahoma. 228,442 236,877
Oregon. 562,000 567,650
Pennsylvania 2,527,778 2,562,671
Rhode Island.... 100,000 106,473
South Carolina 332,133 345,623
South Dakota 31,000 33,441
Tennessee 795,000 801,281
Texas 1,378,000 1,426,216
Utah 99,000 101,551
Vermont 58,000 59,920
Virginia 458,837 478,067
Washington 1,125,000 1,125,000
West Virginia 247,000 256,462
Wisconsin 160,000 199,494
Wyoming 32,000 33,536
Guam 10,000 10,823
Puerto Rico 141,000 149,310
Virgin Islands., 39,000 39,181
American Samoa, ... 219
Trust Territories ._.. ..._._
Total 29,200,000 30,200,000
Proposed
Supplemental
74,189
8,435
5,650
34,893
6,473
13,490
2,441
6,281
48,216
2,551
1,920
19,230
• • •
9,462
39,494
1,536
823
8,310
181
219
1,000,000
AC 4-5
-------
Technical Support
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Technical Support
Purpose
The technical support programs encompass field investigations,
special studies, and other technical work necessary to support EPA's
activities in developing and setting standards, reviewing standards
implementation plans, conducting enforcement actions, effecting river
basin and other planning and carrying out Its other functions. These
programs also cover EPA's technical assistance to State, local, and
other Federal agencies. Such assistance includes field investigations
and special studies, many of which are joint endeavors, and technical
consultation to help investigate and develop solutions for complex
pollution problems.
Additionally, there are two special technical support programs:
the estuarine and oceanographic program and the oil and hazardous
materials program. The first of these comprises the collection and
collation of comprehensive data and information about the Nation's
estuarine, coastal, and Great Lakes waters, the dissemination of this
information, and the provision of technical assistance to State, local,
and other Federal agencies engaged in the planning for and management of
coastal and estuarine zones. The oil and hazardous materials program
covers the field and headquarters technical activities required to
implement, in cooperation with the Coast Guard, the regulatory and related
provisions of Sections 11 and 12 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended. The activities carried out under this program include
responses to oil and hazardous spills to assist and oversee control and
cleanup or to undertake Federal control and cleanup action; the
development, revision, and implementation of national and local contingency
plans; and the conduct of activities to prevent oil and hazardous spills.
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Budget Authority Available Estimate Supplemental
Technical support. $16,327,000 $17,697,000 $1,370,000
Estuarine and oceanographic
studies 755,000 755,000
Oil and hazardous materials.. 1,335,000 1,335,000 ...
Total 18.417.000 19.787.000 1,370,000
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Manpower Resources Available Estimate Supplemental
Permanent positions 784 914 130
Man-years. 700 732 32
AC 5-1
-------
Summary of Increases andDecreases
' Technical support $1,370,000
'ij - Air pollution program: to provide
»£•" greater assistance to the States
in developing implementation plans
fj for the national ambient air quality
jf 1 standards... , 1,240,000
^. - Water quality program: to support a
technical advisory conmittee to develop
waste treatment and waste discharge
guidelines for implementation of the
1 waste discharge permit program 100,000
Solid waste program: to expand
the collection, publication, and
dissemination of technical
information. 30,000
AC 5-2
-------
Justification
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Technical support $16.327.000 $17.697.OOP $1.370.000
EPA provides technical support to its own operating programs and
technical assistance to other Federal, State, and local agencies for the
control of air, water, solid waste, radiation, and pesticide pollution.
These activities encompass the development of the technical bases for
setting and enforcing standards and implementation plans, for developing
comprehensive environmental protection and pollution control plans, for
developing and operating surveillance and monitoring systems, for abating
pollution from Federal facilities and activities, and for the performance
of other pollution abatement and control activities. This work principally
involves field investigations and special studies to determine the sources
or causes of pollution and to find the most appropriate abatement measures.
It also encompasses technical advice and consultation and the provision
of laboratory services.
EPA reviews world-wide literature and assembles technical news and
information concerning the scientific and engineering advances and
innovations in the field of environmental protection. This technical
information is disseminated to government agencies, industry, research
groups, and universities.
An increase of $1,240,000 for the air program is requested to
provide assistance to the States for development of implementation plans
for national ambient air quality standards. This technical assistance is
necessary to assure that approvable plans are submitted to EPA for Federal
approval within time requirements established by the Clean Air Amendments
of 1970.
The Clean Air Amendments of 1970 place new and additional burdens on
the States. The States are required, during calendar year 1971, to
designate remaining air quality control regions within their boundaries,
expand their inventory of air quality and source emission data, develop and
submit,for EPA approval, area-wide implementation plans for the six
pollutants presently covered by national ambient air quality standards,
establish legal authority and regulatory programs, and develop emergency
plans for meeting air pollution episodes. The development of implementation
plans will be a critical element; they will need to be sufficiently specific
to assure compliance with primary national ambient air quality standards
within three years after their approval and compliance with secondary
standards within a reasonable time after approval. Moreover, the plans for
primary standards will need to be completed and submitted to EPA for approval
within nine months of the promulgation of such standards (hence by about
January 1972) and the plans for secondary standards will have to be completed
within nine to 27 months after promulgation of such standards. To meet these
requirements, the States will need considerable technical assistance during
AC 5-3
-------
1971 and 1972. The requested increase is to provide such assistance.
An increase of $100,000 for the water quality technical support
program is requested to support a technical advisory committee to
develop waste treatment and waste discharge guidelines for use in
implementing the Corps of Engineers' waste discharge permit program,
The guidelines are needed to guide the development and specification
of conditions to be incorporated in the permits issued under this program,
EPA currently has underway a program of contractual studies to
determine the state-of-the-art of waste treatment for each of 22 major
types of industry. Funds for these studies are included in the 1971 base
budget. It is planned to convene a technical advisory committee of
professional experts from within and outside EPA to evaluate the results
of these studies and translate them into specific and readily usable
guidelines for implementation of the permit program. The requested
increase is to support this committee, associated literature search,
contract, and guideline publication costs.
An increase of $30,000 is requested for the solid waste program to
expand the collection, publication, and dissemination of technical
information on solid waste management practices. This expansion is
needed to place the latest technical information in the hands of State,
local, private, and other Federal agencies to promote the correction
and prevention of solid waste pollution and, in particular, to promote
the closing of 5,000 open dumps throughout the Nation.
AC 5-4
-------
Federal Activities
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Federal Activities
Purpose
Existing legislation—the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended; the Clean Air Act, as amended; the Resource Recovery Act of
1970; and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969—augmented by
Executive Orders 11507 and 11514, mandate Federal agency activity and
leadership in the protection and enhancement of environmental quality.
Assisting Federal agencies in the prevention, controls and abatement
of pollution resulting from Federal installations and from federally
supported or federally licensed activities is a major responsibility
of EPA.
EPA programs relate to: assisting Federal agencies to meet and
comply with applicable established environmental protection standards
or guidelines and developing standards for Federal activities when
necessary; reviewing for environmental impact the statements of Federal
agencies about their proposed activities; establishing administrative
guidelines for contractor certification of compliance with applicable
pollution control standards; and reviewing licenses and permits issued
by Federal agencies for construction or operation of facilities which
may result in discharge of wastes into navigable water of the United
States.
Control of pollution from
Federal facilities......
Environmental impact
statements from Federal
agencies...............
1971 1971
Presently Revised
Available Estimate
$1,578,000 $1,844,000
'610,000 636,000
Proposed
Supplemental
$266S000
26.000
Federal procurement
procedures and
certification of Federal
licenses and permits....
Total,
Manpower Resources
Permanent position,
Man-years ,
361 ,000
2,549,000
1971
Presently
Available
177
158
365,000
2,845.000
1971
Revised
Estimate
229
168
4,000
296 S000
Proposed
Supplemental
52
10
AC 6-1
-------
.Summary of Increasesand Decreases
Control of pollution from Federal facilities $266.000
- Solid waste program: to initiate surveys
of Federal installations as a basis for
development of improved waste management
practices at such facilities 256,000
- Noise pollution program: to initiate
consultations and planning for a program
of control of Federal activities resulting
in objectionable noise levels..... 10,000
Environmentol if pactstatements i ^_^_ $26,000
- To review a significantly increased number
of environmental impact statements submitted
by Federal agencies , 26,000
Federal procurement procedures and certification
of Federal licenses and permits $4,000
- Air pollution program: to begin implementing
new procedures regulating Federal procurement
activities. , 4,000
AC 6-2
-------
Justification
1971
Presently
Available
1971
Revised
Estimate
Federal facilities
$1,578,000 $1,844,000
Proposed
Supplemental
$266,000
Executive Order 11507 requires that by December 31» 1972S all
installations owned or leased by the Federal Government be in compliance
with or have underway remedial actions to bring them into conformance
with established Federal, State, and local air and water pollution
control standards. This Executive Order also requires the management
of Federal installations so as to avoid or minimize other environmental
pollution, such as radioactivity, solid wastes, discharge of wastes
that could pollute ground water,, and the handling of other wastes which
could cause environmental pollution.
EPA provides consultation to Federal agencies in determining their
air,, water, solid waste, and noise pollution control needs and provides
technical assistance in meeting established standards or guidelines and
establishing abatement and control priorities. EPA also monitors agency
performance and is responsible for the review of the Federal agency
compliance plans. Where no standards exist in a geographic area, EPA
may establish air or water quality standards for this purpose,
For the solid waste management programs $256,000 is requested to
initiate a Federal facilities program pursuant to new authority provided
by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970. This Act requires Federal agencies
to comply with applicable Federal guidelines for solid waste management
at their installations. These guidelines are being developed under
another new authority provided by the Act,
The program will be integrated with similar existing programs
dealing with the control of air and water pollution at Federal facilities.
It will include an inventory of solid waste management practices at
Federal facilities, a detailed survey of selected problems, and technical
assistance to the Federal agencies to improve their solid waste management
practices. No such effort pertaining to solid wastes has heretofore been
carried out,
For the noise abatement program9 the amount of $10,000 is requested
to initiate a program to deal with the control and abatement of noise
generated by Federal activities. The program will provide for interagency
coordination of Federal noise abatement activities„ for an initial
inventory and assessment of noise problems generated by Federal facilities
and activities, and for the development of remedial measures for such
problems. The program will be addressed to implementing the new provisions
of the Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970.
AC 6-3
-------
In 1971, initial consultation will be started with those Federal
agencies carrying out or sponsoring activities resulting in noise-
related public nuisance. This program will be staffed during the last
quarter of 1971 and will be brought into full productivity in 1972.
1971 1971
11 Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Environmental impact
>! statements $610,000 $636,000 $26.000
Passage of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and
issuance of the implementing Executive Order 11514 on March 5, 1970,
established a new requirement on all Federal agencies for a comprehensive
and objective evaluation of the environmental impact of proposed actions
and projects in their planning activities and decision-making processes.
In satisfying its responsibilities with regard to environmental
considerations, EPA reviews environmental impact statements of other
Federal agencies—both formally and informally—to assist in identifying
potential impacts, adverse reactions, alternatives and critical
interrelationships in the areas of air and water pollution, solid waste
management, and radiation protection. Recommendations resulting from
these reviews are reported to the Council on Environmental Quality.
j An increase of $26,000 is required to carry out the review of the
significantly increased number of impact statements expected in the
latter part of 1971. As the Federal agencies begin to implement the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, there will be a continued
rise in both the number of the statements being prepared and the
comprehensiveness and complexity of the environmental issues covered.
The increase requested is needed to handle this greater work load and
improve the quality of review to obtain maximum effectiveness from this
mechanism for protecting against new impairments to the Nation's
environment.
Of this increase, $6,000 is designated for the air program, to
improve review of statements having air quality considerations and to
meet the upsurge in the number of statements anticipated late in 1971.
For similar purposes, $20,000 is designated for the solid waste program.
It is estimated that during 1971, 50 statements will have been evaluated
for air quality considerations, 20 for solid waste considerations, 250
for water quality considerations, and 25 for radiation considerations
•: (those for pesticide considerations are included in these counts).
AC 6-4
-------
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Federal procurement
procedures and
certification of Federal
licenses and permits $361,000 $365,000 $4,000
EPA responsibilities for the prevention, control, and abatement of
pollution from federally supported or licensed activities were greatly
expanded by the procurement provisions of the Clean Air Amendments of
1970 and the Federal permit and license review provisions of the Water
Quality Improvement Act of 1970. Under the Federal procurement
provisions of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, EPA must develop procedures
to ensure that all contractors for Federal agencies are in compliance
with applicable pollution control standards. Under the Water Quality
Improvement Act of 1970, EPA is responsible for the review of permits
and licenses issued by other Federal agencies.
For the Federal procurement program, an increase of $4,000 is
requested to develop procedures and to begin implementation of this
program. Procedures establishing administrative guidelines for contractor
certification of compliance with applicable air pollution control
standards will be developed. The initial effort will be directed at
construction contracts, which number several thousand annually. Full
implementation of these procedures, to take full effect in 1972, will
include necessary liaison with State and Federal agencies for rendering
technical assistance and staying abreast of problems arising from
enforcement of the procedures.
AC 6-5
-------
Construction
Grants
Administration
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Construction Grants Administration
Purpose
To provide effective management and monitoring of the Federal grants
awarded to municipal agencies for the construction of waste treatment
works, construction grants administration staffs are maintained at EPA's
headquarters and regional offices. These staffs handle the review and
processing of grant and contract payments, the review of grant applications
and construction plans and specifications, the authorizing of bid
advertising, the review of bids and contract awards, periodic inspections,
and the collateral responsibilities dealing with prevailing wage, anti-
kickback, contract work-hours standards, and civil rights requirements.
These staffs also certify the adequacy of projects for eligibility for
sewer loans and grants awarded by the Economic Development Administration
and the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
In addition to grant processing, this Agency has increased its
efforts to assure that treatment facilities constructed with Federal
assistance are properly located and planned, are well designed according
to the best available technology, are adequately operated and maintained,
and are actually or potentially part of a viable, financially self-
supporting operating system.
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Budget Authority Available Estimate Supplemental
Construction grants
administration $6,109,000 $6,109,000 ...
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Manpower Resources Available Estimated Supplemental
Permanent positions...... 466 466
Man-years. 410 410
S ummary of In ere as es and Deere as es
No change is proposed in this request.
AC 7-1
-------
Manpower
Development
SECTION TAB
-------
Operationss Research, and Facilities
Manpower Development
Purpose
The skills and abilities of professional, technical, and operator
personnel represent an essential resource in this Nation's effort to
restore and protect the environment. Presently, the qualified manpower
pool in the field of environmental protection is insufficient to meet
the expanding demand in both the private and public sectors. Additionally,
many of those presently employed in the field are undertrained; have
skills too narrowly focused;or possess educational and experience
references that are dated in terms of current technological development.
The purpose of EPA's manpower development programs is to help meet
the foregoing needs through the support and conduct of training and
manpower activities to expand the number and improve the abilities of
personnel in the environmental protection field. The training programs
are directed toward meeting needs at all levels: Federal, State, local,
and private. The training encompasses the various facets of environmental
work dealing with air, water, solid wastes, and radiation, and ranges from
support of individuals engaged in graduate studies to short-term technical
courses provided on a regional or community basis. Manpower planning
activities are being undertaken to develop estimates of manpower demand
and supply, and to provide projections of future manpower and training
needs.
Budget Authori ty
Professional, technical, and
operator train1 ng..........
Direct"training and
manpower planning..........
1971
Presently
Available
1971
Revised
Estimate
$13,068,000 $13,068,000
4,832,000 5,481,000
Total,
17,900,000 18,549,000
Proposed
Suppleniental
$649,000
649,000
Permanent positions.
Man-years............
1971
Presently
Available
186
171
1971
Revised
Estimate
193
172
Proposed
Supplemental
7
1
MD-1
-------
Summary of Increases and Decreases
Direct training and manpower planning $649,000
- Solid waste control short-course training: to support
course development in the areas of operator and
supervisory level training 149S000
- Solid waste manpower planning: to undertake a manpower
study required by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970.... 500,000
MD-2
-------
Justification
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Direct training and manpower
planning $4,832,000 $5.481.000 $649,000
The direct training programs sponsored by EPA, principally conducted
at EPA facilities by EPA training personnel, focus on providing short-
course instructions for personnel employed in environmental-related
occupations. The courses given provide either overview summaries of the
concepts, science, and techniques for abating and preventing pollutions
or detailed reviews of new technological developments, operational
methods, and research findings. These courses are offered to Federal,
State, locals and private personnel who are either just beginning their
environmental careers or who need to broaden or improve their skills in
particular aspects of environmental protection.
The manpower planning activities are directed toward developing
Inventories of existing manpower and training needs in environmental
disciplines and occupations and forecasting future needs. The results
of this work are used to plan and design training and recruitment programs
and are disseminated to State and local agencies for the same purpose.
At present, a major problem in fully achieving the designed efficiency
and effectiveness of existing pollution control facilities is that many
of the operating personnel are underskilled and under-trained. Many of
the short courses and seminars conducted under the direct training programs
concentrate on upgrading the skill level of these present employees, thus
improving the operation of present abatement systems.
An increase of $149,000 is requested for short course training in
solid waste management. The funding will principally be applied to course
development for operators and supervisors of solid waste facilities and
activities. These courses encompass overview summaries of the concepts
and techniques involved in solid waste treatment and disposals and detailed
reviews of new technological developments, operational methods, and
research findings in this field. These courses are mainly offered to
local government personnel who are either just beginning their careers
in solid waste management or who need to broaden or improve their skills
in this area. The initial course development will emphasize the topics
of sanitary landfill and incineration. After field testing, the training
packages will be used by the States in their training programs.
An increase of $500,000 is requested to conduct a solid waste manpower
study in response to a requirement established by the Resource Recovery
Act of 1970. The Act requires EPA to investigate and determine: the need
for additional trained personnel to implement solid waste and resource
MD-3
-------
recovery programs, the means of using existing training programs to train
these personnel, and the extent and nature of employment problems in the
solid waste management field. The stud/ will be initiated in 1971 and
transmitted to the Congress in 1972 pursuant to the requirement of the
Act. It will assess the skills, requirements, and manpower needed to
staff Federal, State, and local solid waste management programs and
will analyze methods for eliminating gaps between demand and supply
where they now exist. No such study has ever been made for the solid
waste field.
MD-4
-------
Research,
Development, &
Demonstration
SECTION TAB
-------
Pollution Sources
& Effects
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research., and Facilities
Researchs Developments and Demonstration
Pollution Sources and Effects
Purpose
EPA's pollution sources and effects activities are concerned with
determining the effects of pollution on man, animals, plants, materials,
and the general environment; investigating natural phenomena associated
with the pollution of air, water, and land; and the developing of new and
improved monitoring and analytical methods and equipment for measuring
environmental quality and waste discharges. Information derived from these
activities provides the scientific basis for the development of water
quality standardss drinking water standards, ambient air quality standards,
radiation protection standards, and other criteria or guidelines for
environmental protection. The development of new improved monitoring
analytical methods and equipment serves EPA's monitoring, surveillance, and
enforcement activities, as well as those of State and local agencies.
The studies are carried out through in-house operations, contracts,
and-research grants to nonprofit and academic institutions. These studies
are coordinated with other Federal agencies and organizations. For
analytical development, EPA has a principal role in standardizing and
upgrading the methods used by all agencies and organizations concerned with
pollution measurement.
Budget Authority
Pollution sources
and effects.....
1971
Presently
Available
1971
Revised
Estimate
$56,472,000 $59,067,000
Proposed
Supplemental
$2,595,000
Manj>gw_e_r Resources
Permanent positions,
Man-years...........
1971
Presently
Available
995
913
1971
Revi sed
Estimate
1,020
920
Proposed
Supplemental
25
7
ROD 1-1
-------
Summary of Increases and Decreases
Pollution sources and effects $2,595,000
- Air pollution program: to improve the
Community Health Effects Surveillance
Studies, to prepare procedures and
protocols for testing motor vehicle
fuels and fuel additives, to develop
sampling and analytical procedures for
monitoring compliance with performance
standards being set for new stationary
sources of air pollution, and to establish
the basis for establishing an emission
standard for nitrogen oxides for the 1976
model -year automobi les 2,320,000
Noise program: to initiate a study of
noise and its effects on public health
and welfare as required by the Noise
Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970.. 275,000
ROD 1-2
-------
Justification
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Pollution sources and
effects $56,472,000 $59,067.000 $2,595,000
EPA currently carries out a program of studies on the effects of
air pollution, water pollution, solid wastes, pesticides, radiation*
and noise on man, animals, plants, materials, and the general environment.
Information is obtained by carrying out studies in laboratories, by
carefully controlled clinical studies on humans, by community and field
studies on the effects of pollution at levels as it actually occurs, and
by the examination of adverse occurrences such as fish kills, plant and
tree damage, increased incidence of bronchitis, etc., to see if pollution
is a contributor to, or the total cause of, such effects. Information
derived from these efforts is essential in developing new and improved
criteria and standards which define acceptable exposure levels and which
can serve as the legal basis for enforcement actions. These studies are
also concerned with determining the mechanisms by which pollutants pass
through the food chain and related ecosystems.
Studies on the transfer, dispersion, reactions, and ultimate fate of
pollutants in air, water, and soil are also carried out to complement the
foregoing pollution effects studies. Information derived from this work is
necessary to understand and predict the movement, accumulation, longevity,
and breakdown of products in the environment and to ascertain the threat
they pose to man and his welfare.
Finally, work is conducted in the development of new and improved
sampling and analytical methods and equipment for measuring the ambient
levels of pollution in the environment and the amount of pollution from
various sources. This includes the standardization of methods to assure that
comparable data is collected wherever sampling and analysis for pollution
takes place. •
An increase of $2,320,000 for the air pollution program is requested
(1) to study the feasibility of incorporating additional health indicators
in the Community Health Effects Surveillance Studies (CHESS); (2) to develop
procedures and protocols for testing the health effects of motor vehicle
fuels and fuel additives; (3) to develop standardized sampling and analytical
procedures and instrumentation for monitoring compliance with the performance
standards being set for new stationary sources of air pollution in five
categories of industries-, and (4) to establish the bases for setting an
emission standard for nitrogen oxides for 1976 model-year light-duty motor
vehicles.
The CHESS program is a coordinated series of epidemiological studies
designed to document the effects of ambient air quality on community health.
Concentrations of air pollutants and their effects on selected health
indicators are monitored to determine correlative cause-and-effect
ROD 1-3
-------
relationships. These results are employed to develop and update criteria
for the establishment of primary ambient air quality standards. Currently,
the CHESS program is being conducted in four groups of communities where
the effects of three pollutants—parti culatess sulfur oxides, and trace
metals—on eight health indicators are being monitored. A need for better
scientific knowledge on the effects of air pollution of human health argues
for the use of additional and more sensitive health indicators in these
studies. The requested increase is to initiate feasibility studies of the
employment of these better indicators in future CHESS monitoring.
To serve the purposes of EPA's registration and regulation of motor
vehicle fuels and fuel additives, the Clean Air Amendments of 1970 provide
EPA with new authority to require manufacturers of these products to conduct
tests and submit information on their potential public health effects. The
Amendments also authorize EPA to establish procedures and protocols for such
testing. Currently, no procedures or protocols exist for the implementation
of this new authority. Accordingly, the requested increase is to initiate
the development of such procedures and protocols and to conduct such research
on the health effects of fuels and fuel additives as is necessary to support
this developmental work.
The Amendments require that EPA establish performance standards for new
stationary sources of air pollutants and they authorize EPA to require that
these sources monitor their emissions and report the results of this
monitoring. Moreover, the States are required to develop and submit plans
for the implementation and enforcement of these performance standards and
similar standards for existing stationary sources. Such plans will need to
include provisions for monitoring air emissions. It is planned to
establish performance standards for five industrial categories—electric
power plants, municipal incinerators, cement plants, and nitric and sulfuric
acid plants—in early 1972. As an integral part of developing and promulgating
these standards, it will be necessary to develop the standardized sampling and
analytical methodologies to monitor the emissions from these sources, and to
develop new and improved methodologies and instrumentation for such
monitoring. The requested increase will provide for this work.
Finally, the Amendments require the establishment of emission standards
for nitrogen oxides for 1976 model-year light-duty motor vehicles at a level
of at least 90 percent reduction from the average emission of 1971 model-
year vehicles. To establish such standards, it will be necessary to
characterize emission of nitrogen oxides from the 1971 models and determine
the average emission from the results. The requested increase is to carry
out such studies as are needed to accomplish this purpose.
An increase of $275,000 is requested for the noise program to initiate
a study of noise and its effects pursuant to a requirement of the Noise
Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970.
ROD 1-4
-------
The Act requires that EPA investigate and prepare a report on the
effects of noise on the public health and welfare from such sources as
mass transportation, construction projects, congestion, and manufacturing
activities. The report is to identify and classify the causes and
sources of noise, determine several effects, and make recommendations for
necessary additional legislation or other action. The report is to'be
submitted to the Congress in January 1972.
It is planned to conduct the required study through contracts* The
study will principally involve the collection, assembly, and evaluation of
all existing knowledge on noise, its effects, and methods of control. A
Noise Office is currently being organized and preparatory work necessary to
the initiation of contractual investigations is currently underway.
ROD 1-5
-------
Pollution Control
Technology
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Research, Development, and Demonstration
Pollution Control Technology
Purpose
EPA's pollution control technology programs encompass research,
development, and demonstration of new and improved technology and the
study of economic incentives and other mechanisms for preventing and
abating air, water, and solid waste pollution. The objective of this
work is to assure the development and availability of fully adequate
and feasible technology for achieving compliance with established air
and water quality standards, air emission standards, solid waste
management guidelines, waste water discharge permits, and other Federal,
State, and local pollution control and environmental protection
regulations.
A major portion of the work conducted under these programs is
carried out under grants and contracts. The grant-supported work
incorporates cost-sharing, ranging from 25 to over 50 percent, by the
grantee, usually an industry but in many cases a municipality.
Demonstrations of newly developed technology are carried out principally
under cost-sharing grants. In-house research, development and studies,
and similar work conducted under transfers of funds to other Federal
agencies compose the remaining work carried out under these programs.
Included in the programs are the development and demonstration of
advanced automotive power systems producing low air pollution emissions,
technology for preventing and controlling air pollution emissions from
stationary sources, technology for preventing, controlling and treating
waste water discharges, and technology for collecting and disposing of
solid wastes as well as recovering and recycling materials contained
in solid wastes.
Budget Authority
Mobi le sources
Stationary sources
Solid waste technology—.
Water pollution control
technology
Total
Manpower Resources
Permanent positions.
Man-years...........
1971
Presently
Avai 1 abl e
$11,940,000
14,982,000
10,877,000
38,146,000
75,945,000
1971
Presently
Available
506
429
1971
Revised
Estimate
$13,140,000
14,982,000
11,129,000
38,146,000
77,397,000
1971
Revised
Estimate
535
435
Proposed
Supplemental
$1,200,000
252,666
» * *
1,452,000
Proposed
Supplemental
29
6
ROD 2-1
-------
Summary of Increases and Decreases
Mobile sources $1,200,000
- To accelerate the development and demonstration of
advanced automotive power systems capable of complying
with the 1975-76 air emission standards required by
the Clean Air Amendments of 1970., ,.. 1,200,000
Solid waste technology _ , $252,000
- To conduct studies on methods of effecting and
promoting the recovery and recycling of materials
from solid wastes.., 252,000
ROD 2-2
-------
Justification
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
. ____^_ __i_i—_^
Mobile sources $11,940,000 $13.140,000 $1.200,000
An increase of $1,200,000 is requested to accelerate f^e development
and demonstration of advanced automotive power systems capable of complying
with the air emission standards required to be established for the
1975-76 model-year motor vehicles by the Clean Air Amendments of 1970.
The 1975-76 motor vehicle emission standards required by the
Amendments call for a substantial reduction in air pollutants generated
by today's automobile engines and, consequently, will require substantial
modification of these power systems. The automobile industry is pursuing
a research and development effort to develop power and/or accessory
systems to comply with the standards, but it appears to be devoting
most of these efforts to modification of the internal combustion engine.
The industry is giving much lesser attention to the development of
alternative power systems. EPA believes there is a significant probability
that the internal combustion engine cannot be sufficiently modified to
meet the required standards and therefore believes that accelerated work
in the development and demonstration of alternative power systems must
be performed to supplement the efforts of the automobile industry. For
this reason, EPA is proposing to accelerate the Advanced Automotive Power
Systems Program (AAPSP).
The requested increase will be used to expand developmental work
on five power systems. For light-vehicle versions of the diesel and
stratified charge engines, emission testing on experimental models will
be completed to determine key problems to be solved in 1972 to enable
possible preproduction prototype demonstrations and testing in 1973.
For the flywheel/heat engine and electric/heat engine hybrid systems,
accelerated paper design will be carried out to permit selection of one
of these systems for initiation of hardware development in 1972. Finally,
for the turbine and Rankine engines, development of low emission combustors
will be conducted to eliminate the principal problem which has blocked
several industry-sponsored development efforts. Fundamental research on
batteries for electric power systems will not be accelerated but will be
continued at the current level.
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Solid waste technology $10,877.000. $11.129,000 $252.000
An increase of $252,000 is requested to conduct special studies of
the subsidies, economic incentives, and other methods of effecting and
promoting the recovery and recycling of materials from solid wastes. This
increase is addressed to implement Section 205 of the Resource Recovery
Act of 1970 which requires such studies and an annual report of results
to the Congress.
ROD 2-3
-------
Each of the studies planned under the requested increase will consist
of a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the opportunities and
practicalities of employing various tax and other economic Incentives
or disincentives, subsidies, depletion allowances, capital gains treatment,
and other mechanisms, as well as resource recovery systems to promote
the recycling of solid waste materials and/or the reduced generation
of such materials. Studies pertaining to beverage containers, abandoned
vehicles, government procurement, and paper packaging are tentatively
planned under the expanded program in 1971, The near- and long-term
goals of these studies—those to be conducted with the requested increase,
as well as those planned for 1972 and subsequent years—is the development
of a better national strategy for the control of solid wastes, a strategy
which includes approaches other than conventional collection and disposal
of the growing quantity of such wastes.
ROD 2-4
-------
Facilities
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Facilities
Purpose
This activity includes two general categories of effort in support
of EPA programs. They are new facilities and repairs, improvements, and
alterations. Funds for site acquisition, planning, designing, constructing,
and the initial equipping of a new facility, when applicable, are budgeted
under this activity. Also, essential repairs, improvements, and alterations
for existing EPA facilities are included in this activity. Facility
modification or equipment which is required by virtue of a specific program
activity are budgeted under the appropriate activity of the Operations,
Research, and Facijities appropriation.
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Budget Authority Available Estimate Supplemental
New facilities
Repairs, improvements, and
alterati ons
Total
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Manpowe r Resources Available Ejstimate Supplemental
Permanent positions.
Man-years
S u mma ry^ of'I n c: r;ei_ase s__an d De c re a s e s
No changes are proposed in this request.
F-l
-------
Program Direction
and Support
SECTION TAB
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Program Direction and Support
Purpose.
This activity provides for the overall leadership and direction of
Environmental Protection Agency programs. Included are personnel
support costs required for centralized agency management activities,
including the Administrator and immediate staff, and the Assistant
Administrator management level; for program management activities of the
air pollution control, water quality, solid waste management, pesticidess
radiation, and noise offices; and for regional management, including the
Regional Administrators of 10 EPA regional offices.
BudgetAuthority
Agency management...
Program management..
Regional management.
1971
Presently
Available
1971
Revised
Estimate
Total
Manpower Resources
Permanent positions:
Agency management...
Program management..
Regional management.
Man-years:
Agency management...
Program management.,
Regional management.
25.433.000 25,998,000
Proposed
Supplemental
$18,740,000
3,843,000
2,850,000
$18,990,000
3,908,000
3,100,000
$250,000
65,000
250,000
565.000
1971
Presently
Available
1,366
1,029
158
179
1 ,268
940
148
180
1971
Revised
Estimate
1,480
1,079
172
229
1,288
950
150
188
Proposed
Suppl emental
114
50
14
50
20
10
2
8
PDS-1
-------
Summary of Increases and Decreases
Program direction and support $565,000
- Strengthen agency level management 250,000
- Provide additional manpower for program management to
establish an Office of Noise Abatement and Control and
strengthen the management of solid waste program , 65,000
- Build up regional level management.... 250,000
PDS-2
-------
Justification
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Agency management $18,740,000 $18,990,000 $250,000
Agency management includes the top management leadership team and
the centralized agency-wide management support activities. Specific
organizational elements are: the Office of the Administrator; the
Office of Congressional Affairs; the Office of Public Affairs; the
Office of International Affairs; the Office of Equal Opportunity; the
Assistant Administrator for Planning and Management; the Assistant
Administrator for Research and Monitoring; the Assistant Administrator
(for Standards and Enforcement) and General Counsel; and the Assistant
Administrator for Field Coordination.
A major initial consideration in structuring the Environmental
Protection Agency has been the need to organize an agency management
team while at the same time assuring that the environmental responsibilities
transferred to EPA were aggressively fulfilled. This objective is
reflected in the program direction and support activity in two ways.
First, the initial staffing of agency level functions has been accomplished
primarily through centralization of management support activities such as
accounting, budgeting, personnel, administrative services, etc. These
centralized activities are responsible for providing support to all levels
of EPA management. The centralization approach has made the initial EPA
agency level operations possible while avoiding large-scale recruitment
of management staff. The second major theme reflected here is that the
EPA management structure will be evolutionary. This means that as we
bring together the management team we will determine specific staffing
requirements based on operating experience rather than stipulate detailed
organizational design in advance. This approach recognizes the need for
participation of the Assistant Administrator management level in
determining detailed organizational design and staffing. This approach
also requires considerable flexibility in the allocation of manpower and
funds during the evolutionary phase.
As we complete the centralization of management staff activities and
determine the staffing requirements for the Assistant Administrator level
we find many instances where the manpower resources are Inadequate to
perform a function. During the next year we can also expect to find
instances where the manpower resources exceed the requirements in some
areas. As a result, it is not possible .to determine specific manpower
requirements for each organizational element at this point. The plan
for 1971 and 1972 involves careful management attention to the problem of
balancing manpower requirements. This will require a.continuous review
of vacant positions created by attrition to ensure assignments to priority
needs. It also involves central control and allocation of the 50 positions
requested in the supplemental and 1n the 1972 budget.
PDS-3
-------
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Program management $3,843,000 $3,908.000 $6.5,000
.... . ..
Program management includes personnel and support costs for top
level leadership of the water quality office, the air pollution control
office, the solid waste management office, the radiation office, the
pesticides office, and the noise office. This activity provides the
Commissioner and immediate staff function of these offices.
To a large degree, agency level support activities have been
created by centralizing functions and personnel previously assigned at
the water quality, air pollution control, etc., level. The centralized
staff now supports both agency level and program level requirements
serving the Commissioner responsible for those activities directly
related to program accomplishment. Generally, each Commissioner has
retained a staff capability in two areas to facilitate accomplishment of
program responsibilities. These include a small staff to assist in the
coordination of program direction who report to the Commissioner and a
program development staff to support planning of future program and
execution of the current program.
The increase will provide for the establishment of an Office of
Noise Abatement and Control with a small nucleus staff as required by the
Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970. It will also provide for
strengthening the solid waste management office to enable it to meet its
new and expanded responsbilities imposed on the program by the Resource
Recovery Act of 1970 and to strengthen its activities for evaluating and
reviewing regional program coordination, and scientifc and technical
information systems.
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Regional management $2,850,000 $3,100.000 $250,000
The regional management activity includes personnel and support costs
for a Regional Administrator and his immediate staff in each of the 10
regions. Regional administration will be responsible for directing the
various environmental protection activities within the boundaries of their
respective regions. These offices will require program staff to ensure
that environmental problems are attacked in a coordinated manner and
management support staff such as personnel, contracting, and housekeeping
activities. The 10 EPA regions and states ..covered are shown on page
PDS-6.
PDS-4
-------
The organizational transfer to EPA involved numerous small groups
scattered throughout the United States which were performing a variety
of activities in support of water quality, air, radiation, solid wastes,
and pesticides programs. One of the first conclusions within EPA was
that these efforts must be brought together along regional lines so
that the environmental program can be pursued in a coordinated fashion.
We are taking these steps. A reorganization of regional offices in the
Environmental Protection Agency's 10 regions is to take effect on
July 1, 1971 and is expected to be completed by September 30 of this
year. Three of the nine regional offices that EPA inherited from the
former Federal Water Quality Administration will be transferred to new
headquarters cities. The regional offices affected involve the moving
of personnel and activities involved in water pollution control from
Char!ottesvilie, Virginia, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; from
Cincinnati, Ohio, to Chicago, Illinois, and Denver, Colorado; and from
Portland, Oregon, to Seattle, Washington.
In 1971 the major effort 1n regional management is to staff the
most critical positions and to start organizing and structuring each
regional organization in the most efficient manner possible. Existing
regional direction personnel within the water quality office regional
organization were used to the greatest extent possible but it is
apparent that additional manpower is required to provide an effective
regional management team.
As in the agency management area, we are providing for staffing
of regional offices in an evolutionary manner. The 1971 supplemental
request provides for 50 positions and the 1972 request for an additional
50. This will permit an average of 10 additional positions for each
region but the actual allocation will depend upon Individual circumstances
such as the transfer of existing staff and rate of growth.
PDS-5
-------
Region I
Region II
Region III
Region IV
Region V
Region VI
Region VII
Region VIII
Region IX
Region X
Headquarters, Boston, Massachusetts
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Headquarters, New York, New York
New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico9
Virgin Islands
Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pa.
Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, West Virginia, District of
Columbia
Headquarters, At!anta, Georgia
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee
Headquarters, Chicago, Illionis
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin
Headquarters, Dallas, Texas
Arkansas, Louisianna, New Mexico,
Texas, Oklahoma
Headquarters, Kansas City, Missouri
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Headquarters, Denver, Colorado
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
Headquarters, San Francisco, California
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
American Samoa, Guam, Trust Territories of
Pacific Islands, Wake Island
Headquarters, Seattle, Washington
A1aska, Idaho, Oregon, Washi ngton
PDS-6
-------
Special Analyses
SECTION TAB
-------
Special Analyses
Contents
Page
Summary of Budget Authority, Permanent Positions, and Man-years SA-1
Summary of Budget Authority, Obligations, and Outlays -. SA-2
Summary of Permanent Posi tions and Man-years.. SA-3
Transfers From Other Federal Agencies, 1971 Budget Authority .. — SA-5
Transfers From Other Federal Agencies, 1971 Permanent Positions SA-8
Operations, Research, and Facilities—Budget Authority by Activity and Media.. SA-10
Operations, Research, and Facilities—Total Funds Available ... SA-12
Itemizations of Obligations by Object Class SA-13
Authorizations vs. Budget Authority. SA-15
-------
Summary of Budget Authority,
Permanent Positions, and Man-Years
1971
Presently*
Available
1971
Revised
Estimate
Proposed
Supplemental
Operations. Research, and Facilities
Budget authority.... $269,851,000 $282,851,000 $13,000,000
Permanent positions. 6,039 7,014 975
Man-years 5,461 5,662 201
Construction Grants
Budget authority $1,000,000,000 $1,000,000,000
Permanent positions. ... ... ...
Man-years ... ... ...
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget authority $3,500,000 $3,500,000
Permanent positions ... ... ....
Man-years. ... ... ....
Revolving Fund
Budget authority... ... ... ...
Permanent positions 12 12
Man-years 7 7 ...
Advances and Reimbursements
Budget authority
Permanent positions 166 165
Man-years 161 161
Total, Environmental Protection Agency
Budget authority $1,273,351,000 $1,286,351,000 $13,000,000
Permanent positions 6,217 7,192 975
gj Man-years.... 5,629 5,830 201
a
*Figures shown for 1971 are as shown in the 1972 President's Budget. Amounts for 1971 reflect those
appropriation accounts transferred in their entirety and partial transfer (from December 2, 1970--June 30,
19/1) from split appropriation accounts.
March 24, 1971
-------
Summary of
Budget Authority, Obligations, and Outlays on Full-Year
Comparable Basis with Amounts Retained by
Other Agencies Shown in Parentheses
rv>
1971
Presently
Avail abl e
Operations, Research, and Facilities — -
Budget authority. . . ..................... . $284,279,000
(14,428,000)
Obi igations ................ ............ . . 300,208,000
(14,428,000)
Outl ays ................ ..... ....... . ..... 268,687 ,000
(16,687,000)
Construction Grants
Budget authority ......................... T, 000,000, 000
Obi igations ........ . . . . .................. T , 185,000,000
Outlays .................... ..... ......... 422,000,000
Scientific Activities Overseas
Budget authority .................... ..... 3,500,000
Obi igations ............ ----- . ............. 3,500,000
Outlays .................... .............. 1 ,1 60,000
Revolving Fund
Obi i gations . ............................ . 289,000
(68,000)
Advances and Reimbursements
Obi igations .............................. 4,994,000
(1,163,000)
Outlays ................ . ----- ........ ..... -160,000
Total. Environmental Protection Agency
Budget authority ....... .................. T, 287, 779, 000
(14,428,000)
Obligations. ............................. 1 ,493,991 ,000
(15,659,000)
Outlays ........ ........ .................. 691,687,000
(16,687,000)
1971
Revised
Estimate
$297,279,000
(14,428,000)
313,208,000
(14,428,000)
272,687,000
(16,687,000)
1,000,000,000
1,185,000,000
422,000,000
3,500,000
3,500,000
1,160,000
289,000
(68,000)
4,994,000
(1,163,000)
-160,000
1,300,779,000
(14,428,000)
1,506,991,000
(15,659,000)
695,687,000
(16,687,000)
Proposed
Supplemental
$13,000,000
13,000,000
4,000,666
13,000,000
13,000,666
• • •
4,000,000
March 24, 1971
-------
Summary of Permanent Positions and Man-Years
1971
Presently Ayailable
1971
Revised Estimate
Proposed
Supplemental
CO
I
CO
Operations, Research, and
Facilities
Abatement and Control
Planning
Mon i tori n g and s urvei 1 1 an ce . .
Standards and enforcement....
Control agency support
Technical support.
Federal acti vi ti es
Construction grants
administration.
Manpower Development
Research, Development, and
Demonstration
Pollution sources and effects
Pollution control technology.
Facilities
Program Direction and Support
Man-years, other than permanent
positions
Total, Operations, Research,
and Faci li ties . . . •
Positions
2,986
272
435
791
61
784
177
466
186
1,501
995
506
1,366
6,039
t • *
6,039
Man-years
2,680
241
399
718
C/l
0«f
700
158
410
171
1,342
913
429
• • *
1,268
5,461
587
6,048
Positions
3,786
297
479
1 ,340
61
914
229
466
193
1,555
1,020
535
• » •
1,480
7,014
• * #
7,014
Man -years
2,847
246
409
828
54
732
168
410
172
1,355
920
435
• * •
1,288
5,662
602
6,264
Positions
800
25
44
549
130
52
7
54
25
29
• • «
114
975
975
Man -years
167
5
10
no
32
10
1
13
7
6
20
201
15
216
-------
Revolving Fund
1971 1971
Presently Aval1able Revised Estimate
Positions Man-years Positions Man-years Positions Man-years
Proposed
Supplemental
Abatement and control. 12
Man-years, other than
permanent positions. J,i._._
Total, Revolving Fund..... 12
Ad van ce s and Re i mb u rs etnen t s
Abatement and control 119
Manpower development 2
Research, development, and
demonstration 43
Program direction and support Z_
Subtotal 166
Man-years, other than
permanent pos i t i ons
Total, Advances and
Rei mbu rsements 166
GrandTotal
Permanent positions and
man-years 6,217
Man-years, other than
permanent positions .._,_ r.;:. ,•....„.
Total 6,217
115
2
42
2
161
48
209
5,629
635
6,264
12
12
119
2
43
2
166
166
115
2
42
2
161
48
209
7,192
5,830
650
7,192
6,480
975
201
15
975
216
March 24, 1971
-------
Transfers From Other Federal Agencies
1971 Budget Authority
(In thousands of dollars)
Budaet Authority Transferred
5 Months 7 Months Agency
Retained by Transferred Transferred
Parent Agency to EPA in Entirety Total
OPERATIONS, RESEARCH. AND FACILITIES
Air Pollution
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, National Air Pollution
Control Administration
Pesticides
Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries - Gulf
Breeze Laboratory
Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife...
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Food and Drug Admin
Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Services
Radiation
Radiological Health. .
Federal Radiation Council
Solid Wastes
Environmental Control Administration,
Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Bureau of Solid Waste
Manaaement
$4,826
204
92
1,801
2,729
2,729
2,679
50
3,771
3,771
$11,373
216
88
7,424
3,645
4,323
4,232
91
13,865
13,865
$107,688 $107,688
107,688 107,688
11,373
216
88
7,424
3,645
150 4,473
4,232
91
150 150
13,865
13,865
Abatement I
and Manpower
Control Development D«
$44,006 $6,296
44,006 6,296
8,307
88
4,698
3,521
1 ,933 847
1 ,692 847
91
. 150
2,262 1,159
2,262 1,159
Research ,
tevelopment, Program
and Di rectl on
imonstration and Support
$50,576 $6,810
50,576
2,755
216
2,539
1,314
1,314
9,954
9,954
6,810
311
187
124
379
379
490
490
CO
in
-------
5 Months 7 Months Agencies Abatement Development, Program
Retained by Transferred Transferred and Manpower and Direction
Parent Agency to EPA in Entirety Total Control Development Demonstration and Support
Water
Department of the Interior, Federal
Water Quality Administration
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Environmental Control
Administration, Bureau of Water
Hygiene
Facilities
Program Direction and Support
Environmental Health Service,
Office of the Administrator
Environmental Control
Administration, Office of the
Commissioner
Department of the Interior, Office of
the Secretary
Department of the Interior, Office of
the Solicitor
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Office of the General
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Office of the Assistant
Secretary, Health and Scientific
Af fai rs
Department of Agriculture, Office of
the General Counsel
Department of Agriculture, Office of
the Inspector General
Subtotal
1,135
1,135
1,967
1,545
213
161
19
13
8
8
14,428
1,573
1,573
1,892
-233
1,503
303
233
36
24
13
13
33,026
120,000 121,573 44,377 8,958
120,000 120,000 43,554 8,940
1,573 823 18
4,477 6,369
4,477 4,244
1,503
303
• • » • bWW • • • < • •
36
24
13
13
232,315 265,341 99,646 17,928
60,784 7,454
60,052 7,454
732
6 ,369
4,244
1 ,503
303
233
36
24
13
13
125,345 22,422
-------
Pay Cost Supplemental.
Total, Operations,
Research, and Facilities
Scientific Activities Overseas.
Construction Grants.
Total, Environmental Protection
Agency.
Budget Authority Transferred
5 Months 7M6nthsAgencies
Retained by Transferred Transferred
ParentAgency to EPA In Entirety
14,428
Research
Abatement Development, Program
and Manpower and Direction
Total Control Development Demonstration and Support
1.502
3,008
4.510
2,190
154
1,240
926
14,428 34,528 235,323 269,851 103,075
3,500 3,500
__... 1.000.000 1.000.000
34,528 1,238,823 1,273,351
17,414
126,623
22,739
March 24, 1971
-------
Transfers from other Federal Agencies
1971 Permanent Positions
Operations,Research, and Facilities
Air Pollution
Positions
Transferred Abatement
Total and Control
1.261
497
Manpower
Development
69
Research,
Development, and
Demonstration
450
Program
Direction
and Support
245
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Pesticides _ .,—.,-_-,,,
Department WUieT Interior, Bureau7 of GSnerciat Fisheries -
Gul f Breeze Laboratory
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sports Fisheries and
Wildlife......
Department of Health, Education and Welfare - Food and Drug
Adnri n1s trati on
Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service....
Radi ation
rafolxjglca
Atomic Energy Commission. .
Federal Radiation Council
Solid Hastes
Department of HealthTHucallon, and Welfare, "Bureaui of
Solid Waste Management...
Hater Quality
•Department of the Interior - Federal Water (Duality
Administration
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Environemntal
Control Administration, Bureau of Water Hygiene
Facilities
1,261
586
497
441
69
450
127
245
18
25
8
201
352
328
97
336
187
11
25
91
11
108
13
5
22
3HT
6
4
206
177
6
85
11
12
ion
81
28
206
3.153
85
1.776
21
94
81
735
28
548
2,973
180
1,687
89
in
=r
00
88
6
650
85
548
-------
Program Direction and Support
Environmental Health Service, Office of the Administrator...
Environmental Control Administration, Office of the
Commissioner. •.'-.
Department of the Interior, Office of the Secretary..
Department of the Interior, Office of the Solicitor
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of the
General Counsel
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of the
Assistant Secretary, Health and Scientific Affairs..
Department of Agriculture, Office of the General Counsel....
Department of Agriculture, Office of the Inspector General..
Total, Operations, Research, and Facilities
Revol ving Fund
Advances and Reimbursements
Allocation from Department of State
Total..'...-
Positions
Transferred
Total
505
Abatement
and Control
Manpower
Development
Research,
Development, and
Demonstration
Program
Direction
and Support
505
226
215
28
26
6,039
12
166
J5.
6,223
226
215
28
26
1
4
3
2,986
186
1,501
1,366
March 24, 1971
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Budget Authority by Activity and Media
(in thousands of dollars)
1971 1971
Presently Revised
Available Estimate
Abatement and Control $108,529 $116,268
Air . 44,357
Noise
Pesticides 11,167
Radi ati on 3,319
Solid wastes 3,472
Water 46,214
Manpower Development 17,900
Air . 6^413
Radiation 1,055
Solid wastes. 1,314
Water 9,048
Research, Development, and Demonstration 132,417
Air 50,800
Noise ....
Pes ti ci des 5,031
Radiation 2,529
Solid wastes 12,155
Toxi c materi al s
Water. 61,902
Facilities
Proposed
Supplemental
$7.739
48,037
TO
11,167
3,319
5,221
48,514
18,549
3,680
10
1,749
2,300
649
^,483
1,055
1,963
9,048
136.464
649
4,047
54,320
275
5,031
2,529
12,407
61,902
3,520
275
252
Program Direction and Support
25.433
25.998
565
-------
Total
1971
Presently
Available
284,279
1971
Revised
Estimate
297.279
Proposed
Supplemental
13.000
Air.. .
Noise.......
Pesti ci des
Radiation -.
Sol id wastes
Toxi c materi als
Water
Facilities
Program direction and support.
101,640
16,198
6,903
16,941
117,164
25,433
108,840
285
16,198
6,903
19,591
119,464
25,998
7,200
285
2,650
2,300
• • •
565
March 24, 1971
-------
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Total Funds Available - 1971
CO
>
ro
1971 Presently Available
Abatement and Control
PI anni ng
Grants
01 rect operati ons
Monitoring and surveillance...
Standards and enforcement
Control agency support. .......
Grants
Di rect operati ons
Technical support
Federal acti vi t i es ..... .".
Construction grants
admi ni strati on
Manpower Development
Grants and contracts
Di rect one rations
Budget
Authority
$108,529,000
10,208,000
(3,370,000)
(6,838,000)
13,290,000
17,481,000
40,475,000
(39,200,000)
(1,275,000)
18,417,000
2,549,000
6,109,000
17,900,000
11,993,000
5,907,000
Unobligated
Balance
1971
Total Proposed Revised Estimate
Available Supplemental Total Available
$3,156,196 $111,685,196
2,155,105
(2,010,461)
(144,644)
64,926
146,935
139,345
28,399
621 ,486
37,186
6 ,696
30.490
12,363,105
(5,380,461)
(6,982,644)
13,354,926
17,627,935
40,475,000
(39,200,000)
(1,275,000)
18,556,345
2,577,399
6,730,486
17,937,186
11,999,696
5.937.490
$7,739,000
1,333,000
(790,000)
(543,000)
800,000
2 ,940 ,000
1,000,000
(1,000,000)
1,370,666
296 ,000
» • •
649,000
580,000
69 .000
$119,424,196
13,696,105
(6,170,461)
(7,525,644)
14,154,926
20,567,935
41 ,475,000
(40,200,000)
(1,275,000)
19,926,345
2,873,399
6,730,486
18,586,186
12,579,696
6.006.490
Research, Development, and
Demonstration
132,417.000 8,863.717 141.280.717
4.047.000
Program Direction and Support
Total
March 24, 1971
25.433.000
39.918 25.472.918
565,000
284,279,000 15,928,987 300,207,987 13,000,000
145.327.717
Pollution sources and. effects
Grants and contracts ........
Di rect operati ons
Pollution control technology..
Grants and contracts
Di rect operations
Facilities
56,472,000
(28,319,000)
(28,153,000)
75,945,000
(60,730,000)
(15,215,000)
• • •
626,864
(513,584)
(113,280)
8,236,853
(7,623,572)
(613,281)
3,831,970
57,098,864
(28,832,584)
(28,266,280)
84,181,853
(68,353,572)
(15,828,281)
3,831,970
2,595,000
(2,446,000)
(149,000)
1 ,452 ,000
(1,250,000)
(202,000)
a • •
59,693,864
(31,278,584)
(28,415,280)
85,633,853
(69 603 572)
(16,030,281)
3,831,970
26.037.918
313,207,987
-------
p.,--
Itemization of Obligations
by Object Class
Operations, Research, and Facilities
11.1 Personnel compensation: permanent
11.3 Personnel compensation: positions other
than permanent. -.
11.5 Other personnel compensation.
Total personnel compensation
12.1 Personnel benefits: civilian employees...
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons
22 . 0 Transportati on of thi ngs
23.0 Rent, communications, and utilities
24.0 Printing and reproduction
25 . 0 Other servi ces
26.0 Supplies and materials
31 . 0 Equi pment . .
32. 0 Lands and structures
41 . 0 Grants •-. — . —
Subtotal
Obligated balances not transferred to EPA
Total
Construction Grants
41 .0 Grants. —
Scientific Activities Overseas
21 0 Travel and transportation of persons
25. 0 Other services
Total
1971
Presently
Available
$63,968,000
4,486,000
900,000
69,354,000
6,718,000
6,459,000
1,232,000
7,865,000
2,164,000
82,623,000
3,368,000
9 ,831 ,000
4,006,000
92,160,000
285,780,000
14,428,000
300,208,000
1,185,000,000
38,000
3,462,000
3,500,000
1971
Revi sed
Estimate
$66,273,000
4,653,000
918,000
71 ,844,000
6,926,000
6 ,845 ,000
1 ,321 ,000
8,177,000
2,280,000
89 ,083 ,000
3,568,000
10,780,000
4,006,000
93,950,000
298,780,000
14,428,000
313,208,000
1,185,000,000
38,000
3,462,000
3,500,000
Proposed
Supplemental
$2,305,000
167,000
18,000
2 ,490 ,000
208,000
386 ,000
89 ,000
312,000
116,000
6,460,000
200,000
949 ,000
1,790,000
13,000,000
• • e
13,000,000
• • •
• • «
• • •
i
CO
-------
1971 1971
Presently Revised Proposed
Available Estimate Supplemental
Revolving Fund
TTTTPersonnel compensation: permanent
positions .. 75,000 75,000
11.5 Other personnel compensation 3,000 3,000
Total personnel compensation...... 78,00078,000
12.1 Personnel benefits: civilian employees... 7,000 7,000
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons 4,000 4,000
22.0 Transportation of things 2,000 2,000
23.0 Rent, communications, and utilities 22,000 22,000
24.0 Printing and reproduction 8,000 8,000
25.0 Other services 67,000 67,000
26.0 Supplies and materials 17,000 17,000
31.0 Equipment 16,000 16.000
Subtotal 221,000 221,000
Obligated balances not transferred to EPA 68,000 68,000
Total 289,000 289,000
Advances and Reimbursements
11.1 Personnel compensation: permanent
positions . 1,234,000 1,234,000
11.3 Personnel compensation: positions other
than permanent.... 319,000 319,000
11.5 Other personnel compensation 37.000 37.000
Total personnel compensation 1,590,000 1,590,000
12.1 Personnel benefits: civilian employees... 173,000 173,000
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons..... 233,000 233,000
22.0 Transportation of things 36,000 36,000
23.0 Rent, communications, and utilities 145,000 145,000
24.0 Printing and reproduction 30,000 30,000
25.0 Other servi ces 1,124,000 1,124,000
26.0 Supplies and materials. 314,000 314,000
31.0 Equipment. 186.000 186.000
Subtotal 3,831,000 3,831,000
Obligated balances not transferred to EPA 1.163.000 1.163.QOQ
Total 4.994.000 4,994.000
Total obligations, EPA 1,493,991,0001,506,991,000 13,000,000
March 24, 1971
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Authorizations VS. Budget Authority
(in thousands of dollars)
CO
>
on
Federal Water Pollution Control
Act,.as amended
Section 5(m), Estuarine Studies.
1971
Presently Available
Authori-Budget
zation Authority
1971
Revised Estimate
Authori- Budget
zati on Authori ty
$1,000
$755
$1,000
$755
Section 5(g)(l), Training Pilot
Program 7,500 1,028 7,500 1,028
Section 5(g)(2), Manpower
Planning 2,500 72 2,500 72
Section 5, Research,
Investigations, Training and
Information (Other than Section
5(m) in 1971 and Section (g) in
1971 and 1972) 64,000 56,781 64,000 56,981
Section 6, Grants for Research
and Development 60,000 16,661 60,000 16,661
Section 7, Grants for Water
Pollution Control Programs 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Section 8, Grants for
Construction 1,250,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 1,000,000
Section 14, Area Acid and Other
Mine Water Pollution Control
Demonstrations 15,000 3,161 15,000 3,161
Proposed
Supplemental
Authori- Budget
zation Authority
$200
-------
cr>
1971
PresentlyAval 1 abl e
AuthoH- Budget
zation Authority
1971
Jteyj sgd_Est i ma, te
AuthoH- Budget
zation Authority
Proposed
Supplemental
Authori-
zation
Budget
Authority
Section 15, Pollution Control
1n Great Lakes
Section 19, Authorization for
Section 19, Training Grants and
Contracts and Section 18, Award
of Scholarships
Section 20, Alaska Village
20,000
25,000
815
345
20,000
25,000
815
345
Total
Air Quality Act, as amended
Section 1X33 (f)(3). Long-term
Research Contracts on the
Effects of Ai r Pol 1 uti on .......
Section 104, Research Relating
to Fuels and Vehicles. .........
Section 212, Development of
Low Emission Vehicles
Section 316, Research,
Investigations, Training, and
other Activities
Total ...'.
1,456,000 1,090,218
15,000*
75,000 27,900
5,000
125,000 80,696
220,000 108,596
1,456,000 1,090,418
15,000*
75,000 29,100
5 , 000
125,000 86,696
220,000 115,796
* * * • * a
200
1,200
6,000
7,200
*Amounts appropriated shall remain available until expended and shall be
in addition to any other appropriations under this Act.
-------
1971
Presently Available
Author!- Budget
zatipn Authority
1971
Revi sed Est imate
Author1-Budget
zation Authority
Proposed
Supplemental
Authori-Budget
ration Authority
Solid Waste Disposal Act, as
amended
Section 208, Demonstration for
Resource Recovery Systems and
Improved Solid Waste
Disposal Facilities
Section 216((a)(l) and (2),
Authorization for carrying
out provisions of Act, Other
than Section 208 in 1972 41,500 17.802 41.500 20,502
Total 41.500 17,802 41.500 20.502
No i s e P611uti onan d Ab atemen t
Act of 1970
Section 403, Authorization for
carrying out purposes of Act. 30,000 30,000 300
Grand Total 1,747,500 1,216,616 1,747,500 1,227,016
All other EPA funds for which
authorization is not provided
in Acts; appropriation
authorization is by virtue of
appropriation act .... 71,163 .^. 73,763
Total 1,747,500 1,287,779 1,747,500 1,300,779
>
••j
2.700
2.700
300
10,400
2,600
13,000
March 24•, 1971
-------
-------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
High! ight statement .............. .... ............ . .............. . 1
Sutnnary tables by appropriation
(a) Obligations ...... . ............ . ............ .. ----- .......... 7
(b) New obligation authority... ---- . ........ ...... .......... ... 8
Budget esti mates compared to author! zati on .... ............. . ..... 9
Relating new obligation authority to sections of Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended ...... . ------- .................. 10
POLLUTION CONTROL OPERATIONS AND RESEARCH. ........... . ........... 13
Research , development and demonstration .......................... 19
Planning, assistance and training activities .............. ....... 52
Enforcement. . . . .............. ............... ____ . ...... , .......... 92
Executive direction and support.. ........ ...... . ........... ...... 99
Comparative transfers.... _____ . ................ ............... .... 107
Personnel summary ............... . ........ . ........ . ......... . ---- 108
Itemization of estimate. ................. ............. .......... . 109
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES. .............. ..... ....... ....... ....... 110
Water pollution control and water quality standards laboratories. 112
Field evaluations ...... . ................ . ..... ................... 115
Itemization of estimate ..... . ............... ............ ......... 116
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS FOR WASTE TREATMENT WORKS... ...... . ..... ..... 117
Waste treatment works construction ................... . . .......... 119
Itemization of estimate ......... , ----- . ............ ..... . ......... 123
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Highlight Statement
Agency Goal
The critical natural resource and environmental issue today, and increasingly
so in the future, is that of quality; that is, controlling environmental pollution
so that the resources can be reused again and again to meet man's increasing
demands. Therefore, the goal of the Federal water pollution control program is to
enhance and preserve the quality and value of the Nation's waters—surface and
underground* inland and coastal—through prevention, control and abatement of
pollution to assure water of adequate quality and quantity for all beneficial
uses. Such a goal can not be achieved without a Federal partnership with the
States and cities, with the Federal Government assuming its full responsibility
while giving the first opportunity to manage and solve the problems to the State
and local governments. Principal program emphasis to accomplish this goal must
be:
1, Federal financial assistance to help support the construction of needed
municipal waste treatment facilities, together with encouragement of improved
operation and maintenance of such facilities and improved planning to assure that
such grants contribute to effective basinwide cleanup.
2. An aggressive and vigorous water quality standards management program in
cooperation with States, cities and industry and enforced where necessary through
the Federal conference procedure.
3. A research, development and demonstration program balanced between short-
range high payoff activities to bring new and emerging technology to the stage of
practical application at the earliest possible date and the longer-range,
exploratory studies to develop new breakthroughs.
4. An effective, standardized national water quality monitoring system fully
coordinated with monitoring activities of State and interested Federal agencies,
particularly the United States Geological Survey.
5, A systematic manpower development and training program to meet the
manpower needs at all levels of responsibility—Federal, State, and local—and
private industry.
6, An effective and adequate technical assistance and support program to
encourage, cooperate with and render assistance to other appropriate public
authorities, agencies and institutions, private agencies, institutions and
individuals thereby furthering the necessary Federal-State-regional-local
cooperative approach to water pollution control problems.
7, Continued Federal financial assistance to State water pollution control
agencies to assist them in carrying out their primary responsibilities for water
quality management as contemplated by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended.
Trends and Conditions
There are a number of trends and conditions which contribute to our water
pollution problems, and which make it crucial for the Nation to manage wisely its
water and waste if it is: (1) to satisfy increasing demands for water resources
and, (2) at the same time, to protect and enhance environmental quality.
-------
The conditions causing concern Include:
1. A supply of water which is relatively constant and not distributed evenly
with respect to use and need which must continue to serve ever-increasing needs
for all purposes. Complicating this situation, water is in short supply for many
uses because of pollution and this trend must be reversed.
2. A projected population growth for the year 2015 ranging between 325 and
482 million, an increase from the current 200 million of roughly 125 to 280
million in less than 50 years.
3. Demands for water which are projected to triple while population doubles.
This will be due to greater per capita use of water caused by increased urbani-
zation and use of new technology. Rising levels of individual income and
expectations, increased leisure and outdoor recreation will also have their
bearing. This increasing demand will also involve a higher quality water.
4. Output of liquid wastes which is mounting both per capita and for the
Nation as a whole. This increases the threat of pollution from many sources-
municipal, industrial, agricultural, power generation, recreational, mining,
construction, boating and commercial shipping. Municipal sewage alone is
predicted to double and industrial wastes to increase seven-fold in less than
35 years.
5. The estuarine areas—valuable as producers of plant, animal and aquatic
life—are vulnerable to severe damage from pollution and man-made physical
changes. Population and industrial development along the coasts are predicted to
grow more rapidly than for the United States as a whole.
The very factors, then, which increase the demands for clean water also
multiply the outputs of waste, thereby making the demands more difficult to
satisfy. We have placed increasing demands on the environment, while at the same
time imposing critical strains upon it by our mountainous outpouring of wastes.
Nationally, the problem of water pollution is important and complex as well
as difficult and expensive to solve. It consists of many elements, and all levels
and sectors of society and government—private and public, Federal, State, and
local—are involved in causing as well as solving the problem. Solutions require
knowledge and the skills of such groups as physical and biological scientists,
engineers, systems analysts, economists, professional planners, statesmen, and
the public as a whole,
Proposed Program for 1971
The proposed program for water pollution control purposes, notwithstanding
the President's determination to curb the spiraling inflationary trend by holding
down Federal spending, reflects his pledge to the Nation to get our waters clean
again and do it now. The thrust is generally as follows:
A. Legislative Proposals Committing Financial Resources
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Morks Legislation is being proposed
to provide the Secretary with $4 billion in contract authority to use over the
next four years (1971-1974) to make grants to States and local communities to
construct needed municipal waste treatment works. It proposes that of the $4
billion, $1 billion will be allocated to the States in fiscal year 1971 and each of
the next three fiscal years. Coupled with State and local financing the Federal
share is expected to stimulate the construction of $10 billion of municipal waste
treatment works over this perjods and bring the Nation abreast of the waste
treatment problems of its cities. Furthermore3 the $800 million appropriated by
Rev. 2-10-70
-------
Congress for fiscal year 1970 has been allocated to the States to permit them to
fully utilize these funds.
State and InterstateAgency Water Pollution Control Grants--In addition,
legislation will be proposed to incrementally increase the annual appropriation
authorizations for State and interstate agency program grants over a period of
several years. The additional amount to be proposed for fiscal year 1971 will be
$2.5 million. As in the past, the $10 million included in the new budget
authority discussed below will be allocated on the basis of a formula which
considers population, the extent of the water pollution problem and financial
need. However, the proposed increase of $2.5 million for fiscal year 1971 and
future increases would be used to accelerate the implementation of programs to
achieve water quality standards by extending and improving the water quality
management capabilities of the State agencies.
B. New Obligational Authority Proposed at This Time
For other water pollution control purposes excluding the construction grants
program, this budget provides new authority amounting to $98,018,000. This is an
increase of $11,894,050 over the amount appropriated for fiscal year 1970. It
includes increased funding for research, development and demonstration; for
assisting local communities in planning pollution abatement programs; for
controlling water pollution caused by the activities of the Federal Government;
for strengthening the water quality monitoring program; for effectively
administering the construction grants for the waste treatment works program; for
manpower planning and training; and for enforcement purposes.
Research, development and demonstration
The estimate includes $44,092,000—an increase of $6,832,950. Research,
development and demonstration efforts will continue to be directed toward the
development and demonstration of new and improved technology for the complete
elimination of wastes from point sources9 for the control of pollution from
nonpoint sources, and for the renovation of waste waters for reuse. Efforts also
will continue in water quality requirements research to determine the effects of
pollution and how to predict them in order to refine and extend water quality
goals. The increase for 1971 is primarily to provide a modest increase in staff
for monitoring and evaluating grant and contract projects and for expansion of
field activites; to expand our support of the cooperative effort with Tennessee
Valley Authority on environmental pollution; and to expand development and
demonstration grants and contracts in the areas of agricultural pollution control
technology, mining pollution control technology, and water quality control
technology.
Planning, assistance and training
The estimate for these purposes is $43,003,000—an increase of $4,048,000
over the amount of new funds appropriated for 1970. Major programs supported
under this activity are:
(a) River basin planning agency grants;
(b) Development of comprehensive guides for water pollution control action
- for river basins and estuaries;
(c) Technical support and services;
(d) State and interstate agency water pollution program grants;
'e) Construction grants administration; and
f) Manpower planning and training in the water pollution control field.
The increase is generally for the following:
Her 2-U-70
-------
—Over $1,100,000 more for river basin planning grants which will enable
comnunities to more effectively plan areawide treatment works and sewer systems.
-—Over $125,000 to give special attention for controlling water pollution
resulting from activities supported by Federal grant, loan and contract programs
and review of permits the government agencies issue which would be sources of
pollution.
—Nearly $275,000 to provide for the continuous acquisition and evaluation
of information covering status and schedules for improvement of municipal,
industrial, and Federal waste treatment and control facilities and for the
development of a computerized system to compare water quality data with water
quality standards to ascertain compliance with established standards.
---About $1,700,000 to support the manpower resources required to meet the
increased workload that resulted from the expanded construction grants program
authorized for fiscal year 1970. It expanded from a level of $214,000,000 in
fiscal year 1969 to $800,000,000 in fiscal year 1970 and is expected to continue
at that level for several years if proposed legislation is enacted.
—-Over $875,000 to support the continuation of existing training grant
projects, increase activities in the manpower planning area and to initiate
special studies on issues such as waste treatment plant operator certification.
Enforcement
The request is $5,256,000, an increase of $875,000 for fiscal year 1971.
The increase is to assure vigorous, prompt, and equitable application of
authorized regulatory measures. Established water quality standards for the
Nation's interstate waters can only be effective to the extent that comoliance is
obtained. Intensified enforcement activity for this purpose and for abating
pollution endangering health or welfare of any persons will be directed to
obtaining voluntary compliance wherever possible, and«full and impartial mandatory
compliance wherever necessary.
Executive direction and support
The request is $5,667,000—an increase of $139,000. These funds will permit
a nominal expansion of administrative support staff due at headquarters and in
several regional offices to meet increased workloads.
Buildings and facilities
Although the fiscal year 1971 estimate does not provide any new funds, the
budget proposes using $2,000,000 of funds appropriated in prior years for other
purposes. A total of $1,300,000 is proposed for upgrading and expanding the fish
toxicology laboratory facilities at Newtown, Ohio; construction of an aquatic
insect building and fish food growing tank at the National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota; construction of a pollution effects research
facility in Corvallis, Oregon, and of a pilot plant research facility in Ada,
Oklahoma; and $700,000 for repairs and improvements at existing facilities located
throughout the country.
Comparative Transfers
A. Between Planning, Assistance and Training Activity and Enforcement Activity
Under an organizational change, the Office of Enforcement is now responsible
for standards implementation and compliance while the Office of Operations is
hesponsible for the technical input to the Water Quality Standards program.
Therefore, $504,000 of Water Quality Standards funds heretofore included under the
-------
Planning, Assistance and Training activity has been transferred to the Enforcement
activity. A balance of $65,000 has been put under the Technical Support and
Services subactivity to support their effort in conjunction with the water quality
standards development and compliance program now under Enforcement.
B. Between Subactivities of the Planning, Assistance and Training Activity
It has been recognized for some time that the resources shown in the budget
for the subactivities under Planning, Assistance and Training did not in all cases
accurately reflect the effort expended for the functions encompassed within the
discrete budget items.
The 1970 work plans have given us the first opportunity to realistically
identify the resource adjustments that should be made amoog the Planning,
Assistance and Training subactivities to bring the budget Jestimates more in line
with work performance.
The budget estimate "discrepancies" have evolved from program reorientations
within budget subactivities; from organizational realignments; and from the need
to utilize available resources to support priority activities when additional
resources within the appropriate, or related budget subactivity were not available.
The subactivities most affected by the proposed comparative transfers are
Comprehensive Basin Planning (Federal Planning and Studies) and Technical Support
and Services (Technical Support and Pollution Surveillance).
Historically, water quality management planning, under Federal Planning and
Studies, was presented in the budget initially as Comprehensive Programs, or
projects, for water pollution control. The budget estimates for these planning
projects included more than support for the discrete planning function. They also
provided for the technical and scientific resources necessary to support the
development of pollution control plans and programs. In addition, these projects
provided the resources and capability needed to support closely related pollution
control investigations and activities. This often involved studies of a more
detailed, technical nature than would be required merely to support planning. Two
examples are technical staff support for the review and development of water
quality standards, and the utilization of data collected relative to the
comprehensive river basin studies for support of a number of enforcement actions.
However, it became apparent that in view of changing circumstances and
planning requirements, it would be necessary to reorient the planning activities
to (1) minimize technical inputs not essential to decision-making in the planning
process, (2) strengthen the planning capability of regions and basins not covered
by "comprehensive projects," and (3) restructure ongoing "planning projects" to
reflect more fully only those activities essential to planning.
During the past two years, a good deal of effort has gone into this
redirection, and with the current work plans there is for the first time a
delineation of the tasks that appropriately belong under the budget subactivity of
Federal Planning and Studies.
It should be noted that not all of the funds proposed for transfer from
Federal Planning and Studies to Technical Support and Pollution Surveillance is
for technical activities in support of and essential to the planning process. As
mentioned earlier, the planning projects under Federal Planning and Studies have
provided resources and capability to support some technical activities not
essential to planning but essential to the support of other related program
purposes. Therefore, the proposed comparative transfer to Technical Support and
Services reflects the total estimate of all ongoing and essential technical
activities that up to this time have been budgeted under the subactivity of
Comprehensive Basin Planning,
-------
The proposed comparative transfer to Construction Grants Administration
represents adjustments required to provide that activity with base funds that
reflect (1) the full costs of contract compliance officers that were employed in
early fiscal year 1969, and (2) proportionate support of the Office of the
Assistant Commissioner for Operations. With respect to item (1) the Construction
Grants activity in late fiscal year 1968 and early fiscal year 1969 had to employ
a contract compliance officer, relative to Civil Rights compliance by contractors,
for each regional office. The funds for these positions were not included in the
1969 base. Although a base adjustment was made at the end of fiscal year 1969, it
did not fully meet this additional cost. As for item (2), in the past the support
for the Office of the Assistant Commissioner for Operations has been provided
principally from the budget subactivity of Comprehensive Basin Planning. Rather
than confine these costs to one subactivity, they are being proportionately
distributed to all programs.
Finally, the proposed comparative transfer to Training (Manpower Development
and Training) represents (1) proportionate support of the Office of the Assistant
Commissioner for Operations, as with Construction Grants Administration,
(2) adjustment 1n the base to reflect the increased costs resulting from reorgani-
zation, and (3) adjustment in the base to reflect resources made available to
support a Manpower and Development Office in each regional office. With respect
to item (2), a Division of Manpower and Training was established at headquarters
late in 1968 to develop an integrated approach to the many facets of the manpower
problem. Since resources to fully staff that office were not available 1n the
Training budget estimate, it was necessary to utilize resources that were
available under Comprehensive Basin Planning. The same kind of shift in resources
was necessary in connection with Item (3), when in fiscal year 1969 a priority
was established that each regional office would have a full-time Manpower and
Development Officer. Again, since additional resources for this were not included
under that particular budget subactivity, these costs had to be provided for
from available funds.
See table on page 107 for positions and funds involved in these transfers.
-------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Obligations by Appropriation
FY 1969 FY 1970 FY 1971
Actual Estimate Estimate
Pollution Control Operations and Research $97,163,280 $97,639,764 $98,418,000
Buildings and Facilities. 1,966,179 2,519,287 2,000,000
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works 202,517,660 514,840,867 350,000,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
+$778,236
-519,287
-164,840,867
Total 301,647,119
614,999,918
450,418,000
-164,581,918
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INS
vj
O
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
New Obligational Authority by Appropriation
Pollution Control Operations and Research $86,674,846
Buildings and Facilities
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works....
FY 1969
Actual
$86,674,846
• • •
214,000,000
300,674,846
FY 1970
Estimate
$86,123,950
800,000,000
886,123,950
FY 1971
Estimate
$98,018,000
., -..I/
98,018,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
+$11,89.4,050
-800,000,000
-788,105,950
a/ Excludes $4 billion provided in proposed legislation for separate transmittal which would provide
$4 billion contract authority for use over four years for grants to localities for construction
of waste.treatment workSsOf'which $1 billion will be allocated in 1971 and in each of the next
three fiscal years.
Co
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I
o
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Budget Estimates Compared to Authorizations
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended
FY 1970 FY 1971
Section of Act
Section 5--Researchs Investigations., Training
and Information.
Section 6 — Research and Development Grants
General authorization provided for the
purposes set forth in entire section
(a) (2)--Advanced waste treatment and
(b) --Indus trial wastes. .
Section 7--Grants for Water Pollution Control
Program
Section 8--Grants for Construction
Total
Authorization
$65,000,000*
20, 000 , 000*
20,000,000*
20,000,000*
10,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,135,000,000
NOA
$42,209,950
1,760,000
3,386,000
6,082,000
10,000,000
800,000,000
863,437,950
Authorization
$65,000,000*
20,000,000*
20,000,000*
20S000,000*
10,000,000
1,250,000,000
1,385,000,000
NOA
Estimate
$46,781,000
4,050,000
39918,000
6,660,000
10,000,000
....a/
71,409,000
* Authorizations expired as of June 30, 1969. However, H.R. 4148, which has passed both House and
Senate and is currently in conference, provides the authorizations shown.
a/ Excludes $4 billion provided in proposed legislation for separate transmittal which would provide
$4 billion contract authority for use over four years for grants to localities for construction of
waste treatment works, of which •$! billion will be allocated in 1971 and in each of the next
three fiscal years.
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Relating New Obligational Authority to Applicable Section of
Water Pollution Control Act, P.L. 660, as amended
Section of Act
Section 3—Comprehensive
Programs for Water Pollution
Control
Section ^-Interstate
Cooperation and Uniform
Laws
Section 5--Research,
Investigations, Training,
and Information
Appropriation
Title
Budget Activity
1970
Estimate
1971
Estimate
Increase (+.)
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
Pollution Control Comprehensive basin
Operations and planning
Research (a) Grants $1,782,000 $2,900,000 +$1,118,000
(b) Federal planning and
studies .... 5.214.0QQ 5.143,000 -71,000
Total, Section 3 6.996.000 8.043.000 +1.047.000
Pollution Control Enforcement (Carried out by enforcement
Operations and staff)
Research
Pollution Control Research, development
Operations and and demonstration
Research Research grants 6,500,000 5,700,000 -800,000
Demonstration grants 2,500,000 2,600,000 +100,000
Contracts . 4,822,000 4,922,000 +100,000
Direct operations 12,209,950 16,242,000 +4,032,050
Technical support 6,181,000 6,188,000 +7,000
Pollution surveillance.... 4,012,000 4,286,000 +274,000
Training
Project grants.. 4,020,000 4,650,000 +630,000
Fellowships 600,000 600,000
Manpower development and
training...... 1,365,000 1,593,000 +228,000
Buildings and Water pollution control
Facilities and water quality
standards laboratories..
Field evaluations
Total, Section 5... 42.209.950 46.781.000
+4,571,050
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Section of Act
Section 6—Grants for
Research and Development
Section 7— Grants for
Water Pollution Control
Programs >.
Section 8—Grants for
Construction
Section 9—Water Pollution
Control Advisory Board
Section lO—Enforcement
Measures Against Pollution
of Interstate or Navigable
Waters
Appropriation
Title
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Construction Grants
for Waste Treatment
Works
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
•Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Budget Activity
Research, development
and demonstration
grants and contracts
Storm and combined
sewer
Advanced waste
treatment
Industrial wastes
1970
Estimate
1971
Estimate
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
1,760,000 4,050,000
+2,290,000
Total, Section 6
State and interstate
agency program grants .
State and interstate
agency program grants
administration
Total, Section 7
3,386,000
6,082,000
11,228,000
3,918,000
6,660.000
14,628,000
+532,000
+578,000
+3,400,000
10,000,000
344,000
10,344,000
10,000,000
394,000
10,394,000
+50,000
+50,000
Waste treatment works
construction grants
800,000,000
... -800,000,000
Construction grants
administration....
Total, Section 8
Direction, coordination
and management....
4,198,000
804,198,000
5,883,000 +1,685,000
5.883.000 -798,315,000
64,000
64,000
Enforcement
4,381.000 5,256.000
+875,000
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f
IN5
•Ml
O
»»J
O
Section of Act
Section 11—Cooperation
to Control Pollution from
Federal Installations
(Executive Order 11288)
Section 12—Administration
Oil Pollution Act, 1924
P.L. 85-507 Government
Employees Training Act
Appropriation
Title
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Budget Activity
;rol Control of poll titt'orr-i from
1 Federal installations
1970
Estimate
1 ,031 ,000
1971
Estimate
1,1 58,000
Increase M
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
+127,000
;rol Direction, coordination
1 and management support...
Public information
Total , Sectl on 12 . . . ,
TOTAL, P.I. 660, AS AMENDED
1 Technical suooort . )
4,891,000
573,000
5,464,000
885,915,950
No special
out the or
5,055,000
548,000
5,603,000
+164,000
-25,000
+139,000
97,810,000 -788,105,950
funds earmarked to carry
'ovlsion of this Act.
Existing resources programmed for the
activities shown are utilized for
this purpose.
Graduate training.
208,000
208,000
PROPOSED LEGISLATION FOR SEPARATE TRANSMITTAL:
Section 7—Grants for
Water Pollution Control
Programs
Section 8—Grants for
Construction
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
GRAND TOTAL 886,123,950
State and interstate agency
program grants......
98,018,000
2,500,000
-788,105,950
+2,500,000
Construction Grants Waste treatment works
for Waste Treatment construction grants.
Works
4,000,000,0003/ +4,000,000,000
a/ Leaislation will be proposed that will provide the Secretary $4 billion in contract authority for use over four years
for grants to localities for the construction of waste treatment works. The obligation^ authority for each year over the
four year period would be $1 billion.
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Pollution Control Operations and Research
Appropriation, 1969. $88,838,000
Transferred to:
"Operating expenses. Public Buildings Service," General Services Administration.... -114,154
"Salaries and expenses. Bureau of Land Management," Department of the Interior -1,803,000
"Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Indian Affairs," Department of the Interior -246,000-
Unobl igated bal ance from prior years +18,804,849
Comparative transfer from "Construction grants for waste treatment works" +4,334,306
Total available, 1969 109,814,001
Total appropriation, 1970 86,382,000
Unobligated balance from prior years >.•. +11,915,814
Unobligated balance available, end of year -400,000
Transfer to: """"
"Operating expenses, Public Buildings Service," General Services Administration -. -258,050
Total available, 1970 97,639,764
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Summary of Increases and Decreases, 1971
Base for 1971 Increase 1971
Research. development and demonstration,
Net decrease for grant and contract effort due to New
Obligational Authority for 1970 and balances brought
forward from 1969 exceeding request for 1971... $36,299,083 -$8,449,083
Strengthen Federal efforts in FWPCA laboratories, field studies
and demonstrations and technical management for grants and
contracts; new pilot plant and field test facilities; and
cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Authority. 12,209,950 +3,948,050
To support full year employment of new personnel authorized
for 1970, ... +63,000
To meet increased pay costs... » ... +21,000 -$4,417,033
Najining, assistance and training activities
Provide financial assistance for new river basin planning
agencies and increased support for those initiated in 1970... 2,448,731 +451,269
Nonrecurring cost to Office of Business Economics for ;
providing economical and statistical analyses and projections
for use in water resources planning... 5,214,000 -92,000
Expand program for assisting Federal agencies in controlling
water pollution from their activities...... 1,031,000 +105,000
To provide for expansion or initiation of activity required in
the collection, evaluation and dissemination of water
pollution control and water quality data -. 4,012,000 +243,000
To provide for increased assistance needed to strengthen and
expand the State water pol1ution control programs 344,000 +50,000
-------
Base for1971 Increase 1971
Planning, assistance and training activities—continued
To provide additional manpower resources necessary to cope
with the increased work load for administering the
construction grants program 3,798,000 +1,500,000
Accelerate professional and technical manpower training in water
pollution control field through increased grant funding and
staff support ...... 6,193,000 +815,000
To support full year employment of new personnel authorized for
1970 .. ,., ,. ... +662,000
To meet increased pay costs ... +47.000 +3,781,269
Enforcement
Provide adequate capability to carry out enforcement activities
or actions as needed . 4,381,000 +850,000
To support full year employment of new personnel authorized for
1970 ... +18,000
' To meet increased pay costs ... +7,000 +875,000
4
Executive direction and support
Strengthen executive direction and provide administrative
support to meet existing and expanding program requirements... 3,267,000 +70,000
To meet regional program responsibilities in the areas of
planning, direction and coordination.. 1,688,000 +40,000
Reduction in public information programs.... 573,000 -27,000
H-
VJl
-------
Base for 1971
Execution directionand support--continued
To support full year employment of new personnel authorized
for 1970
To meet increased pay costs
Net increase, 1971 —
Budget estimate, 1971,
Increase 1971
+42,000
+14.000
+139.000
+378.236
98,018,000
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Pollution Control Operations and Research
Analysis by Activities
Activity
FrscaTYear
1969 Amount
Available
Fiscal Year 1970
Total Pay Cost Amount
Appropriation Supplemental Transfers Available
Research, development and demonstration $55,210,925 $37,312,000
Planning, assistance and training activities.. 32,763,406 39,024,000
Enfo rcemen t 3,934,457 4,392,000
Executive direction and support 5,254,492 5,654,000
Unobligated balance lapsing 734,907
Unobligated balance available, end of year.... ... ...
Total .. 9 7,898,187v 86.382,000
+$ll,197,033i/
+574,73lk/
-ll.OOOS/
-103,000£/
-400,000
$48,509,033
39,621,731
4,381,000
5,528,000
-400,000
+11,257,764
97,639,764
a/ Includes -$52,050 transferred to General Services Administration and $11,249,083 unobligated balance from
prior year.
b/ Includes -$92,000 transferred to General Services Administration and $666,731 unobligated balance from
prior year.
c/ Transferred to General Services Administration.
-------
Pollution Control Operations and Research
Research, development and
demonstration
Planning, assistance and
training activities
Enforcement
Executive direction and support.
Unobligated balance lapsing
Total
FY 1969
Amount
Available
$55,210,925
32,763,406
3,934,457
5,254,492
734,907
97.898,187
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$48,509,033
39,221,731
4,381,000
5,528,000
97,639,764
FY 1971
Estimate
$44,092,000
43,003,000
5,256,000
5,667,000
98,018,000
Increase (+)
or Decrease (-)
1971 compared
with 1970
-$4,417,033
+3,781 ,269
+875,000
+139,000
+378,236
Page
Ref.
19
52
92
99
CD
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Research and
Development
SECTION TAB
-------
Research, development and demonstration
FY 1969
Amount
Available
FY 1970
Amount
Available
FY 1971
Estimate
Program Elements
Municipal-Pollution Control Technology $12,744,221 $11,745,950 $8,056,000
Industrial-Pollution Control Technology 9,505,390 6,746,000 5,416,000
Agricultural-Pollution Control Technology.... 1,558,332 2,851,083 2,352,000
Mining-Pollution Control Technology 3,665,067 2,777,000 1,831,000
Other-Sources-of-Pollution Control Technology... 2,075,268 3,801,000 3,099,000
Mater Quality Control Technology : 8,256,527 8,827,000 9,485*000
Waste Treatment and Ultimate Disposal Technology 12,595,225 6,435,000 6,340,000
Water Quality Requirements Research 4,810,895 5,326,000 7,513,000
Unobligated balance lapsing . 281.993 ^ ...
Total... 55,492,9-18 48,509,033 44,092,000
Increase (+)
or Decrease (-)
1971 compared
with 1970
-$3,689,950
-1,330,000
-499,083
-946,000
-702,000
+658,000
-95,000
+2,187,000
-4,417,033
-------
Research, development and demonstration (continued)
Increase (+)
Conventional Budget Elements
Grants, contracts, and Federal operations:
Combi ned sewer .
Advanced waste treatment
Industri al wastes ...»
Demonstration grants
D1 rect ope ratl ons.
Unobligated balance lapsing —
Total
FY 1969
Amount
Available
$5,767,981
12,036,243
14,053,848
2,352,959
6,496,953
4,509,851
9,993,090
281 ,993
55,492,918
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$7,200,000
5,160,000
10,117,083
2,500,000
6,500,000
4,822,000
12,209,950
48,509,033
FY 1971
Estimate
$4,050,000
3,918,000
6,660,000
2,600,000
5,700,000
4,922,000
16,242,000
44,092,000
or Decrease (-)
1971 compared
with 1970
-$3,150,000
-1,242,000
-3,457,083
+100,000
-800,000
+100,000
+4,032,050
-4,417,033
See summary table on page 51 for .distribution of grant, contract and in-Jiouse funds by nroaram element.
ro
o
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General Program Description
Solving the complex problems in pollution control demands a sound base of
scientific and engineering knowledge and skilled manpower to apply that knowledge.
A great deal of progress in water pollution control can, of course, be made with
existing technology. However, future contributions from increased population and
increased industrial productivity necessary to meet the future national economic
needs requires a much greater quantity of pollutants to be removed from waste
streams. This requires an intensive program of development and demonstration of
new and novel technology to not only meet this requirement for greater effective-
ness but to accomplish it at minimum cost to the Nation. A prime research and
development objective is to develop by the late 1970's techniques for complete
elimination of point-source wastes from municipal, industrial, agricultural,
mining and other sources of waste as well as to develop and demonstrate technology
for the renovation of waste waters for reuse. Nonpoint sources of pollution,
e.g., runoff from agricultural activities, leaking from irrigation practices and
acid mine drainage, are less amenable to a predictable solution but, nonetheless,
it is expected that major steps in developing technology for controlling such
pollution will be accomplished before 1980.
FWPCA's research, development and demonstration program effort is divided
into eight subprograms, five of which are oriented to specific sources of
pollution and three of which develop information and technology to be applied to
multisource pollution problems:
Speci fi c Source S ubp rograms
Municipal- Po 1 Tut ion C ontroT Technology
Industrial-Pollution Control Technology
Agricultural-Pollution Control Technology
Mining-Pollution Control Technology
Other-Sources-of-Pollution Control Technology
MuUi sourceSubprograms
Water Qua!ity Control Technology
Waste Treatment and Ultimate Disposal
Technology
Water Quality Requirements Research
In conducting work under these eight research subprograms, in-house effort
will be carried out at seven authorized laboratory locations and a variety of
field sites across the country. These efforts will be supported by extramural
projects funded under FWPCA's research, development, and demonstration prant and
contract authorities under Sections 5 and 6 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended.
Grants are employed in meeting objectives where it is desirable to utilize
the State, municipality, inte municipal or interstate agency, public and private
institutional, industrial and individual talents and expertise in carrying out
research, development and demonstration efforts on a cost-sharing basis resulting
in mutual benefit to the Federal Government and the grantee.
Contracts are normally utilized for laboratory investigations and pilot-scale
research projects which involve a sizeable .degree of uncertainty and which are
primarily aimed at determination of feasibility and the development of unique
techniques and equipment which are not available at the time of need. The latter
are not the type of projects that municipalities and private corporations will
readily sponsor with matching funds, as under the grant procedure, due to the
large degree of risk as to future self-benefits. The work performed under
contract requires the application of highly specialized personnel and equipment
and of facilities having a high value over a short period of time, and may be
of limited value as a long-term, capital investment.
21
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The in-house research efforts are conducted at water pollution control
laboratories in Ada, Oklahoma; Athens, Georgia; Cincinnati, Ohio; College, Alaska;
and Corvallis, Oregon; in the National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluth,
Minnesota; and in temporary facilities at Narragansett, Rhode Island and Edison,
New Jersey. In addition to the laboratory effort, continued emphasis is being
placed on research, development, and demonstration work at various field sites
and pilot plants or facilities—for example, Lebanon and Newtown, Ohio; Pomona
and Firebaugh, California; Ely, Minnesota; Blue Plains, Washington, D.C.; and
Norton, West Virginia.
Due to personnel limitations for developing, administering and monitoring
extramural grant and contract projects in 1969, a carryover of $11.2 million is
available for obligation in 1970. This, when added to the 1970 appropriation of
$37.3 million, will provide a Total Obligational Authority of $48.5 million. The
1971 request is for $44.1 million—this is $6.8 million more than the 1970 New
Obligational Authority and $4.4 million less than 1970's Total Obligational
Authority.
This request is predicated on an increase in staffing for research and
development activities which will be absolutely essential to allow proper review,
administration, and technical monitoring and evaluation of extramural grant and
contract projects. Without the additional staff capability, the grant and
contract effort simply can not be handled. It must be remembered that most grant
and contract projects are multi-year projects and that, therefore, many projects
initiated in previous years will continue on into 1971 requiring scientific and
technical staff to monitor and evaluate them. The requested increase of 44
positions is required for handling the already under way grant and contract load,
the expected new grant and contract projects in 1971 and for aupenting our own
in-house research program.
Excluding grants and contracts, the 1971 request provides for a net increase
of $4,032,050 and 44 positions for in-house activitigs• This increase includes:
+$21,000 To meet increased pay costs.
+63,000 To support full year employment of new
personnel authorized for 1970.
+3,948,050 To support 44 additional positions, costs
of special equipment for laboratory and
field investigations and demonstration, new
pilot plant and field test facilities at
Monticello, Minnesota; Edison, New Jersey;
College, Alaska; and Bears Bluff, South
Carolina, and cooperation with the Tennessee
Valley Authority in research on the effects
of thermal pollution. Increased staffina is
proposed as follows:
Headquarters Office. 9
Regional Offices 2
Laboratories 29
Field Sites _4
Total 44
The need for increases, objectives, program of work, and accomplishments for
each subprogram are described in the sections that follow.
22
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1- Hu" 1 cip.a 1 -Pollution Control Technology: Fiscal year 1970, $11,745,950;
fiscal year l§7t,$18,056,000; decrease,$3,689,950. The decrease consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
Amount
(1) +$8,000
(2) -2,110,000
(3) -1,692,000
(4)
Positions
Total
Program
Total
Positions
$5,913,000
1,168,000
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs and to support
new personnel author-
ized for FY 1970.
Decrease in grant
effort.
Decrease in contract
effort.
+104,050
-3,689,950
Grants.
Contracts .....
In-house. ......
+4 975,000
+4
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$8,023,000
2,860,000
862,950
55 To strengthen
in-house effort to
assess progress and
accomplishments of
the numerous grant
and contract projects
under way or to be
under way.
Increase (+)
FY 1971 or
Estimate Decrease (-)
$5,913,000 -$2,110,000
1,168,000 -1,692,000
975,000 +112,050
Total
... 11,745,950
Need for Increase
8,056,000
-3,689,950
In-house
Four positions and $104,050 are requested to permit an expansion of effort
for directing, coordinating and monitoring the increased number of developmental
and demonstration projects in the area of municipal pollution control. Additional
personnel are also required to initiate in-house efforts in the storm and combined
sewer program which can not be efficiently accomplished by grants or contracts.
Qbjecti ve
The objective is to develop and demonstrate the necessary technology in the
areas of storm waters, combined storm and sanitary wastes, advanced waste
treatment and joint municipal-industrial treatment to achieve, at minimum cost,
the most effective control of pollution from sewered wastes, combined sewer
discharges, storm sewer discharges, nonsewered wastes, and joint (municipal-
industrial) wastes.
Program of Work
Municipal pollution control involves the development and demonstration of
technology for the effective and economical control of pollution from sewered and
nonsewered wastes, combined (sanitary and storm) sewer discharges, storm sewer
discharges, nonsewered runoff, and joint (municipal-industrial) wastes. Strong
23
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emphasis will continue on developing and demonstrating new and improved methods
for the treatment of sewered wastes. For nonsewered wastes, development of
improved treatment devices for individual homes and isolated groups of homes or
institutions, etc., will be emphasized.
Pilot-and full-scale demonstration projects to test the applicability of
control or treatment methods, researched and developed in the area of combined
sewer and storm sewer discharges will be continued. These projects focus on
large-scale evaluation and demonstration of control technology.
Special efforts are also being made to demonstrate the technology necessary
to permit joint proce$sing of industrial and municipal wastes for greater economy
and efficiency than independent handling of these wastes can achieve. Utilizing
treatment, ultimate disposal and water quality control technology developed under
other subprograms, pilot- and full-scale field evaluations and demonstrations will
continue.
Accomplishments
Storm andcombined sewers
There are over 15,000 overflow sources in the United States, which discharge
untreated polluted surface runoff mixed with municipal and industrial wastes to
the Nation's waters. The control and treatment of combined sewer overflows has
generally been neglected. The solution of combined sewer separation is costly
($48 billion) and of doubtful reliability in actual pollution reduction. It is
incumbent upon engineers and planners, therefore, to explore all reasonable
alternatives to separation of combined sewers. The following projects offer
design, performance and cost data to aid in decision making and resource
expenditure.
One of the alternatives being demonstrated is storage of the overflows.
Full-scale storage facilities under construction in Boston,. Massachusetts;
Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Dallas, Texas; and Shelbyville, Illinois, have determined
the design criteria necessary for such facilities. Cost-effectiveness evaluations
will allow other communities to economically design similar combined sewer
pollution abatement facilities.
An FWPCA grant in Chicago is demonstrating the use of deep tunnel underdrain
storage as a practical solution to many urban problems in combined sewer overflow.
Information and data on construction methods and practices, economic aspects and
utilization have been requested by other engineering disciplines and city planners
for inputs into their respective programs for alleviating pollutional and other
urban problems.
Another major alternative is treatment. Existing municipal and industrial
treatment processes can not be utilized for combined sewer overflow treatment
because of the intermittent, widely fluctuating high flow rates, and dynamic
quality changes of combined sewer overflows. Screening and dissolved air
flotation are two treatment methods which are amenable to the above constraints.
The demonstration of a novel rotating collar, vibratory base screening
treatment unit for combined sewage was carried out in Portland, Oregon. The unit
provided primary treatment to normally by-passed sewage at a cost of $0.023/1000
gal. This is slightly higher than the equivalent treatment cost by primary
settling. However, the space utilization of the screens is one-tenth that of
settling tanks. The City of Portland wishes to continue the use of the equipment
as an active element in their pollution abatement program. In addition, the City
of Seattle plans to combine a city parking lot/combined sewage treatment plant
utilizing this technique.
-------
Application of microstrainers for the treatment of confined sewer overflows
has been demonstrated. A major break through in achieving a flux rate of 45 gpm
per sq, ft. at continuous operation with an average of 80 percent suspended
solids removal was attained. This process will offer communities another
treatment method especially attractive where land for treatment facilities is
limited.
One FWPCA contract has demonstrated at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the feasibility
of screening and dissolved air flotation for treatment of combined sewer
overflows. A 5 mgd pilot plant has consistently removed 70-80 percent of the BOD
and solids loading. The results and operating modes of this demonstration unit
have been closely followed by Milwaukee city and State engineers. It is the
intent of both the city and State to utilize this treatment technique at other
applicable overflow points in collection systems discharging to Lake Michigan.
Considerable interest has been expressed by other cities discharging to the Great
Lakes. Several requests for the final report, when completed, have been received.
Computed-assisted control of combined sewer overflows is being demonstrated
in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota; Detroit, Michigan; and Seattle, Washington.
Although the concept of the three systems are similar, local conditions make them
distinctly different. Preliminary operation has demonstrated that contained sewer
overflows can be retained within the sewer system, with subsequent treatment at
the waste water treatment plant, thereby reducing the pollution load to the
receiving waters. This concept does not require the enormous capital expenditure
associated with other alternatives such as storage or separation. These projects
are in work-a-day operation as part of the pollution control programs, reducing
pollution to the receiving waters.
Nonsewered runoff
The National Association of Counties Research Foundation, in conjunction with
FWPCA, has developed a "Community Action Guide for Erosion and Sediment Control."
This document will be used by local officials to develop erosion and sediment
control ordinances to control pollution from urban development construction
projects. Adoption of effective control programs will substantially reduce the
silt load to urban waters.
Several advances in technology have been made including: a safe, reliable
and economic electrochemical sodium hypochlorite generator method; a new, low
maintenance, flow controlled, combined sewer fluidic regulator; a unique and much
needed suspended solid monitor; development of new chemical formulations for sewer
sealants; and full-scale operation demonstrating the bio-disc treatment process.
Sewered wastes
Wastes flowing through sewer lines may present corrosion and odor problems, if
these wastes become anaerobic. A full-scale deomonstration project has shown
that the injection of pure oxygen into the sewer line can effectively control
hydrogen sulfide generation and reduce BOD. A successful pilot evaluation of a
U-tube aeration device for sewer line applications is being followed by a large-
scale municipal application.
Nonsewered municigalwjstes
A waste treatment unit is needed for existing or proposed homes where sewer
lines are neither available nor will be provided in the immediate future and where
septic tanks would be inoperable or are not permitted by local ordinance. A
state-of-the-art survey has been completed on individual home waste treatment
systems and methods for reducing the quantity of waste and volume of waste water
discharged. Results of this study are being utilized to formulate an FWPCA
program for improved treatment devices to replace septic tanks in areas not
connected to a control sewerage system.
25
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Jo1nt mu n i c i pa1 -i ndust r i a] wastes
Numerous communities with significant industry within their political
jurisdictions must consider the handling of sanitary wastes as well as industrial
wastes. Greater economy and efficiency can sometimes be realized by treating
municipal and industrial wastes as a mixture rather than by treating the two
classes of wastes separately. The following projects serve as examples: (1) A
demonstration of the feasibility of joint treatment of domestic sewage and
semichemical pulping waste from a paper mill was completed at Erie, Pennsylvania.
The treatment plant removed up to 90 percent of the BOD but did not substantially
remove the color of the mixed wastes; and (2) a joint municipal-industrial waste
water treatment engineering study of the Onondaga Lake Watershed has been
completed. Approximately 140 industries in the watershed participated in the
study and a joint treatment system was recommended to be implemented by Onondaga
County during the remaining phases of the project.
26
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2. Industrial-Pollution Control Technology: Fiscal year 1970, $6,746,000;
fiscal year 1971, $5,416,000; decrease,$1,330,000. The decrease consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
AmountPositions
Total
Program
Total
Positions
(1) +$7,000
(2) -1,460,000
(3) +22,000
(4) 4101.000
-1.330.000
+8
+8
$4,130,000
318,000
968,000
55
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs and to support
new personnel author-
ized for FY 1970.
Reduction in grant
effort.
Increase in contract
effort.
To accelerate in-
house effort for
developing industrial
waste control
programs and to
monitor projects
under way under the
grant and contract
effort.
Grants —
Contracts.
In-house.,
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$5,590,000
296,000
860,000
FY 1971
Estimate
$4,130,000
318,000
968,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$1,460,000
+22,000
+108,000
Total
.... 6,746,000
Need for Increase
5,416,000
-1,330,000
In-house
Eight positions and $101,000 are required to expand in-house program
development in the areas of wastes from textile mills, meat processing, cheese
plants, petrochemical, paper mills, etc., and to direct, coordinate and monitor
the approximately 200 active development and demonstration projects in the
complex industrial waste area. The volume of industrial production is increasing
at 4.5 percent per year, or almost three times the population growth rate.
Therefore, the program efforts on industrial pollution control technology must
also expand at a comparable rate just to keep from falling further behind. Also
required is special scientific and other services for water reuse and improved
by-product recovery processes.
Contracts
An increase of $22,000 for contracts is for the purpose of meeting increased
demands on water pollution control from metal and metal products, chemical and
allied products, and food and kindred products industries. This program is
designed to provide the necessary technology for use in controlling the Nation's
principal point sources of waterborne wastes.
27
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Objecti ve
The objectives are to develop and demonstrate the required technology to
achieve, at minimum cost, any needed degree of pollution control from all
industrial sources.
Program of Work
Industrial pollution control technology must be developed and demonstrated
to achieve effective and economical control of pollution from such industries
as those producing metal and metal products, chemicals and allied products, paper
and allied products, petroleum and coal products, food and kindred projects,
textiles, etc. In 1967, studies were initiated to identify and analyze problem
areas and to establish the existing state-of-the-art in treatment and control
technology in selected industries. Based on these studies, specific problem
areas are now being attacked.
The competitive economic aspects of industrial waste control require
examination of both conventional and completely new approaches to assure minimum
cost solutions. Current waste treatment methods, while often adequate for
today's conditions, offer little promise of providing the type and degree of
treatment which will be required over the long run. An effective attack on
industrial pollution will require a cooperative industry-government effort to
conceive, develop, demonstrate and install treatment processes, process modifi-
cations, water conservation programs, etc. Currently, research and demonstrations
funded by Section 6 grants cover selected industrial pollution problems from
almost all major sources of industrial pollution.
Accompli shmen ts
There are over 280 oil refineries in the United States, all of which produce
waste chemical and oily sludges. Past practices have consisted of lagooning,
open pit burning, land burial, and similar systems which ultimately result in
water pollution of ground and surface waters.
A grant project with the American Oil Company at their Mandan, North
Dakota, refinery has demonstrated the feasibility of using a commercially
available fluidized-bed incinerator for the disposition of refinery sludges. The
project was initiated in May 1968 and inquiries to date by others in the industry
show a keen interest in the utilization of this technique to resolve their sludge
disposal problems. Another oil company has indicated its desire to apply the
method at their own refinery. Also, the American Oil Company is considering the
possible use of a much larger fluidized-bed unit at their Whiting, Indiana,
refinery in the near future.
Under another project, the S. K, Williams Company has installed a chemical
pre-rinse facility to treat the wastes from their electroplating and anodizing
baths. This facility is now operational and evaluation studies on the waste
treatment system for removal of chromium, copper, nickel, cyanide, acids, and
alkalies are under way.
Interstate Paper Corporation at Riceboro, Georgia, has demonstrated the lime
coagulation process for the removal of color from kraft pulping effluents. This
installation is the first full-scale operation of its type and has obtained color
reductions greater than 90 percent throughout the experimental program. The
results of this grant have been utilized by both paper companies and State
agencies in selection of effluent treatment processes in order to meet receiving
water quality standards.
Georgia-Kraft Company in Macon, Georgia, has installed a full-scale cooling
tower for the treatment and reuse of process evaporator condensate and wash
28
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waters. These effluents from the 850-ton-per-day kraft linerboard mill have been
successfully treated. The overall accomplishment of this process is the
destruction of about 10,000 pounds of BOD per day ana the reduction in overall
mill water needs of about 11 MGD. The system is most favorable when compared on
a capital and operating basis with other types of waste treatment facilities. In
light of the favorable outcome of this process with regard to waste treatment and
water conservation, this system has several advantages over the conventional
surface condenser system currently used in most kraft mill operations.
A project initiated in late 1968 on the conversion of cottage cheese whey
into an edible grade material has produced, on a pilot-scale, a high grade food
powder for human consumption. A plant for the full-scale demonstration of the
developed process has been completed, and will be operable in 1970. The plant
could ultimately have a capacity to produce 20 million pounds per year of dried
edible whey. Cheese whey produced in this country represents the equivalent
pollution produced by a population of 16 million people.
In October 1969, the final report by Snokist Growers, Yakima, Washington,
was published. This report presents design, operational and cost data, which
conclusively establishes the feasibility of aerobic treatment of fruit processing
wastes. Aeration methods, including modifications to the activated sludge
process were performed on a plant-size scale (flow of 2.6 mgd with a 6005 loading
of 20,000 Ibs.) and BOD removals as high as 99 percent were effected.
A project with the Johns-Manville Products Corporation in Defiance, Ohio,
demonstrates that a waste water treatment system using diatomite filtration can
effectively render a waste stream containing glass fibers, caustic and phenols
suitable for process reuse. The treatment facilities are operating on a 72,000
gallon-per-day basis with effective pollution control a demonstrated success.
A project with the American Enka Corporation in Enka, North Carolina,
demonstrates the technical feasibility of a zinc precipitation and recovery
system. This process will adequately remove zinc metal from a viscous rayon
plant waste flow while at the same time making the zinc available for recovery
and reuse in the rayon manufacturing process. The system has a capacity of one
million gallons-per-day, and is capable of recovering about 95 percent of the
zinc.
A project with Fiber Industries, Inc., in Shelby, North Carolina, demon-
strates the effective use of plastic media trickling filter, activated sludge
system with pH control, heavy metal precipitation as a pretreatment, and polishing
ponds with algae filtration as a tertiary treatment process. The facility is
treating a combined sanitary and process waste water flow of 325,000 gpd from
a Fortrel Polyester fiber manufacturing plant. The waste water is circulated
for reuse in the plant cooling system. The project has been successful in
demonstrating the degree of waste water treatment required for water reuse for
an industrial cooling system.
A pilot-plant study on treatment of wastes from a chrome leather tannery in
conjunction with municipal sewage has been completed by A. C. Lawrence Leather
Company, South Paris, Maine. The study indicates joint treatment of the wastes
is feasible. Results of this grant study have already been utilized by other
designers in planning of joint treatment plants.
-------
3. Agricultural-Pollution Control .Technology: Fiscal year 1970, $2,851,083;
fiscal year 197T, $2,352,000; decrease, $499,083. The decrease consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (_-).
Amount
(1) +$4,000
Pos i ti ons
Total
Program
Total
Positions
(2)
(3)
(4)
-600,000
+26,917
+70 ,000
$1,250,000
440,000
Explanation
To meet increased
costs and support new
personnel authorized
in FY 1970.
Decrease in grant
effort.
Increase in contract
effort.
-499.083
+3
+3
Grants....
Contracts.
In-house..
662 ,000
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$1,850,000
413,083
588,000
29 Expand in-house
effort for developing
programs directed
toward pollution
problems related to
irrigation and
agricultural runoff.
Increase (+)
FY 1971 or
Estimate Decrease (-)
$1,250,000 -$600,000
440,000 +26,917
662,000 +74,000
Total
2,851,083
Need for Increase
2,352,000
-499,083
In-house
An increase of three positions and $70,000 is required to support a growing
program for the abatement of pollution from the increased use of fertilizers and
pesticides, irrigation return flows and confined animal feeding. Additional
support is also required to monitor the various grants and contracts initiated in
the respective regions.
Contracts
An increase of $26,917 for contracts is required to demonstrate new or
improved processes for the abatement and treatment of wastes from these sources.
Continued work on pollution abatement from confined animal feeding as well as
research and demonstration projects will be initiated in the area of pollution
abatement from irrigation return flows and fertilizer runoff from farming
operations.
Objective
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate the necessary
technology to allow effective and economical control of pollution from
agricultural activities including: forestry and logging operations; rural runoff;
irrigation return flows; confined animal feeding; and nonsewered rural wastes.
30
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Program of Work
Cropping practices, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, result
in the addition of inorganic sediments, nitrates, phosphates, pesticides and
metabolites of pesticides to receiving waters with a concomitant degradation of
the quality of these receiving waters. It is estimated that over one billion
tons/yr of sediment reach streams from agricultural lands. The salts and
phosphates that are absorbed on sediment particles dissolve in water and
contribute to degradation of water quality or even eutrophication of lakes and
ponds.
Irrigation of croplands has a detrimental effect on water quality. The
consumptive use of water by the plants increases the dissolved solids in the
drain waters. As this water is reused many times, the incremental addition of
various minerals successively decreases the quality of the water to the point
where it may be of no further usefulness.
Beef, pork, and poultry feeding operations produce about two billion tons
of manures annually. Runoff from these facilities, following precipitation, has
characteristics of an effluent that is many times stronger than raw municipal
sewage. It results in fish kills, depressed dissolved oxygen in receiving waters,
addition of nutrients, and a discoloration of receiving streams and lakes from
colloidal lignin and cellulose materials.
Through in-house projects, but predominantly via grants and contracts, the
FWPCA has initiated an intensive and broad program to demonstrate available
treatment and management techniques which will reflect an immediate decrease in
the degree of pollution from this industry. Means will also be developed and
demonstrated for isolation of manures from the environment to preclude any runoff,
treatment and reuse of waste waters, the use of land as a treatment system and for
the conversion to useful products of manure and solids from runoff.
Accomplishments
Rural runoff
Projects with Cornell University, South Carolina State, and South Dakota
University are developing information on the addition of nutrients to streams
from cropping practices as related to their respective geo-agronomic area. This
is a precursor to the development of criteria for new management concepts that
include considerations for waste management.
Irrigation return flows
The development program at Firebaugh, California, has been completed. Two
techniques for removing nitrates from irrigation return waters have been
developed. These will be demonstrated on an engineering scale to obtain more
definitive operating and cost data for application to a complete treatment system
for the total San Luis Drain,
The project with the Grand Valley Irrigation District in Grand Junction,
Colorado, has identified high leakage zones in various stretches of water supply
canals which were subsequently concrete-lined. The effect will be an increase in
the net water available for irrigation, a decrease in the amount of salt dissolved
by leaching waters, a decrease in the amount of land exposed to salt pollution,
and restoration of some of the salt-encrusted land for cultivation.
Work is under way with the Bureau of Reclamation to demonstrate a technique
for forecasting the effect of irrigation practices on the quality of underground
aquifers and surface streams before lands are irrigated so that benefits versus
cost to downstream users can be ascertained.
31
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The residual concentrations of herbicides in irrigated crops is being
determined in a joint program with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Department of
Agriculture to indicate any limitations of this practice.
Animalfeedlots
Projects have been initiated to demonstrate available treatment techniques
for treating runoff from animal feeding operations and for preventing its
discharge to receiving waters. These include activated sludge, oxidation ditch,
anaerobic-aerobic lagooning plus management changes that control and collect the
quantity of runoff.
Cooperative projects with the Department of Agriculture have been Initiated
to determine the quantity and pathways of nitrate addition to surface streams and
underground water formations from excreta in beef feeding operations.
A method for hydraulically sweeping manure from dairy feeding operations,
treating the drainage and reusing the treated water is being constructed.
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4. Mining-Pollution Control Technology: Fiscal year 1970, $2,777,000; fiscal
year 1971, $1,831,000; decrease, $946,000. The decrease consists of:
I n ere as e (+)_. or De c reas e (-) Total
Positions Program
Total
Positions
(1) +$4,000
(2) -1,000,000
(3) +50,000
-946.000
+4
$1,341,000
490,000
29
+4
Explanati on
To meet increased pay
costs and to support new
personnel authorized for
FY 1970.
Decrease in grant and
contract effort.
Expand in-house effort
for developing programs
related to pollution from
mineral extraction
operations.
Grants
Contracts.
In-house..
FY 1970
Amount
Avai 1 abl e
$1 ,641 ,000
700,000
436,000
FY 1971
Esti mate
$921,000
420,000
490,000
Increase {+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$720,000
-280,000
+54,000
Total
2,777,000
Need for Increase
1,831,000
-946,000
In-house
An increase of four positions and $50,000 is required to support in-house
program development related to water pollution caused by mineral extraction and
preparation, and to direct, coordinate and monitor the increasing number of
development and demonstration projects in this area.
Objective
This program has as Its objective the control and elimination or reduction
of water pollution resulting from the extraction and preparation of all minerals.
This includes such areas as mine drainage, oil production, uranium mining, oil
shale, and other mining sources. As a part of this program the development of
appropriate technology and the demonstration of this technology are necessary to
obtain effective and economical control of pollution from these sources.
Program of Work
Mining pollution control technology concerns all water pollution vectors
created by the extraction from the earth and preparation of minerals and fuels.
Stream pollution resulting from mining operations is a serious problem in the
United States. Annually, approximately 500 billion gallons of mine drainage,
containing five to ten million tons of acid, degrade over 1.0,000 miles of surface
streams and more than 15,000 acres of impounded waters. Cost estimates to reduce
pollution from coal mine drainage by 95 percent are $6 to $7 billion. To find more
adequate solutions to complex mine drainage problems and to reduce costs, FWPCA has
33
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initiated a broad research program, including in-house research and support of
research and development by industry, universities, State governments, and
research firms. Legislation is now pending which will give substantial impetus
to work on this problem through its demonstration of available pollution control
techniques.
Problems related to oil production are of a different nature and solutions
will be sought through laboratory and field work, including pilot-and field-
scale demonstrations. The potential commercial production of petroleum from the
oil shale deposits in the Rocky Mountains poses a serious source of pollution.
Substantial research and development will also be required to prevent significant
pollution from occurring as the result of commercial development of the oil shale
resource.
Accomplishments
During 1970, work continued to fully document and report the results of the
mine drainage demonstration project near El kins, West Virginia. In this project
a variety of water flow control measures were applied to prevent the formation
and discharge of acid mine drainage. Twelve miles of surface mines were
reclaimed, 450 mine subsidence holes filled and 87 mine seals built to prevent
air and water from entering underground mines. The land disturbed during
reclamation was revegetated with grass and trees to control erosion and thus
prevent further pollution from silt and acidity.
A new method of preventing the formation of acid mine drainage has been
proven through laboratory studies which have shown that an inert gas atmosphere
which displaces oxygen will prevent acid mine drainage formation. This method is
presently being field tested in an abandoned underground mine and is also being
studied for use in operating underground mines. When applied to an operating
mine this technique might also reduce the fire and explosion hazards of gassy
mines.
Two methods of hydraulically sealing underground mines have been demonstrated
in the field. The first method uses quick setting cementation materials placed
near the mine portal; however, it was relatively expensive. The second method
uses lime/limestone to eventually form an impermeable seal also placed near the
mine portal; thi$ method was less expensive than the former.
Studies have been carried out in cooperation with the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania and Bituminous Coal Research to determine the optimum conditions for
using limestone in place of lime for neutralization of acid waters. The lower
cost of limestone makes this a primary candidate for lowering the cost of such
neu'bralization. Fourteen commercial samples of limestone have been studied and the
performance correlated with the physical and chemical properties of the limestone.
Basic studies on the mechanism of formation of acid mine waters from iron
ores such as pyrite are continuing. Workers at Ohio State University, Harvard
University and Carnegie-Mellon University have provided us with a qualitative
mechanism as to how the reaction proceeds. More refined quantitative studies are
planned for the immediate future.
The mine drainage treatment research facility at Norton, West Virginia, has
continued investigations on water purification processes such as reverse osmosis.
Additional work on the use of limestone for acid mine drainage neutralization and
sludge disposal are developing.
The program currently has 38 projects totalling $8,264,599 in research efforts
toward more effective control of pollution resulting from mining activities.
-------
5. Othe^pjgurces_--of~Pollution Control Technology:
fiseal year 1971, $3,099,000; decrease, $702,00oT
Fiscal year 1970, $3,801,000;
The decrease consists of:
increase J+) or Decrease (-)
Positions"
Total
Program
Total
Positions
(1) +$3,000
(2) -1,078,000
(3) -257,000
(4) +600,000
$2,256,000
600,000
(5) +30,000
-702,000
+3
+3
243,000
22
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs and to support
new personnel
authorized in
FY 1970.
Decrease in grant and
contract effort.
Decrease in special
scientific equipment
and other services.
To provide a field
test facility to
develop and test oil
and hazardous
materials pollution
control devices.
To expand in-house
effort on water
quality changes and
control, and oil
pollution.
Grants.
Contracts
In-house
Total
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$1,282,000
2,052,000
467,000
3,801 ,000
0,
Need for Increase
FY 1971
Estimate
$1,112,000
1,144,000
843,000
3,099,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$170,000
-908,000
+376,000
-702,000
In-house
An increase of three positions and $30,000 is required to support in-house
research in control and treatment of pollution from watercraft, impoundments,
dredging, hazardous chemicals and from oil pollution. Also included in the
increase is $600,000 for a field test facility to develop and test oil and
hazardous materials pollution control devices under actual conditions of wind,
wave and currents in support of the oil pollution studies conducted out of the
Edison, New Jersey, facility.
Objective
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate the necessary
technology to allow effective and economical control of pollution from sources
such as: recreational uses; boats and ships; construction projects; impoundments;
saltwater intrusion; natural pollution; landfill and dredging; and oil pollution.
35
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Program of Work
Other sources of pollution are significant and require development and
demonstration of technology for their effective and economical control.
Increasing amounts of wastes are discharged from the ever-growing number of
recreational centers and watercraft, both inland and coastal. Suitable equipment
for properly treating recreational and vessel wastes before discharge is not fully
developed. Generally, on-board sewage treatment units are ineffective. Further
research, development, testing and evaluation are urgently needed to obtain
treatment and control techniques for existing watercraft and for new vessels to be
constructed.
Construction activities that affect the quality of water relate to housing
developments, roads, railroads, power transmission lines, dams, etc, The
polluting substances likely to enter streams during and after construction
includes silt, chemicals, oil, gasoline, and sanitary wastes from construction
camps. It is necessary to develop and demonstrate in-situ techniques for
effectively controlling and removing pollution from these sources.
Saltwater intrusion is a growing groundwater pollution problem in coastal
areas. This is of particular significance in California, Maryland, New Jersey,
Texas and Long Island, New York. One solution now being researched involves
recharging the aquifers with renovated waste waters. Other solutions such as
injecting chemicals to create a barrier must be developed. Besides the benefits
attributed to the storage of water in reservoirs, the storage of water can
adversely affect its quality, thermal and chemical. Stratification can occur,
accelerating eutrophication. Nutrients in regional runoff accumulate in
impoundments and also accelerate eutrophication.
Landfill from all sources presents a definite but not fully quantified water
quality hazard. The ever increasing use of landfill as a method of disposing of
waste materials requires that the water quality hazards from such disposal be
quantified and that protection be afforded to the quality of both underground and
surface waters from such disposal.
Dredging, which is necessary to maintain navigable channels in many inland
and coastal waterways, contributes substantial tonnages of pollutants such as
silt, BOD, heavy metals, and similar materials to the waters. Improved and less
costly mechanisms for non-pollutional disposal of the dredged materials need to
be developed, and improved dredging procedures which do not cause pollution are
necessary to control and minimize pollution from this source.
Recent changes in the mode of production and world transport of petroleum and
petroleum products have vastly increased the potential for pollution caused by the
accidental spillage of these materials. Losses at off-shore oil wells and
spillage from huge new super-tankers have caused extensive pollution in recent
years. No devices and techniques are available to adequately cope with spillages
of the magnitude experienced, and which are likely to occur in the future. It is
essential that an effective arsenal of techniques and equipment be developed to
prevent, control and cleanup oil spills. An important need in this regard is the
acquisition of a suitable test facility where oil and other hazardous materials
can be spilled under controlled conditions to develop criteria for the design and
evaluation of needed devices and techniques.
Accomplishments
Boat and ship
Four projects were undertaken in conjunction with a request for proposals for
the demonstration of the feasibility of various control and/or treatment concepts
36
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for wastes generated on board vessels.
One system demonstrated holding tanks on pleasure crafts and an underwater
storage bag for temporary storage of the pleasure craft waste prior to disposal
by trucking to a sewage treatment plant.
Other concepts are for holding tanks on large vessels and treatment utilizing
an electro-chemical flocculating concept.
Oil pollution
Primary program emphasis was placed on development of devices and techniques
to restore oil contaminated beaches, and harvest oil from the water surface
without the aid of additives. Fabrication of a unique centrifugal oil-water
separator having high capacity and efficiency and relatively low power require-
ments was recently completed. An oil harvesting device for oil spill cleanup is
also being designed and fabricated. The two units will be combined and tested at
sea early in 1970.
Contracts for the development of two other unique oil-water separators were
also recently negotiated.
Model studies were initiated to develop criteria for effective design of
booms required for harbors, rivers, and estuaries.
Two projects were initiated to develop and demonstrate techniques for
cleaning oil contaminated beaches. They involve modification of existing
earthmoving equipment for use in this area and actual cleansing of the oil
contaminated sand grains by a froth flotation process similar to that used in the
mineral extraction industry. Laboratory scale studies indicate that in many cases
the treated sand is cleaner than the ambient sand was prior to being contaminated
by oil.
Demonstration projects in progress under the direction of the Maine Port
Authority, Portland, Maine, and the City of Buffalo, New York, developed valuable
practical information on the effectiveness of a variety of oil containment and
cleanup devices and techniques which they evaluated under actual conditions.
In-sewer instrumentation for oil detection and oil traps were developed,
demonstrated and evaluated. Modification of the inverted siphon are indicated to
be effective oil traps.
An important in-house accomplishment was the development of interim criteria
for the evaluation of the toxicity and effectiveness of the numerous products
currently commercially available to disperse oil spills. Refinement of the
techniques is under way under the guidance of a special industry-university-
government ad hoc panel. ,
A Joint American Petroleum Institute-Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills was held in
December 1969. The meeting attracted over 1,200 registrants and 42 equipment
exhibitors. Information developed in the course of industry and government
programs in this country and the United Kingdom were exchanged and reports were
made on experience with the cleanup of recent large spills. The Conference
summary pointed out some advances in oil pollution control technology, but
strongly emphasized the need for much greater effort in this area.
37
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6. Wate r Qua1ity Contrp1 Techno1ogy: Fiscal year 1970, $8,827,000; fiscal year
1971, $9,485,000; .increase, $658,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) "orDecrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions Explanation
(1) +$21,000
(2) -274,000
(3) +350,000
(4) +561.000
+658.000
+11
+11
$1,715,000
350,000
3,545,000
150
To meet increased pay
costs and to support new
positions authorized in
FY 1970.
Decrease in contract
effort.
To provide an experimental
pilot plant facility in
Alaska to test and study
the treatment of municipal
and industrial wastes
under cold climate
conditions.
To expand in-house effort
in laboratories in water
quality control, coastal
and groundwater pollution
and eutrophication.
Grants
Contracts.
In-house..
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$3,875,000
1,989,000
2,963,000
FY 1971
Estimate
$3,875,000
1,715,000
3,895,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-J
-$274,000
+932,000
Total
8,827,000
9,485,000
+658,000
Need for Increase
In-house
An increase of 11 positions and $561,000 is required to expand laboratory
research in the areas of eutrophication (aging of lakes, streams and coastal
waters), water quality control, and coastal and groundwater pollution. The
$561,000 includes $451,000 for the purchase of special equipment such as mobile
field laboratory units, complex equipment for remote sensing of water quality
parameters, special cold weather research equipment, automatic sample collectors,
rneteorlogical equipment, and data processing equipment. An increase of $350,000
is required to provide for a pilot plant facility in Alaska to test and study the
treatment of municipal and industrial wastes under cold climate conditions and
conduct studies on the fate of oil spills in the Arctic environment.
Effort in this category includes research, development and demonstration
aimed at prevention and control of accelerated eutrophication of lakes, streams,
and estuaries; at control of pollution by means other than waste treatment; at
socioeconomic, legal and institutional aspects of pollution; at assessment and
control of pollution in extreme cold climate areas; at identification, source and
38
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and fate technology of a generally applicable nature across a variety of
pollution sources; at prevention and control of thermal pollution; and at long-
range solutions to pollution problems (basic research).
Program of Work
Water quality control includes all research, development and demonstration
directed toward the prevention and control of accelerated eutrophication; thermal
pollution; the control of pollution by means other than waste treatment; the
socioeconomic, legal and institutional aspects of pollution;
cpntrpljJLjlpJLlu^ cold climates; and the identffTcafnon, source
an3~Tatieof pollutants in surT^c^T*^JuTrtt"antf"ieoastal waters.
The fertilization of waters (enrichment) has accelerated in recent years due
to the nutrient loads imposed by increased quantities of municipal and industrial
wastes and land runoff. The basic mechanisms involved in lake eutrophication are
not well understood. Controlling it calls for study of the biology and chemistry
of the aquatic environment, more complete analytical data on nitrogen and
phosphorus compounds and research on new and improved methods of nutrient removal
in waste treatment, including pilot plant studies and field evaluations,
Accomplishments
Thermal pollution
Conducted two National Symposia on engineering and on biological aspects of
thermal pollution.
Conducted seven technical workshops with representatives of States and
industry providing information on thermal pollution control.
Conducted field research leading to a better prediction of heat exchange at
the air-water interface and methods to decrease evaporation losses in the
cooling process.
Fate ofpol1utants in groundwaters
Demonstrated method for restoration of contaminated aquifers by selective
pumping; this method now being used in connection with oil-field brine disposal.
Demonstrated in the laboratory that DDT is degraded in groundwater under
anaerobic conditions.
Water resources planning and resourcesdata
Three new computer simulation models were developed for river basin planning,
capable of analyzing benefits of flow augmentation as a substitute for tertiary
treatment. The models also calculated optimum treatment levels throughout the
basin, and indicated the economic value of precise data on river characteristics.
The demonstration of real-time monitoring on the Ohio River became operational,
and the demonstration of automated water quality data processing in the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania neared the operationa.1 stage. A program for detailed
computer design of treatment facilities was initiated, as well as the development
of techniques for quantifying benefits of high quality river environments.
Fate ofpollutantsin surface waters
Conducted workshop on application of newly developed technique for measuring
reaeration of streams by krypton and tritium tracers.
39
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Wa te r q u a 1 i ty c on t ro 1
Reaeration techniques—demonstrations have confirmed the performance and
economics of various aeration devices in studies on rivers. There is now
sufficient information developed to consider the wide-scale usage of instream
reaeration techniques.
NonohosDhate builders for detergents—an experimental contract let on
seeking nonphosphate builder products for detergents has aided the development
at FWPCA of an all-out program to see whether a major source of nutrients for
algae and nuisance aquatics may be eliminated through safe, nontoxic, non-
pollution producing reformulations of detergent products. The basic experiment
being performed by FWPCA has confirmed one of the concepts of water quality
control as a new means of nontreatment improvement of our waters.
Cold climate research
Ecological surveys of the North Slope oil camp areas and selected areas of
the pipeline route have been completed.
It has been demonstrated that extended aeration activated sludge can be used
to stabilize BOD under winter ambient conditions. A plant has been run under
natural conditions for several months now. Thus, biological treatment may not
require heated buildings for many Arctic applications.
Eutrpphicatipn
Limnological characterization of Waldo Lake was accomplished, establishing
its ultra-pristine condition, as the first sten in determination of cultural
effects upon this lake system.
Destratification as a tool for decreasing noxious blue-green algae was
evaluated successfully.
Physical-chemical identificationof pollutants
Developed a fluorometric method for the detection and quantitation of paper
mill sulphite waste in natural waters and for the identification of crude or
residual oils.
Established and published the high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance
spectra of typical chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and of typical carbamate
pesticides.
Identified and confirmed the molecular structure of some taste and odor
producing substances in municipal water supplies from the Ohio and Missouri Rivers.
Sourcesof pol1utants.
Characterized components of the combined effluents of a paper mill and two
chemical plants. Using this information, engineers were able to trace the source
of pollution of the Escambia Bay, Florida, estuary and to recommend appropriate
treatment procedures to the polluters. This procedure was also used to trace the
source of pollution of Perdido Bay, Florida.
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7. Waste Treatment andUltimate Disposal Technology: Fiscal year 1970,
$6,435,000; fiscal year 1971, $6,340,000; decrease, $95,000. The decrease
consists of:
Increase (.+.) or Decrease (- )
' Positions
(1) -(-$19,000
(2)
(3)
+130,000
-254,000
(4) +1 0.000
-95,000
+1
Total Total
Program Positions
$1,706,000
1,830,000
2,804,000
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs and to support new
personnel authorized
for FY 1970.
Increase in grant effort.
Decrease in contract
effort.
127 To expand laboratory
and field site effort
in treatment and
disposal technology.
In-house
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$1 ,576,000
2,084,000
2,775,000
FY 1971
Estimate
$1,706,000
1,830,000
2,804,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
+$130,000
-254 000
+29,000
Total. 6,435,000
6,340,000
-95,000
Need for Increase
In-house
An increase of one position and $10,000 is required in order to expand
laboratory and field site effort in treatment and control research, physical-
chemical treatment research, biological treatment research, and particularly
ultimate disposal research. The work load for laboratory personnel, especially,
has continued to increase sharply with the increasing number of grant and
contract applications which must be evaluated and monitored if funded.
Grants
An increase of $130,000 for grants will permit more work on the very
promising powdered carbon process and the launching of an effort to develop
ultimate disposal technology so that methods for disposing of concentrated
wastes resulting from treatment processes are available.
Objective
The objectives of this research are to develop generally applicable waste
treatment and ultimate disposal technology; to achieve any desired degree of treat-
ment of point sources of pollution; and to develop and demonstrate technology
capable of returning municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste waters to
Ul
-------
qualities suitable for direct reuse. Improved techniques must be made available
for separation and disposal of (a) dissolved nutrients, (b) dissolved refractory
organics, (c) suspended and colloidal solids, (d) dissolved inorganics, (e)
dissolved biodegradable organics, and (f) microorganisms.
Programof Work
Waste treatment and ultimate disposal technology covers research, develop-
ment and demonstration of treatment technology for pollution control and for
the renovation of waste waters for reuse. Work in the laboratory has shown
that it is technically possible to achieve any degree of waste treatment desired
and, in fact, to return waste water to a quality at least as high as it was
before use. However, considerable work remains to be done to achieve these
degrees of treatment at any necessary location, under any conditions, and at
minimum cost. Much of the overall FWPCA research effort is directed toward the
development of completely new advanced waste treatment processes.
Because research findings have exceeded expectations, an accelerated
program has been undertaken with increased assurance of both short-and long-
term payoffs in both pollution control and augmented water supplies through
water reuse. Practical payoffs have already occurred with the design and
construction of a number of full-scale demonstrations of several of the
processes. Under the level of support proposed, it is reasonable to expect
that suitable processes for complete treatment of all waste streams and ultimate
disposal of waste concentrates (both municipal and industrial) can be developed,
field-evaluated and demonstrated by the late 1970's.
Accomplishments
Dissolved nutrientremoval
A selective ion exchange zeolite which is regenerated with warm limewater
has been demonstrated on a pi lot-scale as a replacement for ammonia removal by air
stripping.
A full-scale demonstration of mineral addition has been completed. Results
show that phosphorus removal can be implemented into an existing activated
sludge facility with a minimum of expense for capital equipment.
It has been shown at two pilot plant sites that lime clarification and sand
filtration is as effective (95 percent removal) in removing phosphorus from
primary effluent as from secondary effluent.
The technical and economic feasibility of the moving bed filter has been
demonstrated on the treatment of raw.sewage, primary effluent, and settled and
unsettled trickling filter effluent.
The technical and economic practicability of utilizing waste pickle liquor
(ferrous chloride) to remove phosphorus from raw sewage was demonstrated.
Dissolved refractory organics removal
Granular activated carbon treatment, on a small pilot-scale, of filtered
primary sewage produced an effluent at least as good as conventional biological
secondary treatment in every respect. Organic removal exceeded that of
secondary treatment.
-------
Ozone, at bench scale, was shown to be an effective reagent for oxidation
of organics in waste water. A pilot plant is under construction to demonstrate
economic feasibility.
The successful regeneration and reuse of powdered carbon has been
demonstrated on a small pilot plant scale. The regenerated carbon appears to
be only slightly less effective than virgin carbon in the adsorption operation.
Suspended and colloidal solids removal
Pilot-scale studies have shown that alum clarification of secondary effluent
in upflow floe-blanket clarifiers can accomplish complete suspended solids
removal, very high phosphorus removal and substantial removal of total organic
carbon.
Dissolved inorganics removal
Hyperfiltration membranes formed dynamically from sewage components and
minute amounts of polymer additives were shown to be technically feasible
substitutes for conventional reverse osmosis membranes in municipal waste water
treatment. Primary effluent was treated as easily as secondary effluent on a
laboratory scale.
It has been shown that waste water, even primary effluent, can be treated
by reverse osmosis provided a satisfactory pretreatment additive or periodic
treatment when an enzyme-active laundry presoak is used.
Pis.solved biodegradable organics removal
A full-scale plant study has shown that pure oxygen can be substituted for
air in secondary treatment. The study proved the feasibility of using pure
oxygen and indicated that its use can significantly increase the capacity of a
treatment plant. An economic analysis indicates that new plant capital cost of
construction can be reduced 15-25 percent and existing plants can be upgraded
at a fractional cost of conventional expansion.
Bench scale studies have shown that proteolytic enzymes used in detergent
formulations are removed by a continuous flow activated sludge process.
It was demonstrated that oxygenation of water by direct injection of liquid
oxygen is technically feasible but not economically competitive.
Microogr^nismsremoval
A full-scale demonstration on a small package plant has shown that with
a good efficient secondary treatment an effluent can be disinfected with ultra-
violet light.
Ultimate disposal
Chemical hydrolysis of waste activated sludge by mild pressure cooking with
sulfur dioxide can be carried out at much lower temperatures and pressures than
the Porteous or Zimpro processes. The soluble fraction is rich in amino acids
and sugars.
Very high rates of hydrocarbon destruction by soil microorganisms have been
demonstrated and species responsible have been partically identified. Pathogens
derived from sewage are removed from sludge spread on the land in about three
months.
-------
General waste treatment technology
Cost data versus plant capacity has been correlated and published for 11
separate waste water treatment processes.
A mathematie network model was developed in cooperation with the Office of
Saline Water to find the most economic solution to problems of water supply,
waste water treatment and water reuse in well defined urban areas.
In a cooperative effort with the Atomic Energy Commission, a report was
drafted and published which delineates the few avenues of possible use of
radiation in the treatment of waste waters and the many avenues where radiation
treatment would be impractical. This report represents the consensus of AEC
and FWPCA and may be considered as the authoritative opinion on this subject.
-------
8. Mater Quality Requirements Research: Fiscal year 1970, $5,326,000; fiscal
year1971, $7,513,000; increase, $2,187,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
*"~^ Position?
(1) +$18,000
(2)
(3)
(4)
-300,000
+140,000
+680,000
(5) +2,000,000
(6) -451,000
Total
Prog ram
Total
Positions
$1,193,000
715,000
680,000
2,500,000
Explanations
To meet increased pay
costs and to support
new personnel author-
ized for FY 1970.
Decrease in grant
effort.
Increase in contract
effort,
For development of a
field site to provide
for the thermal
tolerance of fish to
be tested and
studied.
To support TVA for
research on the
effects of thermal
pollution and other
pollution problems.
Decrease in scienti-
fic equipment and
other services.
(7) +100,000 +10 2,425,000
+2,187,000 +10
FY 1970
Amount
Available
Grants $1 ,493,000
Contracts 575 ,000
In-house.. 3,258,000
Total 5,326,000
Meed for Increase
In-house
130 To expand in-house
effort on effects i
pollution on salt .
fresh water aquati
life.
Increase (+)
FY 1971 or
Estimate Decrease (-)
$1,193,000
715,000
5,605,000
7,513,000
-$300 ,000
+140,000
+2,347,000
+2,187,000
An increase of 10 positions and $100,000 is required to provide technical
assistance in routine laboratory work to supplement research staff and relieve
present staff from diluting other efforts, provide clerical- help in support of
staff, and provide intermediate level staff to generate data on the effects of
pollution on salt and fresh water aquatic life.
-------
Also included in the estimate is an increase of $510,000 for the development
of a field site at Monticello, Minnesota, adjacent to the Northern States Power
Company nuclear generating plant being constructed on the Mississippi River. The
purpose of this field temperature study project is to determine maximum seasonal
temperatures for acceptable rates of production of fish and fish food organisms
under seminataral conditions. This will allow the thermal tolerance of fish and
fish food organisms to be tested under conditions of exposure to natural physical
and chemical stresses and to complex interactions anong food chain organisms,
other organisms, and species of fish that can not be duplicated in the laboratory.
The Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina, will meet the
need for a field site in the southeastern coastal region. The availability of
outdoor ponds, buildings, and excellent source of water, and location for year-
round program, as well as being in the shrimp fishing area, would provide a
situation essential for rearing of shrimp, determining their water quality
requirements, and allow for investigation of other important estuarine inverte-
brates and fishes, as well. An increase of $170,000 for equipment, utilities,
and operational costs will make possible the most economical means of initiating
needed studies of southern forms.
An increase of $2,000,000 is proposed to enable FWPCA to work on developing
solutions to some of the water pollution problems to which TVA, because of its
unique structure, is exposed. In 1970, FWPCA is supporting the construction of a
facility adjacent to the Browns Ferry, Alabama, nuclear plant to collect further
data on the effects of thermal pollution and necessary standards for its control.
In 1971, it is proposed to continue supporting this effort. In addition to that
effort, the Tennessee Valley is a place where FWPCA, workina through TVA, can by
research and demonstration develop information on the solution to many other
water pollution problems.
Contracts
An increase of $140,000 for contracts is needed for areas such as agricul-
tural use of water which have not yet been funded. The additional contract funds
are required to develop equipment and procedures for rearing, producing, and
holding important aquatic organisms, including all life stages, for long- and
short-term bioassay and other experimental investigations of the effects of
pollution. In addition, it is essential to establish experimental work in
industrial plants to improve bioassay monitoring methodology.
Objective
The objective is to provide the scientific bases for the establishment of
improved water quality standards for the Nation's waters. These standards relate
to use of fresh and marine waters for municipal, agricultural, industrial and
recreational purposes and for propagation of fish, other aquatic life and
wildlife, and other beneficial uses.
Program of Work
Water quality requirements research is needed on the effects of pollution to
provide an improved scientific basis for determining the water quality necessary
for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and recreational uses, for the
propagation of fish and other aquatic life and other beneficial uses. This
information is essential to the establishment and refinement of the Nation's
water quality standards. Because of the tremendous number of new chemical
compounds being synthesized and finding their way into our environment each year,
intensive research investigations must be conducted to develop a predictive
capability allowing us to project the potential pollutional impact of these
compounds in advance.
-------
Far too little is known about the effects of pollution. The drastic effects
(e.g., the massive fish kill) can be easily recognized, but quite often the true
cause of such events can not be defined even in extensive retrospect. To look
ahead and to predict the occurrence of such events is, unfortunately, well beyond
our current capability for any but the simplest stream system under the least
complicated set of environmental conditions and pollution loads. There is also
the challenge of detecting, understanding, and then preventing the more subtle,
long-term effects of pollution which could, even now, be robbing us of valuable
water resources. Such effects, as yet unknown, may be just as real as the sudden
fish kill, the unpalatable water supply, or the condemned bathing beach.
Because these problems are difficult to solve and the starting baseline
inadequate, a rapidly accelerated program is needed. Staffing of the recently
completed National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota, as well as
increased staff at the National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett,
Rhode Island, and at several field sites including the Fish Toxicology Laboratory
at Newtown, Ohio, and the Bears Bluff Field Station, Wadmalaw Island, South
Carolina, will contribute to this effort. This in-house effort must be
supplemented with contracts and grants to obtain the service of highly
specialized and often uniquely qualified investigators.
Accomplishments
Fi shand other aquatic1 i fe
Significant information on temperature tolerance of northern pike has been
obtained in the laboratory.
Water quality criteria for fresh water organisms were developed, including
the following:
(a) Temperature for each: incubation of eggs, hatching, and fry growth for
brook trout, northern pike, yellow perch, and white sucker.
(b) Safe levels of copper for three species of fish and two species of
invertebrates.
(c) Acceptable minimum pH value for two species of invertebrates and one
species of fish.
(d) Safe levels of chromium and zinc for two species of fish.
(e) Criterion for detergents for some invertebrates.
Several projects were completed to determine the impact of taconite tailings
on the water quality and on the biota of Lake Superior.
Brought together published and unpublished information reviewing temperature
conditions in reference to water quality standards for the Ohio Basin Region.
Standards in keeping with conditions existing in the waters were proposed. The
proposed standards were tailored to make full use of the stream.
Developed standard bioassay methods for determination of relative toxicity
of dispersants and oil dispersant mixtures. Methods were developed for four
proposed standard organisms: fathead minnow (fresh waters) and mummichog, brine
shrimp, oyster larva (marine waters).
Demonstrated retarded growth, in Quahog larvae due to oxygen depletion.
Cadmium caused lesions in kidneys and intestines of Quahcgs, soft shell
clam, American lobster, mummichog, tautog (blackfish), and winter flounder.
-------
011 spill in Salmouth Bay caused necrosis and degeneration of tentacles of
the mantle of the bay scallop.
Developed artificial sea water medium with concentrated trace elements which
permit determination of environmental effects on metal toxicity.
Developed formula for artificial sea water satisfactory for development of
oyster larvae.
Developed growth index in fish which gives significant results in six hours.
Established six species of calanoid crustaceans (copepods) tn laboratory in
sufficient continuous populations to determine critical thermal maxima for two
species (adults) and critical temperature for egg development for the same two
species.
In the state-of-the-arts study of the relationship between chemical
pollution of fresh water and health, over 500 articles pertinent to the question
of water pollutants toxic to humans have been identified. The compounds have
been arranged in a manner which enables the classification and search of
literature for toxicological information.
1*8
-------
FWP0A
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT
AND DEMONSTRATION
Fiscal Years 1970 and 1971
fay Program
COKIMCT8
i.i
f.> WB iMMn ••* emlil Oiar FIM »r
-------
| RESEARCH., DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
.Ul
0
MONIC jtPAXr"
POLLUTION
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
Sewered
Wastes
Combined
Sewer
Discharges
Storm Sewer
Discharges
Nonsewered
Runoff
Nonsewered
Municipal
Wastes
Joint
(Mun./Ind.)
Wastes
fflDUBTRIAL-
POLLUTION
CONTROL
TECHHOLOGY
Metal & Metal
Products
Chemicals and
Allied Products
Power
Production
Paper and Al-
lied Products
Petroleum and
Coal Products
Food & Kindred
Products
AGRI CULTURAL -
POLLUTION
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
Forestry and
Logging .
Rural Runoff
Irrigation
Return Flows
Animal Feed
Lots
Nonsewered
Rural Wastes
MHOTG-
POLLUTION
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
Mine
Drainage
Oil
Production
Oil Shale
Other
Mining
Sources
Phosphate
Mining
Machinery and
Transportation Equipment
Stone, Clay and
Glass Products
OTHER-SOURCES-
OF-POLLUTION I
CONTROL
TECHHOLOGY :
Recreational
Boat and Ship
Construction
Projects
Impoundments
Salt Water
Intrusion
Hatural
Pollution
Dredging and
Landfill
Oil Pollution
Textile Mill Products
Lumber and Wood
Products
lubber & Plastics
Miscellaneous
Industrial
Sources
---/
QUALITY
QONTR01
TIOHNOK5GY
Eutrophication
Physical-Chemi-
cal Identifi-
cation of
Pollutants
Biological
Identification
of Pollutants
Source of
Pollutants
Fate of Pollu-
tants in Surface
Waters
Fate of Pollu-
tants in Ground-
waters
Fate of Pojlur
tants in
Coastal Waters
Water Quality
Control
Water Resources
Planning and
Resources Data
Cold Climate :
Research
Jhermal
WASTE TREA1-
ME1T & ULTI-
MATE DISPOSAL
TECHBrOLOGY
Dissolved
Nutrient
Removal
Dissolved
Refractory
Organies
Removal
Suspended &
Colloidal
Solids
Removal
Dissolved
Inorganics
Removal
Dissolved
Biodegrad-:
able Organies
Removal
Microorganisms
Removal
Ultimate
Disposal
WATER
QUALITY
REQUIREMENTS
RESEARCH
Municipal
Uses
Industrial
Uses
Agricultural
Uses
Recreational
Uses
Fish and
Other Aquati<
Life
Other Single
Uses
Multiple Use
Waste Water Renova-
tion and Reuse
General Waste Treat-
ment Technology
-------
Research, Development and Demonstration Program
Bridge between Program Elements and Conventional Budget Basis
FY 1970 and 1971
(dollars in thousands)
Corfjined Sewer
Advanced Waste
Treatment and
Joint Treatment
Industrial Waste
Demonstration
Grants
Research Grants
General Research
Contracts
In-House
Total..,..,,
a/ Applicable to
b/ Applicable to
c/ Applicable to
Municipal-
Pollution
Control
Technology
1970 1971
$6,690 |1*.050
. 5,190 3,330
. 1,500 720
i*,ooo 2,838
, 2,61*0 2,390
. 1 360 1*1*8
... $5
5
1*5 1*5
ll*8 IW
863 975
, ll,7U6 8,056 6
, (8,023) (5,913) (5
, (2,860) (1,168)
, (863) (975)
authorization under
authorization under
authorization under
Industrial- Agricultural- Mining- Other-Sourcea-
Pollution Pollution Pollution of -Pollution
Control Control Control ' Control
Technology Technology Technology Technology
1970 1971 1970 1971 1970 1971 1970 1971
$510
...
,220 $3
,030 3
190,,
133
1*27
106
860
,7« 5
,590) (1*
(296)
(860)
section
section
section
$280
280
,810 767
,620 650
190 117
133 350
377 570
128 296
968 588
,1+16 2,851
,130) (1,850)
(318) (Ms)
(968) (568)
6(e)(l) under
6(e)(2) under
6(e)(3) under
$580 $2,290 $1
^30 1,590
150 ' 700
300
520 51
290
662 U36
17O
3^0
,19O 1,690
870 560
320 1,130
382
51 170
100 582
1*90 1*67
$850
510
3i*0
1*32
170
. 8*
81*3
2,352 2,777 1,831 3,801 3,099
(1,250) (1,61*1) (921) (1,282) (1,112)
(W+0) (700) (1*20) (2,052) (l,ll*)
(662) (U36) (1*90) (U67) (81*3)
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Water
Quality
Control
Technology
1970 1971
$150 $230
150 230
1,225 1,525
2,650 2,350
1,839 1,1*85 .
2,963 3,895
8,827 9,>*85
(3,875) (3,875)
(1,989) (1,715)
(2,963) (3,895)
, as amended.
, as amended.
, as amended.
Waste Treatment
and Ultimate
Disposal
Technology
1970 1971
$880 $1,080
220 650
660 1*3O
331 131
1,025 925
l,l*2l* 1,1*00
2,775 2,801*
6,1*35 6,31*0
(1,575) (1,706)
(2,081*) (1)830)
(2,775) (2,8ol*)
Mater
Quality
Requirements
Research Tctal
1970
...
$31*
1,1*59
575
3,258
5,326
(1,"*93)
(575)
(3,258)
1971 1970
. . . $7,200S/
... 5,360
1,81*0
5,l60
... 3,H*0£/
... 2j020§/
... 10,117 ,
7i830£7
... 2,287§/
$3U 2,500
1,159 6,500
715 M22
5 ,605 12,210
7,513 1*8,509
(l!193)(25,330K
(715)J-10,969) )
(5,605/(12,210)|
^ /
X /
.'. g
1971
$1*,050S/
3,33®'
720
3,918
3,0i*0b/
878S/
6,660 ,
5,^30£/,
l,2305/
2,600
5,700
l*,922
16,21*2
1+1*, 092
(20,100)
(7,750)
(16,21*2)
*/? * & •>-*- *f
i CiO, X,Z &• f
-------
Planning,
assistance and
training
SECTION TAB
-------
-------
Comprehensive
basin planning
grants
SECTION TAB
-------
a. ComgreherLs 1ye. bag In pi anning
FY 1970 Increase (+)
Amount FY 1971 Decrease (-)
Available Estimate Over 1970
1. Grants $2,448,731 $2,900,000 +$451,269
2. Federal planning and
studies 5.214,000 5,143,000 -71,000
Total 7,663,000 8,043,000 +380,000
Effective river basin planning and comprehensive approaches to pollution
controls are essential to assure that the massive investment in abating pollution
will yield optimum returns in cleaning up entire stream systems. To achieve
pollution control on a river basin approach, FWPCA is authorized to provide
grants to non-Federal planning agencies to support the develooment of effective
comprehensive water quality control and abatement programs consistent with any
applicable water quality standards established pursuant to current law and,
through direct Federal effort, to prepare or develop pollution control action
programs in cooperation with all concerned. The following are specific details
on the activities.
1. Basin pianning grants: (water quality management planning) Fiscal year
1970, $2,448,731; fiscal year 1971, $2,900,000; increase, $451,269. The increase
consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (_-) Total Total
Amojn tPosjitions" Program Positions Explanation
+$451,269 ... $2,900,000 ... To support six new
— non-Federal basin
planning agencies
and provide
increased support
for those initiated
in fiscal years 1969
and 1970.
Need for increase
This program was initiated in 1968 and will have funded approximately 32
basin planning programs through 1970. The requested funding will allow for the
establishment of six additional non-Federal basin planning-programs in 1971 to
develop effective water quality management plans in addition to providing support
for the 32 on-going programs. Emphasis will be focused on providing assistance
to those basins and metropolitan areas having the most serious and complex water
pollution problems.
With the anticipated major increase in construction grant funds and the
prospective tightening of planning requirements as a condition of awarding grants,
there is an urgent need to make the FWPCA programs for development of compre-
hensive water pollution and abatement plans as effective and flexible as possible.
The proposed increase in the comprehensive basin planning grant program is
expected to be of major importance in assisting State and local governments in
the development of acceptable plans,
Objective
Section 3(c) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides
53
-------
for grants not to exceed 50 percent to planning agencies if they adequately
represent State, interstate, local or international interests in the basin, and
if they are capable of developing an effective comprehensive water quality control
and abatement plan for a basin. Grants may be given to an approved agency
designated by the Governor for a period not to exceed three years.
These grants are to financially assist each planning agency in the develop-
ment of a comprehensive pollution control and abatement plan for the basin. Each
of these plans developed must be consistent with applicable water quality
standards established for the basin concerned. Special emphasis is placed on the
development of regional systems for the most effective and economical means of
collection, storage, treatment and purification of wastes as well as methods to
encourage both municipal and industrial use of such works and systems.
Program of Work
Congress recognized the need to initiate effective local water quality
planning and management programs for river basins by providing Federal planning
grant assistance. A basin includes, but is not limited to, rivers and their
tributaries, streams, coastal waters, sounds, estuaries, bays, lakes and portions
thereof. It is anticipated that many of the planning programs will be initiated
by regional and metropolitan planning agencies. The current program seeks to
assist in the establishment of local institutional arrangements which will
provide for coordinated water quality management programs. The Federal assistance
will be used to stimulate the required State and local cooperative action.
In 1971, approximately 32 agencies in 26 States will receive support in
developing implementable solutions to basinwide water quality control programs
and will also be generating information on the organization, design and execution
of water quality planning studies as a basis for continuous improvement of
management programs to maintain and enhance water quality standards.
Accomplishments
Eleven water quality planning agencies in nine States and Puerto Rico are
currently receiving grant assistance for the preparation of basinwide pollution
control plans. These agencies include State, interstate, regional and
metropolitan planning agencies. Examples of agencies conducting planning
include California State Water Resources Control Board; North Central Texas
Regional Planning Commission; Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission;
Maryland Department of Water Resources; and Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan
Area Planning Agency, Nebraska and Omaha.
As essential feature of each plan is an action program which identifies and
evaluates alternative approaches to implementation including necessary fiscal
arrangements and appropriate institutional frameworks through which States and
local communities can continuously coordinate their efforts to control pollution
in the basin. Interest is widespread because of problems being encountered in
meeting pollution control requirements in metropolitan areas in meeting water
quality standards, and in overcoming organizational hurdles to regional water
quality management programs.
-------
Federal planning
and studies
SECTION TAB
-------
2. Federal planning and studies: Fiscal year 1970, $5,214,000; fiscal year 1971,
$5,143,000; decrease $71,000.The decrease consists of:
Increase(+) or Decrease (-) Total
AnrountPositions' "~ Program
(1) +$21,000
(2) -92,000
-71,000
$5,143,000
Total
Positions
257
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs.
Nonrecurring costs to
Office of Business
Economics, U.S. Depart-
ment of Commerce for
providing economic and
statistical analyses and
projections for use in
water resources planning.
Objective
The legislative history underlying the passage of the Clean Water Restoration
Act of 1966 places an important mandate on FWPCA to orient pollution control in
the United States toward a basinwide basis. The planning activities will be the
focal point for this effort.
Section 3 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides
for the development of river basin water quality management programs; for studies
of the need and value of storage in Federal reservoirs for regulation of stream-
flow for the purpose of water quality control; and for financial assistance to
basin planning agencies. The latter provision was added by the Clean Water
Restoration Act of 1966.
The specific objectives of Section 3 are:
(a) Develop a comprehensive guide to pollution control actions—both
immediate cleanup needs and long-range preventive measures—necessary in specific
river basins. The thrust of river basin water quality management planning will
be directed toward complementing the water quality standards and State program
planning activities. The extent and nature of Federal planning activities
necessary to accomplish this in any given river basin will be related to the
nature of the pollution problems involved and the extent to which State and local
planning activities are making a contribution in the basin concerned. Coordi-
nation of pollution control plans with water resource development is an important
element in the planning activity. Participation in Federal interagency water
resource planning, as scheduled by the Water Resources Council, assures this
coordination.
(b) Provide to Federal construction agencies reports regarding the
inclusion of storage for regulation of streamflow for the purpose of water quality
control.
(c) Guide, assist and encourage the activities of State-local basin planning
agencies.
Estuarine and oceanographic activities will: (1) provide liaison with the
Department of the Interior's Office of Marine Resources, other government agencies,
and committees on marine resource matters, including assistance to Federal, State,
interstate, and local organizations for purposes of planning and management in the
estuarine and coastal zone and to assist in the integration of this planning and
55
-------
management with overall basin planning, (2) develop programs to control and abate
pollution in estuarine and oceanic waters and to coordinate such programs with
appropriate basin planning and, (3) maintain and develop the National Estuarine
Inventory as an operating vehicle for use by Federal/State and other agencies, as
an aid to comprehensive planning and management.
Section 16 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, requires
special cost and impact studies to be updated and submitted annually to provide
Congress with a basis for evaluating authorized programs, development of new
programs and information necessary for authorizing appropriations.
ProgramofWork
Water qua1ity management planning
Planning will be initiated or continued in selected river basins where there
is a need for such planning to solve crucial pollution problems. In addition,
planning will be undertaken in those basins where preventative actions taken in
the near future can have a large influence on maintenance or enhancement of the
water quality. The result will be the development of recommended courses of
action for the resolution of prevention of water quality problems within areas
and specified time periods. The planning will be carried out as a cooperative
effort between the FWPCA and other concerned Federal, State, interstate, and
local agencies. Moreover, river basin planning will be coordinated with the
construction grants program within FWPCA, in order to achieve effective
utilization of construction grant resources, in response to the recommendations
of the General Accounting Office.
Interagency water resource planning
(1) Water Resources Council—Type 1 and 2 Studies: Participation in inter-
agency water and related land resources planning will continue in eight Type I
studies and be initiated in one Type 2 study.
Water quality management plan development will be continued in association
with interagency water resource planning and with State and interstate
planning whenever appropriate. In some cases, where tnteraqency planninq efforts
are not under way or where State or local efforts are not adequate, the
Federal water pollution control program must spearhead the planning task in order
to meet the problem of pollution control in the shortest possible time as
indicated previously. Since many of the basin planning activities provide data
which is also needed for interagency water resource plans and plans of other
Federal and State agencies, any reduction in that effort would affect interagency
and other Federal and State planning activities.
(2) Interagency reports and reviews: Studies will continue to be carried
out for Federal construction agencies concerning the need for and value of storage
for quality control in reservoirs. This will include assembling information on
the physical, economic and demographic environment, water use and waste production,
present uses, and estimating the ways in which these are expected to change in the
future.
In 1971 it is anticipated that approximately 100 projects will be under study
and 30 reports prepared. There will be an additional emphasis on improving
streamflow regulation activities to make them more meaningful along the proposed
policies and procedures being developed by the Water Resources Council on
reservoir storage for flow regulation for water quality control in Federal and
federally supported water projects.
This activity also will provide necessary reviews and comments on water and
related land resource development proposals in project reports under Interagency
56
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Review Procedures and Executive Order 11288. It is estimated that water quality
aspects of approximately 225 planning reports of other agencies will be reviewed.
These include Federal Power Commission and Atomic Energy Commission license
applications, Corps of Engineers reports, Soil Conservation Service plans and
Bureau of Reclamation reports.
PIanning grant assistance
A considerable amount of effort will be devoted to encouraging the formation
of planning agencies, providing assistance in their formation, reviewing appli-
cations of basin planning agencies to determine need for and adequacy of proposed
water quality management planning activities, and providing assistance in
planning. Grants will be awarded and administered in accordance with the
provisions of Section 3(c) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,
and prescribed regulations.
Estuarine and oceanpgraphic activities
Liaison with the States and other government agencies will be continued to
develop the necessary awareness of the National Estuarine Inventory and its
usefulness in comprehensive planning and in water quality management plans. The
agency's programs relating to oceanography, ocean pollution and to estuarine and
coastal zone pollution will continue to be coordinated and integrated into the
river basin plans. Required coordination will be maintained with the Interior's
Office of Marine Resources.
Nationa1 regu irements and cost studies
Investigations and evaluations will continue for the national requirements
and cost studies in accordance with Section 16 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended. These include a continuing analysis of the economic
impact on affected units of government of the cost of installing waste treatment
facilities and a continuing analysis of the national requirements for and the
cost of treating municipal, industrial, and other effluent to attain established
water quality standards.
Assessment of the Nation's needs and related costs involved in controlling
pollution from municipal, industrial, agricultural, mining and other sources is
essential to national policy making. If the annual updated reports as required
are to have maximum utility, information gaps regarding needs and costs must be
filled. Accordingly, as future reports are issued, the amount and reliability of
the data will be improved. Information exchange with State and local planning
agencies will be encouraged as will exchange of program-related information from
other Federal agencies, Better methods will be sought to evaluate programs,
progress and benefits. Participation of industry, educational institutions and
nonprofit organizations will be encouraged to stimulate the highest quality of
professional interest in this important national problem.
The assessment of national requirements and costs must be the basis for
shaping as well as for evaluating FWPCA's operational programs. As such, the
projected expenditures in economic and related analyses are expected to be a
sound investment, eventually showing the way to more effective methods of doing
business.
Accomplishments
(1) Water quality management plans to be completed in 1970 include the
Susquehanna River Basin, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland; Black-St. Lawrence
Tributaries River Basin, New York; Kanawha River Basin, West Virginia and
Virginia; Klamath River Basin, California and Oregon; and Lake Huron, Michigan.
These plans provide for meeting short-range pollution control needs and serve as
longer range guidelines for water quality management.
57
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Planning activities have also supported broad environmental planning and
management projects such as the work done in connection with the Miami Jetport
studies, Florida, and investigations in the Salton Sea Basin, California.
(2) Assurance that water quality is fully considered in water resource
planning and that water quality considerations exercise their proper influence
in water resource management has been brought about through full participation
in interagency water resource studies. Studies for which field work is furnished
and reports are scheduled for completion in 1970 include Type 1 framework studies
in the Missouri, Upper Mississippi, and Pacific-Northwest Basins and Type 2
detailed comprehensive studies in the Pearl, Mississippi and Louisiana; Grand,
Michigan; Big Muddy, Illinois; Big Black, Mississippi; Puget Sound, Washington;
Willamette, Oregon; and Wabash, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio.
Continuing coordination in planning activities is being maintained with the
New England River Basin Commission, Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins Commission;
Great Lakes Basin Commission; and Pacific-Northwest River Basins Commission.
These Commissions have been established under the Water Resources Planning Act.
(3) During 1970 approximately 50 studies will be carried out for Federal
Water Resource construction agencies concerning the need for and value of storage
for quality control in reservoirs in accordance with Section 3(b) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. Since 1960 the FWPCA has carried out a
total of 305 studies—213 studies for the Corps of Engineers, 91 for the Bureau
of Reclamation, and one joint Corps of Engineers-Bureau of Reclamation study.
(4) All water resource project reports of the Corps of Engineers, Bureau of
Reclamation and Soil Conservation Service are reviewed from a water quality
standpoint prior to their transmittal to Congress for approval. Since 1963 FWPCA
has reviewed 382 Corps of Engineers reports, 89 Bureau of Reclamation reports and
785 Soil Conservation Service reports. It is estimated that 110 of these reports
will be processed during 1970.
(5) Under the authority of Section 4 of the Federal Power Commission Act,
FWPCA reviews and comments on all applications for new licenses for hydroelectric
generating operations, as well as the renewal of old licenses. The applications
are reviewed from the standpoint of Departmental policy relative to the
maintenance of adequate stream quality. It is estimated that during 1970, 45 of
these license applications will be reviewed. Since 1963, FWPCA has reviewed 491
applications for the Federal Power Commission.
(6) The final report on the three-year National Estuarine Pollution Study
(NEPS) was completed and transmitted to the Congress in November 1969. Since
that time the National Estuarine Inventory, begun as part o.f NEPS, has been
expanded and modified to increase the data bank and to make the information in it
more readily accessible and useful for estuarine management needs. Pilot programs
for inventory use in management planning were initiated with two States and with
several other Federal agencies. Expanded efforts were made in maintaining liaison
and coordinating the estuarine and oceanographic activities of FWPCA with those
of other agencies.
(7) A report under Section 16(a) of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended, was submitted to the Congress in early 1970 including a
preliminary assessment of the animal wastes problem. In addition a profile of
the inorganic chemical industry, one of the more complex of industrial waste
producers was prepared.
(8) A questionnaire survey on user charges carried out under contract by
the International City Managers Association was completed and the data analysis
will have been completed by March 1970.
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(9) A mathematical model using routine FWPCA data as inputs was developed
which provides a rapid measure of cost for municipal treatment requirements under
varying assumptions and provides a dynamic analysis of the effectiveness of
alternative levels of investment.
(10) A special study on the optimal mix of investments for future water
supply was completed for the Bureau of the Budget. It is basically a method-
ological analysis capable of reflecting optimal solutions in the face of relative
price changes and having potential for easier planning as well as research and
development applications.
(11) An operating manual for a two-dimensional dynamic computer model of
estuary quality will be completed for use by the regions. The model is currently
being applied to the Upper Potomac Estuary to determine the degree to which water
demands for the Washington Metropolitan area can be met from the estuary.
(12) A state-of-the-art paper on mathematical modeling for water quality
management will be completed prior to June 1970. The paper will consolidate
technology in the field and identify research needs.
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Control of pollution
from Federal
activities
SECTION TAB
-------
b. Control ofj?gl]utjon fromFederal activities: Fiscal year 1970, $1,031,000;
fiscal year 1971, $1,158,000; increase $127,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions Explanation
(1) +$3,000 ... ... ... To meet increased
pay costs.
(2) +19,000 ... ... ... To support full year
employment of new
personnel authorized
for 1970.
(3) +105,000 +10 $1,158,000 65 To expand program for
assisting Federal
+127.000 +10 agencies in control-
ling water pollution
from their activities.
Need for Increase
An increase of $105,000 and 10 positions is needed to expand and strengthen
the Federal activities coordination program. Work load, especially demands for
assistance from the other Federal agencies, has continually exceeded the available
manpower since the inception of this program.. Additional staff will permit the
program to provide more effective, but more importantly, timely assistance to
Federal agencies in carrying out their programs for controlling water pollution
from their activities. Such assistance is particularly essential in the design of
water pollution control measures for new facilities, surveillance of waste
treatment and disposal practices at existing installations, and the establishment
of water pollution control requirements in connection with Federal loan, grant,
and contract practices. A major increase in work load is stemming from the
requirement to provide technical review of approximately 5,000 applications per
year to the Army Corps of Engineers for permission to dredge. Increasingly,
substantive evaluations of the resource conflicts involved are being required in
this program.
Objective
Under Executive Order 11288 and Section 11 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, Federal agencies are obligated to prevent and control
pollution from their activities. The Federal activities coordination program
implements the responsibilities assigned the Department of the Interior.
The Executive Order requires positive action by each Federal agency to control
pollution from their activities and implements Section 11 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended, which requires their cooperation with the
Secretary of the Interior and with State and local agencies. The Department of
the Interior is responsible for providing the necessary technical advice and
assistance to Federal agencies in developing adequate methods and facilities for
preventing pollution.
The Department has substantial responsibilities in the following areas:
(1) New and existing facilities and buildings: Consult in the development
of water pollution control measures for inclusion in plans for new or modified
installations; review final plans for adequacy prior to construction; inspect
existing treatment and pollution control works for adequacy.
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(2) Facj1ities andoperations supported byFederal loans» grants, and
contracts:Assist Federal agenciesin prescribingregulations requiring
borrowers, grantees, and contractors to adhere to water quality standards similar
to those imposed on direct Federal operations.
(3) Pol 1 ution_from_vessel operations: Review operation of and recommend
pollution control measures to assure adequate treatment of wastes from federally
operated watercraft.
(4) Intergovernmentalcpprdination: Coordinate Federal agency water
pollution control efforts withthose ofother Federal agencies, other FWPCA
program elements, and with State, interstate, and local agencies.
Program ofWork
(a) Provide technical advice and assistance to Federal agencies in
designing and constructing waste treatment and disposal facilities from the
initial stages of planning to the completion of the final plans and specifications.
Emphasis will be shifted from the detailed review of completed plans to the more
productive activities of providing technical advice and assistance to the agencies
during the predesign stages.
(b) Provide more effective assistance to agencies in identifying those
existing installations which do not meet Federal and State water quality
standards. In cooperation with the Federal agencies, conduct on-site reviews of
the waste water treatment and disposal practices at Federal installations and
advise the agency as to the adequacy and effectiveness of the facilities,
operating procedures, and laboratory analyses. Greater emphasis will be placed
on reviews of installations which have a significant potential for causing a
pollution problem rather than on reviews of a routine nature.
(c) Advise and assist the Federal agencies and the Bureau of the Budget in
the annual updating of agencies' phased and orderly plans for installing
improvements needed to prevent water pollution from existing Federal facilities
and buildings in accordance with BOB Circular A-81. This includes (1) advising
the agencies on the type of corrective action required and the scheduling of
such actions; (2) reviewing agency plans for the Bureau of the Budget and
recommending budget priorities for projects contained in the plans; and
(3) working with the agencies in justifying their budget requests to the Congress.
In addition, recommendations will be made to the Bureau of the Budget for
modifying and improving the policies and procedures established by BOB Circular
A-81.
(d) Assist Federal agencies in (1) identifying those Federal loan, grant,
and contract programs which have an impact on water quality; (2) developing water
pollution control regulations applicable to each of the programs identified; and
(3) developing procedures for implementation and enforcement of these requirements.
The number of requests from agencies for this type of assistance is increasing,
particularly from the Department of the Interior. All bureaus and offices in the
Department of the Interior have been directed to set an example in this
government-wide effort to submit all proposed regulations to FWPCA for review.
(e) Review applications for Federal licenses, leases, and permits to
determine their impact on water quality. Provide technical advice and guidance
to the Federal agencies so that the performance of these activities will not
adversely affect water quality.
(f) Complete the data and reporting system and begin publication of periodic
special reports on water pollution control practices and needs at Federal
installations. This will be coordinated with the FWPCA surveillance and
monitoring activities as well as the municipal and industrial waste inventories.
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(g) Identify program areas which require strengthening and recommend
legislative changes needed to accomplish program objectives and achieve optimum
utilization of resources.
Accomp 1 i sh men t s_
During the first six months of fiscal year 1970, the staff reviewed and
evaluated final plans for 150 water pollution control measures proposed by
Federal agencies to prevent or abate water pollution at facilities under their
jurisdiction. It is anticipated that by the end of the fiscal year a total of
325 plans will have been reviewed. To assist the Federal agencies' personnel
responsible for planning and designing water pollution control measures, a
seminar was conducted in January 1970, to advise them of technological advances
in techniques and equipment which are now available. Plans are being developed
for additional sessions during fiscal year 1970.
Forty-eight projects to construct new or improved waste treatment facilities
at military installations authorized by the 1970 Military Construction Authori-
zation Act are being reviewed as required by Section 807 of the 1969 Military
Construction Authorization Act, The purpose of this review is to advise the
Department of Defense whether the degree and type of waste disposal and treatment
provided in the area around each installation is consistent with applicable
Federal or State water quality standards and that the planned system for the
installation is coordinated in timing with State, county, or municipal programs.
Technical advice and assistance was provided to Federal agencies in
(a) developing water pollution control requirements for inclusion in specific
loan, grant, and contract documents and (b) reviewing applications for grants,
licenses, and permits. These included applications to the Department of
Transportation, Corps of Engineers, Atomic Energy Commission, Federal Power
Commission, and Bureau of Reclamation in the Department of the Interior. There
were 3,200 applications reviewed and comments on the potential impact on water
quality were provided to the agencies on 1,200 applications during the first half
of fiscal year 1970. At this rate it is estimated that 6,400 projects will be
reviewed and comments provided on 2,400 during the fiscal year.
On-site reviews were conducted at 193 existing installations during the
first six months of fiscal year 1970 for the purpose of advising the agencies as
to the adequacy of waste treatment and disposal practices and effectiveness of
operating procedures. This level of activity is expected to continue and
approximately 400 reviews completed by the end of the fiscal year.
Phased and orderly plans of 1.7 agencies for installing needed improvements to
prevent or abate water pollution were reviewed during fiscal year 1970 for the
Bureau of the Budget and budget priorities recommended for approximately 382
proposed water pollution control projects costing about $57.5 million.
A system of recording and reporting data on the waste water disposal
practices at Federal installations is being developed to facilitate coordination
and surveillance functions and preparation of status reports. The initial step
was the development of a directory of these Federal installations that are on
file with FWPCA. There are approximately 5,000 case files which will be analyzed,
augmented, and converted into a computer oriented inventory.
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Technical support
SECTION TAB
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c. Technical support and services
1
2.
Technical support
Pollution surveillance —
Total
FY 1970
Amount
Available
, . $6,181,000
4,012,000
,. 10,193,000
FY 1971
Estimate
$6,188,000
4,286,000
10,474.000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
+$7,000
+274,000
+281 ,000
1. Technical support: Fiscal year 1970, $6,181,000; fiscal year 1971,
$6,188,000; increase, $7,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease.....(-) Total Total
Amount PositionsProgram Positions Explanation
+$7,000 ... $6,188,000 358 To meet increased oay costs.
Objiecti_ye
Section 5 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides
for conducting, encouraging, rendering assistance to and cooperation with other
appropriate public or private authorities, agencies, institutions, businesses and
individuals in their conduct and coordination of investigations, studies and
experiments relating to the causes, extent, prevention and control of water
pollution. The activity, therefore, is the heart of the Federal-State-regional-
local cooperative approach to water pollution control problems,
Subordinate program objectives to implement the above, include the following:
(1) Upon the request of any State water pollution control agency or
interstate agency, conduct investigations and make surveys concerning any specific
water pollution problem confronting a State, interstate agency, community,
municipality or industrial plant, in order to recommend a solution to the problem.
Such problems generally involve specific pollutional effects, such as eutrophi-
cation problems, industrial waste discharges, fish kills, taste and odor problems,
algae, etc.
(2) Investigate, analyze, prepare and provide scientific and technical data,
evaluations and conclusions in response to all other similar pollution problems.
(3) Develop national pollution control programs in response to emerging
problem areas, primarily involving national problems of a recurring nature and
which involve specific pollution sources, such as oil and hazardous materials,
pollution from vessels, pesticides, etc.
Program of Work
All of the technical activities of FWPCA are carried out either at the
National Field Investigations Center or at the regional level by technical support
staffs of the regional offices and laboratories. Activities range from responding
to letters, which in many cases concern only minor, isolated instances of
pollution, to carrying out major project investigations requiring several years
study. Expert consultations and field investigations, as necessary to meet the
pressing needs of States and others, are provided relative.to specific local and
regional water pollution problems by regional offices, field laboratories, and the
headquarters staff, including the National Field Investigations Center. Provides
technical support in conducting and evaluating industrial waste studies and in
support of water quality standards, including assistance to solve disposal
problems in particular industrial waste operations.
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Upon receipt of a request for assistance involving a pollution problem
(e.g. thermonuclear power plant studies, sewage treatment plant evaluations, fish
kills, taste and odor, etc.), several steps are taken to provide assistance:
(1) Gather, evaluate and assign priorities to requests received for the
conduct of or assistance with investigations, surveys, studies and experiments
and allocate available resources thereto.
(2) Investigate, analyze, prepare, and provide scientific and technical
data, evaluations and conclusions through the preparation, conduct and presen-
tation of consultations, investigations, laboratory and field studies,
publications and reports.
(3) Plan and direct national pollution control programs that are addressed
to new or emerging pollution source problems (e.g. oil, vessels, etc.) and
develop these to where they can be assumed by other organizational elements as
continuing programs, where necessary.
Accomplishments
Some redistribution of regional staff and resources has taken place to
develop their capacities for reporting and responding to incidents of fish kills
and oil and hazardous materials spills. It is planned to develop a highly
efficient reporting system which will disseminate complete and accurate infor-
mation (by TWX teletypewriter and other means) on incidents, beginning within
24 hours after their occurrence and continuing through to the control, cleanup
and final evaluation-reporting of the incident. It is further planned to operate
response teams which will (a) investigate the causes, effects and damages of
incidents; (b) advise on and, in some cases, direct the efforts to contain,
control and clean up the pollution; (c) collect information necessary to pursue
prosecution or enforcement action; and (d) determine and promote the actions
necessary to prevent recurrences. Several major spills have taken place which
were reported within this developing communications response system and whose
pollution potential was substantially contained as a direct result of its
operation. Examples include the following:
(1) A 200,000 barrel oil storage tank imploded in Sewarren, New Jersey, and
discharged oil into the surrounding dike, marsh area, and a tributary to the
Arthur Kill River. Prompt response by headquarters and regional reaction teams
provided timely advice and assistance to company representatives, which was
directly responsible for the early abatement of a potentially much more damaging
spill.
(2) The Santa Barbara oil well problem recurred to a lesser extent this
past December when a ruptured pipeline forced temporary suspension of pumping,
and building subsurface pressure forced new oil seepage through the ocean floor.
Prompt reaction by the regional response team assisted in the cleanup operations,
working closely with the U. S. Coast Guard, the oil company, the State of
California, and others.
(3) The remnants of hurricane Camille caused severe flooding in Virginia,
which washed large quantities of insecticides and herbicides from a local plant
into a James River tributary. The regional response team reacted swiftly and,
in close coordination with Virginia State agencies, entered into cooperative
sampling and analysis of the pesticide content in the river, the source of
downstream municipal water supplies. Eventually, three FWPCA regions and head-
quarters became involved in swiftly determining the actual pollution hazard,
which was eventually verified as well within minimum allowable standards.
(4) A ruptured pipeline on Chester Creek, Pennsylvania, spilled 1,600
barrels of fuel into the Creek. Headquarters and regional response teams went to
6k
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the scene and ensured that effective containment and cleanup actions were taken.
Other examples of accomplishments in specific problem areas are as follows:
(a) A study concerning mine drainage pollution in the North Branch of the
Potomac River basin has reported on water quality effects and made recommendations
regarding desired water quality parameters through mine drainage removal from the
basin's tributaries. A general cost estimate was made for this reduction.
(b) Also affecting the North Branch is a study of the Bloomington Reservoir
construction, which is primarily concerned with evaluating water quality changes
from the resulting reservoir impoundment. An estimate has been made on the
required discharge needed to correct downstream pH problems as well as the
treatment and treatment cost requirements to process this discharge.
(c) A report from a study on Tampa Bay in Florida, completed this fiscal
year, indicated that odor problems in the bay were a consequence of decaying
algae. The algae was, in turn, nurtured by the general waste discharge of both
industrial and municipal sewage The study made specific recommendations
regarding fresh water inflow regulation, improving municipal sewage treatment and
other improvements in the treatment of a variety of industrial effluents,
including the phosphate processing industry which was a substantial pollution
source at the time of the study.
(d) A preliminary report from the study on thermal pollution problems in
Biscayne Bay, Florida, has revealed the extent and significance of this pollution
effect and verified that a suspected local source was largely responsible for
such discharge.
(e) Preliminary studies from a comprehensive survey of the Ohio River to
determine the causes of taste and odor problems in fish has indicated that several
types of industrial chemical wastes, primarily phenolic chemical derivatives, may
be responsible. Continuing studies will identify specific chemicals, their
sources, and practical methods for eliminating the problem.
(f) A midwest study reported on the water quality effects from various
industrial wastes in the Omaha, Nebraska, and Kansas City, Missouri, area and
made recommendations on water quality baseline data requirements.
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Pollution
Surveillance
SECTION TAB
-------
2. Pol lotion surveillance: Fiscal year 1970, $4,012,000; fiscal year 1971,
$4,286,000; increase $274,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (•-) Total Total
Amount Positions] Program Positions Explanation
(1) +$4,000 ..... ... ... To meet increased pay costs.
(2) +27,000 ... ... ... To support full year
employment of new personnel
authorized for 1970.
(3) +243,000 +20 $4,286,000 189 To provide for personnel in
support of use/criteria
+274,000 +20 system development,
-— •- operation of water quality
monitoring system, and
conduct of an industrial
wastes inventory.
Need for Increase
There has been a substantial investment in the development and implementation
of water quality standards. To protect that investment we must be able to
evaluate past experience, make timely decisions with regard to current situations,
and evaluate alternatives based on future forecasts. In the final analysis,
success or failure of the combined State/Federal water pollution control effort
will be measured by the presence or absence of desired levels of quality consistent
with current and desired uses of the Nation's waterways. The pollution
surveillance program of FWPCA plans, develops, and coordinates activitte required
in the collection, evaluation and dissemination of water pollution control and
water quality data vital to the implementation and enforcement of water quality
standards and to meet day-to-day requirements for Federal, State and local
purposes.
Three broad categories of technical information are essential to the FWPCA
program on a point-by-point basis. The first category includes specific infor-
mation covering the status (in-place or needed) and effectiveness (efficiency) of
waste treatment and control facilities (municipal, industrial and Federal), current
and desired future water uses, and pollution caused problems. The second category,
economic data associated with construction activities, is necessary to convert
needed waste treatment and control facilities statistics into realistic costs
estimates, as required by law, on an annual basis. The third category, water
quality data, is the ultimate quantitative check on pollution control progress on
a day-to-day basis. Water quality data are essential to define compliance with
water quality standards and to identify emerging pollution trends so that they may
be traced to the source as quickly as possible for corrective action. This
requires development and application of a water quality monitoring system
employing new technologies related to collection, analysis and processing of
requisite information.
Consistent with the above categories the proposed increase is for the
following purposes:
(a) The continued development of a water quality standards use/criteria
system—water quality standards have been established for the interstate waterways,
associated with 50 States, three territories and the District of Columbia. Thus,
specific waste treatment or control facilities, to be built according to stipulated
construction schedules with the objective of attaining selected water quality
goals consistent with specific water uses, are now or soon will be available for
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most of the United States. As noted below, it is now necessary to increase
water quality monitoring activities to measure the effectiveness of waste treat-
ment and control works relative to the restoration and enhancement of quality
in the Nation's streams. Thus, it is essential that an automated system be
maintained and upgraded to permit timely comparisons of resultant quality data
with the prescribed water quality criteria and uses contained within the standards.
This system will enable FWPCA to make decisions on a current basis for not only
the Nation in aggregate, but also for regions, States, river basins, stream
reaches and individual communities. Such a system is also essential for the
efficient development and implementation of comprehensive basin programs, which
involve preparation of estimates of long-range pollution control costs,
establishment of abatement priorities, and the resultant administration of
program grant and municipal waste treatment construction grant programs.
The 1971 budget includes additional resources to continue the development of
a computerized use/criteria subsystem and its integration with existing STORET
processing capabilities related to water quality data and water pollution control
information. During 1971, emphasis will be placed on further development of the
1970 basic subsystem, concentrating on operations for the Ohio, Columbia, and
Missouri Basins. The use/criteria data base for these interstate waterways will
be completed and entered into the system in 1972. Work on the remaining
interstate waterways will then be undertaken. One additional position and
$15,000 will be utilized for this activity.
(b) The continued development and operation of a water quality monitoring
system—in order to adequately evaluate compliance with water quality standards
and determine water quality trends, a State-Federal cooperative water quality
monitoring system consisting of 2,400 Federal and several thousand State
monitoring stations is required. The present system has in operation about 785
Federal (466 of which are operated by US6S) and 600 State long-term stations.
Additional staff (e.g., engineers, statisticians, and data clerks are required to
evaluate data produced by the present system and to assist in the interfacing of
State and Federal monitoring programs. For this purpose, four additional people
and $44,000 will be utilized.
(c) Initiate an industrial waste treatment and control facility inventory--
up to now, no in-depth inventory has been made of industrial waste treatment
facilities. In order to have an effective national water pollution control
program, this inventory is essential and is proposed to be initiated in the
STORET system program to cope with these new data requirements. This activity
will require $184,000 for nine people in the field and six at headquarters. With
this activity being new, personnel are required in headquarters so that the
necessary technical and clerical review, editing and coding can be accomplished.
When this is completed, the regional people will perform the follow-up and provide
continuous updating, with final processing being supported by headquarters.
Objecti ve
The objective of water quality and pollution surveillance is to provide a
system whereby technical pollution information and water quality data are
collected, evaluated, and disseminated for use within FWPCA, particularly as these
data relate to the enforcement and implementation of water quality standards, the
effectiveness of waste treatment and control facilities, the establishment of
water quality trends, and to the planning and management programs. Concurrently,
full coordination with State regulatory bo'dies and other Federal water data
collection agencies, including Geological Survey, will permit all responsible
parties to fulfill the national goal for water pollution control as effectively as
possible.
67
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This system also serves to satisfy continuing technical data needs and to
furnish information support to all programs in FWPCA. These support services
include computerized storage, retrieval and evaluation of municipal and
industrial waste facilities statistics, and water quality data. Typical
questions that the system is being designed to answer in a timely fashion
include:
1. What is the waste contribution from each waste source, where are the
specific points of discharge, and what type of treatment is provided?
2. Which sources employ inadequate treatment and what improvements are
needed at each such facility?
3. How many miles of interstate streams and square miles of interstate
bodies of open waters are polluted?
4, How many miles of streams and square miles of open waters have been
improved in a given year and by how much?
5. How many violations in water quality standards occurred over a given
time period, where did they occur, and what water uses were affected?
6. How many miles of streams and square miles of open waters are used
(or designed to be used) for (a) a source of water supply, (b) recreation;
(c) propagation and maintenance of fish and other aquatic life; etc.?
Program of Work
To meet new circumstances and needs associated with water quality
standards and specific problems at individual locations within a State, basin,
or on a national basis, the program will pursue the following work during
1971:
(a) The maintenance of an up-to-date inventory indicating the status of
16,000 municipal waste treatment and control facilities, including specific
scheduled construction needs, as identified in water quality standards (intra
and interstate implementation plans) and State program grant applications.
(b) Based on procedures developed during 1969, the States will be
encouraged to undertake the basic industrial waste water inventory in 1971.
This first effort will seek to establish the status and effectiveness of
existing waste handling facilities at about 6,000 manufacturing plants in the
United States. In addition, industrial waste treatment and control needs,
taken from implementation plans and grant applications, will be maintained by
this program on a current basis.
(c) The operation and management of critical interstate monitoring
stations in coordination with other Federal and State agencies will be
continued at an improved level. Further, based on a definitive planning
study (in progress), a refined assessment of ultimate water quality monitoring
activities will be made in coordination with State water pollution control
agencies.
(d) The analytical quality control program, including the selection,
adoption, and use of certified agencies' methods and techniques will be
strengthened within FWPCA. Further, coordination with other agencies at the
local, State and Federal level will be expanded. Data from the laboratories
of the State and other Federal agencies used in support of water quality
standards must be comparable among themselves. The personnel at the Cincinnati
laboratory will guide this program and operate the interlaboratory quality
control program.
68
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(e) FWPCA regions will forge a coordinated water pollution control
monitoring program at the basin level in concert with State water pollution
control agencies and the Geological Survey. The Cincinnati activity will
stress development of new specialized analytical techniques and provide
back-up support to the regions, particularly with respect to industrial
pollutants, including petroleum materials, and the many new synthetic organic
compounds and radiochemicals produced by the chemical industry and used widely
throughout the United States.
(f) The STORET system for the computerized storage, processing and
evaluation of water pollution control information, water quality Information
and standards will be operated and expanded to provide responsive technical
service within FWPCA and assistance to the States. The system is currently
operational with respect to municipal waste treatment facilities and
implementation schedules as well as water quality data. Thus, development of
a subsystem for computer storage of the water uses and criteria contained in
the standards was initiated during 1970 and will be continued in 1971. When
completed, this will permit continuous comparisons of actual water quality data
and the criteria identified in the standards. In addition, hydrologic coding
procedures will be further automated to facilitate the storage and evaluation
of these data.
Pollution control information
1. Publication of updated municipal waste facilities data.
2. Publication of an annual summary of pollution-caused fish kills.
3. Publication of an annual summary of sewer and waterworks construction
awards.
4. Initiation of a continuous updating procedure for keeping the municipal
waste facilities inventory and implementation plans current.
5, Providing to States the information and forms required to initiate an
industrial waste treatment and control facility inventory and begin processing
of the information gathered by the States.
Water gual ity infD.nnatioin
1. Completion and implementation of detailed State-Federal long-range
regional water pollution control monitoring system plans,
2. Implementation of the agreement with Geological Survey for water quality
monitoring support services at 466 locations in the United States and Puerto Rico.
3, Review of present arranagements with Geological Survey for water quality
monitoring support services and revision thereof as necessary to reflect services
to be provided to FWPCA in 1971.
4. Publication by the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, FWPCA of
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. This is the first of many
steps required to fully implement an analytical quality control program in FWPCA.
-------
STORE!computer application
1. Completion of the development of computer software for digitizing, and
plotting applications (through contracts) required to automate procedures for the
hydrologic coding and indexing of streams. All relevant streams must be coded and
indexed before the water uses and criteria contained in the standards can be
computerized.
2. Completion of hydrologic coding and indexing of approximately 700 maps
(reflects an estimated 90,000 miles of streams),
3. Processing of all data collected by the expanded State-Federal water
pollution control monitoring program.
70
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State & interstate
agency program
grants &
administration
SECTION TAB
-------
d- Program grants and con.stnicti.qn.grants administration.
FY 1970 Increase (+)
Amount FY 1971 Decrease (-)
Available Estimate Over .1970
1. State and interstate agency
program grants .. $10,000,000 $10,000,000
2, State and interstate agency
program grants
administration ,. 344,000 394,000 +$50,000
3. Construction grants
administration 3,798.000 5.883.000 +2.085.000
Total 14,142,000 16,277,000 +2,135,000
1. Stateand interstate agency program grants: Fiscal year 1970, $10,000,000;
fiscal year 1971, $10,000,000; no change7
Objective
Section 7 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, authorizes
grants to State and interstate agencies to assist in meeting the costs of
establishing and maintaining adequate measures for preventing and controlling
water pollution, including the training of personnel. In 1967, the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended, authorized $5 million for this purpose.
However, in passing the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966, Congress increased
the authorization to $10 million for fiscal years 1968 though 1971. Therefore,
the request is for $10 million, the full amount authorized by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended.
ProgramofWork
State agencies are the first line of defense in the national water pollution
control effort, and during the next few years their responsibilities will increase
as that effort gains momentum. Increased State capability is needed to enable
them to initiate or expand their activities in conducting field studies of actual
and potential water pollution problems; to assure compliance with approved water
quality standards and implementing plans; to develop a surveillance program to
provide information on the quality of existing waters; to train technicians and
administrators as specialists in water resources planning and water pollution
control; to work with communities and industries to effect abatement of pollution;
and to assist municipalities in developing plans for the installation, as well as
effective operation and maintenance, of waste treatment facilities.
Continued financial assistance is important to the State and interstate
agencies in maintaining and improving their programs. State expenditures for
water pollution control programs have increased from about $14 million in 1963
to approximately $24 million in 1969. This trend is expected to increase in
light of a general acceleration of pollution control efforts on the part of
many States.
71
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Accomplishments
To assure the most effective utilization of Federal support, FWPCA issued
"Guidelines for Developing Program Plans for State and Interstate Agencies."
These guidelines set forth the essentfal elements of an effective program plan
as a basis for receiving the Federal grant. For 1969 and beyond, the guidelines
and program materials were improved to accommodate and guide both State and
interstate agencies' plan, program and budget resources to meet water quality
objectives in a more orderly and timely fashion. Each agency applicant must
describe how it will carry out a broader improved water pollution control program
with the increased Federal grant.
In 1963 a study by the Senate Committee on Public Works, "A Study of
Pollution—Water," (Staff Report to the Senate Committee on Public Works, 88th
Congress, 1st Session, Committee Print), indicated that few States had adequate
water pollution control programs. The need for State program improvement was
further highlighted in a study "Staffing and Budgetary Guidelines for State Water
Pollution Control Agencies," conducted by the Public Administration Service for
the Public Health Service in 1964. Despite recent strengthening and improvement
by a number of States, many State programs are still considered marginal,
although program effectiveness is difficult to quantify. The above overall
evaluation was based upon FWPCA's review of State program plans for 1968, 1969,
and 1970, which considered such factors as State agency authority, budget and
staff (including salary levels); treatment plant operator certification;
establishment of intrastate water quality standards; water quality planning
activity; and water quality monitoring. The kind and degree of improvement
needed varies widely from State to State. During the next five years, every
effort will be made to assist in upgrading State programs.
Program grants are also awarded to interstate pollution control agencies.
These interstate agencies, such as the Delaware River Basin Commission and the
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, likely will assume a more important
role with a growing emphasis upon basinwide cleanup. In addition, basin planning
grants under Section 3(c) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,
may lead to the establishment of new permanent interstate agencies which could
become eligible for continued program support under the State and interstate
program grants provisions under Section 7 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended, in the future,
In view of the foregoing, continued financial assistance is important to the
States and interstate agencies in maintaining and improving their programs.
The amount requested provides $9.4 million for States and $0.6 million for
interstate agencies. The tables showing allocations by State and interstate
agency, in accordance with the formula prescribed by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, follow.
72
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Allocation of Grant-in-Aid Funds for Water Pollution Control
Stateand Territory
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mai ne
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
1969
Actual
$127,108
19,700
71,052
115,285
644,720
82,983
152,097
84,363
87,073
260,514
212,878
55,503
42,114
405,682
223,823
120,671
96,365
166,900
182,981
62,714
178,911
245,846
349,402
152,717
142,957
194,278
39,134
59,112
20,374
62,127
305^604
51,760
653,245
262,769
33,083
439,263
116,244
94,802
483,358
107,876
1970
Allocation
$192,000
20,000
75,500
116,700
653,300
84,000
167,600
85,200
88,000
263,800
220,400
67,600
42,500
426,900
226,600
122,100
97,500
169,000
185,300
63,400
181,100
266,500
353,900
154,600
149,000
196,700
39,500
67,300
24,300
62,800
309,500
52,300
661 ,900
266,100
38,600
445,000
117,700
95,900
489,700
109,000
1971
Allocation
$190,500
20,000
75,000
115,700
661,100
88,000
167,400
85,900
87,800
266,300
218,700
71,100
44,100
428,000
230,000
121,200
97,600
165,000
184,100
63,000
181,300
264,600
357,800
155,400
145,100
196,700
39,000
66,400
24,900
63,500
311,900
52,300
650,400
264,600
37,200
447,300
117,600
96,900
488,300
, 111,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$1 ,500
• * •
• • »
-1 ,000
+7,800
+4,000
-200
+700
-200
+2,500
-1 ,700
+3,500
+1 ,600
+1,100
+3,400
-900
+100
-4,000
-1 ,200
-400
+200
-1 ,900
+3,900
+800
-3,900
-500
-900
+600
+700
+2,400
• • •
-11,500
-1 ,500
-1 ,400
+2,300
-100
+1 ,000
-1 ,400
+2,000
73
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StateandTerritory
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Total
1969
Actual
155,757
40,372
192,614
425,333
53,433
43,152
207,429
127,806
109,000
191,392
1970
AllQcation
157,700
40,800
209,700
431,000
54,000
43,600
210,000
129,400
110,300
193,800
1971
Allocation
157,400
38,500
208,200
427,000
55,400
43,700
210,500
136,300
110,200
193,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease(-)
-300
-2,300
-1,500
" -4,000
+1.40Q
+100
+500
+6,900
-100
-800
23,464
57,842
100,000
65,018
23,600
75,300
198,900
73,100
23,600
75,000
195,000
73,000
• • *
-300
-3,900
-10Q
9,000,000
9,400,000 9,400,000
Basis for allocation:
1. $12,000 basic grant.
2. Remainder: 2/3 population weighted by per capita income
1/6 population density
1/6 number of "wet" industries.
NOTE: Although the total amounts of the 1970 and 1971 allocations are the same,
the amount allocated to each State varies because, as required by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, the data used in computing the
allocations are the latest figures furnsihed by the Department of Commerce.
Therefore, 1970 allocations are based on 1966, 1967 and 1968 data, whereas 1971
allocations are based on 1967, 1968 and 1969 provisional data.
-------
A11 ocati gns to Interstate Agenci es
Increase (+)
1969 1970 1971 or
Actual Allocation Allocation Decrease (-)
New England Interstate Water
Pollution Control Commission $60,000 $87,900 $87,400 -$500
Connecticut New Hampshire
Massachusetts Rhode Island
Maine New York
Vermont
Ohio River Valley Water
Sanitation Commission 167,077 190,500 190,900 +400
Illinois New York
Indiana Kentucky
Ohio West Virginia
Pennsylvania Virginia
Delaware River Basin
Commission 193,400 132,900 133,500 +600
Delaware New Jersey
New York Pennsylvania
Interstate Sanitation
Commission 133,835 138,400 137,800 -600
New York Connecticut
New Jersey
Interstate Commission on the
Potomac River Basin 45,271 50,300 50,400 +100
Pennsylvania Virginia
Maryland West Virginia
District of Columbia
Total 599,583 600,000 600,000
Basis for allocation:
2/3 population weighted by per capita income
1/6 population density
1/6 number of "wet" industries. ;
NOTE: Although the total amounts of the 1970 and 1971 allocations are the same,
the amount allocated to each agency vartes because, as required by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, the data used in computing the
allocations are the latest figures furnished by the Department of Commerce.
Therefore, 1970 allocations are based on 1966, 1967 and 1968 data> whereas 1971
allocations are based on 1967, 1968 and 1969 provisional data.
75
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2« Stateand interstateagency programgrantsadministration: Fiscal year 1970,
$344,000;fiscal year 1971, $394,000; increase,$50,000.The" increase consists of
of:
Increase (_+) or Decrease (•-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions Explanation
+$50.000 +5 $394,000 20 To provide for the
increased assistance needed
to strenghten and expand
the State water pollution
control programs.
Need forIncrease
An increase of five positions and $50,000 is requested to provide the
increased technical assistance and administrative support needed to assist
State and interstate agencies in developing more effective water pollution control
programs. Despite recent strengthening and improvement by a number of States,
many State programs are still considered marginal, although program effectiveness
is difficult to quantify. More resources must be directed toward working with the
State agencies to help them improve their level of effectiveness. Better methods
will be sought to analyze and evaluate program plans to be able to more
effectively guide both State and interstate agencies in planning, programming
and budgeting their resources to meet water quality objectives in a more orderly
and timely fashion.
Additional effort will be directed toward further development and refinement
of an information reporting system and the development of the State program plans
as a coordinating document for interprogram use.
The additional staff requested is essential to assure .effective utilization
of Federal support from the various program elements of FWPCA,
Objective
Effective State water pollution control programs are essential to assure that
the massive Federal investment in the costs of abating pollution will yield
optimum returns in terms of accomplishing water quality objectives. This activity
will administer grants to State and interstate agencies to assist them in
strengthening and expanding their programs.
The program plans submitted by the States and interstate agencies as
applications for grant assistance are the basic documents for spelling out
proposed expansion or improvements in the State and interstate programs. In
addition, they provide a base of information to assist in State and Federal
planning, programming and budgeting.
Programof Work
States have a primary and increasing responsibility in the national water
pollution control effort. Additional technical assistance and administrative
support will be directed to assisting States in increasing their capabilities.
This effort will enable States to initiate or expand their activities in
conducting planning studies; implementing water quality standards; establishing
monitoring systems; and assisting communities and industries to effect abatement
of pollution. Grants will be awarded and administered in accordance with Section
7 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
76
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More comprehensive analyses and evaluations of State program plans will be
undertaken. Increased attention will be given to the adequacy of the criteria
used by the States in determining priorities for waste treatment works
construction grants. Every effort will be made to have improvements effected
where needed to achieve the objectives of the Act.
Further development and refinement of the information reporting system
initiated in 1970 will be undertaken. Additional effort will be directed toward
extending and improving interprogram coordination by developing the State program
plans as a coordinating document for consolidating requests for FWPCA grants and
technical assistance support.
Accpmpli shments
In fiscal year 1970 a computerized information reporting system was developed
to assist the States in reporting on compliance of municipalities and industries
with the requirements and time schedules of the implementation plans of the water
quality standards. The system is also designed to collect from the States
additional needed information on their abatement plans and accomplishments. The
States utilized the State Program Grant Application to submit this information.
The advantage of this system is that it consolidates most of FWPCA's informational
needs on State programs in a single reporting document thereby reducing the year-
round frequency of requests from FWPCA for various kinds of information from the
States.
A comprehensive project was initiated to develop more objective criteria to
evaluate State programs.
During fiscal year 1970, FWPCA regional offices increased their activities
for follow-up and gauging State and interstate progress and in responding to the
numerous requests by the States for FWPCA assistance.
Among other recent accomplishments are the conduct of "more detailed analysis
and evaluation of State program plans to assure that the State programs are
consistent with water quality standards compliance schedules, and increased
emphasis on having the States improve their criteria systems for assigning
Federal construction grant priorities in order to meet water quality standards
implementation plans and other pollution control needs.
Further, the first of a series of reports was published containing data
and information on State programs. These reports will enable States to make
comparisons with other States and to exchange program information across the
country.
77
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Construction
grants
administration
SECTION TAB
-------
3. Construction grants administration: Fiscal year 1970, $3,798,000; fiscal
year 1971, $5S883,000| increase $2,085,000. The Increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount 'Positions "~ Program Positions Explanation
(1) +$9,000 ... ... ... To meet increased pay
Costs.
(2) +576,000 ... ... ... To support full year
employment of new
personnel authorized for
1970. ($400,000 of
carryover balance from
FY 1970 will also be
used for this purpose.)
(3) +1.500,000 +108 $6,283,000 466 For support of admin-
istration of grants for
+2,085,000 +108 waste treatment works
,construction. "
Need for Increase
An increase of $1,500,000 and 108 positions is requested to handle the
increased workload resulting from recent amendments and increased appropriations,
and to perform an adequate job of safeguarding the Federal interests. Included
in the increase is $550,000 to provide for the funding of 56 positions authorized
but not filled in 1970, thereby supporting a total of 164 additional positions
in 1971.
The Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 removed the grant dollar limitations
for all projects on which construction is started after July 1, 1967. Thus,
larger cities are being stimulated to begin construction of needed sewage
treatment facilities. To avoid a proliferation of small inefficient systems
that increase cost and achieve less than optimum water quality, communities are
being encouraged to join together to build tnultimunicipal or regional treatment
systems, where feasible. This results in larger, more complex projects which
require more staff time for processing and administration because of their scope
and complexity. Increased emphasis on planning will be required and coordination
with staffs performing river basin or other regional planning will be necessary.
As the Federal Government's investment has increased and as larger, more
complex plants are constructed, the maintenance of an adequate inspection schedule
during the construction period is essential in order to protect the Government's
interest in this activity.
Operation and maintenance inspections of completed projects are essential to
ascertain compliance with the applicant's assurances that adequately trained
operators will be provided, equipment will be adequately maintained, and
laboratory control and surveillance facilities are adequate to assure that the
treatment works will perform according to design specifications. Such inspections
include an evaluation of treatment efficiency and assessment of constraints
thereto. Efforts are made to resolve problems. Follow-up is conducted to assure
that needed improvements and other necessary changes are made to Improve plant
performance. Technical assistance will be provided to owner-operators of
treatment facilities in order to insure maximum performance of the facility.
Current criteria and practices for the design, operation, and maintenance of
waste treatment works will be evaluated. The development of new and improved
criteria and practices will be promoted where needed. A system will be
78
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established for providing a continuing exchange of information with the field
on needed changes and new applications of knowledge in these areas. This effort
will include the establishment and maintenance of close relationships with State
and local agencies, consulting engineers, contractors, and others concerned with
design, construction, operation and maintenance of waste treatment works. These
activities are urgently needed to assure that the Federal Government's major
investment in waste treatment works construction yields effective results.
Objective
The primary responsibilities of this activity are to stimulate and support
maximum possible levels of waste treatment works construction, to encourage
improved waste treatment plant operation and the highest possible level of
treatment efficiency, and to stimulate improved planning and design of waste
treatment works for more economical and effective types of treatment in order
to help reach the FWPCA goal of attaining the desired water quality levels
specified by the water quality standards implementation plans.
Program of Work and Accomplishments
Administration of the program includes reviewing and processing applications,
making grant offers, reviewing plans and specifications including basin and
regional planning aspects, authorizing bid advertising, reviewing bids and
approving award of contracts, periodically inspecting construction, processing
and approving grant and contract payments, conducting performance audits, and
fulfilling collateral responsibilities relating to programs dealing with
prevailing wage, anti-kickback, contract work hours standards and civil rights
requirements. In addition to the administration of grants under the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, this program has the added responsibility
of reviewing and certifying the adequacy of treatment for all the sewer loans and
grants awarded by the Economic Development Administration and the Department of
Housing and Urban Development.
In the program review of proposed projects, consideration must be given to
(a) the extent to which treatment works contribute to the realization of public
benefits, including assurance that other sources of pollution will not preclude
the realization of such benefits; (b) provisions for training, surveillance, and
adequate project planning and design to assure effective management of the
treatment works; (c) whether the project is part of an effective river basin
pollution control plan or management program developed or under development;
(d) whether the area served takes advantage of economics of large-scale treatment
works through the use of regional treatment systems where feasible; and (e) the
system of charges or other revenue measures to meet operating costs, amortization
costs and other requirements.
Sewage treatment plant and sewer construction cost indices will be constantly
re-examined and updated to reflect existing costing conditions so that more
accurate estimates can be made of construction funds needed to bring about the
control and abatement of water pollution problems. This information will be
included in the annual cost reports to the Congress.
Operation and maintenance data will be analyzed and made available to
communities, consulting engineers and industrial firms for use in improving the
design of equipment and plants and modifying operating practices so that sewage
treatment facilities can be operated as close to maximum efficiency as possible.
Emphasis will be placed on efforts to evaluate present design criteria and
practices and keep abreast of new developments and trends; to define and keep
abreast of knowledge gaps in design, operations, and maintenance, and channel
such information to research programs for development of new solutions
79
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to encourage the use of new and improved designs and techniques; and to cooperate
in the development of personnel training programs to upgrade the staffing of
these plants and to assure the utilization of new and improved operation and
ma i n ten an ce p ra cti ce s.
The validity and applicability of project cost data needed to upgrade
competencies for estimating and projecting future program requirements will be
improved through expanding studies into the component costs of sewage treatment
plants and sewers (i.e., population, type of treatment, loading, etc.), and
through automating the great volume of collected design analysis and cost 'data.
Workload statistics are as follows:
Active projects at start of
fiscal year:
Projects under construction
Projects not under
construction
Workload during fiscal yeart
Appli cati ons revi ewed
Plans and specifications
reviewed
Construction starts
Inspections
Plants completed
Performance audits
Sewer certi fi cati ons
1969
Actual
2S464
(1,350)
(1,114)
1,282
1970
Estimate
2,636
(1,504)
(1,132)
1S700
1971
Estimate*
3,056
(1,674)
(1,382)
2,300
1,516
903
1,592
749
223
594
1,500
1,200
1,800
1,030
400
750
2,070
1,550
4,910
1S235
1,000
750
*Based on President's legislative proposal.
Rev. 2-10-70
80
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Training
SECTION TAB
-------
e. TrainiricL
2.
Grants
(a) Training
(b) Research fellowships..
Federal operations
(a ) Manpower development
and training
(b) Graduate and special
training ,
Total
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$4,020,000
600,000
1 ,365,000
208,000
6,193,000
General
1971
Estimate
$4,650,000
600,000
1 ,593,000
208,000
7,051,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
+$630,000
+228,000
+858,000
An adequate supply of trained manpower is an essential ingredient of a
successful water pollution control effort. Manpower needs exist at all levels
of government—Federal, State and local-- and private industry. Those needs
must be assessed, and action plans must be formulated to meet the needs. Close
coordination and cooperation among government, industry and educational
institutions is required.
FWPCA has a multifaceted manpower development and training program which is
described below.
1. Grants
(a) Training; Fiscal year 1970, $4,020,000; fiscal year 1971, $4,650,000;
increase, P30,000.
FY 1970
Amount
Available
FY 1971
Estimate
No.
Amount
No.
Amount
Total. ,.
The increase consists of:
87 $4,020,000 87 $4,650,000
Increase (+)
Decrease {-)
Over 1970
JNo^ Amount
... +$630,000
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total
Amount Positions Program
Total
Positions
+$630.000
$4,650,000
Explanation
To fund renewal of
professional training
grants made in prior years.
Need for Increase
An additional $630,000 is required to support the renewal of professional
training grants made in prior years which have reached the end of the initial
project period. This will permit the continuation and expansion of proven
programs which are producing needed new professional personnel.
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Renewed and continued professional training grants will support the
participation of 860 trainees, an increase of 27 percent over 1970. This
increase will involve only a 16 percent increase in the amount of funds
programmed. This relatively inexpensive increase in trainee participation can
be achieved because the largest part of faculty, equipment and curriculum
development costs have been met in previous years.
Objjec'tiye
These grants are awarded to help meet the need for trained manpower in the
water pollution control field—especially at the professional level.
Program of Work
Pr o f e s s i on a1 train i ng gran t s
Professional training grants are awarded to educational institutions to
provide for the establishment or expansion of graduate training. Institutions
are encouraged to develop specialized and multidisciplinary training for
scientists, engineers and planning personnel. The grants can cover expansion and
improvement of faculties and equipment, as well as trainee stipends for students
participating in the training program.
In 1971, 82 professional training grants will be continued or renewed,
with emphasis placed on trainee support. These will support a total of 860
trainees as compared to 693 trainees in 1970.
One of the new directions that the professional training program will take
in 1972 and subsequent years is an emerging area of specialized study involving
coastal and estuarine pollution. The recent release of a major FWPCA study in
this has stimulated institutional interest, and it is expected that an increasing
number of productive program proposals will be forthcoming from colleges and
universities.
Technical traininggrants
These grants are given primarily to enhance technical training
opportunities—particularly at the technician level. One new grant may be made
in 1970 through a redirection of presently available resources. This item is
discussed below. The 1970 level of support, $100,000,will permit the continuation
of three of the most promising existing grants which have not as yet attained
their scheduled objectives. These grants are developmental in nature, mainly
aimed at curriculum improvement. These continued grants will Involve 50 students
in 1971, the same as 1970. If the new grant 1s made 1n 1970, it could involve
in 1971 over 1,000 students who may be attracted to water pollution careers.
As the water pollution control manpower situation becomes more severe, the
importance of technician training Increases because of the technician's ability
to substitute for professional personnel on many routine tasks.
Accgmpjishments
In 1969, 87 training grants, of which 80 were for professional training,
were awarded to 62 institutions in 39 States. The professional grants provide
support for 693 trainees currently in 1970.
In 1969, six new professional training grants were awarded, 49 awards
were continuations of grants originally awarded within the previous four -years,
and 25 were renewals of programs initiated five or more years previously. It is
within this latter group that the economy mentioned previously can most often be
obtained—increasing the number of trainees with a less than proportional increase
in cost. Overall, the average number of trainees per grant was about 7.25 in
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1969, and is expected to rise to about 8.75 in 1970 and nearly 11.0 in 1971.
In addition to the 666 individuals who received support from training
grants in 1969, 1,068 other students took courses that were developed under
funding provided by FWPCA training grants.
Recent information indicates that possible redirection of existing
resources may permit the award of three new professional training grants in 1970
and perhaps two in 1971. This redirection is the result of 56 site visits
conducted by FWPCA during calendar year 1969 utilizing FWPCA staff and
consultants. As a result of these visits, one grant has been terminated and eight
may be reduced in amount. The total resources available for redirection may
amount to about $150,000. This is only one of the benefits to FWPCA of the site
visit procedure and review panel meetings, and it was accomplished at a cost to
FWPCA of under $40,000.
The following are examples of new professional training grant awards:
Howard University, Washington, D. C.
Dr. Man Mohan Varma, Department of Civil Engineering
"Bio-Environmental Engineering Sciences"
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Dr. Raymond C. Loehr, Department of Agricultural Engineering
"Management of Animal Wastes"
Utah State University, Logan, Utah
Prof. Norman B. Jones, Department of Civil Engineering
"Interdisciplinary Training Program in Water Quality"
Technical training grants are producing results. These include a safety
program for waste treatment plant operators developed by the Water Pollution
Control Federation, a programmed learning course in water chemistry being
developed at the University of Michigan, and a special and unique correspondence
course for treatment plant operators arising from a grant to Sacramento State
University. Plans have already been developed in conjunction with FWPCA's
National Training Center for utilization of the latter two courses under FWPCA
administration, and the Water Pollution Control Federation is already distributing
the safety course widely. Further, a grant to'Clemson University enabled them,
in conjunction with FWPCA9 to sponsor the first national conference on treatment
plant operator training at Atlanta, Georgia, in November 1969.
In 1970, three grants awarded in previous years are being continued.
They include a grant to Charles County Community College (LaPlata, Md.) for
"Water Pollution Control Technician Curriculum Development." In addition,
as part of the resource redirection mentioned previously, it is anticipated
that a grant will be made to the Til ton School in New Hampshire to develop and
test teaching materials designed to introduce water pollution control
illustrations and examples into general science and biology courses in secondary
schools. This project, involving 40 schools throughout the Northeast quarter of
the country, is a follow up on a program FWPCA supported at the University of
Massachusetts this past summer (1969) and a program which the Ford Foundation
initiated in the same summer at the Tilton School. Preliminary negotiations
(even before the probable award of a grant to Tilton) have been undertaken with
the National Education Association and the League of Women. Voters to enlist
their professional group members, and their regional action organizations to
accelerate the distribution and acceptance and use of the product of the Tilton
program nationally.
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In 1971, three technical training grant efforts will be continued,
probably including a new grant to continue the effort towards introduction of
a pollution awareness in secondary courses.
(b) Research fellowships: Fiscal year 1970, $600,000; fiscal year 1971, $600,000;
no change.
Continuations.
New
Total..
FY 1970
Amount
Available
No.
45
55
100
Amount
$240,000
360,000
600,000
Objective
FY 1971
Estimate
No.
45
5.5
100
Amount
$240,000
360,000
600,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
No. Amount
... ...
• • • * • •
...
The mission of this program is to increase the number of scientists and
engineers qualified to conduct independent research and advanced practice in water
pollution control problems, in conjunction with teaching at the graduate,
professional level.
Research fellowships are awarded to individuals for specialized
graduate and postgraduate research training in water pollution control. Research
fellowships support the intensive training of students in many physical and
biological disciplines as well as in fields of engineering.
Prograni of Work,
The program is limited primarily to candidates for the doctoral degree. As in
1970, all applications will be carefully reviewed in order to select the most
promising participants for this program. The stringency with which applications
are reviewed is reflected in the fact that in recent review sessions only about
a third of those applications submitted were considered acceptable to FWPCA.
Accomplishments
In 1969, fellowships were awarded to 98 individuals to study at 37
institutions, in 22 States and in three foreign countries. During the year 31
fellows supported by funds awarded completed their programs. Twenty received
doctorates, three received master's degrees, and eight completed post-doctoral
programs.
Ordinarily about 75 percent of Ph.D. recipients in FWPCA-supported programs
go into teaching/research.
The following are examples of new research fellowships:
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Robert Lee Simpson, Jr., Department of Entomology and Limnology
"Aquatic Ecosystem Responses to Pesticide Applications"
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Theodore Brian Shelton, Department of Environmental Sciences
"Decomposition of Oils in Benthal Deposits"
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University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
Robert Chester Haynes, Department of Zoology
"Ecological Effects of Aerating a Eutrophic Lake"
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Joseph Peter Gould, Department of Sanitary Engineering
"Ozonization of Phenolics in Dilute Aqueous Solutions"
2. Federal operations..
(a) Manpower development and training; Fiscal year 1970, $1,365,000; fiscal
year 1971, $1,593,000; increase $228,000.
The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
AmountPositions
(1) -(-$3,000
(2) +40,000
Total
Program
Total
Positions
(3) +185.000
+228.000
+2
+2
$1,593,000
70
Explanation
To meet Increased pay costs.
To support full year
employment of new personnel
authorized for 1970.
To provide for improved
program planning and
development and the
expansion of services to
State and local governments.
Need for Increase
Manpower is a vital ingredient to the water pollution "control program. The
effectiveness and economy with which substantial amounts are expended will depend
on the quality and quantity of the manpower available. At this point in time
there is an especially urgent need on the part of governmental agencies at all
levels to determine realistic manpower requirements and insure effective manpower
utilization. Two positions and $166,000 is proposed to improve FWPCA's program
planning and development in the manpower area.
Included in the increase is $100,000 which will provide for contracts to
initiate the following manpower planning activites:
1. Establishment of manpower planning criteria for the uniform identifi-
cation of water pollution control occupations in all types of waste water treat-
ment plants and sewage systems, and in State and local regulatory agencies;
2, Development of methods and procedures for establishing coordinated
manpower planning capabilities at all levels of government through the use of
pilot studies in selected States and municipalities; and
3. Generate guidelines for systematically obtaining manpower information,
and considering manpower implications, in the course of developing research and
development projects.
Also included in the increase is $50,000 which will provide for contracts
to initiate special studies in the following areas: goals for FWPCA's short-
course training program; manpower implications of mandatory waste water treatment
plant operators; and effectiveness of operator training under the Manpower
Development and Training Act (MDTA).
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Two positions and $16,000 would provide for the needed guidance, monitoring
and implementation of the results by FWPCA of the contractor efforts.
An increase of $19,000 is proposed for expansion of services to State and
local governments. Specifically, this will provide for the preparation of films
and written material dealing with training and recruitment.
Objective
FWPCA's manpower development and training program is designed to accomplish
two major tasks. The first is to aid in the development of a force of skilled,
trained and motivated manpower adequate to meet the requirements of water
pollution control and abatement efforts. The second is to foster the optimum
utilization of manpower resources,
Program of Work
FWPCA conducts a variety of activities in pursuit of the stated objectives.
These activities, in conjunction with the programs supported by grants and
fellowships, comprise the FWPCA manpower development and training program. These
activities can be grouped under three headings: (1) program planning and develop-
ment; (2) service to State and local governments; and (3) increasing the supply
of trained manpower.
Program J^ajin1rigLji_nd. development
The activities under this heading are concerned with developing the infor-
mation and providing the analysis needed for policy determinations and program
planning. The largest effort under this heading is devoted to the development of
a manpower planning system which will produce the following kinds of information:
1. Manpower demand—one to 10 year projections of the number and types of
personnel that will be required by water pollution control activities at all
levels of government, in industry and in educational institutions.
2. Manpower supply—one to 10 year projections of the numbers and types of
personnel that will be available. This would include.the estimated production
of existing and planned training programs, covering the range of occupations from
plant operators to post-doctoral research specialists.
3. Manpower development needs—projections of the number and types of
needed personnel that will not be supplied by existing or planned training
programs. It is to this deficiency category that new action plans must be
directed.
4. Comparisons of current manpower utilization relative to generally
accepted norms. This permits the identification of understaffed as well as
inefficiently operated water pollution control activities.
The value and essentiality of these types of information to managers at all
levels of governments, in industry, and educational institutions is obvious. It
is information that is needed today, but is not available. Few State and local
governments have compiled even elementary manpower needs information. Information
gathered by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Department
of Labor is often too general to be of use in manpower planning for water
pollution control. For example, HEW prepares a good deal of information on the
number of engineers enrolled and graduated, but often times does not identify the
number of sanitary engineering students involved, and this is a training category
of major concern to FWPCA.
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An effective manpower planning system consists of a number of elements.
Among these are the following:
a. A manpower language to describe occupations, in terms of duties and
skill and knowledge requirements, that will generally be accepted and used by
the various participants in the water pollution control effort. Much difficulty
is encountered presently because of the imprecision of such terms as "treatment
plant operators."
b. A body of manpower staffing guides to be used in calculating the numbers
and types of occupations needed to perform particular water pollution control
activities, such as the operation and maintenance of an activated sludge process
in a plant that treats 10 million gallons of domestic waste water per day.
c. Work force profiles to give information on the personal characteristics
of the present work force. One use for this type of data is the calculation of
projected turnover within a particular occupation. Rather small variations in
turnover levels can have a substantial impact on the number of newly trained
personnel needed.
d. Methods and techniques that can be applied by manpower planners at the
State and local levels and in industry to determine their manpower needs and to
formulate programs for meeting these needs.
HEW's Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service (CPEHS) has
funded a planning study for development of a manpower planning system, with the
hope that it can cover all the environmental control fields, including water
pollution control. FWPCA formulated the basic approach for water pollution and
is working with CPEHS in this developmental effort. FWPCA plans to participate
in that larger system should it continue to develop. The existence of this
larger system does not, however, represent a potential large cost saving to
FWPCA. FWPCA will have to perform basically the same developmental procedures
whether or not the cooperative CPEHS-FWPCA system is available for participation.
The issue is not cost, but improved, broader coverage of a variety of related
programs under the proposed CPEHS system.
Most of the development work for the manpower planning system will be
performed by contractors. The techniques are well established, and there is a
large number of firms with demonstrated competence in this area. FWPCA will
develop a small staff to monitor contractor efforts and perform other tasks such
as developing policies and procedures for obtaining manpower information as part
of system development and analysis projects throughout FWPCA--and especially
in the area of research and development.
The other effort under the program planning and development heading is
composed of a group of special evaluations and studies necessary to policy
determination and program planning. In 1971 three projects will be initiated:
1. An evaluation of the objectives, methods and effectiveness of FWPCA's
program of short-course training in technical subjects. This evaluation could
result in recommended changes in course distribution and content, methods of
presentation, and type of participants attracted,
2. A study of the feasibility and training implications of mandatory treat-
ment plant operator certification, in terms of both varying State standards and
a single national standard.
3. An evaluation of the effectiveness of waste water treatment operator
training projects now being carried out at the State and local level under the
Manpower Development and Training Act (MDTA). FWPCA is Involved in the admin-
istration of these projects and is responsible for evaluating the results.
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The results and evaluation techniques developed will be important input to the
planning and evaluation of future training projects.
Competent contractors will be relied upon for much of this work, especially
where such specialized skills as educational psychology are required.
Services to State and local governments
All of FWPCA's programs in the manpower development and training area could
be grouped under this heading with more or less justification. There are a
number of programs, however, which clearly fall in this category. They include:
1. Preparation of films and written materials—this activity will prepare
materials to be used at the State and local level for such purposes as: explain-
ing the need for adequately trained personnel in order to efficiently operate a
treatment plant; suggesting how to deal with recruitment problems; and describing
successful training programs.
2. Technical training—FWPCA offers a variety of short courses, workshops,
seminars, and symposia on technical subjects a permanent training activities
located at Ada, Oklahoma; Athens, Georgia; Cincinnati, Ohio; Corvallis, Oregon;
and Edison, New Jersey. The number of courses will be expanded in 1971, and
courses will also be offered in regions that lack a permanent training facility.
Federal Government personnel who will be working with programs related to State
and local agency activities form the largest single group of participants. State
and local agency personnel form the next largest group.
Increasing the supply of trained manpower
This effort includes:
1. State and local manpower development—this activity is concerned with
the establishment of training projects to meet training needs at the State and
local level, particularly at the waste water plant operator level. In 1971, FWPCA
will continue to rely on the Manpower Development and Training Act (MDTA) as a
source of funds. FWPCA works with State and local agencies to help them qualify
for MDTA support, arranges training for instructors, provides teaching materials
and curriculum development assistance and otherwise assists State and local
governments in getting training projects underway. This program involves FWPCA
working closely with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the
Department of Labor, as those agencies administer the MDTA funds.
FWPCA participates in the Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System (CAMPS)
which is a procedure for arriving at the composition of each State's total MDTA
training program. Separate from the CAMPS effort, FWPCA serves as a national
contractor under MDTA, authorized to subcontract directly with individual State
and local agencies on a project-by-project basis.
2, Administration of training grants and fellowships—this activity provides
the administrative support for the professional, technical and special training
grants and research fellowships awarded by FWPCA. This includes solicitation,
review and evaluation of applications and monitoring of active grants and
fellowships.
Everything within the grant area would be included under the heading
"Increasing the supply of trained manpower."
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Accomplishments
The major effort in improving program planning and development during 1969
and 1970 is being devoted to developing the manpower planning system described
above.
FWPCA in-house training is composed of a variety of short courses in
technical subjects. These courses are open to personnel from public agencies
and other qualified persons concerned with water pollution control. In 1969,
this program consisted of 26 short courses, presented one or more times, for
durations of one to two weeks, and had an output of 1,297 persons. The courses
were conducted at five FWPCA training facilities. In 1970, 37 short courses
will be offered in the five training facilities with a planned output of 1,560
persons.
FWPCA1s State and local manpower development efforts have been concentrated
on assisting State and local agencies to qualify for MDTA funding of plant
operator training projects. As a national contractor for on-the-job training,
FWPCA has arranged for the training of over 900 operators by the end of 1970.
FWPCA has assisted State and local agencies to qualify for funds under the CAMPS
mechanism sufficient to accomplish the training of almost 1,000 operators in
1969 and almost 2,900 in 1970.
An analysis of the entire grant and fellowship area will be completed in
1970. This effort will permit a more accurate measure of program accomplishments
and will provide a statistical base for future analysis and projections. In
addition, a detailed study of the source and destination of graduate students in
programs supported by FWPCA will be completed in 1970.
In 1970, 187 grants and fellowships costing $4.6 million will be administered,
as compared with the same number of grants and fellowships costing $4.0 million
in 1969. This increased cost associated with a constant number of grants reflects
the emphasis, mentioned above, on increasing the number of students supported by
existing professional training grants in which developmental costs have already
been met. The increase in the number of students supported is proportionally
larger than the increase in cost.
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(b) Graduate and special training: Fiscal year 1970, $208,000; fiscal year
1971, $208,000; no change.
Objective
To provide developmental opportunity in highly specialized areas for
selected technical and scientific FWPCA personnel with high potential to assist
in meeting critical program staffing requirements that can not be met through
normal recruitment resources.
Selected employees are assigned to universities each year for specialized
resident study at the graduate level. These assignments extend the professional
competence of key personnel into other critical requirement categories. Prior
to completion of the graduate training these employees are considered for duty
assignments wherein the training they have received may be fully utilized.
Through this effort we will begin to develop our own competencies in the
critical manpower shortage categories.
Program of Work
Graduate level training in 1971 will be considered and approved on the basis
of meeting critical manpower needs of the Administration. Nominations for the
long-term graduate training program will be solicited for employees ready for
substantial career development and advancement whose planned graduate program is
related to the needs of the Administration in staffing to meet the changes in
program concept or emphasis, organization or functions. It will be designed to
provide employees with demonstrated potential an opportunity to extend their
professional background as engineers and scientists into other areas of critical
need such as operations research and systems analysis, urban and regional resources
planning, public administration, economics, and political science.
It is evident that there will be a continuing need to provide such training
opportunities for carefully selected personnel to continue to develop and upgrade
the competence of FWPCA's staff. The Administration is, therefore, faced with
the necessity to develop its own competence in these areas by providing maximum
training opportunities for selected staff.
To effectively carry out the many complex and changing programs of the
Administration, it is essential that skilled personnel who are capable of
developing institutional arrangements for implementing pollution control programs
be available. This requires a sufficiently broad background in planning,
economics and public administration. By providing scientific or professional
personnel with advance training in the management field, the combination will
contribute significantly to accomplishment of future program objectives.
Accomplishments
In 1966, a total of 24 candidates submitted requests for long-term graduate
training to be conducted in 1967 and 15 applied in 1968. A training committee,
composed of key program officials of the Administration, reviewed these requests
against selected categories of training needs and recommended approval of 17
candidates for 1967, 12 in 1968, nine in 1969. During 1970 eight to ten trainees
are expected to be involved.
Immediately prior to completion of their training, the training committee
reviewed the graduate programs undertaken by each employee.and recommended
placements based on their extended academic experience. Each employee was
personally interviewed by key officials in whose program area the employee's
training and background were most suitable. On the basis of this personal inter-
view and review and evaluation of background and completed training, the employees
were selected for assignments in the appropriate program area.
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Some examples of the program of study which were approved in fiscal years
1968, 1969, and 1970 that will greatly assist the Administration in meeting
critical needs are as follows:
(a) Study of the application of operations research and systems analysis
techniques to water resources engineering.
(b) Studies in waste water treatment processes, water resources chemistry
and microbiology. The program of study also will include a review of water
resources development including planning, hydrology, and the economic application.
(c) Studies to be pursued consist of three highly integrated components of
water resource management. They include: concepts, methodology, and problems of
water resources planning, development and management; chemical engineering aspects
of industrial waste treatment will cover technical courses such as physical
chemistry, transport phenomenon, and process design and control; research
combining the two above subject areas.
(d) Studies in research in chemical engineering as applied to water
pollution control and treatment processes. Also included are studies in sanitary
engineering, water chemistry, and hydraulics,
(e) Studies in water resources management designed to develop a working
knowledge of systems analysis and operation research as they relate to water
resources systems and management; and to gain knowledge in the application of
regional and comprehensive planning as it relates to water pollution control.
(f) Study of the application of mathematical techniques to water quality
models, hydrology, mathematical analysis of data, and advanced waste treatment
methods.
(g) Advanced training in computer technology and systems analysis for
engineering and other professional or scientific personnel; Recruitment efforts
have failed to produce qualified candidates to fill positions in the field of
systems design, development and analysis. There is no indication that the
condition of the labor market will improve during the next several years. In
view of the Administration's responsibility for the far-reaching program of
designing, developing, improving, testing and installing systems and techniques
for the storage, retrieval, and processing of water quality, inventory, and other
related data collected on streams, open bodies of water, etc., it is essential
that steps be taken to produce the skills and knowledge needed.
(h) Advanced training in economics for sanitary engineers. The combination
of economic and engineering skills is difficult to obtain. In spite of extensive
efforts to recruit candidates with these skills in the current labor market,
applicants have not been available to meet the critical needs of the organization.
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
-------
Enforcement
Enforcement
Unobligated balance lapsing.
Total
FY 1969
Amount
Available
$3,934,457
107,543
4,042,000
FY 1970
Amount
Available
FY 1971
Estimate
$4,381,000 $5,256,000
4,381,000 5,256,000
Increase (+)
or Decrease (-)
1971 Compared
with 1970
+$875,000
+875,000
M3
ro
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Enforcement; Fiscal year 1970, $4,381,000; fiscal year 1971, $5,256,000;
increase, $875,000. The increase consists of:
Increase(+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions ' Explanation
(1) +$7,000 ... ... ... To meet increased pay
costs.
(2) +18,000 ... ... ... To support full year
employment of new
personnel authorized for
1970.
(3) +850.000 +53' $5,256,000 258 To provide necessary
support for implementation
+875,000 +53 and enforcement of
established water quality
standards.
Needfor Increase
The increase of $850,000 to support 53 additional positions is needed to
assure an effective enforcement and water quality compliance program directed to
securing effectual compliance with established water quality standards for the
Nation's interstate waters and with remedial requirements schedules established
under continuing enforcement action. In this period, deadline dates for interim
and final performance by municipal, industrial, and other sources of pollution
will increasingly fall due.
Additional positions and funds are necessary to support and service the
increased work load which is certain to occur in implementing and enforcing
established water quality standards of 50 States.
Based on intensified careful surveillance of progress toward meeting
scheduled requirements» more action will be necessary to apply authorized
measures in the case of noncompliance and recalcitrants.
Objective
The Federal enforcement authority, in accordance with Section 10 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides:
1. That measures be taken to restore the maximum number of water uses
through the abatement and control of pollution of interstate or navigable waters
which endangers the health or welfare of any persons; to support and cooperate
with State and interstate agencies in the exercise of their enforcement authority
to abate and control water pollution; to prevent and control pollution from
Federal installations involved in enforcement actions; to enforce the abatement
of violations of water quality standards established for interstate waters; and
encourage cooperative activities by the States relating to prevention and control
of water pollution, Including enactment of improved State laws and compacts
between States.
2. That water quality standards applicable to Interstate and coastal waters
to ensure the protection of high quality waters and the enhancement of presently
polluted waters be established and enforced. The Water Quality Act of 1965
extended enforcement jurisdiction to the abatement of discharges of matter in
violation of established water quality standards for interstate waters.
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Enforcement authority and procedures to abate pollution of interstate or
navigable waters which endangers the health or welfare of any persons are invoked
at State request and, under certain circumstances, on Federal responsibility and
initiative without State request. Enforcement authority is accomplished in a
three-stage procedure: conference, public hearing, and court action. Each
successive stage is resorted to only if the previous one has not been effective.
Encouragement is provided the States for obtaining compliance under their own
authorities during the interim periods between successive stages.
The initial enforcement procedure—the informal conference between State and
Federal authorities to explore the nature of the pollution situation, the delays
encountered, and to agree, if possible, on required remedial measures and the
schedules for their installation—has been notably satisfactory. It should be
noted that, out of a total of 46 initiated actions held to date, it has been
necessary to advance to the public hearing stage in only four instances, and to
only a single ultimate court action involving the City of St. Joseph, Missouri.
The 46 actions have been taken in many separate geographich areas. Forty-one
States and the District of Columbia are parties to these actions. The actions
involve approximately 1,300 municipalities, 1,300 industries, and will affect some
11,000 miles of rivers, as well as large areas of lakes and bays. Remedial
facilities built, under construction, or scheduled, as a result of agreements
reached to date (Lake Michigan not included) under these actions, will total about
$10.5 billion.
The Water Quality Act of 1965 provided that the States establish water
quality standards for their interstate waters or they would be otherwise
federally promulgated. Violations are abatable through direct court action, except
that a stipulated 180 days are afforded for obtaining voluntary compliance before
active initiation of the court action. Again, every encouragement to the State
authorities to obtain compliance under their own measures is provided.
When complete standards are set for all interstate and coastal waters—
whether by State action or, if necessary, by Federal intervention—the Nation will
have, for the first time, a body of specific goals and objectives for its waters
and, in the implementation plans, realistic means for accomplishing those goals
and objectives.
In addition to the enforcement authority under the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, Section 211 of the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966
transferred the administration of the Oil Pollution Control Act, 1924, from the
Secretary of the Army to the Secretary of the Interior. This extended
jurisdiction to include not only portions of the sea within the territorial
jurisdiction of the United States and all inland waters navigable in fact in
which the tide ebbs and flows, but to encompass all inland navigable waters, An
additional requirement provides that persons discharging or permitting discharge
of oil must remove it or pay costs for its removal. Violators are subject to
fine or imprisonment or both.
In administering this Act, the Secretary may, with the consent of the
Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Secretary of the Army, make use of their
personnel, equipment, organization, and agencies and of Army Corps of Engineers,
Customs, and Coast Guard personnel in its enforcement, as well as persons under
his jurisdiction.
Program of Work
Concurrently with completion of approval of the standards, the enforcement
activities will be accelerated; FWPCA will closely monitor progress and observe
compliance with the standards. Although States have first responsibility, FWPCA
will continuously review the extent to which implementation plans are being
carried out. Extensive water quality monitoring by FWPCA, as well as
-------
State and other Federal agencies, will be important in the review process.
Knowledge gaps discovered in the standard-setting phase indicate a need for
special studies to deal with various technical problems. Pesticides, marine
waste disposal, and salinity are three examples. Research is also needed to
improve our judgments concerning water quality requirements. Finally, the water
quality standards will have to be revised and upgraded at such time in the future
as technical knowledge improves and as waste disposal conditions and water use
change.
The national commitment to abate, prevent, and control water pollution and
restore the cleanliness of our waters is expressed in its final sense through the
enforcement activity. In line with administration and Congressional mandates, the
enforcement authorities provided in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended, and the Oil Pollution Act, 1924, will be applied when applicable to:
1. abate long-standing pollution situations of a serious nature which
endanger the health or welfare of any persons;
2. ensure compliance with established water quality standards for
interstate waters;
3. control and prevent the dumping of spillage of oil from boats or vessels;
4. revise and update water quality standards as necessary;
5. integrate existing enforcement conference procedures with procedures for
implementing water quality standards;
6. maintain a continuing awareness of the status of compliance;
7. analyze basis data to identify the effectiveness of water quality
standards; and
8. initiate programs to provide continuing evaluation of progress toward
fulfilling implementation.
The above activities will be carried out through a small core staff. The
major effort of this program will be to coordinate and evaluate nationwide water
pollution control activities toward achieving the goals and objectives of the
water quality standards. Other operating programs within FWPCA will be called
upon to perform the necessary surveillance, technical studies, and other activities
leading to successful implementation of water quality standards. In this
connection, a program will be initiated to develop a water quality criteria
intelligence system of scientific and technical information appropriate for
standards decision-making purposes, and to make this information available to the
States under a continuing program of technical assistance.
Accomplishments
New conferenoes in J969
Lakes Superior and its tributary basin (Minnesota-Wisconsin-Michigan)
The conference was held on May 13-15,' 1969. The conferees agreed to recess
to allow sufficient time to evaluate the extensive data developed by the
conference. The conference was reconvened in Executive Session on September 30
and October 1, 1969, and it was agreed that a detailed abatement program be
established to protect the interstate waters of Lake Superior.
95
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initial standards-setting conferences
State of Iowa
Mississippi River—Conference held April 8, 1969
Missouri River—Conference held April 15, 1969
Regulations setting forth the Federal standards have been published in
the Federal Register and will be promulgated if the State does not adopt
acceptable standards,
State ofVirginia (Certain interstate waters)
The conference was scheduled for December 9-11, 1969. The conference was
postponed upon the State's indication that it would move to resolve the existing
differences.
Initial standardsviolations (180-day notice) informal hearings
Spring River-Willow Creek—Eagle Richer industries. Held September 23, 1969.
Cuyahoga Rivei—Republic Steel Company. Held October 7, 1969.
Cuyahoga River—U.S. Steel Company. Held October 7, 1969.
Cuyahoga River—Jones and Laugh!in. Held October 8, 1969.
Maumee River—City of Toledo. Held October 9, 1969.
Maumee River—Interlake Steel. Held October 9, 1969-.
In 1969, the initial experience was had in enforcement to abate violations
of water quality standards; The procedure provided in the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, is direct court action, to be preceded, however, by a
180-day notice to the alleged violator. This 180-day period is to be utilized
for obtaining voluntary compliance if at all possible. On August 30, 1969 the
Secretary issued such 180-day notices to six alleged violators. The first
involved the Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., whose mining operations resulted in
discharges violating water quality standards established for Spring River (Kansas-
Oklahoma). The other five actions were taken to abate violations of Lake Erie
water quality standards and involved the City of Toledo and Interlake Steel on the
Maumme River and Republic Steel Company, U.S. Steel Company, and Jones and Laughlin
on the Cuyahoga River. Hearing? were held with all six of the alleged violators.
Eagle-Picher agreed to institute all required remedial measures. The five Ohio
sources have indicated that they will comply.
Reconvened^ conferences^ and progressmgetuigs heldin 1969
In 1969, eight previously initiated conferences were reconvened. These
conferences concerned: (a) the Calumet Rivers-Lake Michigan (Second session begun
on December 11-12, 1968, and continued'to January 29, 1969); -(b) Lake Michigan
and tributary basin (Second session held on Febraury 25, 1969); (c) Potomac River
(Third session held on April 2, 3, and 4, and May 8, 1969); (d) Boston Harbor
(Second session held on April 30, 1969); (e) Hudson River (Third session held on
June 18-19, 1969, and this session of the conference was reconvened on
November 25, 1969); (f) Calumet Rivers-Lake Michigan (Reconvened conference on
August 26, 1969); (g) Androscoggin River (Second session held on October 21,
1969); and (h) Savannah River (Second session held on October 29-30, 1969).
-------
Progress evaluation meetings were held in 1969 concerning (a) Lake Erie
(June 27, 1969); (b) the Upper Mississippi River (July 22, 1969); and (c) the
Potomac River (November 6-7, 1969).
As_pf December '31 , 1969, the following enforcement actions have been scheduled
for 1970T~~ ~~~ ~ ' ' ~*
New conferences
Escambia River Basin-- (Alabama- Florida) The conference was called at the
request of the Governor of Florida to cover both pollution of interstate waters
and intrastate pollution in Florida. The conference will be held January 20, 1970,
at Gulf Breeze, Florida.
Perdldo Bay and Its Tri butanes-- ( F1 orida-AI abama) The conference was
called at the request of the Governor of Alabama. The conference will cover
pollution of the interstate waters of Perdido Bay and its tributaries. The
conference will be held January 22, 1970, at Gulf Breeze, Florida.
Mobi 1 e Bay-- (A1 abama) The conference was called by the Secretary of the
Interior under the "shellfish provisions" of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended. The conference is scheduled for January 27, 1970, at Mobile,
Alabama.
Bi scayne Bay— ( F1 orida ) This conference was requested by the Governor of
Fl orida to cover pol 1 ution of Biscayne Bay in Florida caused by wastes discharged
in Florida. The conference will be held on February 24, 1970, at Miami, Florida.
Reconvened conference^
Chattahoochee River-- (Georgia-Alabama) Second session called by the
Conf erence~~Chai Vma'n. Schedul ed for February 17, 1970, at Atlanta, Georgia.
The Water Quality Act of 1965 provided that all the States, territories, and
other affected jurisdictions establish water quality standards for their inter-
state waters or they would be otherwise federally promulgated. This provision
required all of the States, territories, and other affected jurisdictions to make
some crucial decisions involving the uses of their water resources, the quality
of water to support these uses, and specific plans for achieving such levels of
quality. All elected to establish their water quality standards.
During 1969, 27 States and/or territories submitted water quality standards
which have formally been approved; however, nine of these States do not have
acceptable anti -degradation statements.
Twenty-three States are actively negotiating to resolve exceptions to the
water quality standards on dissolved oxygen and temperature; of these, eight
States have submitted approved anti-degradation statements.
Four States have submitted water qual'ity standards in which formal approval
is anticipated shortly.
The following is a summary reflecting the status by State.
97
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STATUS OF EXCEPTIONS TO WATER QUALITY STANDARDS—JANUARY 20, 1970
Formally
Approved
*Arizona
*Arkansas
*Florida
Georgia
Hawai i
Idaho
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts
*Minnesota
*Montana
*Nebraska
*Nevada
*New Mexico
New York
*0regon
Pennsylvania
South Dakota
*Texas
*Utah
*Washington
^Wisconsin
*Wyotning
*District of Columbia
*Guam
*Puerto Rico
*Virgin Islands
Formal
Approval
Forthcoming
Colorado
Connecticut
North Dakota
Oklahoma
Negotiations
Underway
Alabama
Alaska
*California
Delaware
*Illinois
Iowa
*Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mai ne
*Michigan
Mississippi
*Missouri
New Hampshire
*New Jersey
North Carolina
*0hio
Rhode Island
*South Carolina
Tennessee
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
(27)
(4)
54
(23)
*Approved anti-degradation statements (26)
98
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Executive direction
and support
SECTION TAB
-------
Executive directi on and support
Increase (+)
a.
b.
c.
Uno
Direction, coordination and
management support ...
Pub! i c information
Commissioned officer retirement fund....
bli gated balance lapsing
Total..
FY 1969 FY 1970
Amount Amount FY 1971
Available Available Estimate
$4, 594, 208 $4,955 ,000 $5 , 1 19 ,000
502,461 573,,OQO 548,000
157,823
134,508
\
5.389,000 5.528.000 5.667.000
or Decrease (-)
1971 compared
with 1970
+$164,000
-25,000
+139.000
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Direction,
coordination, &
management
support
SECTION TAB
-------
a. 01rection, coordin ation and management support
1. Headquarters
2, Regional offices.
Total......
FY 1970
Amount
Available
$3,267,000
1,688,000
4,955,000
General
FY 1971
Estimate
$3,387.0.00
1,732,000
5,119,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1970
+$120,000
+44,000
+164,000
Overall leadership, direction and administrative support are essential and
necessary functions of any organization. These kinds of activities become
particularly important for FWPCA which has been expanding and increasing its
financial, manpower and facility resources.
In the past several years, FWPCA has grown from an organization of 1S936
employees as of June 30, 1966 to 2,646 on June 30, 1969; established its own
regional boundaries and related offices; established administrative management
support activities at headquarters and in the field; was in various stages of
planning and/or constructing laboratory facilities; implemented two major pieces
of legislation, the Water Quality Act of 1965 and the Clean Water Restoration Act
of 1966; and has realized a budget increase from $187.0 million for 1966 to
$886,1 million in 1970. It should be noted that all of this has been accomplished
during years in which stringent fiscal and manpower limitations have been in
effect. FWPCA proposes to continue expanding and strengthening its programs. To
provide necessary direction, coordination and administrative support for the
proposed expansion in program requirements and related manpower needs both at
headquarters and in the field, some additional resources are required.
1- JfegJ9.U£rterjs: Fiscal year 1970, $3,267,000; fiscal year 1971, $3,3879000;
i n creas e, $T20,OOO. The increase consists of:
(1)
Increase (+) or Decrease _(_-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions
+$8,000 ...
(2) +42,000
(3) +70.000
+120,000
_+6 $3,387,000
+6
232
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs.
To support full year
employment of new
personnel authorized for
1970.
Strengthen executive
direction, program
planning and evaluation
and to provide
administrative support to
meet new and expanding
program requirements.
100
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Need for Increase
Office of the Commis s ioner
The responsibilities and Secretariat, Congressional and public interest and
concern in the diversified and complex water pollution control problems place a
great and increasing burden on this office. Due to the lack of staff and time,
immediate and adequate attention is not being given to many areas including
setting effective and meaningful program priorities to overall planning and to
direction, guidance and effective implementation of decisions. Therefore, two
additional positions and $30,000 are requested to provide this office assistance
in giving special attention to these areas, and to make special studies as needed
and relieve the Commissioner of the day-to-day routine administrative workload.
Accounting Operations
Every financial transaction occurring nationally is processed, reviewed and
recorded at the headquarters level. This is as a result of a nationally
centralized accounting operations activity established in 1968 to service all
FWPCA activities. Workload in this area has been steadily on the increase. The
following provides some statistics to illustrate the magnitude of some of the
workload impact which is measurable:
(a) In 1968, the first year of this operation, nearly 36,000 documents were
administratively audited and processed for payment by the Treasury Department.
(b) In 1969, nearly 51,000 documents were processed—an increase of 42
percent over 1968.
(c) It is estimated that the number of documents processed in 1970 will
increase to 65,000--an increase of 81 percent over 1968,
Although additional staff was authorized for 1969, Section 201 of the
Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968 eliminated this resource. Therefore,
the accounting operations staff has been and is faced with an ever-increasing
workload without the manpower resources to provide the timely support conducive
to good management practice. The staff has been working a considerable amount
of overtime and this in itself contributes to poor working conditions. In order
to correct this situation and enable this activity to meet the increased workload,
it is essential that this activity be increased by four positions and $40,000.
Objective
Provide overall leadership, direction, coordination and administrative
management support to facilitate attainment of FWPCA program missions. The
functions supported at headquarters under this activity include the following:
Office of the Commissioner
Office of Program Planning and Evaluation
Water Pollution Control Advisory Board
Office of Administration
(a) Office of Assistant Commissioner
(b) Office of Management
(c) Office of Equal Employment Opportunity
(d) Personnel Management
(e) Financial Management
(f) General Services
(g) Facilities Management
(h) Automatic Data Processing
101
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Program of Work
Continue providing overall leadership and direction, establish policies,
plans, regulations and directives as needed. Continue expanding and strengthening
the quantification of agency output objectives to make possible more incisive
and far-reaching program analysis and reviews. Provide guidance, coordination
and direction, and, where applicable, provide services to headquarters and field
activities.
Accomplishments
Some of the effort devoted by management activities during 1969 were
directed to the following:
1. Development and initial implementation of a comprehensive personnel
evaluation system designed to measure the effectiveness of personnel management
throughout the FWPCA.
2. Several programs for the recruitment of highly qualified college
graduates have been developed. They are: graduate fellowship program; post-
doctoral research program; and a program to use special term appointments.
3. An automated personnel system has been developed and is being imple-
mented which is designed to provide a complete personnel management information
system to provide for the automation and computer printout of numerous personnel
records, to provide for computer screening of personnel actions now performed
manually, and to provide for the preparation of all personnel reports required
by the FWPCA, Department of the Interior, Bureau of the Budget, Civil Service
Commission, or other government activities.
4. A career system for scientists and engineers has been published and is
currently being implemented. The system is designed to attract, develop, and
retain a high quality work force to meet the critical mission goals and objectives
of the FWPCA.
5. The completion of the design and implementation of the National Estuary
Inventory Information System, the creation of a Federal Activities Waste Treat-
ment Plant Inventory system, and the conversion of the FWPCA national tele-
communications network to dial-up data communication service.
6. The newly created Office of Management Analysis has embarked upon
several significant studies and surveys; namely, the study of existing and
necessary delegations, organization management and internal and external
directives.
7. A comprehensive study has nearly been completed relating to the
laboratory requirements of FWPCA including those laboratories previously
authorized, those which are needed in regions with no laboratory capacity and
any interim facilities required pending construction of new laboratories.
8. Reorganization of top management personnel and functions to more
effectively and efficiently attain program goals.
Financial Management and InformationSystem
On June 19, 1969, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration entered
into a management services contract for the first phase of a two phase program for
the development of an Improved Financial Management and Information System. The
first phase covered the design and" presentation of the framework for an accounting
system, including the principles and standards to be followed by FWPCA. The
second phase includes documentation, implementation, and actual testing for the
102
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effectiveness of the proposed accounting system.
The statement of principles and standards, phase I, pertinent to accounting
for FWPCA was developed *nd,in significant respects,represents a departure from
the present practices of the FWPCA. Copies of the "Statement of Principles and
Standards" were sent to the General Accounting Office for their informal review
on May 29, 1969, by the Assistant Director of Survey and Review, Office of the
Secretary, Department of the Interior.
Work on the implementation plan started June 30, 1969, with an all-systems
operation date of July 1, 1970, for all FWPCA activities. The writing of the
detailed manual of procedures is in a pre-final draft status and is now under
review. Preliminary field work has been completed and computer programming and
specifications were started in November 1969. Training is at this point a by-
product of FWPCA accountants and programmers working with the contractor. The
system will be operational July 1, 1970.
2- Regional offices: Fiscal year 1970, $1,688,000; fiscal year 1971, $1,732,000;
increase $44,000.The Increase consists of:
Increase (+)or Decrease(-) Total Total
Amountyositiohs" Program Positions Explanation
(1) +$4,000 ... ... ... To meet increased pay
costs.
(2) +40,000 +4 $1,732,000 117 To meet regional program
responsibilities.
+44.000^ J-4
NeedforIncrease
The workload of administrative support activities in the regional offices
continues to grow. Since the establishment in regional offices several years
ago, the management support activities, which include personnel management,
financial management (excluding accounting) and general services, staffing has
been constrained due to personnel limitations. With the increased workload due
to the development and implementation of a work plan system, an increase of four
positions and $40,000 is necessary to ensure the effective preparation of work
planning data for each region. Such a position would provide the additional
assistance needed for the coordination of data for all FWPCA activities within
a regional area which, when approved at the regional level, would be transmitted
to the headquarters level for inclusion in the work plan system. This system
will be the management tool for identifying and assigning objectives and tasks,
measuring progress and modifying program elements to meet changing requirements.
In order for the system to be fully applicable, the input from all FWPCA programs
at the regional level must be planned, directed and coordinated.
Objective
Regional directors represent the Commissioner and their objective, there-
fore, is to provide leadership, supervision, coordination and administrative
management support for all program activities under their jurisdiction.
Program of Work and Accomplishments
This program includes carrying out and, when necessary, interpreting
policies of the Administration and supervision, conduct and coordination of
assigned programs, activities and projects. New and expanded program activities
in the past few years are placing a tremendous demand on the regional organization.
103
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Considerable amount of emphasis is and will continue to be placed on developing
a more effective Federal, State and local cooperative approach for water
pollution control.
Progress in implementing the State water quality standard plans will be
critically watched; monitoring of water quality through joint Federal-State
efforts to assure compliance to standards will be strengthened; formulation
of local institutional arrangements for the development of water pollution
action programs for river basins will be accelerated; technical support to
States and local communities and others for solving specific pollution problems
will continue; and assistance to other Federal agencies to solve their pollution
problems will be extended. This increased activity places additional demands on
the regional directors and will require considerable amount of coordination
and supervision and effective and timely administrative support.
10U
-------
Public Information
SECTION TAB
-------
Public Information: Fiscal year 1970, $573,000; fiscal year 1971, $548,000;
decrease, $25,000. The decrease consists of:
Increase (+_) or Decrease (-J_ Total Total
Alnbuht'' FosTETprjl"^ Pro gram Pgsjtlons^ Explanation
(1) +$2,000 ... ... ... To meet increased pay
cost.
(2) -27.000 _^4_ $548,000 26 Reduction to be achieved
in select areas.
-25,000 -4
Objective
The basic objective of the Office of Public Information, both at headquarters
and in the field, is to put the facts about water pollution and water pollution
prevention and control on the public records and to provide information in such
form as to be most useful to groups, organizations, and individuals whose
cooperation is essential to the success of the entire program. The first part of
this objective serves the public's right to know what FWPCA is doing and trying to
do about water pollution. The second part serves the public's need to know how the
water pollution control program works in order for them to participate effectively
in the program at State and local levels,
Pyog.rarn of Work
The program of work of the Office of Public Information for 1971 will place
emphasis on how water pollution can be controlled. This will serve the dual
purpose of maintaining public awareness of the fact that water pollution can be
controlled, the dominant initial theme of the FWPCA information program, and
helping to channel widespread public interest into effective action against all
forms of water pollution.
Accompl ishments^
FWPCA's Office of Public Information for the second straight year won the
"Thoth" award, presented annually by the Washington Chapter of the Public
Relation Society of America for professional excellence.
The top award in the government category was in recognition of FWPCA's total
information program, including press relations, its radio and television campaigns,
publications and presentations and speech and article writing.
The Advertising Council of America took the unusual step of twice endorsing
the "Clean Water" television-radio campaigns of the FHPCA during 1969. The
endorsement, based on the campaigns' merits 3is usually accorded only when a
campaign is launched. Furthermore, the second endorsement by the Council was sent
not only to radio and television stations, but to all the media and to all the
advertising agency members.
Many television and radio stations across the country have asked for extra
copies of the clean water spots. For example, WCBS, the flagship station of CBS
Radio in New York, wrote: "We have used the 'Clean Water1 spots heavily in the
past and will be happy to use them again in the coming weeks." The public service
director of KTALK, Denver, wrote: "I have long admired the series," and asked for
extra tapes to run. KBIM, Roswell, New Mexico, over the signature of its vice
president (said, "We could use new prints of the spots since they get quite a bit
of exposure on our station."
105
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Numerous organizations included the spots in their projects during 1969.
The Museum of Natural History, New York City, is using the spots in its "Can Man
Survive?" exhibit which will run until May 1971. The British Broadcasting
Corporation and the United States Information Agency included the spots in their
programs on excellent public service advertising in this country.
A new radio news service was instituted by the Office of Public Information
in 1969. Tapes of interviews with the Commissioner of the FWPCA were furnished
radio stations in areas where an important water pollution control event was
taking place. The stations were enthusiastic in the reception of the new service
and made wide use of the tapes.
The first FWPCA-produced film went into production during 1969. After
filming from coast-to-coast, the producers, Richter-McBnde Productions, Inc.,
are now in the editing stages and are aiming for a 1970 release. The nationally
distributed 28-minute color documentary will visually portray the truth of what
pollution is doing to our water resources.
The publications section of the Office of Public Information produced a
26-page "A Primer on Waste Water Treatment" in full color. The booklet provides
basic information on sewage treatment methods and problems with emphasis on the
need for more advanced techniques.
A new clean water poster and two exhibits were designed during the year.
Three publications in the "Better Water for America" series were reprinted.
They were "Heat Can Hurt"; "Estuaries...Cradles or Graves"; and "Water Quality
Standards." .
"Pollution-Caused Fish Kills, 1968," the annual report, revealed what sources
of pollution, types of water, and other such categories were responsible for the
deaths of fish.
The Office of Public Information continued to provide a variety of speeches
and special articles for the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary and the
Commissioner.
In addition to letters addressed to "Clean Water," a large volume of mail
requiring individual responses were received and answered. Letters of this type
averaged 250 to 300 a month and are on the rise.
Phone inquiries, press releases and special assistance to newspaper and
magazine writers continued to increase each month as the water pollution control
program gained momentum throughout the Nation.
106
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Comparative Transfers
(in thousands of dollars)
Research,development and demonstration
FY 1969 Actual
Pos. Amount
FY 1970 Estimate
Pos.
Amount
FY 1971 Estimate
Pos. Amount
Planning, assistance and training -22 -$446
Federal planning and studies... -209 -3,511
Water qual 1 ty standards -33 -523
Technical support ... +182 +2,477
Pollution surveillance +34 +730
Construction grants administration -7 +119
Federal operations training^ +12 +262
State and interstate program grants
administrati on -1
Enforcement +23 +469
Executive direction and support £j -23
Executive direction -1 -23
-22
-$481
-22
-$481
-209
-33
+182
+34
-7
+12
-1
+23
-3,644
-569
+2,579
+760
+124
+269
+504
-209
-33
+182
+34
-7
+12
-1
+23
-3,644
-569
+2,579
+760
+124
+269
+504
-1
-23
-1
-23
-1
-23
-la/
-23
a/ Transfer of manpower resources analyst from Office of Program Plans and Development to Manpower Development and
Training under Federal Operations Activity.
-------
Personnel Summary
1969 1970 1971
Actual Estimate ' Estimate
Total number of permanent positions...,. 2,160 2f416 2,664
Full-time equivalent of other positions. 352 333 353
Average number of all employees 2,510 2,565 2,791
Average GS grade . .. 9.6 9.7 9.7
Average GS salary. $11,523 $12,634 $12,652
Average salary of ungraded positions..,. $7,990 $7,990 $7,990
108
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ITEMIZATION OF ESTIMATE
Department of the Interior
Appropriation Title: Pollution Control Operations and Research
Federal Water Pollution Control Administratien
Program and Financing
Total obi i gati ons ,
Comparatl ve transfer from other accounts.
Transfer to:
"Operating expenses, Public Buildings Services,"
General Services Administration.......
"Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Land Management"
"Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Indian Affairs".
Unobl i gated bal ance brought forward
Unobl i gated bal ance carried forward
Unobl 1 gated bal ance 1 apsi ng
Appropriation . .
Obligations by objects:
1 2 Personnel benef i ts
22 Transportation of things
23 Rent, comnuni cations and util ities
25 Other services
41 Grants, subsidies and contributions
42 Insurance claims and indemnities . ...
Total obi i aatl ons
Actual
1969
$97,163,279
-4,334,306
114,154
1,803,000
246,000
-18,804,849
11,915,814
734,908
88,838,000
25,543,605
1,952,612
2,101,385
158,558
1, 731*575
515,358
15,782,873
1,680,139
1 ,267,540
41,193
46,383,040
5,401
97,163,279
Estimate
1970
$97,639,764
258,050
-11,915,814
400,000
86,382,000
28,365,900
2 pee ftfln
2 550 000
292,000
2,040,000
599 ,000
16,125,050
1 ,758,000
1 ,370,000
42,273,814
97,639,764
Estimate
1971
598,418,000
-400,000
98,018,000
31,175,800
2,479,000
2,891,000
459,000
2,296,100
696,400
17,036,500
1 ,878,700
1,267,500
1,460,000
36,778,000
* • •
98*418,000
Increase \+}
Decrease (-)
+$778,236
-258,050
4-11,515,814
-400,000
« • •
+11,636,000
4.9 coo Qno
+?i "? noo
4.-J4.1 nnn
+167 000
+256,100
+97,400
+911 ,450
+120,700
-102,500
+1,460,000
-5,495,814
"• * •
+778,236
-------
Buildings &
Facilities
SECTION TAB
-------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Buildings and Facilities
Appropri ation 1 970 .................. .............. ..... ---- . ........ ..... ...................... . ........
Unobli gated bal ance from prior years . ............ . ........................ .... ............ . . .......... . . $1Q ,062j,|58
Total available for obligation ........... . ...................... . .......................... 10,062,358
Decreases :
Water pol 1 uti on control and water qual i ty standards 1 aboratories .
Subtotal and total available for obligation 7,543,071
Less: Unobligated balance from 1970 -.- -7,543t071
Budget estimate 1971 ..^
-------
Buildings and Facilities
Analysis by Activities
Amount
Available
1970
Bti mated
Total
Available
Fiscal Year 1971
Unobligated
Balance from
1970
Budget
Estimate
Total available
1971 compared
to total
available 1970
Page
Ref.
1. Water pollution control and
water quality standards
1 aboratories..--
2. Field evaluations.
Total ,
$9.744,270 $7.543,071 $7,224,983 +$318,088 -$2,201,199
318,088 318.088 -318.088 -318.088
10,062.358 7.543,071
7.543.071
-2.519.287
112
115
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1. Hater pollution control and water quality standards laboratories: It is
proposed that $2,000,000 be reprogramined from funds appropriated in prior years.
The reprogramming consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Pos i ti ons Program Positions Explanation
(1) +$1,300.000 ... $1,300,000 ... To provide for
alterations and
improvements to
essential research
facilities.
(2) +700,000 ... 700,000 ... Repair and improvement
~ requirements for
+2,000,000 existing laboratory
=====*== ££= facilities.
Proposed Reprogranimi ng
It is proposed that FWPCA be permitted to use $2,000,000 from funds
appropriated in prior years, of which $318,088 is from funds appropriated
previously under the field evaluations,activity in this appropriation. Funds
for field evaluations are no longer required since this type of activity is
now programmed under the research, development and demonstration activity
under the "Pollution Control Operations and Research" appropriation. The
balance of $1,681,912 is proposed to be taken from funds appropriated heretofore
to construct a laboratory in the northeast area. The land on which this labor-
atory was planned for construction has reverted to the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts; therefore, these funds will not be necessary for this purpose
at least in the near forseeable future.
The increase of $1,300,000 is required to provide for alterations and
improvements to essential research facilities for the following purposes: .
(a) An increase of $400,000 is required to upgrade and expand the fish
toxicology laboratory facilities at Newtown, Ohio, including the renovation of
existing space and the addition of 6,000 square feet of laboratory and office
space. The existing facility is inadequate to maintain and expand the level
of research needed in fish toxicology. Therefore, the facility must be up-
graded and expanded to meet the needs of research in methods.development and
routine chronic toxicity testing that was basic material used in establishing
the toxicant section of the National Technical Committee Report for Aquatic
Life. This work is essential to the extension and refinement of the Nation's
water quality standards and development of "continuous flow chronic testing"
methods. This type of testing is expected to be a basic part of determining
the water quality requirements and pollutant effects from an aquatic toxicology
standpoint in the same way the BOD test and the coll form count have been used
in the municipal waste problem area. Existing water supply test basins and
impoundment facilities vital to the conduct of this type of research are already
available and operational at this location', including a nearby stream which has
been equipped with flow control barriers and pollutant introduction devices for
the continuous flow testing work.
(b) An increase of $200,000 is required to construct an aquatic insect
facility and fish food growing tank at the National Water Quality Laboratory,
D.uluth, Minnesota. The insect facility is needed to test fish and fish food
organisms under natural light intensity periodicity, and spectral distribution
where reproductive regulation is critical. Larger areas for insect flight
space (30 feet'high) are necessary to complete the life cycles of all mayflies,
112
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and many other insects being tested. This space is not presently available and
is needed to extend the "warm weather" season at Duluth to allow extension of
research results to more temperate areas of the country. Fish fry need to be
tested under natural light conditions as artificial lighting has not proven to be
satisfactory. The fish food growing tank, to be operated in conjunction with the
aquatic insect facility and the lake water supply system which is already
under construction, is necessary for growing and maintaining an on-site supply
of algae and higher plants, required as food for fish fry and larger macro-
invertebrates currently being tested at this laboratory. This work is essential
for fresh water quality standards purposes.
(c) An increase of $350,000 is required to construct a pollution effects
research laboratory on the auxiliary site of the Pacific Northwest Water
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. This facility is required to conduct special
studies of the effects of heat and industrial pollutants on fish and other aquatic
life native to the Northwest area of the United States. These studies can not be
conducted at the existing Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory because of the lack
of a water supply of adequate quality and quantity. Investigations have
determined that the required water is available on an auxiliary site. A
laboratory building of approximately 7,200 square feet of space is planned for
construction, along with the necessary 500 gal Ion-per-minute well water supply
and process water return systems.
(d) An increase of $350,000 is required to construct pilot plant research
facilities on the Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center auxiliary site located
adjacent to the municipal waste treatment plant serving Ada, Oklahoma. The pilot
plant research facilities are needed to provide inside facilities for the conduct
of pilot-scale research projects without interruptions due to weather conditions.
These projects are part of Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center's national
assignment to solve pollution problems related to (1) treatment and control of
petroleum, petrochemical, and animal feedlot wastes and irrigation return flows,
(2) control of groundwater pollution, and (3) development of water quality
control technology.
The increase of $700,000 for repairs and improvements to existing laboratory
facilities are for the following purposes:
(a) Waste lines have been deteriorated by acid wastes and require replace^
ment with more resistant material piping at the Southeast Water Laboratory, Athens,
Georgia, and the Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma. To eliminate
the contamination of potable water by back-siphonage of nonpotable water, back~
flow preventers are required at the Ada Laboratory and the Robert A. Taft Water
Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. In addition, a fire warning system is necessary
at the Edison, New Jersey, facility^ These items are required for safety and
health protection purposes and will require a total of $100,000.
(b) Correction of a site drainage problem is required at the Robert A, Taft
Water Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. High retaining walls are in danger of
collapse from hillside slippage due to inadequate surface and subsurface water
drainage collection and disposal system. The estimated cost for this purpose is
$150,000.
(c) An emergency electrical generator and a standby steam generator are
required at the Southeast Water Laboratory, Athens, Georgia, and the Pacific
Northwest Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, respectively. These items are needed to
protect against failure of electrical or steam service vital to the uninterrupted
conduct of long-term research experiments. A total of $150,000 is required to
fund these items.
113
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(d) Corrections are required to eliminate the water penetration problems
in the major permanent building structures at Edison, New Jersey; the Southeast
Water Laboratory, Athens, Georgia; and the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory,
Con/all is, Oregon. These items are required to protect the Federal Government's
investment in the building structure, interior finishes and equipment and will
require a total of $100,000.
(e) Other requirements exist to improve maintenance, correct operating
deficiencies, and make minor renovations. Included are expansion of toilet
room facilities in the Robert A. Taft Water Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota; and the laboratory building
at Edison, New Jersey; installation of kick plates on all wooden doors in the
Robert A. Taft Water Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; interior painting of
both the Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma, and part of the
laboratory building at Edison, New Jersey; replacement or repair of floor
finishes both In the R. A. Taft Water Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,
and the laboratory building at Edison, New Jersey; determination and/or
correction of existing deficiencies in mechanical systems controlling space
temperature and humidity conditions in both the Taft Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,
and the National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota; renovation of the
training facilities (new ceiling, lighting, projection facilities) in the Taft
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; and relamping of the entire fluorescent lighting system
in the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, A total of
$200,000 is required to fund these items.
Basis for a Laboratory Program
Section 5 (e) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,
provides:
"The Secretary shall establish, equip and maintain field laboratory and
research facilities, including, but not limited to, one to be located in the
northeastern area of the United States, one in the Middle Atlantic area, one in
the southeastern area, one in the midwestern area, one in the State of Alaska for
the conduct of research, investigations, experiments, field demonstrations and
studies and training relating to the prevention and control of water pollution.
Insofar as practicable, each such facility shall be located near institutions of
higher learning in which graduate training in such research might be carried
out."
In addition to the seven initially authorized in 1966, Congress authorized
three more to be located at Columbia, Missouri; Vicksburg-Jackson, Mississippi
area; and Stevens Point, Wisconsin.
Water pollution control regional facilities are necessary because;
(1) Water pollution control field activities require readily accessible,
substantial and highly technical laboratory support for activities involving
development of a comprehensive program for water pollution control, enforcement
of pollution abatement, collection of basic data, and technical support to State
and local agencies. Technical training for Federal, State, and local water
pollution control personnel is also provided at these facilities.
(2) Each region has its own unique water uses and related pollution problems
which require intensive research. However, in some cases the findings developed
in one region can also be applied to those other regions where similar uses of
water exist or are developing.
114
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At the present time four laboratories authorized under this section are
completed and generally operational. These include facilities at Athens,
Georgia; Ada, Oklahoma; Corvallis, Oregon; and College, Alaska.
In addition to regional water pollution control laboratories, in 1963 the
Congress authorized the construction of two national water quality standards
laboratories to conduct necessary research for determining water quality
standards for salt and fresh water. In light of the Water Quality Act of 1965,
which provided for the establishment of standards, the research effort in or
through these facilities becomes highly important. The laboratory to conduct
research on fresh water is located at Duluth, Minnesota. The salt water research
laboratory is planned for Narragansett, Rhode Island. The construction of the
Duluth laboratory was completed in 1967.
Because of the national fiscal situation and related curtailment in Federal
spending during the past several years and emerging changes in program
requirements, a complete reevaluation of laboratory requirements has been under-
taken. A report on FWPCA's proposals for this purpose will be completed shortly
and submitted to the Appropriations Cornnittees, as promised.
2, F ield evaluations: Fiscal year 1970, ...; fiscal year 1971, ...; no change.
As noted heretofore, $318,088 is proposed to be reprogrammed from funds
appropriated for this activity in prior years in order to finance the water
pollution control and water quality standards laboratories' requirements.
Acid mine drainage program and field evaluation of advanced waste treatment
processes is now programmed under the research, development and demonstration
activity under the appropriation "Pollution Control Operations and Research,"
Therefore, no further activity for these purposes will be proposed or funded
under this appropriation account.
This action will have eliminated any balance for this purpose.
115
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ITEMIZATION OF ESTIMATE
Department of the Interior
Appropriation Title: Buildings and Facilities
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Program and Financing
Unobl i gated bal ance brought forward.
Recovery of prior year obi igations
Unobligated balance carried forward ,
Appropriation . .
Obligations by objects:
21 Travel and transportation of persons
24 Pri nti ng and reproducti on
25 Other servi ces
26 Supplies and materials
31 Equi pment. ,
32 Land and structures. -...-.
Total obi i aati ons
Actual
1969
$1,966,179
-11,672,140
-356,397
10,062,358
22,131
2,000
5,002
1,210,852
, , 27,000
343 nnn
356,194
1.966.179
Estimate
1970
$2,519,287
-10,062,358
7,543,071
15,000
7,000
983,926
945 ?41
568,120
2.519.287
Estimate
1971
$2,000,000
-7,543,071
5,543,071
15,000
5,000
480,000
1,500,000
2.000.000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-}
-$519,287
+2,519,287
-2,000,000
-2,000
-503,926
-Q4S 241
+931 ,880
-R1Q.2R7
-------
Constr. Grants for
Waste Treatment
Works
SECTION TAB
-------
no
i
o
o
.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works
Appropriation 1970, — $800,000,000
Unobligated balance from prior years, ..... >., +6488408867
Total available for obligation , , ......... 864,840,867
Decrease:
Waste treatment works construction , 514,840,867
Subtotal and total available for obligation , 350,000,000
Less: Unobligated balance from 1970 350.000.000
Budget estimate 1971 .. .J/
a/ Excludes $4 billion provided in proposed legislation for separate transmittal which would provide $4 billion contract
authority for use over four years for grants to localities for construction of waste treatment works, of which $1 billion
will be allocated in 1971 and in each of the next three fiscal years.
-------
INJ
o
o
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works
Analysis by Activities
Activity
Waste Treatment Works
Construction
Amount
Available
1970
$864.840,867
Estimated
Total
Available
$350,000,000
Fiscal Year 1971
Unobligated
Balance from
1970
$350,000.000
Budget
Estimate
it
Total Available
1971 Compared
to Total
Available 1970
-$514.840.867
Page
Ref.
119
a/ Excludes $4 billion provided in proposed legislation for separate transmittal which would provide $4 billion contract
authority for use over four years for grants to localities for construction of waste treatment works, of which $1 billion
will be allocated in 1971 and in each of the next three fiscal years.
00
-------
Waste treatment works construction: Fiscal year 1970, $800,000,000; fiscal
year1971, .:..; decrease, -$800,000,000.
Objective
The program is designed: to help bring water pollution from municipalities
under control by achieving a rate of construction which will overcome the unmet
backlog of needed facilities; to keep pace with needs for new facilities resulting
from population growth; and to keep pace with needs to replace facilities which
become obsolete because of age, technical advancement, or population relocation.
Program and Appropriation AuthorizatiQn
Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, was amended by the
Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 to authorize appropriations of $150 million
for 1967, $450 million for 1968 ($203 million was appropriated), $700 million for
1969 ($21.4 million was appropriated), and $1 billion for 1970 ($800 million was
appropriated), for grants to aid in the construction of municipal waste treatment
facilities in order to prevent the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated
sewage or other wastes into any waters.
No new funds for grants are requested at this time. This request is
predicated on the assumption that proposed.legislation .will be enacted which will
provide the Secretary with $4 billion in contract authority to be used over a
period of four years to make grants to States and local communities to construct
needed municipal waste treatment works. Of this total, $1 billion will be
allocated to the States in fiscal year 1971, and the same amount will be allocated
in each of the next three fiscal years.
Funds are apportioned among the States and other jurisdictions according to
a formula prescribed by the Act. The fiscal year 1969 and 1970 allocations and
the fiscal year 1971 estimate included in the table on page 121 are based on the
current provisions of the Act. However, because of the urgency to get funds to
the States with the greatest need, the legislative proposal will include a change
in the formula and therefore the amounts requested by States for fiscal year 1971
will change accordingly.
The Federal share, as authorized by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
as amended, is 30 percent of the estimated reasonable cost of construction of
necessary waste treatment works without dollar limitations. The 30 percent
limitation may be increased to 40 percent if the State agrees to pay 30 percent
of the estimated reasonable cost of all projects receiving Federal funds from
the same allocation. The 30 percent limitation may also be increased to 50
percent if enforceable water quality standards have been established for the
waters into which the project discharges and the State agrees to pay not less
than 25 percent of the estimated reasonable cost of all projects receiving
Federal funds from the particular allocation. The amount of a grant may be
increased 10 percent if a project is certified as being in conformity with a
comprehensive plan developed by an official State, metropolitan, or interstate
planning agency. Thus, if all conditions are met, the total amount of a grant
can be as high as 55 percent of the total cost of construction.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, also provides for
reimbursement payments, from allotments for any fiscal year ending before June 30,
1971, for eligible treatment works for which construction was initiated after
June 30, 1966, and which proceeded without a Federal grant or with a lesser percent
of the eligible construction costs than was authorized by Law. These treatment
works are those that are found to be eligible by the Secretary for reimbursement
under Section 8(c) of the Act.
Rev. 2-10-70 H9
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In authorizing the 1966 Amendments, Congress clearly recognized the problems
of the larger cities in obtaining significant financial assistance in the
construction of needed sewage treatment facilities. The removal of dollar
limitations for both single and multiniunicipal projects., together with the added
incentive of higher grant percentages with certain specified State participation,
is stimulating many of these larger cities and metropolitan areas to move ahead
with construction at an accelerated pace. Greater activity in major cities will
result in a greater number of larger projects and, therefore., a greater contri-
bution toward reducing pollution loads discharged to our streams.
Program of Work and Accompli shments
The States and municipalities are proceeding with plans for constructing
waste treatment facilities to meet the water quality standards approved by the
Department of the Interior pursuant to the Water Quality Act of 1965.
Coupled with State and local financing,, the $4 billion Federal share is
expected to stimulate the construction of $10 billion of municipal waste treatment
works over the next four years (1971-1974), and bring the Nation abreast of the
waste treatment problems of its cities.
As of December 31, 1969, including supplemental aid under the Public Morks
Acceleration Program, the Appalachian Regional Development and the Public Morks
and Economic Development Acts of 1965, a total of 9 gQ7 projects have been
approved for grants totalling almost $1.5 billion since the inception of the
program. Local communities have contributed an additional $5.2 billion to meet
the total project cost of $6.7 billion. There were 7,535 applications for grants
for projects costing $9.2 billion being processed or reported to be in preparation
as of December 31, 1969, which would require nearly $4.0 billion in Federal funds
if fully funded under the existing provisions of'the Act.
Workload statistics are as follows:
1969 1970 1971
Actual Estimate Estimate *
Active-projects at start of
fiscal year: 2,464 2,636 3,056
Projects under construction (1,350) (1S504) (1S674)
Projects not under
construction (1J14) (1S132) (1,382)
Workload during fiscal year:
Applications reviewed ,1,282 1,700 2,300
Plans and specifications
reviewed 1S516 1,500 2*070
Construction starts 903 1,200 1,550
Inspections \ ,592 1S800 4,910
Plants completed 749 1,030 1,235
Performance audits 223 400 1,000
Sewer certifications 594 750 KO
*Based on President's legislative proposal.
Rev. 2-10-70 12°
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Allocation of Grant Funds for Waste Treatment Works Construction
Al abama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Coluntia
Fl ori da
Georgia
Hawai i
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryl and
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Okl ahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
FY 1969
$4,130,100
906,900
2,122,800
2,829,800
14,872,400
2,414,800
2 , 945, 500
1,083,000
1,299,000
5,395,700
4,597,100
1,348,100
1,580,400
9,784,800
5, 004 , 800
3,327,300
2,815,600
3,843,000
4,020,500
1,860,600
3,550,200
5,382,000
7,806,900
3,931 ,000
3,360,600
4,755,300
1,540,000
2,136,600
936,300
1,419,500
6,171,100
1,872,900
15,828,800
5,200,900
1,594,000
9,555,000
3,090,300
2,419,600
11,032,600
1,575,500
3,367,900
1,662,000
4,328,800
9,602,600
1,762,000
FY 1970
$14,672,000
1,637,900
6,327,100
8,599,200
65 .,554,900
8,072,600
11,117,600
2,541,600
3,780,500
21 ,353,200
17,305,100
3,398,600
3,743,800
42,287,100
20,042,500
12,203,800
9,839,400
13,625,800
14,513,900
4,981,500
13,550,900
21 ,983,500
33,033,200
14,928,100
10,377,700
18,690,000
3,714,500
6,668,600
1 ,881 ,900
3,369,200
25,737,700
4,958,900
69,938,200
19,881,800
3,626,400
40,850,400
10,596,800
8,134,100
' 47,524,200
4,341,100
11,028,700
3,815,600
15,815,700
40,479,900
4,655,900
FY 1971
$18,266,400
1,886,700
7,759,900
10,564,700
82,848,400
10,002,300
13,907,100
3,032,600
4,621,200
26,801,400
21,643,600
4,094,800
4,477,800
53,379,300
25,172,500
15,237,800
12,236,400
16,968,600
18,097,500
6,047,900
16,962,500
27,648,300
41 ,641 ,000
18,684,300
12,774,400
23,443,000
4,456,900
8,221,400
2,195,600
4,037,000
32,412,900
6,005,300
88,403,400
24,894,800
4,322,200
51,530,200
13,158,500
10,080,100
59,978,600
5,286,700
13,650,300
4,564,400
19,740,500
51,020,300
5,635,900
Increase
or
Decrease
+$3,594,400
+248,800
+1,432,800
+1,965,500
+17,293,500
+1,929,700
+2,789,500
+491 ,000
+840,700
+5,448,200
+4,338,500
+696,200
+734,000
+11,092,200
+5,130,000
+3,034,000
+2,397,000
+3,342,800
+3,583,600
+1,066,400
+3,411,600
+5,664,800
+8,607,800
+3,756,200
+2,396,700
+4,753,000
+742,400
+1,552,800
+313,700
+667,800
+6,675,200
+1,046,400
+18,465,200
+5,013,000
+695,800
+10,679,800
+2,561,700
+1,946,000
+12,454,400
+945,600
+2,621,600
+748,800
+3,924,800
+10,540,400
+980,000
Rev. 2-10-70
121
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Increase
or
FY 1969 FY 1970 FY 1971 Decrease
Vermont 1,314,600 2,542,800 2,971,800 +429,000
Virginia 4,513,500' 17,302,800 21,667,600 +4,364,800
Washington 3,345,400 12,528,700 15,668,000 +3,139,300
West Virginia 2,795,600 8,798,000 10,845,000 +2,047,000
Wisconsin 4,391,100 17,130,900 21,478,900 +4,348,000
Wyoming 1,179,600 2,240,300 2,603,500 +363,200
Guam 1,455,900 1,667,200 1,741,000 +73,800
Puerto Rico 3,515,300 11,085,000 13,670,200 +2,585,200
Virgin Islands 1.424.400 1,523.200 1.558.600 +35,400
Total 214,000,000 800,000,000 1,000,000,000 +200,000,000
NOTE: The amounts reflected for FY 1971 are entitlements under the provisions
of the formula provided for under the existing Act. However, the legislative
proposal includes provision to change the allocation formula; therefore, this
amount will ultimately change to be consistent with the final changes enacted.
Rev. 2-10-70 122
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