UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUDGET JUSTIFICATIONS, F. Y. 1970
WATER QUALITY AND RESEARCH
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
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Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Highlight' statement ., ,
Summary tables by appropriation
(a ) Obligations 6
(b) New obligational authority. ....,,...,....,............ 7
Budget estimates compared to authorization.. 8
Relating new obligational authority to Sections of Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended 9
Appropriation and activity
POLLUTION CDWTROL OPERATIONS AW RESEARCH. 12
Research, development and demonstration............................. 17
Planning, assistance, and training activities ,. k"J
Enforcement 91
Executive direction and support , 100
BUILDINGS AW FACILITIES 112
Water pollution control and water quality .standards laboratories.,.,. 114
Field evaluations 116
COHSTRUCTIOH QRAMTS FOR WASTE TREATMEM1 WORKS.. 118
Waste treatment works construction , 120
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FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AIMIH1STRAIIOH
Highlight Statement
Objectives and Goals
The primary objective of the Federal water pollution control program is to
bring the quality of the water in our streams, lakes, estuaries and coastal areas
up to levels which will provide adequate supplies for all foreseeable and
appropriate uses. This will require a cooperative effort Involving Federal, State
and local levels of government. Some of the principal program emphases and goals
to accomplish this objective must be;
1, State implementation plans, which constitute the framework for attaining
approved water quality standards, must be complied with in accordance with time
schedules.
2. A national water quality monitoring system will include essential data
and statistical and scientific analyses required to make such monitoring
meaningful. The system will "be standardized to the maximum extent and fully-
coordinated with monitoring activities of States and interested Federal agencies,
particularly USGS.
3. A systematic manpower development and training program to expand and
maintain the breadth and depth of scientific, professional, and technical
capabilities necessary in the water pollution control field. It is estimated
that professional training will have to increase from a level of 500 trainees
in 19§9 to m°re than 1,1)00 in 197k and that 6,000 waste treatment plant operators
and 5*600 water quality technicians will have to be trained annually in the next
five years,
k. Research programs must be selectively conducted to provide answers to
pollution problems for which available treatment and control technology are
inadequate or uneconomical. It should be noted that our continued emphasis on
development of more efficient waste treatment methods will lead to the ability to
completely eliminate pollutlonal discharges from point sources, i.e., allowing
effectively "dry" municipalities and industries with no pollution load whatsoever.
Furthermore, it is expected that by 1975 advanced waste treatment costs comparable
with conventional cost of developing new municipal and industrial water supplies
in water-shore areas will be achieved.
5. Federal financial assistance to encourage the construction of needed
municipal waste treatment facilities, together with encouragement of improved
operation and maintenance of such facilities.
Situation and Heed
Water pollution is a growing national problem which can only be met through
continuation of extensive abatement efforts at the Federal, State, and local level.
It is both a result of, and a constraint upon, the development of our
industrialized-urbanized society. The high levels of technology and concentration
that have made possible massive production of goods demand enormous quantities °f
clean water. They also produce the waste materials that pollute water and increase
the cost of supplying water for other uses.
The second annual report on the Cost of Clean Waterand Its Economic Impact
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.H-L4»U- 1HJ. Oi'IUii-LUll
Highlight Statement
Objectives and. Goals
The primary objective of the Federal Water pollution control program is to
"bring the equality of the water in our streams, lakes, estuaries and coastal areas
up to levels which will provide adequate supplies for all foreseeable and
appropriate uses. This will require a cooperative effort involving federal, State
and local levels of government. Some of tap principal program emphases and goals
to accomplish, this objective must be:
1. State implementation plans, which tonstitute the framework for attaining
approved water quality standards, must be complied with in accordance with time
schedules.
2. A national water quality monitoring system will include essential data
and statistical and scientific analyses required to make such monitoring
meaningful. The system will be standardized|to the maximum extent and fully
coordinated with monitoring activities of States and interested Federal agencies,
particularly USG8.
3- A systematic manpower development ant
maintain the breadth and depth of scientific,
capabilities necessary in the water pollution
that professional training will have to increas
in 1969 to more than 1,400 in 1974 and that 6,1
and 5j600 water quality technicians will have •
five years.
training program to expand and
trofessional, and technical
ontrol field. It is estimated
e from a level of 500 trainees
0 waste treatment plant operators
be trained annually in the next
k. Research programs must be selectively cbndueted to provide answers to
pollution problems for which available treatment\ and control technology are
inadequate or uneconomical. It should be noted that our continued emphasis on
development of more efficient waste treatment metthods will lead to the ability to
completely eliminate pollutlonal discharges from point sources, i.e., allowing
effectively "dry" municipalities and inaastries with no pollution load whatsoever.
Furthermore, it is expected that by 1975 advancedlwaste treatment costs comparable
with conventional cost of developing new municipal
in water-shore areas will be achieved.
5. Federal financial assistance to encourage
municipal waste treatment facilities, together wit i
operation and maintenance of such facilities.
Situation and Heed
Water pollution is a growing national problem
continuation of extensive abatement efforts at the
It is both a result of, '-and a constraint upon, the
industrialized-urbanized
that have made possible massive production
clean water. They also pro
the cost of supplying water $or other
The second annual report on
and industrial water supplies
the construction of needed
encouragement of improved
which can only be met through
Federal, State, and local level,
-development of our
of technology and concentration
s demand enormous quantities of
s that pollute water and increase
Clean Water and Its EconomicImpact
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problems may be categorized in a number of ways, reflecting the problems by
sources of water pollution appears to be the most convenient and .effective way at
the present time and are as follows with significant data from the aforementioned
report highlighted where applicable,
Municipal Sources of Pollution
Municipal waste materials discharged into water or carried "by natural runoff
into water historically have received much of the attention devoted to water
pollution control. A result is that over 90 percent of the sewered communities
of the Hation currently treat their wastes with about 60 percent served by
secondary w.aste treatment. In spite of this high prevalence of municipal waste
treatment, investment requirements continue to rise to take care of replacement,
upgrading, and treatment of industrial wastes. Therefore, the notion that costs
would drop when some fixed backlog of need was eliminated appears to be a .fallacy.
An .investment rate of $2.9 billion for municipal treatment and collection works in
1968 would have provided reasonable progress toward meeting Water Quality
Standards. However, it la estimated that actual expenditures totaled only
$1.3 billion. In addition, it is estimated on the basis of State Program Plans
that States do not intend in the aggregate to significantly increase their rate
of capital expenditure over the next five years* It should be noted that the
level of investment outlined in State Program Plans is strongly conditioned by
the anticipated level of Federal assistance. Therefore, unless this rate of
investment is increased, the Mat ion will fall behind in its goal of providing and
maintaining adequate waste treatment for its severed communities.
In the area of combined sewers, which carry both sewage and storm water,
municipalities have done little to correct pollution occurring during heavy rains
when treatment plants are bypassed because of the added load. Only minimal efforts
have been made to correct this problem by separating sewers or impounding such
water for future treatment. The cost of solving this problem by the total
separation of storm water from the sewage would amount to $lt-9 billion. Therefore,
alternative methods for dealing with this problem are being sought and investigated
to reduce this expense.
Industrial Sources of Pollution
Control of Industrial wastes presents a quantitatively greater and
qualitatively more difficult problem than does municipal waste treatment.
Prevalence of industrial waste treatment is Increasing rapidly, with one-half to
three-quarters of the major water-using manufacturing establishments in the Nation
currently estimated to have obtained the provisional 1973 program goal of secondary
waste treatment . But, because Industrial wastes are about three times as great in
measurable pollutional volume as are municipal wastes, they continue to account for
a very significant portion of the existing pollution problem.
Last year's "Cost of Clean Water" .report, based upon several necessarily
tentative assumptions, estimated industrial waste treatment costs over the next
five years at $2,6 billion to $lj-.6 billion and cooling requirements at $1.8 billion.
On the basis of limited information available and in the absence of an industrial
waste inventory, industrial expenditures for waste treatment facilities in the last
two years appeared to be close to target amounts established in the report. It
should be noted than an industrial waste profile of the.organic chemical industry
prepared during the year indicates that to attain acceptable level of treatment in
the next five years will require an expenditure of $2^3 million alone, as compared
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Mining is a source of water pollution through at least three mechanisms.
Sedimentation occurs through disturbance of land in strip-mining areas. Acids are
formed through the reaction of water with exposed mineral seams. Dissolved mineral
concentrations are increased—sometimes to the point of toxicity--through exposure
of deposits to runoff and by pumping mines. Problems are complicated by the
variety of possible sources of pollutants—pit mines, strip mines and tailing piles
in both active and abandoned facilities. New technology must be developed and
demonstrated to obtain effective and economical controls.
An estimated four million tons of acid mine drainage annually discharged into
more than 14,000 miles of streams. Attempts to resolve or reduce such drainage
have failed due to high costs, technical and institutional problems, for which
there were no immediate solutions. Several research and development projects are
in the final stages and others are being planned.
Studies and results of research contracts available since last year's report
indicate that abatement of water pollution from acid mine drainage to meet water
quality standards in some cases wi'll require neutralization of acid discharges
from active mines and of residual acid discharges from sealed abandoned mines.
A summation of the estimated 20 year costs, in constant 1960* dollars, for reducing
acid mine drainage ranges from $1.7 billion for a Uo percent reduction to as much
as $6.6 billion for a 95 percent reduction. Here, again, the actual costs will
depend upon the amount of reduction that is required in specific areas to meet
water quality standards.
Problems related to oil production are of a different nature and solutions
will be sought through laboratory and field work, including pilot-and field-scale
demonstrations. Of significance is the fact that the cost of oil field brine
disposal, if it were all required to be disposed of through injection methods,
would fall in an estimated range from $^3 million to $758 million. The actual
costs would fall somewhere between these two figures, depending upon the weighted
average costs of the treatments applied and the amount of this cost that can be
regained through the beneficial effects of using injection as a secondary recovery
method. The cost of chemical brine disposal cannot be estimated until information
is available on the volume and character of the brine involved and the probable
disposal methods that will be used.
Agricultural Sources of Pollution
Agricultural practices are the sources of a number of water quality problems,
including some of vast regional significance. Solutions to these problems may be
possible through regulation or by bringing about effective changes in agricultural
practices. FWPCA has undertaken the development of a research framework to more
specifically identify point sources of pollution associated with agricultural
wastes. The further development of this framework will provide the focus for
direction of the total Federal effort and involvement in the search for solutions.
Salinity and pesticide pollution problems are two significant areas of concern.
However, present information is not available to estimate scope and cost of
correcting these problems. Effective programs on any level will be dependent on
coordination of FWPCA activities and interest with those of the Department of
Agriculture, the Bureau of Reclamation, and other agencies with a direct interest
and competence in the argicultural area.
Other Sources of Pollution
Other sources of water pollution are less significant only in that they are
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a continuous problem and can result in a catastrophe as exemplified "by the Torrey
Canyon incident. Continued emphasis will ~be given to devising adequate control
programs in all these areas.
Proposed Program for 1970
The proposed program, although considerably constrained due to the national
fiscal situation, will still enable FWPCA to continue pressing forward toward
achieving its objectives and goals. The program elements that will receive
additional attention or emphasis are as follows:
1. The waste treatment facilities construction grant program proposal
provides for tte same level as 1969.
2. Research, development aid. demonstration effort will be accelerated with
strong emphasis on demonstration involving in-house activity as well as continuing
to provide contracts and grants to industry, public 'agencies and universities in
order to develop improved or new techniques to combat water pollution.
3. Coordination and management of water quality standards will "be
maintained throughout the Nation to continue the orderly enhancement of the
Nation's water resources.
k. The monitoring program developed in conjunction with USGS and the States
to assure compliance with water quality standards will be strengthened and
expanded.
5. Enforcement capability is proposed to be strengthened to assure prompt
and effective action if established water quality standards are violated, the
health or welfare of persons is endangered by pollution and if pollution is
making shellfish unmarketable.
6. Planning in coordination with Federal, State and local agencies will be
continued with emphasis on comprehensive river basin planning.
7. Technical support resources will continue to be provided to enable
assistance to other FWPCA programs, State and other Federal agencies, commnities
and industries, in applying up-to-date technology on diversified and difficult
pollution problems.
8. Training will be given special attention to help meet the rapidly
growing demand for skilled manpower with particular attention to training
professionals and waste treatment pl,ant operators.
9. PWPCA assistance to other Federal agencies for abating and controlling
water pollution from their Installations and activities will expand to provide not
only effective but more timely assistance,
10. Additional resources are proposed to provide adequate administrative
support to expanding FWPCA programs and to carry out an effective public
awareness program.
11. Of significant importance will be the initiation of planning for a
multipurpose—regional office and laboratory—facility to support FWPCA activities
in the Southwest Pacific area.
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Torrey Canyon incident. Continued emphasis will be given to devising adequate
control programs in all these areas.
The proposed program, although considerable constrained due to the national
fiscal situation, will still enable FWPCA to continue pressing forward toward
achieving its objectives and goals. The program\elements that will receive
additional attention or emphasis are as follows: \
1. The waste treatment facilities construction grant program proposal
provides for the same level as 1969. .However, it should be noted that legislation
has been proposed which whould authorize an additicbal and new method of financing
the Federal share for constructing municipal waste treatment facilities. The
level of such financing each fiscal year would require the approval of the
Appripriation Committees.
2, Research, development and demonstration effdrt will be accelerated with
strong emphasis on demonstration involving in-Wouse activity as well as continuing
to provide contacts and grants to industry, public ageVtcies and universities in
order to develop improved or new techniques to combat water pollution.
3. Coordination and management of water quality standards will be maintained
throughout the Nation to continue the orderly enhancement^ of the Nation's water
resources.
U. The monitoring program developed in conjunction with USGS and the States
to assure compliance with water quality standards will be strengthened and
expanded.
5. Enforcement capability is proposed to be strengthened to assure prompt and
effective action if established water quality standards are Violated, the health
or welfare of persons is endangered by pollution and if pollution is .making
shellfish unmarketable.
6. Planning in coordination with other Federal, State at
be continued with emphasis on comprehensive river basin plannir
local agencies will
7. Additional technical support resources will be provided to enable
assistance to other FWPCA programs, State and other Federal agei
and industr^s, in applying up-to-date technology on diversified
pollution problems.
will continue to be given special attention to
cies, communities
and difficult
help meet the
rapidly growing osmand for skilled manpower with particular attention to training
professionals and wSt^te treatment plant operators.
9. FWPCA assistance ^bs^other Federal agencies for abating and controlling
water pollution from their insitallations and activities will^/expand to provide not
only effective but more timely
10. Additional resources are proposed to provide adequate administrative
support to expanding FWPCA programs and to carry out an effective public awareness
program.
11. Of sienificant imoortanee will be the initiation nf nlarvmncr frrr B
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direction and implementation to existing and future programs,
NOTE: Accomplishments are highlighted under each activity.
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Obligations by Appropriation
ion
Control Operations and Research
FY 1968
Actual
$82,880,835
1,218,932
, .... 193,978,023
FY 1969
Estimate
$108,110,001
3,379,069
216,358,528
FY 1970
Estimate
$93,851,000
800,000
227,000,000
Increase
Decrease
Over 196
-2, 5?$
+10,6^1
Total - 278,077,790 327,81*7,598 321,651,000 -6,196
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DEPARTMENT OF' THE IM1RIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
New ffbligational Authority ty Appropriation
FY 1968
Actual
FY 1969
Estimate
$86,849,846
214,000^000
. • FY 19TO
Estimate
491 . 972 . 000
214,000,000
Increase
Decrease
Over 1J
-KB5,1£J
Ings and facilities
Total. , 295,181,695 300,849,81*6 305,9T2,000 +5,125
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Budget Estimates Compared to Authorizations
.1 Water PollutionControl Act, as amended
FY 1969 FY 1970
n of Act
n 5 — Research, Investigations , Training and Information
rry out all of Section 5 other than su"bsection (g)......
n 6 — Research and Development Grants
neral authorization provided for the purposes set forth
)(2) — Advanced waste treatment and joint waste treatment
n 7 — Grants for Water Pollution Control Program,..,
Total.
Authorization
$65,000,000
1,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
700,000,000
8^6.000.000
UOA
Estimate
$33,8o6,8U6
720,000
5*700,000
k, 900, ooo
9,368,000
10,000,000
21^000,000
278.^<&,846
Authorization
a/
£/.
a/
_y
a/
11
a/
2y
$10,000,000
1,000,000,000
1.010,000,000
NOA
Estima
4^7. 782. C
300,0
5,700,0(
k-, 900,0i
9,4'00,0i
10>000,0(
214,000,01
282.082.0'
horizations expire as of June 30, 1969. However, legislation has been proposed to extend appropriation
luthor'izations.
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Budget Estimates Compared to Authorizations
,1 Water Pollution Control Act? as amended
FY 1969
>n of Act
Authorization
NOA
Estimate
'n 5—Research, Investigations, Training and Informtipn
.rry out all of Section 5 other than subsection"
;)--Estuary studies
$65,000,000 $33,806,8^6
'n ^"Rgssarch and Development^ Grants
ineralauthorization provided "for the purposes set forth
in entire section including -contracts '....
,)-(2)—Advanced waste treatment and joint waste treatment
i)—Industrial wastes ,,
o T--Grant sf for Water Pollution Control Program..........
1,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
720,000
5,700,000
4,900,000
9,368,000
>n 8—Grants for Construction
10,000,000 10,000,000
700,000,000 £1^,000,00
$10,000, (
^500,000,000
;horizations e:
juthorizations.
1,010,000,000 |28l,73C
Sion has been proposed to extend appropriation
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Relating New Obligational Authority to Applicable Section of
Water Pollution Control Act, P.L. 660, as amended
Section of Act
Appr opr iat ion
Title
Budget Activity
1969
Estimate
.Increase
1970 Decrease
Estimate over 1$
2—Deposit to Treasury, to Pollution Control Civil service retire-
lit of civil service retire- Operations and ment fund... $158,000 -$158,
ad, applicable funds for Research : ;=T ;ri:::= - : : = : •—
rring commissioned officers.
3--Comprehensive Programs Pollution Control Comprehensive basin
sr Pollution Control Operations and planning
Research (a) Grants 1,250,000 2,000,-000 +750,
(b) Federal planning
and studies...... 7,877,OOP 7,935,000 +58,
Total, Section 3... 9,127,000 9,935,000 +6o3,
^--Interstate Cooperation Pollution Control Enforcement (Carried out by enforcement
form Laws Operations and staff)
Research
5—Research, Investigations, Pollution Control Research, development
g and .Information Operations and and demonstration
Research Research grants 6,500,000 6,500,000
Demonstration grants, 2,500,000 2,500,000
Contracts ^,50^,000 lt-,822.,000 +318,
Direct operations.... 10,196,8^6 11,672,000 +1,1+75,
Estuarine studies...... 720,000 300,000 -420,
Technical support 3,37^,000 3,529,000 +155,
Pollution surveillance. 1,988,000 3,133,000 +1,205,
Training
Project grants 3.UOO,000 h,020,000
Fellowships 600,000 600,000
Manpower development
and training 80lf,000 1,006,000 +202,
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Relating Hew Obligational Authority to Applicable Section of
Water Pollution Control Act, P..L. 660, as amended
Section of Act
2—Deposit to Treasury, to
lit of civil service retire-
ad, applicable femds for
rring commissioned officers.
3—Comprehensive Programs
2r Pollution Control
.1).—Inter
Form Laws
state Cooperation
5~~ReseaMch5 Investigations,
5 and Information
Appropriation
^ :TJ.tle^......
'Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Budget Activity
Civil service retire-
ment fund.
Comprehensive basin
planning
(a) Grants
(b) Federal planning
and studies.
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Total, Section 3,.,
Enforcement
Research, developoe
and demonstr
grants.
Contracts ..... . • ......
Direct operations . . . .
Estuarine studies ......
Technical support ..... .
Pollution surveillance.
Training
Project grants ...... .
Fellowships ..........
Manpower development
and training ........
1969
Estimate
$158,000
1,250,000
7,877,000
9-,127,000
(C
6,500,000
2,500,000
Increa
1970 Decres
Estimate over
2, boo, ooo
7 j 939,000
9,9^3000
out \by enforceme
6,500,
2,500,ctoo
10,196,6^6
720,000
3,37^ ,.ooo
1,928,000
3, Jf 00, 000
600,000
11,990,
300,
•3,750,
2,600,Q|
3,980,000
600,000
,000 1,006,000 \ +2(
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setion of Act
i 5~-continued
i 6—Grants for Research
relopment
i 7—Grants for Water
.on Control Programs
L 8--Grants for Construction
. 9—Water Pollution Control
y Board
Appropriation
Title
Buildings and
Facilities
Budget Activity
Water pollution control
and. water quality
standards laboratories.
Field evaluations
1969
Estimate
Increa-s
1970 Decreas
Estimate over 1
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Total, Section 5 3^,526,8U6 3$iQ82,OQQ£/ +3,555.
Research, development
and demonstration
grants and contracts
Storm and combined
sewer '..... 5,700,000 5,700,000
Advanced waste
treatment k ,900,000 h j900,000
Industrial wastes 9,368,000 9,4oO,000
Total, Section 6 „ 19,968,000
20,000
,OOC&/
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
State and interstate
agency program grants..
Construction Grants Waste treatment works
for Waste Treatment construction 214,000,000
Works
21^,000,000
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Construction grants
administration..,.
Direction, coordination
and management support
62,000
62,000
+32
'+32
10,000,000 10,000,000
2,Vo6,ooo 2,698,000 +292,,!
Total, SectionS 2l6,^06,000 216,698,000 +292,(
Drizations expire June 30, 1969. However, legislation has been proposed to extend appropriation authorizations,
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:tion of Act
5—continued
6—Grants for R^tfearch
ilopment
7—-Grafnts for Water
m Contlrol Programs
8—Graiits for Construction
9—Water Pollution Control
• Board
Appropriation
Title
Buildings and
Facilities
Budget Activity
Water, pollution control
and water quality
standards laboratories.
Field evaluations
Total, Section 5.
i9te
Estimte
Increa
1970 Decree
Estimate over
~\ ...
3^,526,81*6 \
37»730,ooo£/ +3,20
Pollution Control
Operations and
Eesearch
Research, development
and demonstration
grants and contracts
Storm and combined
sewer..-
Advanced waste
treatment......,.,...
Industrial wastes
Total, Section 6 19,968,000
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
State and interstate
agency program grants..
10,
GO 10,0001000
Construction Grants Waste treatment
for Waste Treatment
Works
Pollution Control,
Operations
Re sear,
Jonstruction grants
administration....
Total, Section 8 2l6,lM)6,000 217,050,000
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Direction, coordination
and management support
62,000
62,000
+3
+3
,000,000 2llf ,000,
2,1*06,000 3,050,000\
rizations expire June 30, 1969. However, legislation has been proposed to extend appropriation authorizations.
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Section ofAct
i 10—Enforcement Measures
t Pollution of Interstate
Lgable Waters
Appropriation
Title
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Budget Activity
1969
Estimate
Increas
1970 Decreas
Estimate over 1
3,587,000 3,700,000 +113
Enforcement
Water quality standards
coordinationfc aaasgemeit 752,000 7gg,000
Total, Section 10.
i 11—Cooperation to Control Pollution Control
Lon from Federal Installations Operations and
;ive Order 11288) Research
Control of pollution from
Federal, installations..
4, 339, OOP ^_ 4,452,000 +113
796,000 900,000 +io4
i 12—Administration
i 16—Separability
.lution Act, 1924
i-507 Government Employees
ig Act
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Direction, coordination
and management support,
Public information-.......
4,1*79,000 4,591,000
518,000 564,000 +
Total,. Section 12.
4,997,000
147,000
65,000
• 212,000
5,155,000
365,000
65,000
430,000
+158
+218
+218
Comprehensive basin
planning
Direction, coordination
and management support.
Total, Section 16
TOTAL, P.L. 660, AS AMENDED... 300,591,846 305,714,000 +5,122,
Pollution Control Enforcement ) No special funds earmarked to cai
Operations and Technical support........ ) out the provisions of this Act.
Research Existing resources programmed foi
activities shown are utilized foi
this purpose.
Pollution Control Graduate training.
Operations and
Research
258,000
2.58,000
GRAWD TOTAL . ,.300,849,846 305,972,000 +5,122,
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Section of Act
i 10--Enforcement Measures
; Pollution of Interstate
.gable Waters
Appropriation
^ Title r ^
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Budget Activity
Enforcement *.
Water quality standards
coordination& managemeit
Total, Section 10.
i 11—Cooperat/on to Control Pollution Control
.on from Fede/al Installations Operations and
;ive Order 1J288) Research
12—Administration
l6--Separability
lution Act.,
-507 Government Employees
g Act
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Control of pollution from
Federal installations..
Direction, coordination
and management support.
Public information
.Total,-Section 12.
Comprehensive basin
planning.
Direction, coordinal
and managemga-fe^support.
, Section 16*...
\1969
stimate
3,567,000
753,, 000
V,339\00 •
796, oo\
\
if, if 79, ooo
518,000
if ,997, 000^
^^'
^^ lif 7, 000
65,000
212 ,000
Incre
1970 Deere
Estimate over
3,700,000
752,000
if, if 52, 000
900,000
V if, 551, ooo
\ 60lf,000
. \ 5,155,000
365 ,000
6\,ooo
\
If 30 ,\pOO
— Hr
+ 1
+ 1
+ 1
+
+1
«
+2.
TOTAL, P.L. 660, AS AMENDED... 300,591,8if6 305,7lif,0
Ppilxition Control
Operations and
Research
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
Enforcement ) Wo special funds earmarked to <
Technical support......... ) out the provisions of this Act
Existing resources programmed
activities shown are utilized
this purpose.
Graduate training-.
258,000
258,000
GRA1D TOTAL 300,8^9,8^6 305,972,000 +5,li
-------
Pollution Control
Operations and
Research
-------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Pollution Control 'Operations and Research]*/
Lation, 1966. ... ----- ......... . ........ . .......... • ........ ........ ......... . ............ .... ------ ...... $92 ,800,
"red to:
iting expenses, Public Buildings Service," General Services -Administration..... ......... ......... . ...... -21.8.
?ies and expenses, Office of the Solicitor," Department of the Interior. .......... .......... .... ...... "l^j
ries and expenses, Office of Oil and Gas," Department of the Interior. ................... .............. -23 ;
ries and expenses, Office of the Secretary," Department of the Interior ........ ........ ..... ..... . .... -233;
;ive transfer from "Construction grants for "waste treatment works". ..... ............... .... ,,: ....... . . +11,875;
Total available , 1968. . ..... .•..»» ..... ,•..».,..• ---- •. --------- • ----- ..... ,.-... ..... ---------- ...... '. . . . ______ 104-,057 .
Total appropriation, 1969. .......... . . ..... . ----- ...... .......... ..... ... .......... ,..,,....,, ..... 88,838,
ited balance transferred from "Construction grants for waste treatment works". ..... ,» ........ ..... ..... +
ited balance from .prior years ......... ..... ......... . ......... . . ..... ........ ...... >......, , .......... +18 ,
ited balance available , end of year. ...... ..... ......... ......... ...... ......... ........ ........ ...... -1,879,
: to:
iting expenses , Public Buildings Service," General Services Administration ..... ...... ......... ....... .
I transfer to:
i of Land Management , Department of the Interior ...... ........... ......... •. ............ ....... ....... . -1 , 628 ,
i of Indian Affairs , Department of the Interior ..... . . . . ......... ..... ..... , ....... . .................. -2^6,
Total available, 1969 ............................. . ........ ......... ..... ............. . ........ . 108,110,
Lously titled "Water supply and water pollution control."
-------
" of Increases and Decreases, 1970
!h, development and demonstration
.ecrease for grant and contract effort due to new obligational
•hority for 19&9 and balances brought forward from 1968
:eeding request for 1970
.erate Federal efforts in FWPCA laboratories, field studies
. demonstrations and technical management for grants and contracts
:et increased pay costs.. -.
ig, assistance and training activities
.de financial assistance for new river basin planning agencies and
Teased support for those initiated in 1969
.de for expansion and detail in more depth the National
[uirements and Cost Study Reports; increase for economic and
.tistical analyses and projections
:ase due to final report required on effects of pollution in
•uaries to be sumitted to Congress in mid-1970.
•ovide more effective, but more importantly, timely aid to other
.eral agencies to control pollution resulting from their
Ivities ..... ,
:ase technical support resources required to meet the increasing
. diversified requests for assistance in applying existing know-
.ge to specific water pollution problems
wide for expansion or initiation of activity required in the
.lection, evaluation and dissemination of water pollution control
. water quality data
'ovide additional manpower resources necessary to cope with the
Teased work load for administering the grants for construction
waste treatment works
.erate professional and technical manpower training in water
JLution control field through increased grant funding and staff
iport
iet increased pay costs •
Base for 1970
$5^,732,155
10,196,81*6
1,250,000'
8,02l*,000
720,000
796,000
3,37^,000
1,928,000
2,1+06,000
5,062,000
.Increase 1970
-$20,910,001
+1,1*62,000
+13,000
+750,000
+263,000
-1*20,000
+101,000
+150,000
+1,203,000
+287,000
+821,000
t +2^000 +3,181*,
-------
r of Increases and Decreases, 1970
:h,development and demonstration
lecrease for grant and contract effort due to new obligational
;hority for 1969 and balances brought forward from 1968
:eeding request for 1970
Lerate Federal efforts in FWPCA laboratories, field studies
I demonstrations and technical management for grants and contracts
jet increased pay costs..» .....*
ig, assistance and training activities
,de financial assistance, for new river basin planning agencies and
:reased support for thefse initiated in 1969
.de for expansion anti detail in more depth the National
luirements and Cost/Study Reports; increase for economic and
itlstical analyses and projections. • •. •.
sase due to final report required on effects of pollution in
;uaries to be sumatted to Congress in mid-1970.,.....-...»....
•ovide more effective, but more importantly, timely aid to other
Leral agencies to| control pollution resulting from their
;ivities
sase technical silpport resources required to meet the increasing
.Ba.sejfor. .197.0
$5^,732,155
10,196,8^6
1,250,000
L diversified rei
Lge to specific i
'ovide for expan
Llectlon, evalua'
;uests for assistance in applying existing know-
•ater pollution problems
ion or initiation of activity required in the
ion and dissemination of water pollution control
ata •
I water quality i
?ovide additional manpower resources necessary to cope with the
jreased work loaa for administering the grants for
waste treatment works
Lerate professional, and technical manpower traj^wtTg^ in water
Llution control fiesW. through increased^grSlft funding and staff
yport
;et increased pay costs
Increase 1970
-$21,228,001
+1,780,000
+13,000' -$19, i-
+781,000
+29.000 \ +3,3
-------
Base for 197,0 Increase IS/70
e adequate capability to carry out enforcement activities
ctions as needed 3,587,000 +109,000
t increased pay costs » ... +11,000 +113 ,OOC
e direction and support
t additional staff for headquarters to strengthen automation
gement and to meet the increased work load in accounting
ations; nonrecurring costs of consolidating headquarters staff
rystal Mall, Virginia 3,in.,000 +10^,000
vide additional professional and material capability for
onal direction and dissemination of information ,. • 518,000 +1+5,000
se due to nonrecurring payment to civil service retirement fund,
equired by law, for Public Health Service commissioned officers
converted to civil service status in order to remain with
ft. 158,000 -158,000
t increased pay costs •. • ... +9.OOP «.»
Net increase, 1970.
Budget estimate, 1970..., , 91,972,000
-------
Base, for 1970
Increase 1970
ti
adequate capability to carry out enforcement activities
;ions as needed
increased pay costs
3,587,000
+109,000
t,ooo
direction and support
additional staff for headquarters to strengthen automation
sment and to meet the increased work load in accounting
bions; nonrecurring costs pfconsolidating headquarters staff
/stal Mall, Virginia.
ide additional clerical/staff in regional offices to provide
ing personnel and programs with adequate management support
ities.
+113,OC
ide additional professional and material capability for
nal direction and dissemination of information and secretarial
rt f-or regional inf
mation officers
due to nonrecurri
g payment to civil service retirement fund,
"ublic Health Service commissioned officers
quired by law, for
onverted to civil
status in order to remain with
increased pay cost
Budget estimate, 1970
-------
Pollution Control Operations and Research3-/
Analysisby Activities
Activity
Fiscal Year
1968 Amount
Available
Fiscal Year 1969
Total
Appropriation
Pay Cost
Supplemental
Transfers
Amoui
AvailaT:
development and demonstration ..... ... $1*3,014,566 $lf3,699,000
assistance and training activities. ., 32,053,595 3^,369,000
nt ____ ..... ........................... 3,020,578 3,598,000
direction and support ................ ^,762,09^ 5,298,000
ed balance lapsing .................... 2,371,917
ed balance available, end of year..... ... ...
-x
transfer to other accounts for pay
e ............ . ...... , ____ . ............. _ ._._. _
Total ....... . .......... ...... 85,252,752 88,838,000
ously titled "Water supply and water pollution control."
, OOP
H-$23,109,001^/ $66, 808, (
-57,OOC£/
-ll,ooc£/
-i6,ooc£/
3,587,(
5,282,(
-1,879,000
-1,87^,000
-l,879,<
+19,272,001 108,110,<
dcS -$30,l5l| transferred to General Services Administration; +$^,33^,306 unobligated balance transferred from
struction grants for waste treatment works"; and-)$ 18,80^,8^9 unobligated balance from parlor year.
ferred to General Services Administration.
-------
Pollution Control Operations and Research/
FY 1968
Amount
Available
FY 1969
Amount
Available
FY 1970
Estimate
levelopment and demonstration $1*3.,(M,568 $6^,929,001 $1+5,If 9^,000
issistance and training activities.
iirection and support.
1 balance lapsing
Total
32,053,595 3^,312,000 37,^96,000
3 j 020,578 3., 587>000 3,700,000
l+,762,.09l+ 5,282,000 5,282 .,000
2,371,917 ... ....
85,252,752 108,110,001 91,972,000
sly titled "Water supply and water pollution control."
Increase (+)
or Decrease '(-)
1970 compared Pi
with 1969 R|
-$19,^35,001 1
"^->,
+3,l81+,000 h
+113,000 $
.... 1C
-16,138,001
-------
Research,
development, and
demonstration
-------
ch, development and demonstration
m Elements
FY 1968
Amount
Available
pal-Pollution Control Technology.»...., $12,920,269
rial-Pollution Control Technology 6,157,019
Itural-Pollution Control Technology 905> ^59
-Pollution Control Technology..... 2,302,759
Sources-of-Pollution Control Technology. 723*255
Quality Control Technology..................... 6,7^8,095
Treatment and Ultimate Disposal Technology..... 9,86b,bkO
Quality Requirements Research.................. 3,392,272
gated balance lapsing. ...» 1,^72,184
Total. • Ml, 1185,752
FY 1969
Amount
ATOilable
$19,808,990
12,020,779
2,»H3,175
5,181,167
8,551,613
8,1^65,101
PY 1970
Estimate
$10,632,000
6,315,000
I,38k,000
3,201,000
3S332,000
8,993,000
6,720,000
1^,917,000
Increase (+
or Decrease
1970 compan
with 1969
-$9,176,!
-5,705,'
-1,029,-
-1,980.,]
-1^72,]
1,7^5,3
+233 5C
6lt,929,00l
-19.1+3 5. C
-------
;h,development and demonstration
i Elements
FY 1968
Amount
Available
Dai-Pollution Control Technology *...;..*. $12,920,269
:ial-Pollution Control Technojtegy....., 6,157,019
.tural-Pollution Control Technology.... 905,459
-Pollution Control Technology 2,302,759
>ources~of-Pollution Control Technology 723,255
Juality Control Technology 6,748,095
'reatment and Ultimat
Juality Requirements
;ated balance lapsing
Total
; Disposal Technology.
lesearch.
3,392,272
FY 1969
Amount
Available
$19,808,990
12,020,779
2,413,175
5,181,167
8,551,613
8,li-65,101
4,684,000
FY 19TO
Estimatg
Increase 1
or Ifecreast
1970 compj
with 19<
-------
j development and demonstration (continued)
sntignal Budget Elements
ts, contracts, and Federal operations:
nbined sewer ____ , ........ .. .......... ,
vanced waste treatment --------- b ........
iustrial wastes... ....... .........
nonstration grants ........... »....-....
search grants .............. '
search contracts ........ ..... ...• ....*......
pect operations,, ,.....,......,.,..
Dbligated balance lapsing ..... ........
Total. ............. . _____ .
FY 1968
Amount
Available^
$8,644/07li/
5>826,05o£/
6, 600,93627
2,227,889
6,380,191
4, 146 ,.52!
9,187,910
I,jt72»l84
FT 1969
Amount
Available
$H,l66,l4]i/
ll,794,95c£/
18,267,064V
2,500,000
6,500,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$5,700,000
4,900,000
9,400,000
2,500,000
6,500,000
ft,822,000
11,672,000
6 k, 929, 001
Increase (+)
or Decrease (•
1970 comparec
with 1969
-$5,466,H
-6,894,9^
-8,867,«
+318,oc
+1^,475,15
summary table on page ftft for distribution of grant, contract and
arch, development and demonstration funds heretofore appropriated
in-house funds by program element. Transfers of
-under "'Construction grants for waste treatment
deludes $ll,875j906 comparative transfer from "Construction grants for waste treatment works."
ncludes $4,334,306 unobligated balance transferred from "Construction grants for waste treatment works."
-------
arch, development and demonstration (continued)
sntignal Budget Elements
ts, contracts, and Federal operations:
/
nbined sewer..
vanced waste treatment.
dustrial wastes.
monstration grant^
search grants.».i,
search contracts^,,
rect operations. J,,
obligated balancf lapsing
Total.
FY 1968
Amount
Available
,826,05Cfi/
2,227,889
6,380,191
9,187,910
+, 1+85,752
FY 1969
Amount
Available
2,500,000
6,500,000
4,50^,000
10,196,8^6
1^929,001
Increase (
or Decrease
1970 compa
with 196
+1,793
summary table on page kk for distribution of grant, conjara"ct and in-house funds by program element. TransVers
arch, development^nd demonstration funds heretoforeva^propriated under "'Construction grants for waste treaimer
s.'
ncludes $11,875,906\comparative transfer fpOm "Construction grants for waste treatment works."
ncludes $^,33^,306 unobligated balance^fcransferred from "Construction grants for waste treatment works."
-------
iauxcui,ij.j.u .«nu eugj-ueei'ing. jsnowj.eage ana SKij,j.ea manpower to apply that JaiowJ.ed.ge,
A great deal of progress in water pollution control can, of course, be made with
existing technology, but the need for new technology becomes strikingly evident
when the amount and complexity of wastes produced by municipal, industrial, agri-
cultural and other users of water are .assessed and evaluated. A prime research
and development objective is to develop, by 1975, feasible techniques for complete
elimination of point-source wastes as well as to develop and demonstrate technology
for the renovation of waste waters for reuse, Nonpoint sources of pollution, e.g.,
runoff-, acid mine drainage, etc., are less amenable to a predictable solution but
nonetheless, it is expected that major steps in developing technology for control-
ling such pollution will be accomplished by 1975,
FWPCA's research, development, and demonstration program effort is divided
into eight subprograms, five of which are oriented to specific sources of pollution
and three of which develop information and technology to be applied to multisource
pollution problems:
Specific Source Subprograms
Municipal-Pollution Control Technology
Industrial-Pollution Control Technology
Agricultural-Pollution Control Technology
Mining- Pollution Control Technology
Qther-Sourees-of-Pollution Control Technology
Multisource Subprograms
Water Quality Control Technology
Waste Treatment and Ultimate Disposal Technology
Water Quality Requirements Research
In conducting work under these eight research subprograms, in-house effort at
seven authorized laboratory locations and at a variety of field sites across the
country is contemplated in 1970. These efforts will be supported by extramural
projects funded under FWPCA's research grant, demonstration grant and research and
development grant and contract authorities under Sections 5 and 6 of the Federal
Water Pollution Control -Act, as amended.
Grants are employed in meeting objectives where it is desirable to utilize the
State, municipality, intermunicipal or interstate agency, public and private insti-
tutional, industrial and individual talents and expertise in carrying out research,
development and demonstration efforts on a cost-sharing basis resulting in mutual
benefit to the Federal Government and the grantee.
Contracts a^e utilized for laboratory investigations and pilot-scale research
projects which involve a large .degree of uncertainty and which are primarily aimed
at determination of feasibility. The latter are not the type of projects that
municipalities and private corporations will readily sponsor with matching funds as
under the grant procedure due to the large degree of risk as to future self-benefits.
The work performed under contract requires the application of highly specialized
personnel and equipment and of facilities having a high value over a short period, -
of time, but of limited value as a long-term, capital investment.
The in-house research efforts are conducted at operational regional water
pollution control laboratories in Ada, Oklahoma; Athens, Georgia; Cincinnati, Ohio;
College, Alaska I and CorvalTi s . Qreerm: in •hhp Nnt.innnl Wa-hoi" Qn=1-i+nr T .al-i/->v= + y-iT.ii-
-------
Pomona and Firebaugh, California; Ely> Minnesota; Blue Plains, Washington, D. C.;
and Norton, West Virginia.
The decrease in 1970 over 19^9 of $19^35,155 should not be construed as a
designed effort to reduce the program. The effort proposed for 1968 was not
accomplished as anticipated and, therefore, over $23 million of grant and contract
funds have "been carried over from 1968 and are available for 1969. The 1970
estimate includes $1,825,15^ more in new obligational authority than that appro-
priated for 1969. Most grant and contract projects begun in 1968 and 1969 will
continue into 1970. The continuation of these efforts, coupled with those
projects to be initiated in 1970, will require small increases in staffing for
both in-house execution of the program and the direction and coordination of
existing extramural grants and contracts.
Excluding grants and contracts, the 1970 estimate provides for a net increase
of $1,^-75 »15^ and 2\ positions for ia-house activities. This increase includes:
+$13,000 To meet increased pay costs,
To support 2k additional positions and costs
of special sampling and control application
equipment for field investigations and
demonstrations. Increased staffing is
proposed as follows :
Headquarters offices. . . ....... ..... 4
Regional offices ........... ........ 6
Laboratories .. ...... .......,....„., 10
Field sites... .......... ........... |
Total
Descriptions, plans for 1970, and the need for increases for each program are
described in the sections that follow,
-------
Pomona and Firebaugh, California; Ely, Minnesota; Blue Plains,,
and Norton, West Virginia.
iington, D. C.j
The decrease in 1970 over 1969 of $19,14-35,15S^5iould not be construed as a
designed effort to reduce the program. The effort proposed for 1968 was not
accomplished as anticipated and, therefopej over $23 million of grant and contract
funds have been .carried over from Ig^S^andVare available for 1969. The 1970
estimate includes $1,825,15^ morgxfn new oiligational authority than that appro-
priated for 1969, Most grarv^^alod contract projects begun in 1968 and 1969 will
continue into 1970. ThejwJntinuation of thetee efforts, coupled with those
projects to be initiates in 1970, will require small increases in staffing for
both in-house execwmon of the program and tfte direction and coordination of
existing extraKtfral grants and contracts.
jiding
grants and contracts, the 1970 estimate provides for a .net increase
and 60 positions for in-house activities. This increase includes:
+$13,OOO
+1/780,151+
To meet increased pay opsts.
To support 60 additional positions and costs
of special sampling and csontrol application
equipment for field investigations and
demonstrations. Increased^staffing is
proposed as follows;
Headquarters offices
Regional offices,...
Laboratories.
Field sites
Descriptions, plans for 1970, and the need for increases
described in the sections that follow.
13
3D
13
Total
r each program are
-------
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
(1) +$1,000
(3) +187.000
-9,176,996
fotal-
Program
$9,8^,000
788,000
Total
Positions
56
Explanation
To meet increased pay-
costs.
Decrease in grant and
contract effort.
To strengthen in-house
effort to assess progress
and accomplishments of
the numerous grant and
contract projects under
way or to be under way.
Grants
Contracts,
In-house..
Total.
FY 1969
Amoynt
Available
$12,382,091
6,826,899
600,000
19,808,990
FY 1970
Estimate
$8,114,000
1,700,000
7883OOP
10,632,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$M 38,091
-5,126,899
+188,000
-9,176,990
Need for Increase
Five positions and$l87,000 are requested to permit a slight expansion of
field activities for directing, coordinating and monitoring the increasing number
of developmental and demonstration projects in the area of municipal pollution
control. Special sampling and control application equipment (e.g., chemical
feeders, controllers, tanks, mixers and aerators) are required to support the in-
house field activities and are included in this increase.
Objective
The objective is to develop and demonstrate the necessary technology in the
areas of storm waters, combined storm and sanitary wastes, advanced waste treat-
ment and joint municipal-industrial treatment to achieve, at minimum coat, the most
effective control of pollution from sewered wastes, combined sewer discharges,
storm sewer discharges, nonsewered runoff, nonsewered wastes, and joint (municipal-
industrial) wastes.
Program of Work
Municipal-pollution control involves-the development and demonstration of
technology for the effective and economical control of pollution from sewered and
nonsewered wastes, combined (sanitary and storm) sewer discharges, storm sewer
discharges, nonsewered runoff, and joint (municipal-industrial) wastes. Strong
emphasis will continue on developing and demonstrating new and improved methods for
the treatment of sewered wastes. For nonsewered wastes> development of improved
treatment devices for individual homes and isnln-hpri cn-nnn.a nf hnmpn <->T fna-M+.n-
-------
Increase (+) or Decrease (•-)
Amount Positions
meet increased pay
costs.
(3) +263,000
-9,100,990
FY 1969
Amount
Available
FY 1970
-Estimate
$12,382,091
6,826,899
600,000
Grants
Contracts
In-house
Decrease in grant and
contract effort.
To strengthen in-house
effort to assess progress
and accomplishments of
the numerous grant and
contract projects under
way or to be under way.
Increase (+)
or
Decrease ( - )
-$^38,091
-5,126,899
Total.
19,808,990
, , ooo
,700,000
,000
1^,708,000
-9,100,990
Need for Increase
.Fifteen positions and $263,000 are requested to permit a slight expansion of
field activities for directing, coordinating and monitoring tne increasing number
of developmental and demonstration projects in the area of municipal pollution
control. Special sampling and control application equipment (e.g., chemical
feeders, controllers, tanks, mixers and. aerators) are required^o support the in-
house field activities and are included in this increase.
Objective
The objective is to develop and demonstrate the necessary technology in the
areas of storm waters, combined storm and sanitary wastes, advanced, waste treat-
ment and joint municipal-industrial treatment to achieve, at minimum cost, the most
effective control of pollution from sewered wastes, combined sewer
storm sewer discharges, nonsewered runoff, nonsewered wastes, and
industrial) wastes.
discharges,
joint (municipal-
\ Program of Work
\ ~- "
Municipal-pollution cantrol involves the developjjejaf'and demonstration of
technology for the effective a^ft--ecQn^icaj;-^fin±»e3r^5f"pollution from sewered and
nonsewered wastes, combined (sanitary and storm) sewer discharges, storm sewer
discharges, nonsewered runoff, and joint (municipal-industrial) wastes. Strong
will continue on develooina and demonstrating new and improved methods for
-------
large-scale evaluation and demonstration of control technology. The Section 6
authorization will expire with 19-69, though complete solutions are not expected by
that time. Hence, an extension of this authorization or other funding will be
necessary.
Special efforts are also being made to demonstrate the technology necessary
to permit joint processing of industrial and municipal wastes for greater economy
and efficiency than independent handling of these wastes can achieve. Utilizing
treatment, ultimate disposal and water quality control technology developed under
other subprograms, pilot- and full-scale field evaluations and demonstrations will
continue.
Accomplishments
Demonstration grants have been utilized to support projects which will
demonstrate control and/or treatment methods at full-scale and they, therefore,
involve in-depth engineering studies and planning prior to construction of
facilities. -Construction has been completed or is nearing completion on several
major projects which are how entering the evaluation phase. Evaluation for each
project will continue for a one year period in most instances in order to gain
enough operating experience and data to support conclusions relating to the
applicability of the method demonstrated. The first grant project evaluations
will be available beginning about July 1969-
The most recent cost estimate for separating storm waters from the existing
combined storm and sanitary sewers is $W3 billion. The use of alternate control
and/or treatment methods could substantially reduce this figure.
Projects now under study indicate that several alternate control and/or
treatment methods appear technically and economically feasible. Indications are
that the best solution for a particular problems will probably be a combination
of two or more alternate methods.
Preliminary results of existing projects are being used by communities
planning corrective actions. Eight special FWPCA contracts are developing
corrective programs for eight communities across the United States. It is
anticipated that the plans developed will serve as models for combined sewer
overflow pollution abatement programs.
The following specific examples will cite projects which have resulted in
positive pollution control or planning:
1. Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District - Grant project
This project, now operational, is demonstrating the feasibility of a computer-
assisted regulator control system for reduction of the frequency and volume of
combined sewer overflows. Valuable stream water quality data is also being
collected utilizing five river monitors. This may be the first .step that most
large communities would take in a control program.
2. Havens and Emerson - Consulting Engineers, Cleveland, Ohio-Contract
project
Completion of this study through contract determined the feasibility of
the use of a stabilization-retention basin to be located within Lake Erie for
•t-Y>e>=+-mer>+- nf* cm*-Par>e -r-ilnnf-P sfauncfA •hypa-hmpnt. nlant. p-f-PI HPntl . n.nri P.OHlhi nefl
-------
Melioration or the oldest storm water overflow tanks in the United. States will
once again reduce pollution into the Scioto River, Columbus, Ohio, and also serve
as an evaluation facility to determine tank efficacy and pollution abatement
efficiency (now operational). It is anticipated that this will prove the techni-
cal and economic feasibility of overflow tanks.
k. City of Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin - Grant project
An asphalt lined storage pond is now "being used to reduce pollution from
combined sewer overflows into the Chippewa River. This approach will probably be
used in those areas where low cost land is available.
5. City of Chicago, Illinois - Grant project
This grant is supporting a $1^.4 million deep tunnel system to store excess
flow from combined sewers. The demonstration prbject to date has prompted the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago to proceed with planning for an
overall deep tunnel plan for greater Chicago. Deep tunnel programs appear most
feasible where land costs are high and public Inconvenience is to be avoided.
6. The Western Company, Dallas, Texas - Contract project
Demonstration of the feasibility of using polymers as friction reducers to
increase combined sewage flow rates has been demonstrated under this contract and
will be used in another project in Cleveland, Ohio. Costly reconstruction costs
associated with lack of capacity may not be necessary. Applications to other
problems, such as sludge pumping also appear promising.
7. City of Cleveland, Ohio - Grant project
A crash program demonstrated how a beach area in Cleveland, Ohio, could be
safely protected from combined sewer overflow pollution during the summer of 1968,
Flexible barriers with hypochlorination were successfully demonstrated. This type
of action has shown how stop-gap measures can be taken immediately, while long-
range construction programs are being implemented,
8. American Public Works Association, Chicago, Illinois - Contract project
Completed studies under two contracts resulting in the following reports:
"Problems of Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows-1967" gives a complete
up-to-date inventory of the combined sewer problem in the United States.
"Pollutional Aspects of Urban Drainage" has established the pollution poten-
tial of urban surface runoff,
-------
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
(l) +$1,000
Total Total
Program Positions
Explanation
To meet
costs .
increased pay
(2) -5,8W ,779
(3) +138,000
-5,705,779
$5,^76,000
±k__ 839,000-
±L_
53
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
To accelerate in-house
effort for developing
industrial waste control
programs and. to monitor
projects under way under
the grant and contract
effort ,
Grants....
Contracts.
In-house..
FY 1969
Amount
Available
$11,008,959
311,820
700,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$5,170,000
306,000
839,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$5,838,959
-5,820
+139*000
Total,
12,020,779 6,315,000
Need for Increase
-5.705,779
Four positions and $138,000 are required to expand in-house program development
in the areas of wastes from textile mills, meat processing, petrochemical, thermal
pollution and lumber and logging operations, and to direct, coordinate and monitor
the large number of development and demonstration projects in the industrial waste
area. Also included are special sampling and control application equipment to
support the in-house field activities.
Objective
The objectives are to develop and demonstrate the required technology to
achieve, at minimum cost, any needed degree of pollution control from all
industrial sources.
Program of Work
Industrial-pollution control technology must be developed and demonstrated to
achieve effective and economical control of pollution from such industries as those
producing metal and metal products, chemicals and allied products, paper and allied
products, petroleum and coal products, food and kindred products, textiles, etc.
In 1967 studies were initiated to identify and analyze problem areas and to
establish the existing state-of-the-art in treatment and control technology in
selected industries. Based on these, specific problem areas are now being attacked.
The competitive economic aspects of industrial waste control requires
examination of both conventional and completely new approaches to assure minimum
cost solutions. Current wsste treatment methods, while often adequate for today's
-------
Increase (+]
Amount
or Decrease (-)
Positions
•Total Total
Program Positions
(l) +$1,000
(2) -5,850,779
Explanation
increased pay
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
(3) . +173,000
-5.676.779
55
To accelerate in-house
effort for developing
industrial waste control
programs and to monitor
projects under way under
the grant and contract
effort.
Grants
Contracts.
In-house..
FY 1969
Amount
Available
$11,008,959
311,820
700 ,000
\FY 1970
.Estimate
$5,1TO,000
30JXOOO
QlkfQOO
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$5,838,959
-11,820
+17^,000
Total .... 12,020,779
-5,676,779
feed for Increase
Six positions and $173,000 are required to expand In-house program development
in the areas of wastes from textile mills, meat processing, petrochemical, thermal
pollution and lumber and logging operations, and to direct, coordinate and monitor
the large number of development and demonstration projects in tke industrial waste
area. Also included are special sampling and control application^ equipment to
support the in-house field activities.
Ob.1 e ct i ye
The objectives are to develop and demonstrate the required technology to
achieve, at minimum cost, any needed degree of pollution control froqj all
indu str ia1 s ourc e s.
- Program of Work
Industrial-pollution control. technology must be developed and d/monstrated to
achieve effective and economical control of pollution from such industries as those
producing metal and metal products , chemicals and allied prgdatfEs , paper and allied
products, petroleum and coal products, food and kindj^ssPplroduets , textiles, etc.
In 1967 studies were initiated to~"~MeHtif y—aisl "aHalyze problem areas and to
establish the existing state-of-the-art in treatment and control technology in
selected industries. Based on these, specific problem areas are now being attacked.
The competitive economic aspects of industrial waste control requires
examination of both conventional and completely new approaches to assure minimum
cost solutions. Current waste treatment methods, while often adequate for today's
r*rmrl -i +. -i r*n a
v ~H+4-.lo -nvr^m-i
rrP Trr*
H rt i n or
-------
wi~,«v^.iw wj. t* ww M**^t .UA.LU UO.JL^~ ui Co. u UiC ii U yj. U^C ES £5C £5 j JJ-L'UVJ^OCi UUJUJ..L-LUCi U J-UUCi j Wd U^i UUiJiaGX VO.—
tion programs, etc. Already, research and demonstrations funded by Section 6
grants cover some industrial pollution problems from almost all major sources of
industrial pollution.
Accomplishments
The-citrus operation in Florida is a $2 'billion industry which produces over
75 percent of all citrus grown in the United States. Fifty-two plants discharging
about 130 million gallons a day of-waste, having an organic concentration amounting
to 318,000 Ibs. of biochemical oxygen demand daily, discharged virtually untreated
Into streams and lakes in Florida. 'The Florida State Board of Health has notified
the industry to solve its pollution problem.
A grant project was initiated -at Auburndale, Florida, in December 1966 with
the Minute Maid Company, to develop the technology and to demonstrate the feasibi-
lity of treating a total of 13,5 million gallons a day (26,500 Ibs. of biochemical
oxygen demand daily and equivalent to a city of 152,500) of citrus waste waters to
a degree which will result in a stable effluent discharge of low nutrient content.
Plant life (primarily water hyacinths) produced in the effluent stabilization ponds
are cultivated, harvested, and combined with orange peels and sludges to produce
cattle feed.
At Winter Gaj-den, Florida, a grant project was initiated in March 1968 with
the Winter Garden Citrus Products Cooperative to develop and demonstrate a tertiary
treatment system to remove remaining organics and nutrients from 2 MGD of effluent
using a lime precipitation process. The sludges are combined with peels and dried
to produce cattle feed. The effluent is reused for in-plant processing in 1-ieu of
discharging to Lake Apopka, a model for lake rehabilitation and a beginning for
solving lake eutrophication problems in Florida.
Both the above alternatives of resolving typical citrus industry waste water
problems in Florida are model examples of pollution abatement for the industry to
follow. The developed technology resulting will be made readily available to all
others in the industry.
Large quantities of brines are used in the preparation of olives, pickles and
sauerkraut. The disposal of these spent brines Into unlined lagoons or into sewer
systems ultimately result in ground water contamination or disruption of municipal
treatment facilities.
In conjunction with the National Canners Association, FWPCA is engaged in a
grant project to establish the feasibility of reconditioning spent brines for reuse
from four locations in the Central Valley of California. This pilot plant project
uses a charcoal adsorption-filtration method for reconditioning the brine.
The olive products produced in California represent an annual gross value of
$30 million. An estimated 2,300 parts per million of sodium chloride is currently
being discharged in some 226 million gallons of spent brine waste waters. The
Central Valley Water Pollution Control Board has established discharge requirements
for olive processors in the San Joaquin Valley which in essence restricts discharges
from processing operations to no more than 175 parts per million of salt content.1
It is the desire of olive processors to keep the olive industry in a competitive
position relative to foreign producers and to comply with regulations pertaining to
levels of pollutants in discharge waters.
-------
e maue avaiJ-aDjue TO axx orine consuming industries racing
similar problems.
There are over 280 oil refineries in the United States, all of which produce
waste chemical and oily sludges. Past practices have consisted of lagooning, open
pit burning, land burial, and .similar systems which ultimately result in water
pollution of ground and surface waters.
A grant project with the American Oil Company at their Mandan, North Dakota,
refinery is to demonstrate the feasibility of using a commercially available
fluid-bed incinerator for the disposition of refinery sludges. The project was
initiated in May 1968 and inquiries to date by others in the industry show a keen
interest in the utilization of this technique to resolve their sludge disposal
problems, Marathon Oil Company has indicated its desire to apply the method at
their Robinson, Illinois, refinery. Also, the American Oil Company contemplates
the use of a second, much larger, fluid-bed unit at their Whiting, Indiana,
refinery in the very near future. Consequently, even though the project is not
operational as yet, it is already stimulating further application of this method
throughout the industry.
A grant.to Armco has resulted in the construction of a facility for treating
k.6 MGD of waste oil-water emulsions from a five stand cold rolling mill, A five-
chemical treatment method of coagulation, floculation, dissolved air flotation,
and sludge incineration is being used. The treatment facility was placed in
operation on January 6, 1969 and a one-year study of operating parameters, costs,
and effectiveness of the treatment process has been initiated.
With the pulp and paper industry, FWPCA has entered into the problem of color
removal from kraft pulping effluents. Three companies are studying methods for
removal -and disposal of the color bodies. This problem of color contamination
is considered to be one of the most important in the kraft industry today.
-------
Increase(+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
Total
Program
Total
Positions
(1) +$1,000
(2)-l3050,175
(3) +20.000
-1.029.175
621,000
31
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs.
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
Expand in-house effort for
developing programs
directed toward pollution
problems related to irri-
gation and agricultural
runoff.
Grants
Contracts
In-house
FY 1969
Amount
Available
&L, 11-93.175
320 , ooo
600,000
FY 1970
Estimate
46U3.GOO
120,000
621,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease ( -)
-$850 , 175
-200 , 000
+21,000
Total 2,!H3,175 l,38U,000
-1,029,175
Need for Increase
An increase of two positions and $20,000 is required to support in-house
program development in irrigation return flows and agricultural runoff.
Objective
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate the necessary
technology to allow effective and economical control of pollution from agricul-
tural sources including (a) forestry and logging operations, (b) rural runoff,
(c) irrigation return flows, (d) animal feed lots, and (e) nonsewered rural wastes,
Program of Work
Agricultural pollution requires research, development, and demonstration of
technology to control and prevent pollution from sources related to agricultural
activity. Major forms of pollution associated therewith are nutrients, pesticides
and silt from runoff; salts and other pollutants in irrigation return flows; BOD
runoff from animal feedlots; and silt and other solids from logging and forestry
operations. Many of these wastes are not "collectable" and, therefore, not capable
of being given waste treatment in conventional fashion. New and imaginative solu-
tions are being sought for these problems. Of particular concern at present are
the nutrients and pesticides being flushed into our streams and lakes in agricul-
tural runoff and the tremendous loads of animal wastes discharged from a rapidly
growing number of animal feedlots.
-------
Increase(+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
Total
Program
Total
Positions
(1) +$1,000
(2)-l,050,175
Grants
Contracts
In-house
FY 1969
Amount
Available
, 175
320,000
600 ,000
Scplanation
To meet increased pay
costs.
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
Expand in-house effort for
developing programs
directed toward pollution
problems related to irri-
gation and agricultural
runoff.
FY 19TO
Estimate
$6143,000
120,000
>ia,-000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$850,175
-200,000
+11-1,000
Total.
2, 1)-13, 175
l,l»0k,000
-1,009,175
Heed for Increase
An increase of four positions and $40,000 is required to\ support in-house
program development in irrigation return flows and agricultural runoff.
Objective
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate\the necessary
technology to allow effective and economical control of pollution from agricul-
tural sources including (a) forestry and logging operations, (b) rural runoff,
(c) irrigation return flows, (d) animal feed lots, and (e) nonsewered rural wastes.
Program of Work
Agricultural pollution requires research, development, and/demonstration of
technology to control and. prevent pollution from sources related to agricultural
activity. Major forms of pollution associated therewith^are nutrients, pesticides
and silt from runoff; salts and other pollutants inu-w*rigation return flows; BOD
runoff from animal feedlotsj and silt andoJAer^solids from logging and forestry
operations. Many of~~^2^se_was^es^a»e^SSt^^coU.eci,able" and, therefore, not capable
of being given waste treatment in conventional fashion . Hew and imaginative solu-
tions are being :sought for these problems. Of particular concern at present ar«;
the nutrients and pesticides being flushed into our streams and lakes in agricul-
tural runoff and the tremendous loads of animal wastes discharged from a rapidly-
growing number of animal feedlots.
-------
Forestry and logging
Work has been initiated to evaluate the quantity, character and water pollu-
tion potential of soluble substances leached from floating logs in raft storage,
Leachate from log storage areas has recently been recognized as a significant
source of pollution to some streams..
Rural runoff
Work is under way on investigations to determine the aspects of agricultural
land runoff from confined and unconfined animal growing in well defined small
watersheds.
A state-of-art report on the role of soils and sediments in water pollution
control has been completed. It covers the nature and property of soils, chemical
character of sewage and the behavior of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils.
Irrigat ion return flows
Pilot plants designed to study treatment alternatives for nitrogen removal
from irrigation return flows have been placed in operation. Preliminary data has
indicated high potential success using several process systems.
In a cooperative program with the Bureau of Reclamation and local irrigation
districts, the first study of its kind was started to determine the quantity,
fate, and persistence of :herbicides applied to ditchbanks and aquatic weeds in
irrigation systems.
For the first time, a study has been initiated to investigate (a) precipita-
tion mechanisms in soils as they affect water quality, and (b) changes in the
quality of irrigation water in the soil and in drainage as a result of changes in
the quality of irrigation water and in irrigation management.
A definitive program has been started to determine the contributions of
nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural land under selected major land use
systems, and to identify farming practices by means of which such contributions
may be minimized.
Several irrigation districts in Colorado have incorporated (for tlie first
time as a research and development venture) to line irrigation canals as a means
of preventing seepage into near-surface aquifers and thereby reducing saline water
discharge into the Colorado River.
Animal feed lots
Work is under way on the development of holding and spray irrigation as a
means of disposal for swine wastes.
Studies devoted to evaluating an anaerobic and aerobic lagoon system for the
treatment of beef cattle feed lot waste water have been .completed, Results
confirm that this is an effective treatment system for organic pollution reduction.
Pilot plant facilities and equipment development have been completed in a
program to treat dairy feed lot runoff so as to maintain- a continuous supply of
-------
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Positions Program Positions Explanation
.Amount
(1) +$1,000
(2) -1,991,167
(3)
+10,000
+1
+1
Total.
$2,790,000
Un, ooo
23
To meet increased pay costs.
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
Expand in-house effort for
developing programs in the
areas of acid mine drainage
and oil production pollution.
Grants ................
Contracts ...,«..«»«..
FY 1969
Amount
Available
, ,. $2, 944.237
.....*..... 1.836,930
400,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$1,910 ooo
880,000
411,000
Increase ( + )
or
Decrease (-)
_*1 Q3k 237
-956 930
+11,000
5,181,167
3,201,000
-1,980,167
Heed for Increase
An increase of [one position and $10,000 is required to support in-house
program development in acid mine drainage and oil production pollution control
technology and to direct, coordinate and monitor the increasing number of develop-
ment and demonstration projects in the mining wastes area.
Objective
This program has as its objective the control, alleviation or reduction of
pollution from all sources included in the areas of mine drainage, oil production,
uranium mining and other mining sources. As part of this program, the development
of technology and the demonstration of this technology are required to obtain
effective and economical control of pollution from these sources,
Program of Work
Mining pollution control technology concerns the areas of mine drainage, oil
production, phosphate mining and other sources of mining pollution.
An estimated four million tons of acid from mine drainage annually discharge
into more than 4,000 miles of streams. Attempts to prevent or reduce such drainage
have failed due to high costs of solving the problems for which there are no
immediate answers. Legislation has been proposed which will give substantial
impetus to work on this problem.
Problems related to oil production are of a different nature and solutions
will be sought through laboratory and field work, including pilot and field scale
demonstrations. The commercial production of petroleum from the oil shale deposits
in the Rocky Mountains is a potentially serious source of pollution. Substantial
research and development will also be required to prevent saline and severe
-------
Increase ( + ) or Decrease (*•) Total Total
Positions Program Positions ExplanaJ
Amount
(1) +$1,000
(2) -1,991,167
increased pay costs.
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
Expand In-house effort for
developing programs in the
areas of acid mine drainage
and oil production pollution.
Grants ................
In-house
FY 1969
Amount
: Available
$2,944,237
1.836.930
400,000
\ FY 1970
\ Estimate
\ $1 , 910 , 000
\ 880,000
\ 451,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease ( - }
-$1.0^4. 2^7
-956,930
+51,000
Total , 5,l8l,l67
,241,000
leed for Increase
An increase of five positions and $50,000 is requiifed to support in-house
program development in acid mine drainage and oil production pollution control
technology and to direct, coordinate and monitor the increasing number of develop-
ment and demonstration projects in the mining wastes areas
Objective
This program has as its objective the control, allevialJoLon or reduction of
pollution from all sources included in the areas of mine drainage, oil production,
uranium mining and other mining sources. As part of this proWam, the development
of technology and the demonstration of this technology are recjuired to obtain
effective and economical control of pollution from these sources..
-1,940,167
Program of Work
\
Mining pollution control technology concerns the areas of mine drainage, oil
production, phosphate mining and other sources of mining pollutiop.
An estimated four million tons of acid from mine drainage annjually discharge
into more than 4,000 miles of streams. Attempts to prevent or redkce such drainage
have failed due to high costs of solving the problems for which there are no
immediate answers. Legislation has been proposed which will give substantial
impetus to work on this problem.
Problems related to oil production are of a different natxfre and solutions
will be sought through laboratory and field work, includlng'pilot and field scale
demonstrations. The commercial production of petroleanT'from the oil shale deposits
in the Rocky Mountains is__a__potentially seripais—sSuree of pollution. Substantial
-------
Stream pollution from mining operations is a serious problem in the United
States. - Annually, approximately 500 billion gallons of mine drainage,containing
five to ten million tons of acid, pollute over 10,000 miles of surface streams
and more than 155000 acres of impounded waters. Cost estimates to reduce
pollution from mine drainage by 95 percent are $6 to $7 "billion. To find
solutions to the complex mine drainage problem and reduce costs, FWPCA has
initiated a broad research program, including in-house research and support of
research and development by industry, universities, State governments, and
research firms. "• '
During 1969? work was completed at the mine drainage demonstration project
near Elkins, West Virginia. Surface mine reclamation, mine sealing, and water
diversion were the control measures constructed to obtain positive prevention of
acid mine drainage. Twelve miles of surface mines were reclaimed, and U50 mine
subsidence holes filled and U5 mine seals built to prevent air and water from
entering underground mines. The-acid load to the stream has been reduced
approximately 35 percent and is continuing to decrease. The land disturbed
during reclamation was revegetated with grass and trees to control erosion and
thus prevent further pollution from silt and acidity.
Because of the uncertainty and only partial applicability of at source
control or prevention techniques such as sealing and water diversion, for the
total control of acid mine drainage, treatment research and development has been
a number one priority effort for the first time in the history of the mine
drainage water pollution control program. Lime and limestone neutralization of
acid mine drainage, for example, Is a treatment process which is being used
extensively by industry and others for pollution control, primarily in the State
of Pennsylvania.
The mine drainage treatment research facility at Morton, West Virginia, has
continued investigations on electrodialysis and reverse osmosis unit processes,
and it is currently initiating programs related. to_ brine disposal and treatment,
and sludge disposal and sludge recycle in a continuing attempt to develop
operating parameters and to define and wherever possible reduce the costs
associated with the full-scale application of treatment technology.
During the past year, the extramural grant and contract program has been
designed to strike a balance between the development of advanced prevention
technology and the development of treatment processes and techniques with an
overall total objective of producing water of very high quality for reuse in
industry and municipalities throughout the Nation where mine drainage problems
exist. This program currently has over 20 active projects totalling almost
$U million. The significance of this program is that a wide variety of techniques
will be available to provide a range of control alternatives which will be between
30 and 95 percent efficient in controlling the total problem. At this point, the
total national abatement program can move ahead in full gear with significant cost
reductions over what would have been otherwise possible, of between 10 and 30
percent. Also, with the implementation of the treatment research and development
program, it will be possible for the first time to implement a total national
effort with control potentials of greater than 95 percent.
-------
Increase_(+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amountgo's it ions"Program Positions
(1) +$1,000
(2) -616,330
(3)
±3
+3
$2,888,000
444,000
Explanation
To meet increased pay costs.
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
To expand in-house effort on
water quality changes and
control and oil pollution.
In-house . .,.....».*...
FY 1969
Amount
Available
,, 2,140,000
299,8^6
FY 1970
• Estimate
$1,300,000
1,588,000
MA, 000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$6^,330
-552,000
+144,154
Total....... ...... 3,804,176
Need for Increase
3,338,000
-472,176
In increase of three positions and $143,154 is required to support in-house
research in water quality changes and water quality control in impoundments and in
oil pollution. Also included in the increase are special sampling and control
application equipment in support of the oil pollution studies conducted out of the
Edison, New Jersey facility.
Objective
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate the necessary
technology to allow effective and economical control of pollution from sources
such as: (a) recreational, (b) boats and ships, (c) construction projects,
(d) impoundments, (e) salt water intrusion, (f) natural pollution, (g) dredging
and landfill, and (h) oil pollution.
Program of
Other sources of pollution are also significant and require development and
demonstration of technology for their effective and economical control. These
sources include recreational boats and commercial vessels, construction projects,
impoundments, saltwater intrusion, natural pollution, dredging and landfill
operations, and. the whole area referred to as "oil pollution."
Increasing amounts of wastes are discharged from the ever-growing number of
recreational and eosmereial vessels which ply our waters, both inland and coastal.
Suitable en-board equipment for properly treating vessel wastes before discharge is
not fully developeds Generally, on-board sewage treatment units are bulky and
heavy, or only minimally effective. Further research, development, testing and
evaluation are urgently needed to deal more effectively with these problems.
Construction activities that affect the quality of water relate to housing
developments, roads, railroads, power transmission lines, dams, etc. The polluting
-------
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions
(1) +$1,000
(2) -664,330
(3)
.at ion
meet increased pay costs.
Reduction in grant and.
contract effort.
FY 1969
Amount
Available
Grants , $1,364,330
Contracts .- 2,140,000
In-house 399,846
To expand in-house effort on
water quality changes and
control and oil pollution.
FY 1970
Estimate
$1,300,000
1,5^,000
444,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$64,330
-600,000
+144,154
Total. , 3,804,176
3,284,000
-520,176
Heed for Increase
An increase of three positions and $143,154 is required to support in-house
research in water quality changes and water quality conflprol in impoundments and in
oil pollution. Also included in the increase are special sampling and control
application equipment in support of the oil pollution studies conducted out of the
Edison, New Jersey facility.
Objective
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate the necessary
technology to allow effective and economical control of pollumon from sources
such as; (a) recreational, (b) boats and ships, (c) construction projects^
(d) impoundments, (e) salt water intrusion, (f) natural pollution, (g) dredging
and landfill, and (h) oil pollution.
Program of Work
Other sources of pollution are also significant and require development and
demonstration of technology for their effective and economical control. These
sources include recreational boats and commercial vessels, construction projects,
impoundments, saltwater intrusion, natural pollution, dredging and landfill
operations, and the whole area referred to as "oil pollution." /
Increasing amounts of wastes are discharged from the ever-growing number of
recreational and commercial vessels which ply our waters, bojWa inland and coastal.
Suitable on-board equipment for properly, treating vessejL-^astes before discharge is
not fully developed. Genefcally^on-board
~
ament units are bulky and
heavy, or only minimally effective/ ~~TuTtner~research, development, testing and
evaluation are urgently needed to deal more effectively with these problems.
Construction activities that affect the quality of water relate to housing
developments, roads, railroads, power transmission lines, dams, etc. The polluting
-------
recnarging the aquifers with renovated waste water.
Water1 impounded in reservoirs can be used to alleviate pollution through flow
augmentation. Unfortunately, the storage of water in reservoirs can adversely
affect its quality. Thermal stratification can occur, leading to chemical
stratification ai well. Hew techniques are being researched to accomplish
artificial destratification of impoundments to alleviate these problems.
The complexity and extent of diffuse sources of pollution require a
concentrated in-toouse effort through both laboratory and field projects. Both
short-term and long-term solutions for the important problems of pollution from
dredging operations and oil pollution are urgently needed,
Ac eompli s hme nt s
Recreation
A contract was initiated to demonstrate the use of advanced waste treatment
to control pollution from recreational sources at the Pikes Peak National Park.
The present treatment -processes are extremely wasteful of water and ever
increasing numbers of tourists would aggravate an already undesirable situation.
The new treatment process will allow a high quality water to be recovered from
present wastes and this water will be used for all nonpotable uses at the Park.
A project was carried out to renovate a section of polluted beach at
Stamford, Connecticut, using a pneumatic barrier. This method could potentially
find use at many locations for the purpose of preventing and abating pollution at
beach areas. The method involves the use of porous tubes on the bottom of the
river, closing off a segment of the beach. Air is pumped into the tube and thus
to the water, effectively isolating the beach from gross contamination by floating
debris and waste products. Partial control of dissolved organic materials and
coliform bacteria 'have been demonstrated by this method.
Wastes- from watercraft
Negotiations are under way to initiate several small contracts which will
result in demonstration projects concerning the feasibility of various control
and/or treatment concepts for wastes generated on board vessels. Almost all of
the eight million boats on the Nation's waterways, both large and small, are
sources of wastes, each requiring a different approach for the greatest pollution
control benefits at the lowest costs. No discharge (holding tanks on board) would
conceivable provide the greatest benefits at a modest cost for smaller craft.
Treatment methods would probably be most advantageous for larger vessels. These
planned projects are to confirm or refute this hypothesis and allow us to project
costs for large scale, future programs.
Oil pollution
Two projects were undertaken to develop and demonstrate the use of devices
to contain and clean up spilled oil in busy harbors.
Work is under way at Portland, Maine, to demonstrate the use of pneumatic
booms for oil containment still permitting unrestricted ship navigation. The use
of mechanical booms and oil clean up devices will also be demonstrated.
-------
developed.
negotiations are essentially completed on four contrasts totalling about a
half million dollars which should significantly advance the state of oil spill
pollution control technology. Work to be done under the contracts will develop
methods to convert tanker cargos into a semi-solid state effectively preventing
loss in the event of an accident, to detect the source of clandestine oil spills,
and to clean up spilled oil.
Work carried out at FWPCA laboratories has produced an instruction manual for
coping with spills of many hazardous chemicals.
-------
il.4'—L CCfcOIT
(1)
(2)
Increase ( + ) or Decrease ( - )
Amount Positions
+$5,000 ...
-211,613 ,*.
Total Total
Program Positions
+6^000
+a
+2
Explanation
99, ... To meet increased, pay costs.
$5,671,000 ... Reduction in grant effort.
3,322,000 129 To expand in-house effort
in laboratories in water
quality control, coastal
and groundwater pollution
and eutrophication, and to
support a cooperative effort
with TVA in thermal pollu-
tion.
In-house .............
PY 1969
Amount
Available
$4. 31)2. 6l?
.......... 1, 5^0,000
.......... 2,669,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$4 032,000
1.-63Q.OOO
3,332,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$310.61?
+QQ ODD
+653,000
Total,, 8,551,613
8,993,000
Feed for Increase
i
An increase of two positions and $1^83000 is required to expand laboratory
research in the areas of eatrophication (aging of lakes, streams and coastal
waters), water quality control, and coastal and groundwater pollution. Included
in this increase are special sampling and control application equipment required
to support the in-house field work such as the eutrophication studies being
conducted at Ely, Minnesota, Also included is an increase of $500,000 to
support a cooperative effort with TVA on thermal pollution (temperature effects
on fresh water fish).
Objective
Effort in this category includes research, development and demonstration aimed
at prevention and control of accelerated eutrophication of lakes, streams, and
estuaries; at control of pollution by means other than waste treatment; at
socioeconomie, legal and institutional aspects of pollution; at assessment and
control of pollution in extreme cold climate areas; at identification, source and
fate technology of a generally applicable nature across a variety of pollution
source^ at prevention and control of thermal pollution; and at long-Yange solutions
to pollution problems (basic research).
Program of Jfork
Water quality control includes all research, development and demonstration
directed tovard the prevention and control of accelerated, eutrophication; thermal
pollution; the control of pollution by means other than waste treatment; the socio-
economic, legal and institutional aspects of pollution; the assessment and control
-------
Increase (-f) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
(1) +$5,000
(2) -310,613
(3) +70^,000
+398,387
Total Total
Program Position^
Explanation
To meet increased pay costs.
Reduction in grant effort.
To expand in-house effort
in laboratories and at field
aites in water quality
control, coastal and ground-
water pollution and eutro-
phication, and to support a
cooperative effort with TVA
in thermal pollution.
Contracts ...............
Total.
FY 1969
Amount
Available
...... $k, 3^2,613
1,514.0,000
....... 2,669,000
8.551.613
\ FY 1970
Estimate
Ak 0\2 000
1 , 5 Qo . 000
.3,37^000
8, 950 .©00
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
-$310,613
+709,000
+398.387
Ueed for Increase
An increase of nine positions and $2Ql)-,000 is required to expand laboratory
and field site research in the areas of eutrophication (aging ©f lakes, streams
and coastal waters), water quality control, and coastal and groundwater pollution.
Included in this increase are special sampling and .control application equipment
required to support the in-house field work such as the eutrophiteation studies
being conducted at Ely, Minnesota. Also included is an increase! of $500,000 to
support a cooperative effort with TVA on thermal pollution (temp^ratxire effects on
fresh water fish) .
Objective
Effort in this category includes research, development and -demonstration aimed
at prevention and control of accelerated eutrophication of lakes/ streams, and
estuaries; at control of pollution by means other than waste treatment; at
socioeconomic, legal and institutional aspects of pollutionsXt assessment and
control of pollution in extreme cold climate areas; at idea€ifieation, source and
fate technology of a generally applicable nature aej»s"s' a variety of pollution
sources^ at prevention and control of thermaJ^pel'Mition; and at long- range solutions
to pollution "
Program of Work
Water^ quality control includes all research, development and demonstration
directed toward the prevention and control of accelerated eutrophication; thermal
pollution; the control of pollution by means other than waste treatment; the socio-
economic, legal and institutional aspects of pollution; the assessment and control
-------
not well understood. Controlling it ealls for study of the biology and chemistry
of the aquatic environment, more complete analytical data on nitrogen and.
phosphorus compounds, and research on new and improved methods for nutrient
removal in waste treatment, including pilot plant studies and field evaluations.
Development of water quality control technology will become of major and
increasing importance as the pollution control payoff from waste treatment becomes
increasingly marginal. Water quality control methods include the so-called at
source controls as well as such concepts as synthesis, diversion, dispersion,
dilution and environmental treatment. Exploration of new techniques in these
categories'began in 1968; the promising ones must be moved into pilet-scale and
field studies in 1970 and 1971 as the exploratory work continues.
Mathematical models need to be evolved to relate pollution levels to the
broad range of effects expressed in social and economic values. Research
applicable to multiple sources of pollution must be expanded. This includes
identification and characterization of pollutants, methodology for detecting and
quantifying pollution sources, and for determining the fate of pollutants as they
move through the water environment, all essential to effective pollution control.
Ac c ompli s hme nt s
Eutrophication
1, A pilot plant is being operated at Ely, Minnesota to determine if removal
of algal nutrients from municipal sewage is an effective means for control of
algal production in lakes.
2. Determined how to control growths of nuisance algae in the laboratory by
use of algal viruses and brought this control technique to pilot plant stage via
contract with Syracuse University.
3. Cooperation with the Joint Industry-Government Task Force on
Eutrophication whose charge it is to stimulate means for the control of
man-induced eutrophication in the United States,
h. Determining the relationship between sediment and overlying water so as
to prevent multiple recycling of nutrients through successful generations of algae
and other aquatic plants.
Physical-chemical identification of pollutants
1. Direct measurements of dissolved oxygen profiles in a flowing stream-
attached bacterial slime system where made using newly developed micro-dissolved
oxygen probe. Report is being published.
Biological identification of pollutants
1. Developed a provisional algal assay procedure to evaluate the potential
of water and waste water for algal growth; cooperating with three universities to
develop this procedure to the stage where it will become a standard procedure.
2. A continuous-flow bottom-respirometer for meas-uring the respiration on
stream bottoms was developed and field tested.
-------
2. A method to resolve soluble protein from fish brain by electropnorsis
has been developed allowing further studies on metabolism of pollutants by brain
tissue.
Fate of pollutants in ground waters
1. Studies were completed and published, "Pate of DDT and Nitrate in Ground
Water." This was a joint venture between FWPCA and U.S. Department of
Agriculture .
2. Studies concerning the behavior and fate of pollutants in tne Ogallala
Aquifer were presented at a Soil Conservation Service Technical Workshop, Texas
A&M,
3. Groundwater research using radio-tracers solved the five-year Estelline
Spring problem relating to natural brine pollution. This was accomplished in
cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Fate of pollutants in coastal waters
1. Initiated work on a method for computing the mixing and spread of
pollutants from outfall pipes and barge dumps.
2. Published Index to research on coastal and estuarlne waters in the United
States and an annotated bibliography, "Environmental Factors in Coastal and
Estuarlne Waters, Coast of Washington."
3. Initiated work on determining pollutional aspects of tide flats and
bottom deposits and the impact of dredging operations.
U, A special report was prepared on the coastal pollution considerations
associated with a proposed program of disposal of solid aluminum process wastes
by barging to the ocsan.
Water reources
!„ Several significant accomplishments wire made In developing new
techniques for planning, designing, and managin§ pollution control systems.
Studies showed that properly designed and operated regional pollution control
systems can reduce pollution control easts to pO petstnt or leas of that required
for individual waste control facilities. Improved methods for designing and
operating these regional systems in an optimum rnnmv -using oompttter and systems
analysis techniques were developed. Two demonstration grants were initiated to
demonstrate on a full scale the rapid, acquisition of processing of large
quantities of water quality data from many monitoring stations to assist
pollution control managers In operating water quality control systems and
executing and enforcing basin- or State-wide pollution control programs,
1. Initiated work on a method for temperature prediction in Columbia River
due to thermal wastes and power dam operations,
2, The establishment of a Thermal Pollution Research frogram at the
Northwest Water Laboratory at Corvallls, Oregon and the publication of an
Mant.e fin •Trie on Thft-rmnl Pnl 1 ut.il nr» rH fentefl tn -hha DPafffcla-lnff
-------
3. Technical seminars and National Symposiums on Thermal Pollution Control
have been held to expedite technology transfer to operating personnel of FWPCA,
the States, research institutes, and individuals.
-------
Increase (+) or Decrease (•
Amount Positions
Total Total
Program Positions
(1) -$1,882,101
(2)
+137, (XX)
+2
+2
,083,000
2,637,000
128
Explanation
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
To expand in-house effort
in laboratories in
treatment and disposal
technology.
FT 1969
Amount
Available
...«»«» $3,001.531
....... 2,963.570
....... 2,500,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$1,969,000
2,11^,000
^2,637*000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease ( - )
-
-------
increase {+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
Total Total
Program Positions
(2)
FY 1969
Amount
Avaliable
Explanation
Reduction in grant and
contract effort.
To expand in-house effort in
laboratories and at field
sites in treatment and dis-
posal technology.
f.
mts
Contracts
In-house.
$3,001,531
2,963,570
2,500,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$1,969,000
2,000,000
2, 66ii,ooo
Increase
or
Decrease (-)
-$1,032,531
-963,570
Total.
. 8,^65,101 \ 6,633,000
Need for increase
-1,832,101
Five positions and $16^,000 are required in order\to expand laboratory and
field effort in treatment and control research, physical-chemical treatment
research, biological treatment research, and particularly ultimate disposal
research. Included in this increase are special sampling and control application
equipment required to support the pilot plant studies belhg carried out at sucli
facilities as Pomona, California; Blue Plains, Washington^ D. G.j and Lebanon,
Ohio.
Objective
The objectives of this research are to develop generally^applicable waste
treatment and ultimate disposal technology to achieve any desired degree of
treatment of point sources of pollution and to develop and demonstrate technology
capable of returning municipal, industrial, and agricultural was\e waters to
qualities suitable for direct reuse. Improved techniques must we made available
for separation and disposal of (a) dissolved nutrients, (b) dissolved refractory
organics, (c) suspended and colloidal solids, (d) dissolved inorganics, (e) dis-
solved biodegradable organics, and (f) microorganisms.
Program of Work
Waste treatment and ultimate disposal technology covers research! development
and demonstration of treatment technology for pollution control and far the
renovation of waste waters for reuse. Work in the laboratory has shovn that it is
technically possible to achieve any degree of waste treatment desired' and, in fact,
to return waste water to a quality at least as high as it was beforjs use. However,
considerable work remains to be done to .achieve these degrees ofjfereatment at any
necessary location, under any conditions, and at minimum cosi^nuch of the overall
FWPCA research effort is directed toward the develapme«t^or completely new
advanced waste
Because research findings have exceeded expectations, an accelerated program
has been undertaken with increased assurance of both short- and 1ona--t.<=rm
-------
--. . . -... . -- _ . .
concentrates (both municipal and industrial) can be developed, field-evaluated
and demonstrated by the mid-19701s.
Ac c ontpli s fame nt s
Dissolved nutrient removal
1. Full-scale studies have shown digester supernatant can be lime treated
to remove 95 percent of the phosphorus and 50 percent of the chemical oxygen
demand. The sludge drains well on sand beds.
2, A special ion exchange zeolite has been demonstrated on a pilot plant
scale to concentrate and remove ammonia from waste water.
3. Rapid and complete removal of the nitrate ion has been accomplished in
beds of granular media when adding an organic substrate (methanol).
U. Carbon dioxide and lime have been used successfully in a single-stage
clarification, phosphate removal process. This configuration has the low
capital cost of a single stage system and the low chemical cost of a two stage
clarification process.
5. Significant phosphate removal has been accomplished on a large scale
by the addition of alum to the aerator of an activated sludge plant,
Dissolved refractory organics removal
1. Demonstrated that an expanded bed of granular carbon is essentially
free of pressure drop problems which occur in packed beds; this development has
the potential for significantly decreasing the cost of carbon treatment.
2. A revised granular carbon thermal regeneration procedure has been
developed that will improve regeneration efficiency and .reduce physical losses.
3- The microstrainer and sand filtration processes for removal of suspend
solids have proven effective in reducing the biochemical oxygen demand and
suspended solids content of a .secondary effluent to less than five parts per
million,
Suspended andcolloidal solids removal
1. Cationic polymers were shown in laboratory studies to be effective
flocculants for some raw sewages. A colloid titration technique was developed
to rapidly select the dosage range of polymer.
2. Dissolved air flotation has been proven effective on a one million gallon
a day scale for removing solids from a mixed liquor, A sludge of ^ to U-l/2
percent solids can be easily obtained,
Dissolved inorganics removal
It has been demonstrated that hyperfiltration membranes formed dynamically
from components for secondary sewage on suitable porous-supports are capable
of significant organic and inorganic removal at fluxes much higher than those
possible with synthetic membranes.
-------
coagulation and desimentation, can be successfully treatea in an ac-oiva-oea siuage
system. Based on these studies a full-scale plant is being constructed.
2. Demonstrated the effectiveness of U-tube aeration for pretreatment in
the sewer system and post treatment prior to discharge.
3, Demonstrated the feasibility of Joint treatment of municipal and
industrial pulp paper mill wastes using the Kravs activated sludge process.
k. Demonstrated on a pilot scale the superiority of trickling filter-
activated sludge sequential treatment over activated sludge-trickling filter
sequence.
Ultimate disposal
1. Lime that has been used for phosphate removal can be recovered and reused
for at least four cycles. The excess of phosphate can be recovered as low grade
phosphate rock with possible, salvage value.
2. Alumina sludges containing phosphates can be treated with lime which
improves dewatering and recovers- some of the aluminum as soluble aluminates which
may be reused.
-------
increase
or Decrease
Amount
(1) +$3,000
(2) +179*000
Grants«.«.
Contracts.
In-house*.
Positions
Total,
Total Total
Program Positions
$2,610,000 128
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs*
To expand in-house effort
on effects of pollution on
salt and fresh water,
775,000
py 1969
Amount
Available
$1,532,000
72U,000
2 , ^28,000
. . . Increase
effort,
FY 1970
Estimate
$1,532,000
775,000
2,6ioloop_m_
in contract
Increase (+)
or
PfifnTTfiflSfi (-1
sac
+$51,000
+182 ,000
1^917,000
+233,000
Heed for Increase
Five positions and $179,000 are needed to increase the staffing of the Water
Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota and the temporary Marine Water Quality
laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island. Special sampling equipment in support of
the Newtown, Ohio field site is included in this increase. There is also included
a slight increase in contract effort on effects of pollution.
Objective
The objective is to provide the scientific bases for the establishment of
water quality standards for the Nation's waters. These standards relate to use of
fresh and marine water for municipal, agricultural, industrial and recreational
purposes and for propagation of fish,, other aquatic life and wildlife.
Program of Work
Water quality requirements research is needed on the effects of pollution to
provide an improved scientific basis for determining the water quality necessary
for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and recreational uses, and for the
propagation of fish and other aquatic life. This information is essential to the
establishment and refinement of the Nation's water quality standards. Because of
the tremendous number of new chemical compounds being synthesized and finding their
•way into our environment each year, Intensive research investigations must be
conducted to develop a predictive capability allowing us to project the potential
pollutional impact of these compounds in advance.
far too little is known about the effects of pollution, The drastic effects
(e.g., the massive fish kill) can be easily recognized, but quite often the true
cause of such events cannot be defined even in extensive retrospect. To look
ahead and to predict the occurrence of such events is, unfortunately, well beyond
our current capability for any but the simplest stream system under the least com-
plicated set of environmental conditions and pollution loads. There is also the
challenge of detecting, understanding, and then preventing the more subtle, long-
term effects of pollution which could, even now, be robbing us of valuable water
resources. Such effects, as yet unknown, may be just as real as the sudden fish
kill, the .unpalatable water supply, or the condemned bathing beach.
-------
(1)
(2)
Amount
+$3,000
+2^3,000
+2^000
Positions
+13 |
£& ^
Program Poisitigj
Amotint
Available
136
Explanation
To meet increased pay costs.
To expand in-house effort on
effects of pollution on salt
and fresh water.
PY 1970
Grants . . ./^ . ............. ....... $1, 532, 00(1
Contra#€s. ...... ,.. .............. 724,000 '
In-house . . ........ , ........ . ..... 2,^28,000
$1,532,000
72^,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-)
+$2^6,000
Total l|.,68i|-,000
Weed for Increase
^,930,000
+2l<-6,000
Thirteen positions and $2^3*000 are needed to inorease the staffing of the
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota; the temporary Marine Water Quality
Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island; and to permit aXslight expansion in
technical staffing at the Bewtown, Ohio, field site. Special sampling equipment
in support of the Newtown field site is included in this^.ncrease.
Objective
The objective is to provide the scientific bases for the establishment of
water quality standards for the Nation's waters. These standards relate to use of
fresh and marine water for municipal, agricultural, industrial and recreational
purposes and for propagation of fish, other aquatic life and wildlife.
Program of Work
Water quality requirements research is needed on the effects iif pollution to
provide an improved scientific basis for determining the water quality necessary
for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and recreational uses, and Tor the
propagation of fish and other aquatic life. This information is essential to the
establishment and refinement of the Nation's water quality standards.\ Because of
the tremendous number of new chemical compounds being synthesized and rinding their
way into our environment each year,, intensive research investigations mist be
conducted to develop a predictive capability allowing us to project thp potential
pollutional impact of these compounds in advance.
Far too little is known about the effects of pollution. The drastic effects
(e.g., the massive fish kill) can be easily recognized, but quite'often the true
cause of such events cannot be defined even in extensive r^fefospeet. To look
ahead and to predict the occurrence of such eventsts^ulifortunately, well beyond
our current capability for any but the simpj^&t-^tream system under the least com-
plicated set of environmental cond_rti©arg^and pollution loads. There is also the
challenge of detectingj__,und©FSlTanding, and then preventing the more subtle, long-
term effects of pollution which could, even now, be robbing us of valuable water
resources. Such effects, as yet unknown, may be just as real as the sudden fish
kill, the unpalatable water supply, or the condemned bathing beach.
-------
at Newtown, Ohio, will contribute to this effort. This in-house effort must be
supplemented-with contracts and grants to obtain the service of highly-
specialized and often-uniquely qualified investigators.
Accomplishments
Fish and other aquatic life
1. A comprehensive research effort to develop sound information upon which
to base temperature standards is under way, including the completion of a
temporary field site at a power plant. Significant information on temperature
tolerance of important fishes such as trout,, perch and suckers has been obtained.
2. An intensive investigation of taconite discharge in Lake Superior was
completed. Through diffraction techniques, a method to adequately trace the
taeonite waste in Lake Superior was found.
3. "Green waters" reported to be caused by the discharge of taconite into
Lake superior was physically and chemically defined and found to result from the
discharge.
' h, A standard testing section to determine safe concentration of industrial
waste in natural waters has been developed and shows promise as a valid way to
establish standards for such discharges. If it is found adequate, the
determination of safe levels of wastes will be quicker and less costly than now
anticipated.
5. Initiating and carrying out research on invertebrates and fishes for
determination of sublethal effects of toxicants including pathological,
histopathological, biochemical, biophysical, and hematological aspects.
6. Development of local sources of fish and invertebrates for experimental
use,
7. Initiation of ecological studies.
-8, Initiation of dissolved oxygen and temperature requirements and the
determination of the effect of holding on experimental animals.
9. Establishment of six species of calanoid crustaceans (copepods) in
reliable laboratory culture and development of .mass .culture methods for
zooplankton in synthetic seawater.
10. Development of synthetic ,seawater formulation that will support
luxuriant growth of 86 species of phytoplankton and six species of zooplankton.
11. Determination of nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur requirements of
Skeletonema costatum, predominant diatom in temperate inshore water.
12. Development of rapid, reliable, and. informative growth bioassay for
phytoplankton using carbon-Ik labelled carbon dioxide fixation and particle
sizing technique.
13, Selected a group of sensitive and ecologically important algae as test
organisms.
lh. Developed a technique of filter sterilization for media and raw seawater
-------
defining research needs for municipal raw water supplies and for recreational
water uses have been developed. Important progress has been achieved in focusing
university efforts on selected important research areas through projects.
-------
Research, Development and Demonstration Program
Bridge between Program Elements and Conventional Budget Basis
FY 1969 and 1970
Sewer
Waste
t and
eatmsnt
1 Waste
tion
Grants
esearch
ts
able to
able to
able to
Municipal-
Pollution
Control
Technologyr_
$11,166 $5,700
, 6,939
, It, 227
7,899
. 5,299
, 2,600
16
128
600
l*,l*00
1,300
It, 000
3,600
1*00
•® * a
16
128
788
Industrial-
Pollution
Control
^Teehnplogjr ;i
Icgg 1210"
* » O ffi B ft
* a e a • »
• 6 • "~ «r« *
$10,75,3 $i*,902
10,5111 k*,702
212 200
133 133
33.5 . 3??
100 106
700 839
19,809 10,632 12,081 6,315
(12,382) (8,iV*) (u,OQ9)(5,i70) (
(6,827) (1,700) (312) (306)
(600) (788) (700) (839)
authorization under section 6(e)(l)
authorization under section 6(e)(2)
authorization under section 6(e)(3)
Agricultural- Mining- Other-Sources- Water Waste Treatment Water
Pollution Pollution of -Pollution Quality and Ultimate Quality-
Control Control Control Control Disposal Requirements
Technologjr Technalogy Technology TecAnolosy Technology Research Tot
19&9 1976 1969
$JCO
500
200
1*70
350
120
m
600
2,1+13
(320)
(600)
under
under
under
$300
300
$120 ^,371 $
... 2,83^
120 1,537
393 110
621 !*00
1271 i2§2 1970
2,680 $2 ,,202 fl?538
l,8ob Tfez €98
880 i,!Ao 8^0
110 182 182
700 7l*8
1*11 300 1*1+1*
1,381* ' 5,181 3,201 3,801* 3,332
(61*3) (2,9^) (1,910) (1,361+) (1,300)
(120) (1,837) (880) (2,11+0) (1,588)
(621) (1*00) (1+11) (300) (W+)
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
1261
fl+71
311
160
2,693
1,380
2*669
1212. 1969
... $2,896
... 1,533
. . . 1.363
f 160
« * « (f 6 'ft
160
1,339 331
2,693 1,138 1
1,1+79 1,600 1
3,322 2,500 2
8,552 8,993 8,1+65 6
(l+,3l*3) ()*,032)(3,002) (1
(1,51+0) (l,639)(2;963) (2
(2,669) (3,322)(2,500) (2
, as amended, and available
, as amended, and available
, as amended, and available
i2E
$900
500
1+00
• * m
• Q '*
,138
TlU
,637
,720
,969)
'637)
iintii
until
until
1969
600
* * *
s" • a
* » »
• B •
Igg) 1969
','.'. 1+122?
,., 11, 791*
l+,i*63S/
... 18,267
... ili,798£/
$11 2,500
1,521 1,521 6,500
721*
2, te8 2
1+S681* 1+
(1,532) (1
(721*)
(2,1*28) (2
expended ,
expended ,
expended .
775 l*?50l+
,610 10,197
,917 61+, 929 1
,532)(38,069)(;
(775)(i6,663)
-------
Research, Development and Demonstration Program
Bridge between Program Elements and Cojnrantianal Budget Basis
Sewer
Wg,ste
fipfc and
Treatment .
cts. .... .
al Waste
ation
. Grants
Ke.search
cts
Municipal" i Industrial-.
Pollution 1 Pollution
Control \ Control
Technology ^Technology
^969 1970 19J9 1970
$11,166 $5,700 ..\
. £> . 939
. 4 ,227
7.899
5,299
. 2,600
16
228
600
4,400 ... \
1, 300 . . . \ ...
4,000 ... \, .
3,600 ... .\.
too \
... 10,753 $4,9P2\
10 54l 4,702
5212 200
16 133 133
128 335 335
100 100
864 700 874
FY 1969 and 1970
Agricultural- Mining" Other-Sources- Mafeej? Waste Treatme
Pollution Pollution of-Pollution Quality and Ultimate
Control Control Control Control Disposal
TecJjnplOOT Technology Technology TechnciXoKV" Technology
1969
$700
500
200
470
\ 350
\ 120
2\0
393\
»t Water
\ Quality
\ Requirements
\ Research.
1970 1969 1970 1969 1970 1969 1970 1969 1970 \ 1969 1970 196
\ $11,16
$300 .- $2,896 $900
... ... ... ... . ... . 1,533 500
300 ... ... ... .... ... 1,363 40C
$120 4,371 $2,680 $2,202 $1,538 $471 $160
2,834 1,800 762 696 311
120 1,537 880 i,440 840 160 160
2^0 ... ... 4gO . . 420 1.339 1.339 331 331
\ • & 9"
..A .... 11,75
...\ ... 7,3:
, ...\ ... *,«
... \ ... 18,26
\ l4 7C
\ 3*46
--"""sill $m 2.5C
393 110. 110 182 182 2,693 2,693 JM3S"l,138 1,521 l,581\ 6,5C
... \... ... ... 700 700 ~^m 1.380 1.600 1.600 724 724 \k.5C
600
6\L 400 451 .300 ^^x^l+44 2,669 3,378 2,500 2,664 2,428 2,674 lq,l$
Total 19,809 10,706 1%021 6,31+1+ 2,1+13 1,1+01+
3/281+ 8,552 8,950
6,633
.(12,382) (8,1^)(11,009) (5,170) (1,1+93)
. (6.827) (1,700) (312) (300) (320)
, (600) (864) (700) (871+) (600)
(61+3) (2,9W+) (1,910) (1,364) •( 1,300) (4,343) (4,032) (3,002) (1,969) (l,532) (i,532)(38,0\
(120) (1,837) (88°) (2,140) (1,5^0) (1,540) (1,540) fe,96S) (8,000) . (724) (72U)(l6,66
(641) (400) (451) (300) (444) (2,669) (3,378) (2,500) (2,664) (2,428). (2,674)(10,1S
J.cable to authorization under section 6(e
dcable to authorization under section 6(e
doable to authorization under section 6(e
under
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as 'amended, and- available 'until expended.
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, and available until expended.
under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, and available until expended.
under
-------
0-
FVrPCA
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT
AND DEMONSTRATION
FISCAL YEARS 1969 and 1970
By Program
I C _
15-
10-
5-
19.8
69170
MUN.-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
12.0
69 70
IN'D.-POLL
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
2.4
1.4
5..2
3.2
69 I 70
AGRIC.-POUL
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
MINING UQLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
3 8
3,3
'0
OTHER
~O HCr .-
0- f'O
Cr-\! Rf.
TFCHNOLOf;/
8 5
8.9
8.5
70
60
50
40
30
20
10-
64.9
69 70
Research, Developme
and
Demonstration Progra
TECHNOLOGY
4 9
4 6
177
3 » - 2 6
^s^m&n &t
I TFS
j ',VAST!r "!-( a j ' , 'r
U-T :. Fl'C-:jAt j 'FQb Pi
TECHNOLOGY HI oE.MCH
rants
ontracts [___ j
House F 1
FY 1969 INCLUDES $21.3 MILLION OF UNOBLIGATED FUNDS CARRIED OV'IH FROM FY T96S
See next pag-.; for subprogram eSerm^n?^
• Apr)!' 1
-------
w
z
o
S
z
V)
ee
3
o
D
30-
10-
5-
FWPCA
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT
AND DEMONSTRATION
FISCAL YEARS 1969 and 1970
By Program
ResearcK, Developrm
\and
Demonstration Progr
MUM.-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
IND.-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
AGRIC.-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
MINING-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
OTHER-
SOURCES-
OF-POLL.
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
WATER
QUALITY
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
WASTE TR. &
ULT. DISPOSAL
TECHNOLOGY
WATER
QUALITY
REQUIRS.
RESEARCH
Grants
Contracts
In House
FY 1969 INCLUDES S21.3 MILLION OF UNOBLIGATED FUNDS CARRIED OVER FROM FY 1968
See next page for subprogram elements
(Janui
-------
Planning,
assistance &
Training activities
-------
,K-t assistance and training actiYities
Increase (+)
ensive planning.
pds and controls -
'•6,1 support and services
'ated balance lapsing
FY 1968
Amount
Available
$18,9^5,621
......... 1,389, 881*
6,939,112
k 778, 978
....... <, . 509,^05
FY 1969
Amount
Available
*1Q qqli 000
1,5W,000
7,708,000
5,062,000
FI 1970
Estimate
$20,600,000
1,652,000
9,360,000
5 88H 000
or Decrease (-
1970 Compared
, with 1969
+$606,001
+10^ 00(
+1 ,652,00;
+822,00(
* * '
Total,....,,..,...... . 32,563,000 3U,312,000 37,1+96,000 +3,l8l4,00(
-------
assistance and training activities
isive planiiLng. $18,945,621
and controls, 1,389,884
. support and\ services 6,939 > .11.2
4,778,978
,ed balance lapsing..,,... 509,^05
Increase (+)
or Decrease (-
1970 Compared
with 1969
FY 1968
Amount
Available
1969
Amount
Available
FY 1970
Estimate
$19,99^,000
1,5^8,000
7,708,000
5,062,000
$20,600,000
1,652,000
9,Uoo,ooo
34332,000
37,496,000
Total. A.. .... 32,563,000
-------
State and Interstate
agency program
grants
-------
FY 1969
Amount
Available
PY 1970
Estimate
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over- 196$
1. State and interstate agency
program grants, $10,000,000 $10,000,000
2, Comprehensive basin planning
(a) Grants ....,....«
(b) Federal planning and
studies,..,*........
3. Estuarine studies,
1,250,000 2,000,000
8,02lt,000 8,300,000
720,000 300,000
+$750,000
+276,000
-U20,000
Total. 19,99!*.,000
20,600,000
+606,000
1. Stg.te apd .
-^ Fiscal year 1969) $10,000,000;
__ _ -— .
fiscal year "1970, f 10,0()0,000; nc i "change »
Objective
Section 7 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, authorizes
grants to States and interstate agencies to assist in meeting the costs of
establishing and maintaining adequate measures for preventing and controlling water
pollution, including the training of personnel. In 1967 the Federal Water Foliation
Control Act, as amended, authorized $5 million for this purpose. However, in
passing the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966, Congress increased the authori-
zation to $10 million for fiscal years 1968 through 1971. Therefore, the request
is for $10 million, the full amount authorized by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended.
It should be noted that the request for 1970 provides $9.1* million for States
and $0,6 million for the eligible interstate agencies that participate in the
program as compared to $9.0 million and $1.0 respectively for 1969. This adjust-
ment in the distribution of the request increases the total available for States
with a comparable decrease for interstate agencies and is based on the following;
(a) Past experience in the use of the funds made available to States and
interstate agencies has shown a need to adjust such allotments in response to the
ability of both State and interstate agencies to provide required matching in
light of changing program activity. ,
(b) The accelerated rate of expenditures by States to meet their expanding
pollution control programs requires a more equitable distribution of Federal
financial support.
Program of Work
State agencies are the first line of defense in the national water pollution
control effort, and during the next few years their responsibilities will increase
as that effort gains momentum. Increased State capability is needed to enable them
to initiate or -expand their activities in conducting field studies of actual and
potential water pollution problems; to assure compliance to approve water quality
standards and implementing plans; to develop a surveillance program to provide
-------
Accomplishments
To assure the most effective utilization of Federal support, FWPCA issued.
"Guidelines for Developing Program Plans for State and Interstate Agencies."
These guidelines set forth the essential elements of an effective program plan as
a basis for receiving the Federal grant. For 1969 and beyond, the guidelines and
program materials have been improved to accommodate and guide both State and inter-
state agencies plan, program and budget resources to meet water quality objectives
in a more orderly and timely fashion. Each agency applicant must now describe how-
it will carry out a broader improved water pollution control program with the
increased Federal grant.
In 1963 a study by the Senate Committee on -Public Works, "A Study of
Pollution--Water," (Staff Report to the Senate Committee on Public Works, 88th
Congress, 1st Session, Committee Print), indicated that few States had adequate
water pollution control programs. The need for State program improvement was
further highlighted in a study, "Staffing and Budgetary Guidelines for State Water
Pollution Control Agencies," done by the Public Administration Service for the
Public Health Service in 1964. Despite recent strengthening and improvement by a
number of States, many State programs are still considered marginal, although
program effectiveness is difficult to quantify. The above overall evaluation was
based upon FWPCA's review of State program plans for 1968 and 1969 which considered
such factors as State agency authority, budget, staff (including salary levels);
treatment plant operator certification; establishment of intrastate water quality
standards; water quality planning activity; and water quality monitoring. The kind
and .degree of improvement needed varies widely from State to State. During the
next five years, every effort will be made to assist in upgrading State programs.
Program grants are also awarded to interstate pollution control agencies.
These interstate agencies, such as the Delaware -River Basin Commission and the
Ohio River Valley Water Srnitation Commission, likely will assume a more important
role with a growing emphasis upon b.asinwide cleanup. In addition, basin planning
grants under Section 3(c) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,
.may lead to the establishment of new permanent interstate agencies which could
become eligible for continued program support under the State and interstate
program grants provisions under Section 7 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended, in the future..
In view of the foregoing, continued financial assistance is important to the
States and interstate agencies in maintaining and improving their programs. State
expenditures for water pollution control programs have increased from about $1^
million in 1963 to approximately $22 million in .1968. This trend is expected to
increase in light of intensified Federal activity requiring greater efforts by the
States, as well as a general acceleration of pollution control efforts on the part
of many States.
-------
Allocations of Grant-in-Aid Funds for Water Pollution Control
State and Territory
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
..Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
.Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
1968
Actual
$186,823
19,760
71,584
113,525
620,357
81,363
160,609
82,069
60,776
254,979
214,650
65,232
*H, 337
409,135
218, 582
120,684
92,005
164,642
178,858
62,711
173,515
256,390
339,972
150,628
144,881
187,529
38,514
55,710
23,895
60,997
295,106
51,419
635,884
259,717
38,212
427,485
113,929
91,445
473,661
9^, 993
1969
Allocation
|183,900
19,700
72,500
111,900
623,900
80,700
160,500
81,900
84,500
252,300
210,800
65,100
41,100
407,900
216,800
117,100
93,600
161,800
177, ^00
61,000
173,300
254,900
338, 500
148,100
142,900
.188,300
38,200
64,700
23,800
60, 400
295,900
50,400
632,300
254,500
37,400
425,300
112,700
92,100
467,900
104, 600
1970
Allocation
$192,000
20,000
75,500
116,700
653,300
84,000
167,600
85,200
88,000
263,800
220,400
67,600
42, 500
426,900
226,600
122,100
97, 500
169,000
185,300
63,400
181,100
266, 500
353,900
154,600
149,000
196,700
39,500
67,300
24,300
62,800
309,500
52,300
661, 900
266,100
38,600
445,000
117,700
95,900
489,700
" 109,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease {-}
+$8,100
+ 300
+3,000
+4,800
+29,400
+3,300
+7,100
+3,300
+3, 500
+11,500
+9,600
+2 , '500
+1,400
+19,000
+9,800
+5,000
+3,900
+7,200
+7,900
+2,400
+7,800
+11,600
+15., 400
+6, 500
+6,100
+8, 400
+1, 300
+2,600
+500
+2,400
+13,600
+1,900
+29,600
+11,600
+1,200
+19, 700
+5,000
+3,800
+21,800
+4,400
South Carolina
155,366
151,000
157,700
+6.700
-------
State or Territory
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Total
1968
Actual
42,345
20k, 064
123,104
107,476
188,739
23,693
72,289
185,865
51,912
9,000,000
1969
Allocation
42,100
200,900
123,900
105,800
185,500
23,100
72,400
190,300
70,300
9,000,000
1970
Allocation
43,600
210,000
129,400
110,300
193,800
23,600
75,300
198,900
73,100
9,400,000
Increase (+)
or
Decrease (-__)
+1,500
+9,100
+5,500
+4,500
+8,300
+500
+2,900
+8,600
+2^800
+400,000
Basis for allocations
1. $12,000 basic grant
2. Remainder; 2/3 population weighted by per capita income
1/6 population density
1/6 number of "wetJ1 industries
-------
1968 1969
Actual Allocation
Hew England Interstate Water
Pollution Control Commission $103,579 $135,900
Connecticut New Hampshire
Massachusetts Rhode Island
Maine New York
Vermont
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
Commission 166,323 305,000
Illinois Mew York
Indiana Kentucky
Ohio West Virginia
Pennsylvania Virginia
Delaware River Basin Commission 170,977 132,900
Delaware New Jersey
New York Pennsylvania
Interstate Sanitation Commission 119,948 2l8,-800
New York Connecticut
New Jersey
KLamath River Compact Commission ... 27,400
Oregon California
Interstate Commission on the Potomac
River Basin 39,173 73,700
Pennsylvania Virginia
Maryland West Virginia
District of Columbia
Bi- State Development Agency ... 56,700
Illinois Missouri
Tennessee River Basin Water Pollution
Control Commission ... 49,600
Tennessee .Mississippi ;
Kentucky
Total 600,000 1,000,000
Increase (+)
1970 or
Allocation Decrease (-)
$87,900 -$48,000
190,500 -114,500
132,900
138,400 -80, 400
£/ -27,400
50,300 -23,400
£/ -56,700
2/ -49,600
600,000 -400,000
ej Not active and have indicated they will not request any funds.
Basis for allocation:
2/3 population weighted by per capita income
1/6 population density
1/6 number of "wet" industries
-------
Basin planning
grants
-------
controls are essential to assure that the massive investment in abating pollution
will yield optimum returns in cleaning up entire stream systems. To achieve
pollution control on a river basin approach, FWPCA is authorized to provide
grants to non-Federal planning agencies to support the development of effective
comprehensive water quality control and abatement programs and, through direct
Federal effort, to prepare or develop pollution control action programs in coop-
eration with all concerned. The following are specific details on the activities
carried out for this purpose:
a. Basi_n._^lajaning grants; Fiscal year 1969, $1,250,000; fiscal year 1970,
$2j0003OOoT increase7 $750,000, The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (_-) Total Total
Amount Positions Prograpi Positions Explanation
+$750,000 ... $2,000,000 .., , Support eight new non-
- Federal basin planning
agencies and provide
increased support for
those initiated in 19&9-
Heed for Increase
This is a new program initiated in 1968; the program in 1968 and through the
end of 19&9- will have funded approximately 15 new basin planning programs. It is
the goal of FWPCA in 1970 to stimulate the establishment of eight additional
basin planning agencies at a cost of $750,000 to develop effective comprehensive
water quality control and abatement plans for specific basins. Particular empha-
sis will be given toward stimulating establishment of and supporting those agencies
in basins with the most serious and complex water pollution problems in order that
basinwtde management systems can be under way during the early 1970's.
Objective
Section 3(c) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides
for grants not to exceed 50 percent to planning agencies if they adequately
represent State, interstate, local or international interests in the basin, and
if they are capable of developing an effective comprehensive water quality control
and abatement plan for a basin.
These grants are to financially assist each planning agency in the develop-
ment of a comprehensive pollution control and abatement plan for the basin. Each
of these plans developed must be,consistent with applicable water quality stan-
dards established for the basin concerned. The planning agencies are to recommend
treatment works and sewer systems for the most effective and economical means of
collection, storage, treatment and purification of wastes as well as methods to
encourage both municipal and industrial use of such works and systems. The
agencies will recommend both maintenance and improvement of water quality standards
within the basin as weU as a plan for adequately financing facilities necessary
in the execution of this maintenance and improvement.
The financial assistance which these grants provide will aid in the conserva-
tion of interstate waters and tributaries thereof for public,water supplies,
propagation of fish and aquatic life and wildlife, recreational purposes, agri-
cultural, industrial and other legitimate uses.
-------
Congress recognized the need to initiate effective local water quality plan-
ning and management programs for river basins by providing Federal planning
assistance. Therefore, the current program seeks to stimulate the establishment
and continuing support of local institutional arrangements for coordinated
management of water quality in river basins. The Federal assistance will be used
to provide a catalyst in stimulating State and local cooperative action to develop
and implement comprehensive basinwide pollution control programs.
By the end of 1970, about 23 agencies will be receiving support in developing
solutions to basinwide water quality control problems and will also be generating
information on the organization, design and execution of water quality planning
studies as a basis for continuous improvement of planning methods.
Accomplishments
The planning grant program is currently in the early stages of development.
The first appropriation under the 1966 authorization was $5W,000 for 1968, and
was increased to $1,250,000 for 1969- To .assist prospective grantees, FWPOA has
prepared and distributed "Guidelines for Grants—Comprehensive River Basin Plan-
ning" to State, local and interstate pollution control agencies. These assert
that the basic purpose of a pollution control plan is to (l) serve as a guide for
effective action to eliminate and control pollution throughout interstate or
intrastate basins; and (2) establish permanent basinwide water quality management
programs which involve joint effort of States, local and metropolitan bodies as
well as private interests,- An essential feature of a basin plan is the action
program which identifies and evaluates alternative approaches to implementation
including necessary fiscal arrangements and appropriate institutional frameworks
through which States and local communities can continuously coordinate their
efforts to control pollution in the basin.
Six water quality planning agencies are currently receiving grant assistance
for the preparation of basinwide pollution control plans. Interest is widespread
because of problems being encountered in meeting pollution control requirements
in metropolitan areas, in meeting water quality standards, and in overcoming
organizational hurdles to regional water quality management programs. Several
States have initiated regional water resources planning programs and are providing
leadership in incorporating water quality control needs in such programs. Because
prospective requests for assistance exceed available funds, regional offices of
FWPCA are identifying problems requiring regional solutions and are setting
priorities for assistance.
-------
Federal planning
and studies
-------
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
(i) +$13,000
(2) +218,000
Total
Program
$365,000
Total
Positions
(3) +11-5,000
+276,000
100,000
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs.
Provide funds to expand
and detail in more .
depth the National
Requirements and Cost
Study Reports required
by the Clean Water
Restoration Act of 1966.
Increase for economic
and statistical analy-
sis and projections
for use in water
resource planning to be
provided by the Office
of Business Economies,
U.S. Department of
Commerce.
Need for Increase
An additional $218,000 is requested for the National Requirements and Cost
Study, required annually by law. As required by Section 16 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended, special studies are undertaken annually to
provide Congress with a basis for evaluating authorized programs, and developing
new programs.
Assessment of the Nation's needs and related costs involved in controlling
pollution from municipal, industrial, agricultural, mining and other sources is
essential to national policy making. If the annual updated reports as required
are to have maximum utility, information gaps regarding needs and costs must, be
filled. Accordingly as future reports are issued, the amount and reliability of
the data will be improved. Information exchange with State and local planning
agencies will be encouraged as will exchange of program-related information from
other Federal agencies. Better methods will be sought to evaluate programs,
progress and benefits. Participation of industry, educational institutions and
nonprofit organizations will be encouraged to stimulate the highest quality of
professional interest in this important national problem.
%
The resources proposed will be used to carry out waste control studies for
industrial activities utilizing contractors and other government agencies with
expertise in the particular area of study and for increased effort, through
support of regional and other intra-FWECA and outside organizational elements,
in developing hard data on the magnitude of other effluent problems, means of
control and costs. Additional economic support to the regions will also be
provided in terms of consultation and by provision of summary data and analyses
developed by the cost studies which are applicable to program and river basin
planning. Such special data compilations and special reports cannot be undertaken
with current funding and manpower levels.
-------
Objective
The legislative history underlying the passage of the Clean Water Restoration
Act of 1966 places an important mandate on FWPCA to orient pollution control in
the United States toward a basinwide basis. Effective planning will be essential
to assure that the massive Federal in-vestment in the costs of abating pollution,
provided for in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, will yield
optimum returns in cleaning up entire stream systems. The planning activities will
be the focal point for this effort.
Section 3 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides
for the development of river basin water quality management programs; for studies
of the need and value of storage in Federal reservoirs for regulation of stream-
flow for the purpose of water quality control; and for financial assistance to
basin planning agencies. The latter provision was added by the Clean Water Resto-
ration Act of 1966.
The specific objectives of Section 3 are as follows:
(a) Develop a comprehensive guide to pollution control actions—both imme-
diate cleanup needs and long-range preventive measures—necessary in each major
river basin. The thrust of river basin water quality management planning will be
directed toward complementing the water quality standards and State program plan-
ning activities. The extent and nature of Federal planning activities necessary to
accomplish this will be related to the extent to which State and local planning
activities are making a contribution in the basin concerned. Coordination of pol-
lution control plans with water resource development is an important element in the
planning activity. Participation in Federal interagency water resources planning,
as scheduled by the Water Resources Council, assures this coordination.
(b) Provide to Federal construction agencies reports regarding the inclusion
of storage for regulation of streamflow for the purpose of water quality control.
(c) Guide, assist and encourage the activities of State-local basin planning
agencies.
Section 16 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, requires
special studies be updated and submitted annually to provide Congress with a basis
for evaluating authorized programs, development of new programs and information
necessary for authorizing appropriations.
Program of Work
Water quality management planning
Although the same level of planning is being supported, the river basin water
quality management program is being reoriented to reflect those pollution control
planning actions most necessary in managing the Nation's clean waters.
Since their establishment, these planning projects have provided the technical
and scientific resources necessary to support the development of pollution control
plans and programs. In addition, they have provided the resources and capability
needed to support closely related pollution control investigations and activities.
This has often involved studies of a more detailed, technical nature than would be
needed merely to support planning. For example, project staffs provided the prin-
cipal source of support for the review and development of water quality standards.
-------
the following general lines:
(l) More emphasis is being given to the nontechnical ingredients of planning
that are essential to effective pollution control programs. Attention in 1969
is being focused on minimizing technical inputs not essential to decision making
in the planning process and on strengthening staff planning capabilities. This
does not mean, however, that some technical activities found not essential to
planning will not be continued, if they are essential to support other related
program purposes. For example, certain data collection and monitoring activities
must be continued and expanded because of the need to support the implementation
phase of water quality standards. There will be continued effort to identify such
essential technical activities and, if necessary, to reflect this through future
comparative transfers to items such as technical support and services.
(2) The reorganization of the planning capability involves establishment of
staff competence in each regional office to spearhead planning in geographical
areas not previously covered. Emphasis is on developing outlines of basinwide
pollution control action programs which can be implemented immediately, on provid-
ing technical guidance to basin planning agencies, and relating State-local plan-
ning efforts to Federal planning. This effort will result in more effective
individual river -basin water quality management plans,
(3) Headquarters activities will involve program review and guidance and
development of new policies and methods to accomplish the objective of basinwide
control programs and planning. As a special technical effort, there will be a
continuing attempt to perfect mathematical procedures for simulating water quality
responses and for testing the cost and effectiveness of pollution control measures.
This is the technology which led to development of the Delaware Estuary Program.
Headquarters will provide problem solving backup to regional planning projects and
instruct and guide field personnel in the application of new computer programs and
systems analysis techniques.
Interagency ,water resource planning
(l) Water Resources Council — Type 1 and Type 2 Studies: Participation in
interagency water and related land resources planning carried out under the direc-
tion of the Water Resources Council will continue in eight Type 1 and six Type 2
studies.
Water quality management plan development will be continued in association
with interagency water resource planning and with State and interstate planning
wherever appropriate. In some cases, where interagency planning efforts are not
under way or where State or local efforts are not adequate, the Federal water
pollution control program must spearhead the planning task in order to meet the
problem of pollution control in the shortest possible time. For example, although
Type 1 interagency water resources study is under way in the Great Lakes .Basin,
FWPCA has already completed reports on Lake Erie, Lake Michigan and Lake Ontario in
answer to meeting the needs for immediate actions on pollution control.
Since many of the basin planning activities provide data which is also needed
for interagency water resource plans and plans of other Federal-and State agencies,
any reduction in that effort would affect interagency a.nd other Federal and State
plan activities.
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In 1970 it is anticipated that approximately 100 projects will "be under study
and 30 reports prepared. There will be an additional emphasis on improving stream-
flow regulation activities to make them more meaningful along the lines outlined in
the Department of the Interior's policy on reservoir storage for flow regulation
for water quality control in Federal and federally supported water projects. This
policy gives increased recognition to the effects on water quality of storage for
all uses, including water supply, recreation, irrigation, navigation and fish and
wildlife, and emphasizes the value of such storage and uses provided for in estab-
lishing need for further quality control measures.
This activity also will provide necessary reviews and comments on water and
related land resource development proposals in project reports under Interagency
Review Procedures and Executive Order 11288. It is estimated that water quality
aspects of approximately 200 planning reports of other agencies will be reviewed.
These include Federal Power Commission and Atomic Energy Commission license appli-
cations. Corps of Engineers reports, Soil Conservation Service plans and Bureau of
Reclamation reports.
State and regional planning grant assistance
A considerable amount of effort will be devoted to encouraging the formation
of planning agencies, providing assistance in their formation, reviewing applica-
tions of basin planning agencies to determine need for and adequacy of proposed
planning activities, and providing assistance in planning. Grants will be awarded
and administered in accordance with the provisions of Section 3(c) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, and prescribed regulations.
States have a primary and increasing responsibility in the national water pol-
lution control effort. Additional technical assistance and administrative support
will be directed to assisting States in increasing their capabilities. This effort
will enable States to initiate or expand their activities in conducting planning
studies; implementing water quality standardsj establishing monitoring systems;
training technicians and administrators as specialists in water resource planning
and pollution control; and assisting communities and industries to effect abatement
of pollution. Grants will be awarded and administered in accordance with Section 7
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
National requirements and cost studies
Investigations and evaluations will continue for the national requirements and
cost studies in accordance with Section 16 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended. These include a continuing analysis of the economic impact on
affected units of government of ,tne cost of installing waste treatment facilities
and a continuing analysis of the national requirements for and the cost of treating
municipal, industrial, and other effluent to attain established water quality stan-
dards .
The assessment of national requirements and costs must be the basis for shap-
ing as well as for evaluating FWPCA's operational programs. As such, the projected
expenditures in economic and related analyses .are expected to be a sound invest-
ment, eventually showing the way to more effective methods of doing business.
Among the accomplishments will be a report to the Congress in January 1970 present-
ing the results of the year's activity. In addition, data and analytical results
will be provided to FWPCA program elements as they may relate to their activities.
Accomplishments
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this type will be completed in 1969. The report and findings of the Delaware
Study have been incorporated into the program of the Delaware River Basin Commis-
sion and the FWPCA has continuously provided forecasting,, services, the evaluation
of water quality, control alternatives, and recommendations to the Commission.
2, Representative of recent accomplishments in the integration of water
quality management planning in interagency water resource studies Toeing eooWl-
nated by the Water Resources Council are: (a) The completion of Type 1 framework
study on the Ohio River Basin and (b) the completion of Type 2 detailed compre-
hensive studies on the White, Big Muddy, Red River below Denlson Dam and the
Sabine River Basins. Another example of interagency coordination in water re-
sources planning is the completion of the Appalachian Water Resources Studies,
pursuant to the requirements of the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965.
Individual water quality management planning activities in connection with the
interagency water resource studies will continue or be expanded where required.
The continuing coordination of FWPCA activities with those of other agencies
represented on the Water Resources Council is .reflected in the initiation of a
study in 1969 f°r the Great Basin to -.coincide with the start of a comprehensive
program development in that area by other Federal agencies and the States con-
cerned,
3. Perhaps most representative of accomplishments of basin planning projects
has been the support of closely related pollutional control investigations and
activities in the work that has been done in carrying out Federal responsibility
for surveillance, investigations and recommendations of enforcement actions. For
example, data collected from the Lake Michigan studies have been used in the prep-
aration of reports on the Lake Michigan Basin which were the basis of Federal
actions in: the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference held in Chicago on January 31j
1968. In another area, the Hudson-Champlain Project provided data for the Hudson
River Enforcement action and continues to carry out surveillance activities of the
Hudson River main stream in accordance with recommendations of the conference.
Other specific examples of accomplishments related to supporting the development
of pollution control plans and programs include (a) evaluation of the effect of
the Texas Water Plan on Rivers in the Western Gulf Basins by the Westerr. Gulf Pro-
ject, and (b) participation in the work of the Potomac River Interdepartmental
Task Force3 including completion of a simulation model of the Potomac estuary,
completion of a waste inventory of the Potomac oasin in Maryland, and development
of background information on water quality in the estuary.
k. During 1969 approximately 35 studies will be carried out for Federal con-
struction agencies concerning the need for and value of storage for quality con-
trol in reservoirs. Since 1960, FWPCA has carried out a total of 302 studies--
213 studies for the Corps of Engineers, 88 studies for the Bureau of Reclamation
and one joint Corps of Engineers - Bureau of Reclamation study.
5. All water resource project reports of the Corps of Engineers, Bureau of
Reclamation and Soil Conservation Service are reviewed from a water quality stand-
point prior to their transmittal to Congress for approval. Since 1963 FWPCA has
reviewed 36l Corps of Engineers reports, 85 Bureau of Reclamation reports and 718
Soil Conservation Service reports. It is estimated that 110 of these reports will
be processed during 1969.
6. Under the authority of Section k of the Federal Power Commission Act,
FWPCA reviews and comments on all applications for new licenses for hydroelectric
generating operations, as well as the renewal of old licenses. The applications
are reviewed from the standpoint of Departmental policy relative to the mainte-
no-nr-a r-,f arlonna-}-o a4-.T>oQm niiali+.ir Tf-. n s r=>R-hi mn+,Pfi 'hha'h dnTincr "\Q(~>Q US nf these
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19&9. In addition to taking a new view of the concept of "backlog" in the context
of the 1968 facilities inventory, a profile of the organic chemical industry and
the costs associated with its treatment requirements was prepared for this year's
report. Further work in 1969 will synthesize the results of cost and inventory
analyses into a generalized computational format for computer estimation which
will by the end of 1969 make it possible to evaluate municipal costs in a rapid
and timely fashion.
8. A study of user charges as a vehicle for financing waste treatment facil-
ities will be submitted to the Congress in January 1969.
9. Mathematical models for.both static and dynamic optimization of alterna-
tive water quality management techniques have been developed and applied to test
situations. The general nature of the formulations will make available for
regional application new, significant analytical tools. In addition significant
progress has been made in the development of dynamic models for the determination
of reservoir operating rules for water quality management purposes. An example of
the application of these techniques is the development of a model for a subbasin
in the, Ohio River Basin which indicates how a change in the operating rules of a
flood control reservoir could result in improving water quality in the subbasin
without increasing the flood risk,
10. A general simulation model capable of handling relatively large basins as
discrete units has been finalized after several years of development and a com-
plete description of applications and instructions for operation has been prepared.
Application of this model in the analyses of water quality standards in certain
States assisted in resolving questions of primary versus secondary treatment
requirements as they related to proposed water quality standards.
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COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMS
MAJOR RIVER BASINS
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Estuarine Studies
SECTION TAB
-------
3- Bstuarine studies: Fiscal year 1969, $720,000; fiscal year'1970, $300,000;
decrease, $^20,000. The decrease consists of:
Iirereg.se (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions ' Program, Positions Explanation
-1^20^000 ... $300,000 9 Reduction due to final re-
port required to be sub-
mitted to Congress in mid-
1970.
Objective
Section 5(g)(l) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, pro-
vides for a comprehensive study of the effects of pollution in estuaries. This
endeavor will be in cooperation with the Departments of Army and Agriculture, the
Water Resources Council, and any other appropriate Federal, State, interstate or
local public leaders, private organizations, institutions, and individuals.
Specifically, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides
for the following:
1. Developing a comprehensive study of the effects of pollution, including
sedimentation, in the estuaries and estuarine zones of the United States.
2. Determining the effects of pollution in these estuarine areas, on fish and
wildlife, sport and commercial fishing, recreation, water supply and water power,
and other beneficial uses.
3» Considering the effects of demographic'trends, exploitation of mineral
resources and fossil fuels, land and industrial development, navigation, flood and
erosion control, and other uses of estuarine zones upon the pollution of waters
therein.
k. Identifying the problems and areas where further research and study are
required as determined from investigations of representative estuaries and
estuarine zones.
5. Delineating recommendations for a comprehensive national program for the
preservation, study, use and development of estuaries of the Nation, and the
respective responsibilities which should be assumed by Federal) State and local
governments, and by public and private interests.
Program^ofjork
FWPCA has taken the lead as authorized and directed in the Act to conduct, in
cooperation with other appropriate Federal, State, interstate, and local public
bodies and private organizations, institutions, and individuals, a comprehensive
study of the effects of pollution upon the aquatic environment of the Nation's
estuaries. A report of this study is to be made to Congress about the end of
calendar year 1969.. It will analyze the importance of estuaries to the economic
and social well-being of the people of the United States and the effects of pollu-
tion on the beneficial and sometimes nonbeneficial uses of estuaries; it will dis-
cuss major social and economic trends in the estuarine zones; and the report will
recommend a comprehensive national program for the management, preservation, study
and use of estuaries.
The estuary study is being carried out primarily through contacts with public
and private agencies and will utilize information and data already available to
Federal, interstate, State and local agencies to the maximum extent possible.
Advice and counsel are being solicited from all interested official agencies and
62
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national interst groups. Public meetings in the coastal States provide the
general public and local organizations with an opportunity to express their views
on estuarine values and utilization. Results of these meetings will be analyzed
as a significant indicator of local views on estuarine values, uses, and •manage-
ment..
The project is structured to recognize the vast differences which prevail in
the several major coastal areas of the country, including the Arctic and Central
Pacific areas,
^Primary efforts until at least mid-1970 will be directed toward the comple-
tion and submission of the final report to Congress, the analyses required by the
report, and the preparation and review by our appropriate agencies of the recom-
mendations that must be submitted. For the remainder -of 1970 and beyond, the
staff of the office will be principally engaged in monitoring and reviewing
progress in recommendations made, review of actions required by further legisla-
tion, and evaluation and coordination of research and study efforts.
Accomplishments
A broad spectrum of estuarine pollution information and data has been located
and is now being obtained through other public and private agency contacts and
agreements, contractual studies, and the findings of other FWPCA activities con-
cerned with the estuarine environment.
Of prime importance,are the recommendations that must be made for the estu-
arine management plan. These.recommendations must reflect the views of States,
local governments, and private and public organizations'—besides the Federal
Government—who are interested, responsible for management, and vitally concerned
with successful preservation and use. Twenty-seven of the 30 scheduled public
meetings have been held in the various coastal States, and territories. The
multitude of people, interests, and vocations represented at these meetings indi-
cate the highly enthusiastic level of responses from the non-Federal sectors to
these opportunities to express their views and register their ideas. These meet-
ings have proved to be an outstanding mechanism for obtaining the opinions and
views of local governments, user groups sach as industry and the fisherman, conser-
vation groups,, academic institutions and private individuals. The transcripts of
these meetings are carefully analyzed, and statistical summaries will be made of
the opinions expressed. The analyses are already indicating that the resulting
information and opinions will have a. significant impact on the emphasis of the
recommendations *
In the past year, substantial progress has been made on the National Estuarine
Inventory which will contain the maximum available information on some 86^ estu-
aries and will be automated on, tape. The Handbook of Descriptors names and numbers
these estuaries and outlines the data being gathered. The Inventory data will
span the gamut from type and areas, through habitat values to water quality and
use damages. Preliminary priorities have been established as a guide for direct-
ing emphasis to estuarine areas believed to be of special significance for the
Study—approximately 50 selected estuarine areas have been named for special
attention.
The Inventory will have an additional, most important, value of vividly show-
ing the exact data and knowledge gaps which we know exist but not in finite terms.
Through consultations, meetings, correspondence, conferences, and agreements
the Study is maintaining contact and obtaining useful data, information, and
views from all interested Federal and State government agencies, national organiza-
tions, other public organizations, and individuals. The Study has now reached the
stage where the basic studies and analyses necessary to back up the formal report
are commencing.
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Federal agencies and the States are providing information to define their
estuarine-involvement profile of activities, capabilities, and views; preliminary
results indicate that this is an effective mechanism for yielding this information.
The Study has negotiated about 20 contractual agreements to gather data and
information on the estuaries on a nationwide and areal, case-study basis.
Based on progress reports these agreements are providing masses of information
on the socio-economic, ecological, sedimentation, pollutional, legal, demographic,
management, and community planning characteristics of the estuaries. For views on
research and study needs, the Study has contacted eminent national groups and
their initial responses seem to be highly satisfactory.
The bulk of the contract data is due approximately January 19&9*
addition, the detailed report of State activities and organizations will be avail-
able. The study and analysis period will be coupled with preliminary reviews of
recommendations.
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Water quality
standards
coordination and
management
SECTION TAB
-------
b. Standards and, controIs
FY 1969
Amount
Available
1. Water quality standards coordination
and management , $752,000
2. Control of pollution from Federal
activities
796,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$752,000
900,000
Increase •(. + )
Decrease (-)
Over 1969
+$iou,opo
Total 1,5^8,000 1,652,000 +104,000
1. Water quality standards coordination and management; Fiscal year 1969,
$752,000; fiscal year 1970, $752,000] 'no change.
Objective
As provided "by Section 10(c) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended, establish water quality standards applicable to interstate and coastal
waters to ensure the protection .of high quality waters and the enhancement of
presently polluted waters. When standards are set for all interstate and coastal
waters—whether by State action or,.if necessary, by Federal intervention—the
Nation will have, for the first time, a body of specific goals and objectives for
its waters and, in the implementation plans, realistic means for accomplishing
those goals and objectives. Clearly, this will be a landmark In water resource
conservation. Attainment of the water quality set in the standards will constitute
FWPCA's principal program objective in the future. Because most of the water
quality standards call for compliance with conventional waste implementation plans
in about a five-year period, full attainment of the objective is not expected until
the end of 1973-
Program of Work
Following approval of the standards, the second phase will begin; FWPCA will
"begin to seek and observe compliance with the standards. Although States have
first responsibility, FWPCA will continuously review the extent of which implemen-
tation plans are being carried out. Extensive water quality monitoring by FKPC.A,
as well as State and other Federal agencies, will be important In the review
process. Knowledge gaps discovered in the standard setting phase indicate a need
for special studies to deal with various technical problems. Marine waste disposal,
salinity and temperature are three examples. Research is also needed to improve
our judgements concerning water quality requirements. Finally, the water quality
standards will have to be revised and upgraded at such time in the future as
technical knowledge improves and as waste disposal conditions and water use change.
Included in activities planned for 1970 are the following:
(a) Initiating the establishmentof approvable standards where States have
failed, to /act.'
To the extent that this activity is found necessary, it will be started in
1969, "but should be terminated by the end of 1970. It will require coordination
of technical programs to develop the necessary data and will require the planning
and execution of public hearings.
(b) Initialingprograms, to provide continuing evaluationof pregress toward
fulfilling implementati on.
A program will have to be established to provide periodic reports on the status
of compliance with water quality standards and particularly the implementation plans
65
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developed by the States. Vigorous surveillance on progress in meeting implemen-
tation plan goals will "be required on a continuing "basis. A detailed reviev on
progress will, "be required at least twice each year.
(c) Revising water quality standards where appropriate.
A number of standards revisions will be required to reflect changing conditions
and changing information. In 1970, the emphasis will be on resolving issues which
have resulted in exemptions from approved State standards, and making the necessary
revisions,. This will involve conduct of studies and compilation of data as
required to support the needed changes.
(•d) Analyzing basic data to identify the effectiveness of ;water quality
standards.
Basic data must be collected, catalogued and analyzed in order to determine
effectiveness of standards programs.
(e) Reviewing and evaluating new and existing scientific andtechnical
information for"standards^flecision-making purposes.
.A program will be initiated to develop a water quality criteria intelligence
system of scientific and technical information appropriate for standards declslon-
imaking purposes, and to make this information available to the States under a
continuing program of .assistance. Effective liaison will be established with State
and Federal water resources agencies and other institutions involved with water
quality and use,
Proposed activities; The water quality -standards set the goals and objectives of
nationwide water pollution control programs. Utilizing a small core staff, the
major effort of the standards program will be to coordinate, direct and evaluate
activities toward achieving these goals and objectives. Other operating programs
within FWPCA will be called upon to perform the necessary surveillance, technical
studies, and other activities leading to successful implementation of water quality
standards.
Accomplishments
By the beginning of 1970, Federal approval action will have been taken on all
water quality standards including necessary revisions on items previously exempted
in partial approvals of some standards. As of January 1969, standards from
h6 States and four other jurisdictions had received approval to varying degrees by
the Secretary of the Interior. Federal action may be necessary to establish
acceptable standards in a few States which have as yet failed to revise and modify
their proposed standards to satisfy requirements of the Federal Water Quality Act
of 1965, as amended.
66
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Control of pollution
from Federal
activities
SECTION TAB
-------
2. C on t r 0 1 o f pollu t ion from Federal act i y i ti es_ : Fiscal year 19&9, $796,000;
fiscal year 1970, $900,000;" increase, $105,000. The increase consists of:
Increase ( + ) or Decrease ( - ) Total Total
Amount Posit ions Program Positions Explanation
(l) +$3,000 ... ... ... To meet increased pay
costs.
(2) +101,000 +10 $900,000 6l To expand program for
assisting Federal
+10^000 +10 agencies in controlling
— ' - ' — - water pollution from
their activities.
Need for Increase
An increase of $101,000 and 10 positions is needed to expand and strengthen
the Federal activities coordination program. Work load, especially demands for
assistance from the other Federal agencies, has continually exceeded the available
•manpower since the inception of this program. Additional staff will permit the
program to meet present demands and to provide more effective, but more impor-
tantly, timely assistance to Federal agencies in carrying out their programs for
controlling water pollution from their activities. Such assistance is particularly
essential in the design of water pollution control measures for new facilities,
surveillance of waste treatment and disposal practices at existing installations,
and the establishment of water pollution control requirements in connection with
certain Federal loan, grant, and contract practices.
Objective
Under Executive Order 11288 and Section 11 of the Act, 'Federal agencies are
obligated to prevent and control pollution from their activities. The Federal
activities coordination program implements the responsibilities assigned the
Department of the Interior.
The Executive Order requires positive action from each Federal agency, and
implementing Section 11 of the Act requires their cooperation with the Secretary
.of the Interior and with State and local agencies. The Department of the Interior
is responsible for providing the necessary technical advice and assistance to
Federal agencies in developing adequate methods and facilities -for preventing
pollution from their activities.
The Department has heavy responsibilities in the following areas (some of
which are conducted as a part of other ongoing FWPCA activities):
(l) jfew and existing facilities and buildings ; Consult in the development of
water pollution control measures for inclusion in plans for new or modified
installations; review final plans for adequacy prior to construction; inspect
existing treatment and pollution control works for adequacy.
(2) Federal water resource^ project^; Review plans and report on the potential
impact on water quality.
(3) Facilities or operations supported by Federal loans, grants , or contracts :
Assist Federal agencies in prescribing regulations requiring borrowers, grantees,
and contractors to adhere to water quality standards similar to those imposed on
direct Federal operations.
Pollution from vessejl ope£ations: Review operation of and recommend
pollution control measures to assure adequate treatment of wastes from federally
operated watercraft.
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(5) Intergovernmental coordination; Coordinate Federal agency water pollution
control efforts with those of other Federal agencies, other FWPCA program elements,
and with State, interstate, and local agencies.
Programof _Work
(a) Provide consultation on water pollution control needs starting at the
initial stages of planning for new or modified water pollution control facilities;
review final plans for control and treatment measures prior to solicitation of
construction bids; advise on adequacy and effectiveness of proposals. FWPCA will
assist with approximately 500 such projects during 1970, of which at least two-
thirds will reach final plan review.
(b) Provide continued technical assistance to the 10 Federal agencies already
known to have loan, grant, contract, lease, license, and permit programs affecting
water quality on water pollution control requirements to be applicable to those
non-Federal activities which are supported or authorized by Federal loans, grants,
contracts, leases, licenses, or permits. Encourage and assist other agencies to
identify such programs in which there is an impact on water quality; review the
results thereunder and recommend appropriate preventive or corrective action. It
is expected that in 1970, 5,500 o.r more documents will be reviewed, one-third of
which will require direct FWPCA involvement.
(c) Organize, coordinate, and conduct periodic on-site reviews of the waste
treatment and disposal practices at Federal installations. Approximately 700 such
reviews are expected in 1970, at least a third of which will be follow-up visits
to problem sites.
(d) Advise and assist 17 agencies in the preparation of their annual reports
to the Bureau of the Budget under Circular A-8l, which are due July 1 of each year.
These reports annually include over 1,500 .separate projects for which corrective
actions are programmed ahead through 1972. At least half of the projects reported
July 1, 1969$ will be programmed for 1971. FWPCA must review and evaluate these
and prepare a report to the Budget Bureau recommending funding priorities.
(e) Review existing guidelines and republish with revisions reflecting
program experience during 1967-1969-
(f) Complete data and reporting system and begin publication of periodic and
special reports on water•pollution control practices and needs at Federal installa-
tions. This will be coordinated with the FWPCA surveillance and monitoring
activities as well as the municipal and industrial waste inventories,
Accomplighments
During 1968, the staff reviewed and evaluated the essen'frj.a^. features, ngf ^Qh
water pollution control measuresproposed by 17 Federal agencies to prevent or
abate water pollution at facilities under their jurisdiction. Because of smaller
1969 budget allowances to these agencies, the number of projects reviewed is
expected to remain about the same or to decrease as much as 25 percent„
Ninety-eight projects to construct new or improved waste treatment facilities
at military installations authorized by the 1968 Military Construction Authoriza-
tion Act were reviewed in accordance with the provisions of Section 808 of that
Act, The water pollution control budget for 1969 for Defense Department installa-
tions provided funds for only 28 projects which must be reviewed under those
provisions* The purpose of this reviev; is to advise the Department of Defense
whether the degree and type of waste disposal and treatment provided in the area
around each installation is consistent with applicable Federal or State water
quality standards and that the planned system for the installation is coordinated
in timing with State, county, or municipal programs. This requirement was restated
66
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and continued as permanent law by Section 807 of the Military Construction Act,
1969.
During 1968, technical assistance was provided to 10 agencies in developing
water pollution control requirements for inclusion in specific loan, grant, and
contract documents. Proposed provisions'in'.3»623 applications for grants, licenses,
and permits were reviewed and comments on the potential impact on "Water
quality were provided on 1,H25. These included applications to the Corps of
Engineers, Atomic Energy Commission, Federal Power Commission, and Bureau of
Reclamation in the Department of the Interior. Activity in this area in 1969 is
expected to Increase as much as 25 percent as these 10 agencies become more famil-
iar with this part of the program. This is one of the most time-consuming areas of
the program,
On-site reviews were conducted at 5^6 existing installations for the purpose
of advising the agencies as to the .adequacy of waste treatment and disposal
practices and effectiveness of operating procedures. The activity level in this
program area should increase by at least a third in order to achieve an annual
rate of inspections that will permit revisits at reasonable intervals. Present
work loads in other program'.areas and shortages of field staff indicate that the
number of inspections during 19^9 will increase by no more than 10 percent.
Phased and orderly plans for 17 agencies for installing needed improvements
to .prevent or abate water pollution were reviewed during 1968 for the Bureau of
the Budget and budget priorities recommended for approximately U6l proposed water
pollution control projects costing about $51 million. During 1969 review of agency
projects proposed for 1970 recommended priorities for over 800 projects worth
nearly $U7 million.
Numerous requests for information and complaints about waste treatment •
practices at specific Federal installations were received, investigated, and
answered. Sixteen requests from Congressmen for reports on installations in
designated areas such as States, counties, and congressional districts were also
received during 1968. Seven have been completed. The remainder will be completed
by early 1970 as the first of a planned series of reports for all States.
To facilitate coordination and surveillance functions and preparation of
status reports such as those mentioned above, development of a system for recording
and reporting data on the waste water disposal practices at Federal installations
was initiated. During 1968 approximately 5»000 case files on installations with
which FWPCA has had contact were restructured. During 19^9 and 1970, these records
will be analysed and augmented and reduced to a computer-based system.
69
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Technical Support
SECTION TAB
-------
1. Technical support; Fiscal year 1969, $3,37^,000, fiscal year 1970,
$3,529,000; increase, $155,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease(-) Total Total
Amount ' Positions Program Positions Explanation
(1) +$5,000 ... ... ... To meet increased
pay costs.
>
(2) +150.000 ... $3,529,000 189 To strengthen and
expand total capaMli-
+155,000 ties for providing
or applying special
technical advice or
skills on complex
and diversified
water pollution
problems.
Need for Increase
The 1970 program must provide for additional effort in new activities
initiated during 1969 and expanded 1970 efforts requiring the acquisition of
additional equipment and services. Most of the requested increase in resources
will be assigned to the nuclei of technical support personnel now being developed
in each regional office and to the FWPCA field laboratories.
Technical support involves identifying the nature of a problem, recommending
applications of known methods and techniques to solve it or, if these are not
available, recommending accelerated effort through research or other means for
developing appropriate solutions.
A key regional function being developed, among others, is a response
capability to anticipate and minimize the adverse effects of oil and hazardous
pollution discharges. To accomplish this, additional information is needed
concerning the specific hazards, extent and duration of such pollution as well
as the utility of remedial products or techniques. Additional labor saving,
analytical equipment is needed by several regions, including the .Middle Atlantic
and Missouri Basins to meet increasing State demands for assistance with major
pollution problems and the implementation of water quality standards. Such
semi-automated equipment permits maximum utilization of existing staff.
.New and expanding problem areas where technical support requirements are
increasing and need immediate attention include evaluation and control of water
pollution from municipal and industrial wastes, analysis and evaluation of the
pollutional characteristics of agricultural wastes in surface runoff and
irrigation drainage, eutrophication studies and evaluation of the effects of
all these various water pollution characteristics on the economic, natural and
aesthetic aspects of water quality.
Requests for support or assistance in the.se and other areas from other FWPCA
programs, other Federal agencies, State and local communities and others concerned
have increased and continue to do so as water pollution control activities
accelerate on all fronts.
Objective
Section 5 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides
for encouraging, cooperating with and rendering assistance to other appropriate
public authorities, agencies and institutions, private agencies and institutions
and individuals. The activity, therefore, is the heart of the Federal-State-
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c. Technical support and services
1. Technical support.,.,..».
2. Pollution surveillance...
FY 1969
Amount,
Available
$3,37^,000
1,928,Of
FY 1970
Estimat
'50,000
2,600,000
3. Construction grants
administration...
.crease (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1969
+$376,000
+672,000
2,1+06.000
3,050,000
7,708,000
9, if oo, ooo
+1,692,000
Total,
1. Technical supggrt! Fiscal yeaA 1969, $3,37^,000; fiscal year 1970, $3,750,000;
increase, fST^O'OO. The increase comsists of:
(+) or Decrease (-)
Amount
(1) +$5,000
(2) +371,000
+376.000
Positions
+32
,Total
gogram
Total
Positions
$3,750,000
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs.
221 To strengthen and
expand total capabili-
ties for providing or
applying special tech-
nical advice or skills
on complex and diversi-
fied water pollution
problems.
Need for Increase
'The 1970 program must provide both for activityVleferred in 1969 due to staff-
ing and budget constraints, and additional 1970 effor\s to meet the existing and
anticipated national requirements for technical support. Most of the requested
increase for resources will be assigned to the nuclei of technical support person-
nel now being developed in each regional office and to \he FWPCA field laboratories,
a problem, recommending
if these are not
Technical support involves Identifying the nature o:
applications of known methods and techniques to solve it pr,
available recommending accelerated effort through) research or other means for
developing appropriate solutions.
New and expanding problem areas where technical su/port requirements are
increasing and need immediate attention include thermaX pollution control, evalu-
ation and control of water pollution from municipal and industrial wastes, evalu-
ation of bacteriogical pollution and effects on reeireation waters, analysis and
evaluation of the pollutional characteristics oFagricultural wastes in surface
runoff and irrigation drainage, eutrophicat>0n studies and evaluation of the
effects of all these various water pollijMon characteristics on the economic,
natural and aesthetic aspects of wateaTquality.
Requests .for support oj^Tssi stance in these and other areas from other FWPCA
programs, other Federal-agencies, State and local communities and others concerned
are and conti,mje-%tJincrease as water pollution control activity accelerates on
all fronts. Although the existing and proposed resources will not adequately meet
all essential support requirements the increase in staffing will enable FWPCA to*
cope with many of the most serious and complex pollution problems. Most of the
staff increase will be assigned to augment and strengthen the nuclei of technical
70
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regional-local cooperative approach to water pollution control problems, Activi-
ties range from responding to letters, which in many cases concern only minor,
isolated instances of pollution, to carrying out major project investigations
requiring several years study.
Expert consultations and field investigations, as necessary to meet the
pressing needs of States and others, are provided relative to specific local and
regional water pollution problems by regional offices, field laboratories, the
.Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, and the headquarters staff.
In contrast to the research activities at the field laboratories, where the
basic objective is to develop new and broader understandings concerning a problem
area, technical support and assistance investigations emphasize the application of
existing knowledge to solve specific problems. Technical support primarily in-
volves identifying the nature of the problem, reconmending application of known
.methods and techniques to solve'it, or, if these are not available, recommending
acceleration of efforts through research or other means for developing the
appropriate methods that will provide solutions. Although the primary objective
is not to develop new understandings of the basic relationships involved, such
/understandings may sometimes result as a by-product.
Program of Work
The regional offices will expand their resources for providing on-the-spot
assistance and consultation. The technical support staff in these offices and
associated field stations and laboratories must be able to respond quickly and
efficiently in providing the solution of existing or imminent water pollution
problems on location in the areas serviced by the laboratories. For example,
the State of Florida requested the Southeast Water Laboratory at Athens, Georgia,
to perform studies on the nutrient problem in Lake Apopka; the North Atlantic
Water Quality Management Center at Edison^ New Jersey, is presently evaluating
the effectiveness of chlorination for bacterial control in Jamica Bay at the
request of the State of New York; and the Robert Ss Kerr Water Research Center
at Ada, Oklahoma, has been requested by the State agencies of Oklahoma concerned
with water pollution and by two affected municipalities to study taste and odor
problems at Fort Gibson Reservoir.
Technical support•plays a vital .role in enforcement, comprehensive planning,
control of pollution from Federal activities and other FWPCA programs. To the
extent that these technical needs can be predetermined, they are included in the
budget requests for those activities. Frequently,'however, unanticipated needs
arise in administering FWPCA programs which call for the application of special
technical skills. All FWPCA technical support resources are managed cohesively
at the regional level, in concert :with other FWPCA programs to provide the most
effective possible resource for combating pollution.
The hazard of oil and other pollution spill emergencies is a continuing
problem, reflected not only by occasional, dramatically large discharges but also
in the cumulative effects of numerous lesser, spills from a variety of sources.
Item.: More than 2,000 oil spillages are reported each year. Regional Contingency
Plans for coping with spills of oil or other hazardous substances are being
developed with FWPCA as the lead agency in fulfillment of the National Multiagency
Oil and Hazardous Materials Contingency Plan. Regional pollution emergency
centers are being established to aid in the coordination of the Federal, State
and local agencies in providing prompt and comprehensive- assistance to minimize
the pejorative effects of such discharges. These centers are a primary FWPCA
regional contact regarding pollution effects of such discharges on receiving
waters.
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support personnel now in each regional office and field laboratories.
Obje_ctiye_
Section 5 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act^-alTamended, provides
for encouraging, cooperating with and rendering assi^feance to other appropriate
public authorities, agencies and institutions, t»»±vate agencies and institutions
and individuals. The activity, therefore-ie^the heart of the Federal-State-
regionai-local cooperative approach to>wSrce.r pollution control problems. Activi-
ties range from responding to letter's*, which in many cases concern only minor,
isolated instances of pollutiparf*t\ carrying out major project investigations
requiring several years sj>trfy.
Expert consumptions and field investigations, as necessary to meet the
pressing need&^of States and others, are provided relative to specific local and
pollution problems by regional offices, field laboratories, the
RoberJia?^€he application of special
technical skills. All FWPCA technical supEp»4
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Thermal pollution of the Nation's waters is becoming more critical as popula~
tion and industry grow. The anticipated proliferation of nuclear powered elec-
trical generation installations with their attendant need for large volumes of
cooling water, and the continued expansion of industry with a like need for dis-
posal of hot waters, have increased the need for a clearer understanding of the
effects of heated discharges on receiving waters. Technical support activities
in this area are under way on the Columbia River.
The standards of water quality now being implemented for interstate and
navigable surface waters will probably encourage industries and others to consider
subsurface disposal of liquid wastes. As yet, we do not have adequate knowledge
of the potential effects on subsurface aquifers. Much more study of this means
of disposal is needed, as illustrated by the Hammermill Bond Company at Erie,
Pennsylvania, which used subsurface disposal for some of its more noxious wastes
rather than discharge these wastes to Lake Erie. The deep well disposal was used
for years until a soil rupture resulted in the wastes pumped into the wells being
forced back to the surface and into the surface waters. A clearer understanding
also must be gained concerning agricultural surface and subsurface drainage, their
effects on receiving waters and possible methods for mitigating these effects.
Examples include: The salinity problem caused by irrigation return flow.s in the
Colorado River; pesticide runoff problems in areas such as the Lower Mississippi;
and eutrophicatlon problems in areas such as Klamath Lake.
In these and other areas, technical support investigations must not only
undertake an assessment of -pollution effect's but must identify and evaluate re-
medial measures and equipment which will most efficiently and effectively meet
the requirements of each pollution challenge.
Two additional areas of primary concern to FWPCA include the hazards of oil
and other pollution spill emergencies and vessel pollution. The Administration
has taken the lead in giving this technical assistance to Federal, State and local
agencies in developing adequate contingency planning and operations within the
framework of existing legislation to meet pollution spill emergencies.
Accomplishments
Recent accomplishments in the area of technical support are illustrated by
the following projects:
Hawaiian Sugar Waste Study
An oceanic study designed to analyze and evaluate the effects that sugar mill
wastes have on marine environment. This study was initiated in fall of 1$>67> and
the final series of ocean surveys were completed in the first quarter of 1969.
The data obtained in the surveys;are being analyzed and evaluated for inclusion in
a report now in preparation.
San Diego Bay Studies
This project was designed to determine type and quantity of waste discharges
and associated pollution from watercraft, vessels and municipal waste disposal
in bay waters. Initial studies of this major naval harbor were initiated in
January 1967. A report currently is being reviewed for final publication.
Buffalo Lake Project, Randall County, Texas
A bacteriological study of Buffalo Lake and its tributaries, Tierra Blanca
Creek and Frio Draw, was made to determine bacterial levels in dry and wet weather
and. to identify the sources of such contamination* Initiated April 29, 1968,
the final report is in draft form. This is a portion of a cooperative study re-
quested by Texas.
72
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Jgmes_ River Project,_Spria^field., Missouri
A study was undertaken to .determine the causes of poor water quality result-
ing from discharge of low quality groundwater following periods of rainfall. The
study was requested by the State of Missouri and the U.S. National Park Service
(Wilson's Creek Battlefield National Park). It was initiated in March of 1968.
Field studies and evaluations have been completed and the final report is now
being prepared.
72A
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The standards of water quality now being implemented for interstate and
navigable surface waters will probably encourage industries and others to consider
subsurface disposal, of liquid wastes. As yet, we do not have adequate-knowledge
of the potential effects on subsurface aquifers. Much more study-'of this means
of disposal is needed, as illustrated by the Hammermill Bojadr*tk>mpany at Erie,
Pennsylvania, which used subsurface disposal for sotag^erxits more noxious wastes
rather than discharge the:se wastes to Lake Erie.^xTne deep well disposal was used
for years until a soil rupture resulted in tjaefwastes pumped into the wells being
forced back to the surface and into the^atJrface waters. A clearer understanding
also must be gained concerning agriptriSural surface and subsurface drainage, their
effects on receiving waters andx-jJo'ssM.ble methods for mitigating these effects.
Examples include: The saljJsRy problem caused by irrigation return flows in the
Colorado River; pesticide; runoff problems in areas such as the Lower Mississippi;
and eutrophicatij^'p'roblems in areas s\tch as Klamath Lake.
lese and other areas , technica, support investigations must not only
undertake an assessment of pollution effects but must identify and evaluate re-*
medial measures and equipment which will most efficiently and effectively meet
the requirements of each pollution challenge,
Two additional areas of primary concerii to FWPCA include the hazards of oil
and other pollution spill emergencies and veasel pollution. The Administration
has taken the lead in giving this technical assistance to Federal, State and local
agencies in developing adequate contingency planning and operations within the
framework of existing legislation to meet pollution spill emergencies.
AcccmpjLi_shments_
Recent accomplishments in the area of technical support are illustrated by
the following projects :
Hawaiian Sugar Waste Study
An oceanic study designed to analyze and evaluat& the effects that sugar mill
wastes have on marine environment. This study was initiated in fall of 196? j and
the final series of ocean surveys were completed in the\ first quarter of 1969.
The data obtained in the surveys are being analyzed and \evaluated for inclusion in
a report now in preparation,
San. Diego
This project was designed to determine type and quantity of waste discharges
and associated pollution from watercraft, vessels and municipal waste disposal
in bay waters. Initial studies of this major naval harbsr were initiated in
January 1967. A report currently is being reviewed for/final publication.
Buffalo Lake Project, Randall County , Texas
A bacteriological study of BuffaloLafee"and its tributaries, Tierra Blanca
Creek and Frio Draw, was made to dgtefmine bacterial levels in dry and wet weather
and to identify the sources oj^such contamination. Initiated April 2.9, 1968,
the final report is in dr^rffTform. This is a portion of a cooperative study re-
quested by Texas .
James
Project, Springfield^ Missouri
A study was undertaken to determine the causes of poor water quality result-
ing from discharge of low quality groundwater following periods of rainfall. The
study was requested by the State of Missouri and the U. S. National Park Service
(Wilson's Creek Battlefield National Park), It was initiated in March of 1968,
Field studies and evaluations have been completed and the final report is now
being prepared.
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Lake Apopka Pro. j e c t } i FJ.orJLda.
A study to characterize bottom sediments and selected nitrogen and phos-
phorus sources associated with a eutrophication problem in Lake Apopka. Initiated
in March of 1968. Field, laboratory and data evaluation portions have been
.completed and the final report is being distributed,
ffl.j.lj3bj3rough - Tampa Bays Project ;
A study to evaluate causes and corrective measures for recurring odor prob-
lems encountered in the Hlllsborough-Tampa Bays area. Initiated in May of 1967.
Majority of field work is completed with present efforts devoted to data evalu-
ation and preparation of a report. The final report is anticipated in May of 1969.
Piscataway Creek Investigations
A study to determine the effects of sewage discharges on the lower Piscata-
way Creek and adjacent portions of the Potomac River, and for development of
Corrective measures. The study and preparation of a report were completed in the
fall of 1968. Recommendations for improvements in the operation of the Piscataway
Sewage Treatment Plant of the Washington Suburban Sanitation Commission have been
implemented.
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Pollution
Surveillance
SECTION TAB
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2> Pollution surveillance: Fiscal year 1969, $1,928,000; fiscal year 1970,
$3,133,000; increase, $1,205,000. The increase consists of;
Increase(+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions ' Program Positions gxplanatj.on
(l) +$2,000 ... ... ... To meet increased pay
costs.
(2) +600,000 ... $600,000 .., To provide for
contractual services
and equipment purchase
to organize the data
base for a use/criteria
system covering
priority interstate
waterways.
(3) +103,000 +12 2,533,000 1U6 To support employment
in the operation of
the new use/criteria
system.
W _ +500,000 _L.JL . „. ... To reimburse USGS for
the conduct of water
+1,205,000. +12 quality monitoring in
~~' support of pollution
control activities,
Need for Increase
The pollution surveillance program of FWPCA involves the planning, developing
and coordinating required in the collection, evaluation and dissemination of water
pollution control and water quality data vital to the implementation and
enforcement of water quality standards and to meet day-to-day requirements for
Federal, State and local purposes.
There has been a substantial investment in the development and implementation
of water quality standards. To protect that investment we must be able to evaluate
past experience, make timely decisions with regard to current situations, and
evaluate alternatives based on future forecasts, In the final analysis, progress
or failure of the combined State/Federal water pollution control effort will be
measured by the presence or absence of desired levels of quality consistent with
current and desired uses of the Nation's waterways.
The requested increase includes resources needed to finish the design and to
initiate the operation of a computerized system that will permit continuous
evaluation of actual water quality versus water quality criteria and associated
uses, or identified in the standards. When fully implemented, this, system will
enable us to make decisions for not only the Nation in aggregate, but also for
regions, States, river basins, stream reaches and individual communities on a
current basis. Such a system is essential to the development and implementation
of comprehensive basin programs involving estimates of eventual cost, establish-
ment of priorities, and the resultant administration of program grant and
municipal waste treatment construction grant programs. The increase also includes
$500,000 to be transferred to the USGS to expand Federal water quality
monitoring activities at priority locations throughout the Nation.
Three broad categories of technical information are essential to the FWPCA
program on a point-by-point basis. The first category includes specific
information covering the status (in-place or needed) and effectiveness (efficiency)
-------
2. Pollutionsurveillance; Fiscal year 1969,. $1, 928,000; fiscal year 1970,
,$2,6.00,000; increase, $672,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+)
Amount
(l) +$2,000
Positions
Total Total
Program Positions
Explana t ion_—
-_______—-
increased pay
costs.
(2) +670,000
+672,000
151
To support employment of
new personnel required to
implement surveillance
system plans, process and
evaluate data obtained
from this activity,
initiate industrial waste
inventory, and reimburse
USGS for the conduct of
water quality monitoring
in support of pollution
control activities.
Need for Increaae
The pollution surveillance program of FWPCA \nvolves the planning, developing
and coordination required in the collection, evaluation .and dissemination of
water pollution control and water quality data vitaY to the implementation and
enforcement of water quality standards and to meet dVy-to-day requirements for
Federal, State and local purposes. The increase includes $500,000 which is to be
transferred to U. S. Geological Survey and $170,000 and 17 positions to support
program expansion within FWPCA. The increase is necessary to provide for expansion
or initiation of several activities as identified below\ This program must be
capable of supporting routine activities as well as a variety of technical
assistance requests from State and interstate agencies onYthe one hand, or
enforcement activities if a State fails to implement water\quality standards.
Three broad categories of technical information are essential to the FWPCA
program on a point-by-point basis. The first category inclules specific
information covering the. status (in-place or needed) and effectiveness (efficiency)
of waste treatment and control facilities (municipal, industrial and Federal),
current and desired future water uses, and pollution caused .problems. The second
category, economic data associated with construction activities, is necessary to
convert needed waste treatment and control facilitiesafecftistics into realistic
cost estimates, as required by law, on an annualjiasls. The third category, water
quality data, is the ultimate quant,itati3£e--ett^ck on pollution control progress on a
day-to-day basis. Water quaiiijf-4arEa^are essential to define compliance with water
quality standard^aiieMTtrTSentify emerging pollution trends so that they may be
traced to the""~source as quickly as possible for corrective action. This requires
development and application of new technologies related to collection, analysis
and processing of requisite information.
Consistent with the above categories^ the proposed increase is for the
following purposes:
(a) Increased^ supjgprt^ of jater quality monitoring systems •» Additional
support services are necessary to provide for long-term monitoring of water quality
at selected locations to determine water quality trends and the status of compliance
with water quality standards. Through a transfer of funds, most of these increased
services will be obtained from the U.S., Geological Survey. Of the funds to be
transferred, it is expected that 25 percent will be spent on new stations and 75
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of waste treatment and control facilities (municipal, industrial and Federal),
current and desired future water uses, and pollution caused problems. The second
category, economic data associated -with construction activities, is necessary to
convert needed waste treatment and control facilities statistics into realistic
cost estimates, as required by law, on an annual basis. The third category, water
quality data, is the ultimate quantitative check on pollution control progress on
a day-to-day basis. Water quality data are essential to define compliance with
water quality standards and to identify emerging pollution trends so that they may
be traced to the source as quickly .as possible for corrective action. This
requires development and application of new technologies related to collection,
analysis and processing of requisite information.
Consistent with the above categories, the proposed increase is for the
following purposes:
(a) Developmentand application of a water qualitystandardsuse/criteria
system - Water quality standards have been established for the interstate water-
ways, associated with 50 States, three territories and the District of Columbia.
Thus, specific waste treatment or control facilities to be built according to
stipulated construction schedules with the objective of attaining selected water
quality goals consistent with specific water uses are now or soon will be
available for most of the United States. As noted below, it is now necessary to
increase water quality monitoring activities to measure the effectiveness of
waste treatment and control works relative to the restoration and enhancement of
quality in the Nation's streams. Thus, it is also essential that an automated
system be concurrently developed to permit timely comparisons of resultant quality
data with the prescribed water quality criteria and uses contained within the ;
standards.
The 1970 budget includes additional resources to expedite the development and
application of a computerized use/criteria sub-system and its integration with
existing STOKET processing capabilities related to water quality data and water
pollution control information. During 1970, emphasis will be placed on
completing the development of the basic sub~system, and initiating operations for
the Great Lakes Basin, and the mainstems of the Ohio, Columbia, Missouri, Colorado,
arid Mississippi Rivers by June 30, 1970. The use/criteria data base for the
remaining interstate waterways including the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts
will then be entered into the system in 1971.
The most costly portion of the 1970 task will be accomplished by purchase of
contractual services based upon computerized systems which are -now In the final
stages of development. Contractors will use automated procedures to establish
river mileage coding for water-use zones specified in State standards and for
waste discharge points and monitoring locations. The use-zones and related data
will then be merged with abatement works construction schedules and water quality
criteria by FWPCA personnel. The dynamic system will operate via the Department's
IBM 360/65 telecommunications network providing continuous entry of new data and
information and readily available compliance evaluations at regional offices,
laboratories and Washington headquarters on a current basis.
(b) Increased supportofwaterquality monitoring systems - Additional
support sel^^e^lire~nice5saiy" to provicEeTor* xong^term monrEWlng of water
quality at selected locations to determine water quality trends and the status
of compliance with water quality standards. Through a transfer of funds, most
of these increased services will be obtained from the U.'S. Geological Survey in
accordance with the July 18, 19685 memorandum of agreement to the Under Secretary
of the Interior from the Director, USGS and Commissioner, FWPCA. Of the funds
to be transferred, it is expected that 25 percent will be spent on new stations
and 75 percent will be spent on increasing parameter coverage and sampling
frequencies at existing USGS monitoring stations located at points of key interest
to FWPCA. Thus, approximately 150 to 200 monitoring stations will be added to
75
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percent will be spent on increasing parameter coverage and sampling frequencies at
existing USGS monitoring stations located at points of key interest to FWPCA,
Thus, approximate'ly 150 to 200 monitoring stations will be added to about
Federal and 600 State long-term stations that will "be -providing requisitexdjiforma-
tion on water quality by the end of 1969. A minimum of 2,UOO stations will be
needed by the end of 197'+ (in addition to several thousand Staje*-operated stations)
in order to fully evaluate compliance with interstate watejp-"quality standards.
(b) Expand capabj1lj.ty for processing data -JJile' increased volume of techni-
cal information being gathered and evaluatedoaa
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a"bout kQQ Federal and 600 State long-term stations that will be providing
requisite information on water quality by the end of FY 1969. A minimum of 2,1*00
stations will be needed by the end of FY 19?U (in addition to several thousand
State operated stations) in order to fully evaluate compliance with interstate
water quality standards.
Objective
The objective of water quality surveillance is to provide a system whereby
technical pollution information and water quality data are collected, evaluated,
and disseminated for use within FWPCA, particularly as these data relate to the
enforcement and implementation of water quality standards, the effectiveness of
waste treatment and control facilities, the establishment of water quality trends,
and to the planning and management programs. Concurrently, full coordination with
State regulatory bodies and other Federal water data collection agencies,
including USGS, will assist all responsible parties to fulfill the national goal
for water pollution control.
The program; provides systems to satisfy continuing technical data needs and
to furnish information support to all programs in FWPCA. These support services
include computerized storage, retrieval and evaluation of municipal and
industrial waste facilities statistics, and water quality data,
Program of Work
To meet new circumstances and needs associated with water quality standards
and specific problems .at individual locations within a State, basin, or on a
national basis, the program will pursue the following work during 1970;
1. The maintenance of up-to-date inventory indicating the status of 15,000
municipal waste treatment and control facilities, including specific, scheduled
construction needs, as identified in water quality standards (intra and inter-
state implementation -plans) and State program grant applications.
2. Based on procedures developed during 1969, the basic industrial waste
water inventory will be started during late 1970. This first effort will
seek to establish the status and effectiveness of existing waste handling
facilities at about 6,000 manufacturing plants in the United States. In addition^
industrial waste treatment and control needs, taken from implementation plans and
grant applications, will be maintained on a current basis.
3. The operation of critical interstate monitoring stations in coordination
I with other Federal and State agencies will be expanded to approximately 1,200
istations. Further, based on a definitive planning study (in progress), a
| refined assessment of ultimate water quality monitoring activities will be made
: in coordination with State water pollution control agencies. High priority
\ stations will be established as part of the orderly growth of necessary basin
'monitoring activities,
i h. The analytical quality control program, including the selection,
adoption, and use of certified agencies' methods and techniques will be
•, strengthened within FWPCA. Further, coordination with other agencies.mt the local,
;iState and Federal level will be expanded. -Data from the laboratories of the State
.and other Federal agencies used in support of water quality standards must be
icomparable among themselves. The personnel at the Cincinnati laboratory will
iguide this program and operate the interlaboratory quality control program.
76
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5. FWPCA regions will forge a coordinated water pollution control
monitoring program at the basin level in concert with State water pollution
control agencies and the USGS. The Cincinnati activity will stress development of
new specialized analytical techniques and provide back-up support to the regions
particularly with respect to industrial pollutants, including petroleum materials,
and the many new synthetic organic compounds and radio-chemicals produced by the
chemical industry and used widely throughout the United States,
6. The STORET system for the computerized storage, processing and
evaluation of water pollution control information, water quality information and
standards will be operated and expanded to provide responsive technical service
within FWPCA and assistance to the States. The system is currently operational
with respect to municipal waste treatment facilities and Implementation schedules
as well as water quality data. Thus, computer storage of the water uses and
criteria contained in the standards will be initiated during 1970. This will
permit continuous comparisons of actual water .quality data by comparison with the
uses and criteria identified in the standards. In addition, hydrologic coding
procedures will be automated to facilitate the storage and evaluation of these
data.
Accomplishments
Pollution control information- The municipal waste facilities Inventory has
I been updated as of January 1, 1968., and the. data entered into the STORET system.
As a result, we know the facilities in-place and needed. A plan and standard form
were developed to conduct an industrial wastes facilities inventory which was
submitted to the Bureau of the Budget for approval. Monthly and annual summaries
of bond sales and construction awards were published relating to construction of
municipal sewage treatment facilities. The annual summary of pollution-caused
fish kills was also published.
Water quality information - The first step in the design of a coordinated
State/Federal basinmonitoring system is scheduled for completion this fiscal
year. As a result, immediate and long range monitoring requirements will be
defined in support of water quality standards, establishment of baselines, and
planning and management programs. The agency-wide analytical quality control
program was initiated for the purpose of evaluating the validity of all water
quality data used by FWPCA. Improved working relationships with other Federal
water data collection agencies and inter-agencies were established.
STORET computer applications - The municipal 'and industrial implementation
plans (as listed in water quality standards and State program plans) have been
computerized and entered in the STORET system to facilitate measures of progress.
Agreement has been reached with the USGS whereby all surface water quality data
collected by them will be entered in the STORET system on a continuing basis.
The system was expanded to provide fbr random storage and retrieval capability
with stored data on line with telecommunications capability at headquarters,
Edison, New Jersey; Cincinnati, Ohio; Chicago* Illinois; Kansas City, Missouri;
Dallas, Texas; Ada, Oklahoma; Portland., Oregon; and Alameda, California. Data
from 19,000 stations have been stored in the system "by Federal, State and
interstate ..agencies.
76A
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coordination with State water pollution control agencies. High-priority stations
will be established as part of the orderly growth of neces^€Cry basin monitoring
activities .
!+. The analytical quality control program^xlncluding the selection, adoption
and use of certified agencies' methods and to
-------
Construction
grants
administration
SECTION TAB
-------
3- jCgnstruction^grant^s ^administration.-; Fiscal year 1969, $2,^06,000; fiscal year
~ The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions Explanation
(l) +$5,000 ... ... ... To meet increased pay
costs.
(2) +287,000 +29 $2,698,000 266 For support of
administration of grants
+292,000 _+go, for waste treatment
wo.rks construction.
Need for Increase
An increase of $287,000 and 29 positions is requested to handle the increased
work load resulting from recent amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act and to perform an adequate job of safeguarding the Federal interests.
The 1966 Amendments provide for reimbursement for the construction of any
treatment works initiated after June 3.0, 1966. All communities undertaking
construction of a waste treatment facility are permitted to submit applications
for Federal grants in anticipation of reimbursement of the applicable percentage
from future appropriations. Each such reimbursement project is administered in
the same manner as projects for which Federal funds are available to make
preconstruction grants.
Another of the provisions of the .Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 was the
removal of grant dollar limitations for aU projects on which construction is
started after July 1, 1967. This is stimulating larger cities to begin
construction of needed sewage treatment facilities and is resulting in larger,
more complex projects. These projects actually require more staff time for
processing and administration because of their scope and complexity,
Under present conditions, the staff is insufficient to make the necessary
number of field inspections of projects during the period of construction. As the
Government's investment becomes larger and as larger more complex plants are
constructed, the maintenance of an adequate inspection schedule is essential in
order to protect the Government's interest in this activity.
In addition, the staff is inadequate to provide operation and maintenance
inspections at all completed projects. On those projects where limited inspection* •'
are made, adequate staff is not available to bring about needed improvements and
other necessary changes.
During this coming fiscal year, it is planned to expand the operation and
maintenance program ,as well as the other engineering aspects of construction grants'
operations. The overall engineering program will include the evaluation of current
criteria and practices for the design, operation and maintenance of- waste treatment
works. It is planned to develop as well as promote the development of new and
improved criteria, and practices where needed. There is an urgent need for
establishing and maintaining a system which will provide a continuing exchange of
information with the field on needed changes and new applications of knowledge in
these areas. The effort will include the establishing and maintenance of close
relationships with State and local agencies, consulting engineers, contractors and
others concerned with design, construction, operation and maintenance of waste
treatment works .
To enable this activity to meet at least minimum program requirements,
jadditional staffing is essential.
77
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3- GonstrTaction
'' 'L
19707 '' 'L$:3t(55 0 /
Increase (+)
Amount
(1) +$5,000
(2) +63JJ.OOO
increase, $644,000.
or Decrease (-) Total
Positions .Program
Fiscal year 1969, $2,^06,000; fiscal year
The increase consists of:
+70 $3,050,000
+70
Total
Positions
267
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs.
For support of
administration of grants
for waste treatment
works construction.
Heed
fcr Increase
An increase of $639,000 aprf 70 positions is requested to handle the increased
work load resulting from reogrnt amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act and to perform an ade$tfete job of saf\guarding the Federal interests.
The 1966 Amendments provide for reimbursement for the construction of any
treatment works initiated after June 30, 1966. All communities undertaking
construction of s/waste treatment facility ar\ permitted to submit applications
for Federal grpmts in anticipation of reimbursement of the applicable percentage
from future .appropriations. Each such reimbursement project is administered in
the same manner as projects for which Federal funds are available to make
preconsjxruction grants.
Another of the provisions of the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 was the
removal of grant dollar limitations for all projectsNpn which construction is
started after July 1, 1967. This is stimulating larger cities to begin
construction of needed sewage treatment facilities and\is resulting In larger,
more complex projects. These projects actually requireynore staff time for
processing and administration because of their scope and\complexity.
Under present conditions, the staff is insufficient 4o make the necessary
number of field inspections of projects during the period of construction. As the
Government's investment becomes larger and as larger more qpmplex plants are
constructed, the maintenance of an adequate inspection schetule is essential in
order to protect the Government's interest in this activity A
In addition, the staff is inadequate to provide operation and maintenance
inspections at all completed projects. On those projects where limited inspections
are made, adequate staff is not available to bring about needed improvements and
other necessary changes.
,&
$
During this coming fiscal year, it is planned to expand/the operation and
maintenance program as well as the other engineering aspectl of construction grants'
operations. The overall engineering program will include jttie evaluation of current
criteria and practices for the design, operation and maintenance of waste treatment
works. It is planned to develop as well as promote tber development of new and
improved criteria and practices where needed. The^f is an urgent need for
establishing and maintaining a system which wUJL^provide a continuing exchange of
information with the field on needed changjgs**1and new applications of knowledge in
these areas. The effort will'inelude,,ttle establishing and maintenance of close
relationships with State and loc^A*""agencies, consulting engineers, contractors and
others concerned with desj,g.Brj'*"'construction, operation and maintenance of waste
treatment works, ——**
To enable this activity to fully meet all program requirements, additional
staffing is essential.
77
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Objective
The primary responsibilities of this activity are to stimulate and support
maximum levels of waste treatment works construction possible within the budgetary
limitations, to encourage improved waste treatment plant operation and the highest
possible level of treatment efficiency, and to stimulate improved design of waste
treatment works for more economical and effective 'types of treatment in order to
help reach the FWPCA goal of attaining the desired water quality levels specified
by the water quality standards implementation plans.
Prppram of Work and Acgoggliishment
Administration of the program includes reviewing and processing applications,
making grant offers, reviewing plans and specifications, authorizing bid adver-
tising, reviewing bids and approving award of contracts, periodically inspecting
construction, processing and approving grant payments, conducting performance
audits, end fulfilling collateral responsibilities relating to programs dealing
with prevailing wage, anti-kickback, contract work hours standards and civil rights
requirements, In addition to the administration of grants under the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended, this program has the added responsibility of
reviewing and certifying the adequacy of treatment for all the sewer loans and
grants awarded by the Economic Development Administration and the Department of
Housing and Urban Development.
Sewage treatment plant and sewer construction costs indices will be constantly
reexamined and updated to reflect existing costing conditions so that more accurate
estimates can be made of construction monies needed to bring about the control and
abatement of water pollution problems.
Operation and maintenance data will be.analyzed and made available to commu-
nities, consulting engineers and industrial firms for use in improving the design
of equipment and plants and modifying operating practices so that sewage treatment
facilities can be operated as close to maximum efficiency as possible.
Emphasis will be placed on design standards to evaluate present design
criteria and practices and keep abreast of new developments and trends; to define
and keep abreast of knowledge gaps in design, operations, and maintenance, and
channel such information to research programs for development of new solutions; and
to cooperate in the development of personnel training programs to upgrade the
staffing of these plants and to assure the utilization of new and improved
operation and maintenance practices.
The validity and applicability of project cost data needed to upgrade com-
petencies for estimating and projecting future program requirements will be
improved through expanding research into the component costs of sewage treatment
plants and sewers (i.e., population, type of treatment, loading, etc.), and through
automating the great volume of collected design analysis and cost data.
Work load statistics are as follows:
1968 1969 1970
Actual Estimate. Estimate
Active projects at start of fiscal year 2,031 2,k€k 2,819
Projects under construction (1,083) (l,350) (l,.54o)
Projects not under construction (9W) (1,11^) (l,279)
Work load during fiscal year
Applications reviewed ' 1,095 1,165 1,3^0
Plans and specifications reviewed 1,0^1 1,100 1,200
Construction starts 866 1,000 1,150
Inspections 1,530 - 1,500 k,200',
Plants completed 599 810 1,030
Performance audits 229 300 ^00
Sewer certifications 5^7 750 750
78
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Training
SECTION TAB
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d. Training
FY 1969 Increase (+)
Amount FY 1970 Decrease (-)
Available Estimate Over 1969
1. Grants
(a) Training •••. $3,^00,000 $^,020,000 +$620,000
(b) Research fellowships..... 600,000 600,000 ...
2. Federal_operatlon.s
(a) Manpower development and
training 80^,000 1,006,000 +202,000
(b) Graduate and special
training _£58,000 258.000
Total 5,062,000 5,881+,000 +822,000
- General
A prerequisite for success In the national water pollution control effort Is
the availability of adequate numbers of trained personnel. Increased activity
continues In waste treatment works construction, research and development, planning,
technical support, and similar endeavors at all levels of government and Industry.
Howev»r, the effective use of these public and private funds is heavily dependent
upon the availability of skilled motivated individuals, from treatment plant
operators to enginears and research scientists.
The manpower development and training programs of FWPCA will assist in attract-
ing and preparing new professionals, technicians, and operators and will help pre-
pare existing personnel for more responsible positions.
Such an effort will do much to ensure a satisfactory return on the public's
investment in the clean water program.
The report, "Manpower and Training Needs in Water Pollution Control" (Senate
Document No. 1*9, 90th Congress, 1st Session), submitted to the Congress by FWPCA,
estimated the total Manpower then Involved in water pollution control
(professionals, technicians, and treatment plant operators for public and private
agencies) at about 1*5,000 persons. The objective! of the FWPCA training programs
are to encourage, cooperate with and assist appropriate agencies, Institutions and
individuals in the conduct of specialized training relating to the cause, control
and prevention of water pollution. T,he programs are designed to provide adequately
trained and motivated professional arid subprofessional manpower for scientific,
administrative and technical positions in the water pollution control field.
To meet these identified needs, FWPCA is pursuing a number of Approaches.
Each is discussed below.
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d. Trainii
FY 1969
Amount
Available
Grants
(a) Training. ,, $3,toO,OOQ
(b) Research fellowships 600,000
Fgderal operatipns
(a) Manpower development and
training
(b) Graduate and special
training
FI 1970
Estimate
,000
600,000
Increase (+)
Betfrease (-)
Over 1969
+$580,000
1,006,000
258,000
+202,000
5,8^,000
+782,000
Total ._/(. * 5,o6e,000
Gene Ail
A prerequisite for success in the national water pollution control effort is
the availability of adequate numbers of trad/tied personnel. Increased activity
continues in waste treatment works construction, research and development, planning,
techirfcal support, and similar endeavors at «11 levels of government and industry.
However, the effective use of these public ai
upon the availability of skilled motivated ii
operators to engineers and research scientists
private funds is heavily dependent
.ividuals, from treatment plant
The manpower development and training progVams of FWPCA will assist in attract-
ing and preparing new professionals, technicians, and operators and will help pre-
pare existing personnel for more responsible positions.
Such an effort will do much to ensure a satisfactory return on the public's
investment in the clean water program.
The report, "Manpower and Training Needs in Water Pollution Control" (Senate
Document No, ^9> 90th Congress, 1st Session), submitted to the Congress by FWPCA,
estimated the total manpower then involved in water pollution control (profession-
als, technicians, and treatment plant operators for pmblic and private agencies)
at about Vj,000 persons. By further projecting the report's 1972 figures, the
manpower needs in 1973 can be estimated at 135,000, am increase of 90,000 over 1967.
The objectives of the .FWPCA training programs are to encourage,'cooperate with and
assist appropriate agencies, institutions and individuals in the conduct of special-
ized training relating to the cause, control and prevention of water pollution,
The programs are designed to provide adequately trained and motivated professional
and subprofessional manpower for scientific, administrative and technical positions
in the water pollution control field.
To meet these identified .needs, FWPCA is pursuing a number of approaches.
Each is discussed below.
79
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1. Grant s
(a) Training: Fiscal year 1969, $3^00,000; fiscal year 1970, $3,980,000;
increase, $580,000.
FY 1969
Amount
Available
FY 1970
Estimate
Increase,
Decrease (-)
1969
Continuations
New
Total
The increase consists of:
Amount
77$3,^00,000 77 $3>8l5ktfOO
165,000
(2)
Increase(+), Decrease (-).S Total
AmountPositiona/ Program
... +$^15,000
+h +165,000
+580,000
Explanation
(l) +$^15,000
165,000
+580,000
.Need for Increase
An additional $^15,000 is required to support the
sion of existing grants made in prior years.
To fund continuation of
training grants made in
prior years, with increased
trainees per grant.
To support four new
training grants.
Dntinuation and the expan-
With the modest increase proposed, greater emphasis will be placed on expand-
ing existing grants, wherever feasible, rather than fundingXsignificant numbers
of new ones. With the additional increase of only 12.2 percent more than the
amount programmed during 1969 these ongoing projects will be able to support the
participation of nearly 700 trainees or UO percent more than t\e number involved
in 1969. This magnitude of increase in trainee participation w\th limited funding
can be achieved because faculty, equipment and curriculum development costs have
been met in previous years or already included in the 1969 base. \ The number of
trainees per project will increase from an average of about seven*in 1969 to
nearly 10 in 1970. ; f
Four new training grants are also proposed to be funded at A cost of about
$lo5jOOO. Quite obviously since the number proposed is very limited in comparison
with need, grant awards will be made on a highly selective ba-dis, to increase the
numbers of professionals and technicians in the most critipCL areas of need in
the water pollution control field.
Objective
Under Section 5(a)(2) of the Fedeya-aflfater Pollution Control Act, as amended,
.authorization is given for the smy&fof grants-in-aid to public and private
agencies and institutions foj>%r"aining projects.
80
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Technical, training; grants
This program, inaugurated in 1968, was designed to increase the sub profession-
al manpower resource, engineering aides, scientific technicians and waste treatment
operators. The grants were envisioned as devices to develop a variety of training
techniques for a number of training markets rather than to support large volume
training of subprofessionals. Because of fiscal limitations, it is unlikely that
any new awards will be made in 1969 or 1970. Continued support of two made in
1968 is planned. Because of the urgent need for such training, FWPCA must
accelerate its efforts in getting other interested Federal and State training
programs involved.
In 1968, 8k training grants, of which 72 were for professional training,
were awarded to 69 institutions in ho states. The professional grants provide
support for 500 trainees currently in 1969. Eight new grants were awarded, 36
awards were continuations of grants ordinarily initially awarded within the
previous four years, and 28 were renewals of programs initiated five or more years
previously. ' It is within this latter group that the greatest proportionate expan-
sion has been and can be expected in future years. Ordinarily, it is also within
this group that the greatest return of graduates for the training dollar can be
expected, since the initial capital investment and slow development of new programs
occurs in the first five years. An illustration of the effect of this Is the fact
that the average number of trainees per grant was about six in 1968, and is
expected to rise to about seven in 1969 and nearly 10 in 1970.
Two hundred twenty-eight trainees supported by funds awarded in 1967 received
advanced degrees at the M.S. and Ph.D. level in 1968. Twenty-seven percent took
positions in Federal, State and .local government, 23 percent in industry and
consulting engineers, 9 percent in teaching and/or research in universities, seven
percent in military service, and 3^- percent continued their education toward a
higher degree.
The following are examples of professional training grant awards:
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Dr. Charles M. Smallwood, Department of Civil Engineering
"industrial Waste Control and Abatement"
Utah State University, Logan, Utah
Norman B.. Jones, Department of Civil Engineering
"Interdisciplinary Training Program in Water Quality"
Technical training grants we;re awarded for a variety of experimental programs
permitting flexibility of subsequent policy development. Examination of the
results of these grants will enable us to support tested approaches to training
when funds become available..
The following are examples of technical training grant awards:
Georgia State College , Atlanta , Georgia
Dr. Fred K. Fairish
"identification of Pollution Important Organisms"
Charles County Community College, La Plata, Maryland
Mrs. Belva L Jensen, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology
"Water Pollution Control Technician Curriculum Development"
82
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(b) Research f e llowshi ps_ : Fiscal year 1969, $600,000; fiscal year 1970, $600,000;
no change.
FY 1969
Amount
Available
No.
*3
58
Amount
$2^9,900
350,100
FY 1970
Estimate
No.
51
51
Amount
$307,000
293,000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1969
No.
+8
_7
Amount
+$57,100
-57,100
Continuations .........
New ...................
Total .............. 101 600,000 102 600,000 +1
Under Section 5(a)(^) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,
authorization is given to the Secretary to establish and maintain research fellow-
ships in the Department of the Interior with such stipends and allowances, includ-
ing traveling and subsistence expenses, as he may deem necessary to procure the
assistance of the most promising research fellowships: Provided, that the Secre-
tary shall report annually to the Appropriation Committees of Congress on these
operations.
The mission of this program is to increase the number of scientists and
engineers qualified to conduct independent research and advanced practice in water
pollution control problems .
Research fellowships are awarded to individuals for specialized graduate and
postgraduate research training in water pollution control. Research fellowships
support the intensive training of students in many physical and biological dis-
ciplines and in fields of engineering. These awards provide funds for
institutional costs of education, stipends for fellows, and allowances for supplies.
Any increase in size of the professional training grants program must rest
heavily on the substantial and rapid expansion in the number of research fellow-
ships since most of new university professors in water pollution control are
recruited from the FWPCA research fellowship program.
Program of Work
During 1969? the research fellowship program reflects a major change.
Support is primarily limited to candidates for the doctoral degree. In 1970, the
research fellowship program will place emphasis on support of highly qualified
doctoral candidates not now ordinarily eligible for support under training grants
and on program development at institutions not now receiving research fellowship
awards. These institutions will be visited to stimulate participation in this
Administration's research fellowship program by attracting the efforts of facul-
ties not previously engaged in water pollution control related activity.
Accomplishments
In 1968, fellowships were awarded to 113 individuals at hQ institutions, in
28 states and four foreign countries. During the year 35 fellows supported by
funds awarded in 1967, completed their programs. Twenty-eight received Ph.D.
degrees, four received M.S. degrees, and two completed "post doctoral studies.
Ordinarily about 75 percent of Ph.D. recipients in FWPCA supported programs
go into teaching/research.
83
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The following are examples of new research fellowships:
University of California, Berkeley, California
Ronald A. Cordes, Department of Chemical Engineering
"Filtration of Aqueous Effluents Carrying Emulsified Oils"
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Dale L, Bacon, Department of Civil Engineering
"Bio-Flocculatlon in the Anaerobic Contact Process"
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Tze-Wen Chi, Department of Civil Engineering
"Analysis of a Wastewater Transportation System for the Penjerdel Megalopolis"
2. Federal operations
(a) Manpower development and•training; 'Fiscal year 1969, $8oV°00; fiscal
year 1970, '$1,006,000; increase,'$202,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount ' positions Prggraja Pgaitlons Explanation
(l) +$ 1,000 ... ... ... To meet Increased pay costs,
(2) +6k,000 ... ... .... To initiate development of
manpower requirements fore-
casting system.
(3) +137^000 , +2 $1,006,000 5^ Strengthen and expand
existing resources to
+1202,000 _ +9_ accelerate training in
•"••''" —— technical and non-technical
elements of programs.
Need for Increase
An additional $137,000 and 9 positions are proposed for staffing the
regional offices, the laboratories, and headquarters to carry out the objectives
and program of work outlined below. Four of these positions are required in the
regional offices and laboratories to work with State and local officials to
develop manpower and training programs to meet loca,l needs. Five positions are
required at headquarters to strengthen the staff of the newly established
Division of Manpower and Training. The increase includes $6^,000 to initiate the
development of a manpower requirements forecasting system. Such a system will
provide for the systematic preparation of manpower needs data for all levels--
professional, technician, and operator—taking into account the various
employers—.governmental units, industry and educational institutions. This needs
data, when consolidated into national needs data can be compared with existing
and planned training opportunities to show us whether programs need, expanding or
if there are gaps that need to be filled with new programs.
The success of the national water pollution control effort is closely linked
to the availability of adequate numbers of trained personnel. Substantial
expenditures for construction grants, research and development, technical
assistance, and similar endeavors are proposed in various sections of this
budget. The effective utilization of these funds, and the nature and extent of the
changes they are expected to create, depend heavily on adequate staffs of skilled
and motivated people, from treatment plant operator to research scientist. The
FWPCA report "Manpower and Training Needs in Water Pollution Control", (Senate
Document No. ^9, 90th Congress, 1st Session) documents the need to substantially
increase the supply of skilled manpower. The Report shows that 23,500 operators
-------
and 10,300 technicians are presently employed at the State and local levels, and
that an additional 18,500 operators and 23,200 technicians will te needed t>y
1972. Moreover, 11,750 operators and 5A50 technicians now on the jofr vill
require training during the same period. This produces, over the next five
years, a training load of 30*250 operators and 28,350 technicians; i.e.,
approximately 6,000 operators and 5,6QQ technicians mill need to te trained every
year for the next five years.
8«tA
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The following are examples of new research .fellowships:
University of California, Berkeley, California
Ronald. A. Cordes, Department of Chemical Engtr
"Filtration of Aqueous Effluents Carrying jgirfulsified Oils"
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Dale L. Bacon, Department of Civ:
"Bio-Flocculation in the
gineering
Contact Process"
Harvard University, Camb,
Tze-Wen Chi,
"Analysis of a Was
Penjerdel Meg<
Departme:
Massachusetts
Engineering
isportation System for the
2. Federal operatio:
(a) ManpoTOf' development and training;
year 1970, $J/^06,000; Increase,
(1)
(2)
Fiscal year 1969, $8o4,000j fiscal
Ihe increase consists of:
Increase (+) or •Decrease (-) Total total
Amount Positions Program Pos\tions
+$1,000
+g01j>_OQQ
+202,000
+15 $1,006,000
+15
60
Explanation
To meet increased pay
costs.
Strengthen and expand
existing resources to
accelerate training in
technical and non-technical
elements of programs.
Need for Increase
An additional $201,000 and 15 positions are proposed^for staffing the
regional offices, the laboratories, and headquarters to cgsrry out the objectives
and program of work outlined "below. Nine of these positions are required in the
regional offices and laboratories to work with State and local officials to
develop -manpower and training programs to meet local needs.\ Six positions are
required at headquarters to strengthen the staff of the newljy established Division
of Manpower and Training,
|
The success of the national water pollution control effort is closely linked
to the availability of adequate numbers of trained personnel. Substantial
expenditures for construction grants, research and development, technical
assistance, and similar endeavors are proposed in various sections of this budget.
The effective utilization of these funds, and the nature and extent of the changes
they are expected to create, depend heavily on ad&qliate staffs of skilled and
motivated people, from treatment plant operator""to research scientist. The FWPCA
report "Manpower and Training Needs inJSatir Pollution Control," (Senate Document
No. 49, 90th Congress, 1st SessionJU'-dtfcuments the need to substantially increase
the supply of skilled manpojgga^'The Report .shows that 23,500 operators and
10,300 technicians areja^esently employed at the State and local levels, and that
an ajditiona.1 l8-jp0*'operators and 23,200 technicians will be needed by 1972.
Moreover, ll^J^Ooperators and 5*150 technicians now on the job will require
training dtiring the same period. This produces, over the next five years, a
training load of 30,250 operators and 28,350 technicians; i.e., approximately
6,000 operators and 53600 technicians will need to be trained every year for the
next five years.
-------
Senate Document No, h-9 also points out the training needs generated for
professional level .employees. It notes that scientists, public administrators
and engineers, constituting the professional employment category, are employed in
substantial numbers by Federal agencies, State agencies, municipalities and
special districts, consulting engineers, and educational institutions.
Professional employees are also frequently engaged in overseeing the operation of
waste treatment plants for large cities, sanitary districts, and industry. State
administrators, of the water pollution control agencies of the 50 States, estimate
that their programs will need some 3>500 professionals by 1972. Bas.ed upon other
data in this aame document, and upon available information on projected new
treatment plant construction, it is estimated that approximately 6,000 waste
treatment plant operators and 5>600 water quality technicians need to be trained
each year during the 1970-T^ period.
Objective
The objectives of .manpower development and training programs are to assist in
attracting and preparing new professionals, technicians, and operators, to help
prepare those already employed for more effective participation and more
responsible positions and administer grant and research fellowship programs.
Program^ of .Work
FWPCA conducts, or sponsors, technical training programs for the specific
purpose of enhancing the abilities of personnel from all agencies concerned with
the control of water pollution. Special emphasis is given to training courses or
programs which assist the State and local agencies to train their personnel, and
which make the.se agencies full partners in the water pollution control effort.. In
addition it administers training grant and research fellowship programs. The
various approaches are discussed below.
FWPCA in-house training
Specialized and advanced technical training is offered to personnel of FWPCA
and other -public agencies at all levels, and to private agencies and institutions.
Such training is conducted by the FWPCA training staff, located at the field
laboratories, for new recruits to water pollution control as well as for
experienced personnel in need of refresher courses or cross^-training. Trainees
are drawn from the professional, technician, and operator ranks across the Nation.
During 1970, the FWPCA in-house training program will concentrate on course
offerings at the professional and technical levels, with limited, selective
offerings at the operator level. The availability of funds, facilities, and
instructor personnel dictate a training program that will reach those in the best
position to transfer their gained .knowledge to others in their sphere of influence.
Also, the large number of individuals in the operator category, their geographical
distribution, and the problem of time away from the job and the costs involved,
among other factors, renders it unrealistic and not feasible for FWPCA to undertake
mass training in FWPCA facilities of the operator force.
The in-house training curriculum includes a variety of technical courses in
water quality management, of one or two weeks duration. Also offered are
orientation courses and short technical seminars to meet the needs of particular
Federal, State, and local agencies or academic institutions.
The training of waste treatment plant operators has traditionally been viewed
as a State responsibility. FWPCA recognizes that it has a responsibility to
assist the States and also recognizes that it has a role to play in the training
of waste treatment plant personnel at Federal installations. Therefore, FWPCA
will provide, through the use of its own training facilities and staff, selective
offerings of practical courses in waste treatment plant operation, methods, and
85
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procedures—both to operators and to personnel engaged in operator training. This
will enable FWPCA to develop and test training techniques and materials which will
ultimately be passed on to the States for large volume training of operators. In
addition to these methods of assistance to the States, another approach to
treatment plant operator training pursued by FWPCA is discussed in the following
paragraphs under the heading of "Inter-Agency Resources for Technical Training."
FWPCA training personnel, in addition to preparing and presenting courses at
FWPGA facilities, respond to requests for technical guidance from States,
universities, and other institutions offering instruction related to water
pollution control,
Interagency resourcesfortechnical training
To meet the sizeable training needs identified in Senate Document No. U:9,
it is both practicable and desirable for FWPGA to utilize the resources of other
Federal agencies which administer manpower development and training programs,
wherever the program objectives are compatible. As a first step, FWPCA became a
participant in the Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System (CAMPS) during 1968.
In addition, other interagency agreements are being sought by FWPCA and it is
expected that at least one major contract for training will be signed and
implemented during 1970. It has become a matter of course for the Division of
Manpower .and Training to pursue external program resources wherever practicable.
Beginning in 19^9? FWPCA focused attention, through the CAMPS mechanism, on the
need to train large numbers of waste treatment plant operators and for the first
time to foster the use of Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 to meet a
substantial part of this need. It is anticipated that most States and interstate
water pollution control agencies will develop at least one project funded by the
Manpower Development and Training Act, through interaction with CAMPS, by the end
of 1971 and sustain such project through 197^ and beyond.
FWPCA is also exploring, with the Departments of Labor and Health, Education,
and Welfare, their vocational education and manpower development programs (other
than those funded under the Manpower Development and Training Act) which have
potential for meeting training needs in the water pollution control field. Two
or three other Federal agencies also appear to have programs which may eventually
be helpful. These are being explored and will be utilized wherever possible.
On the basis of experience gained during the past 12 months, it is apparent
that the manpower development and training program of FWPCA can be greatly
enhanced by adding staff to the Division of Manpower and Training to develop
interagency and intergovernmental programs such as those described above. This
approach offers numerous advantages to all interested parties. To B'WPCA and other
agencies in the Federal Government it offers the opportunity to develop programs
which will significantly increase the amount of trained manpower, drawn to a large
extent from the ranks of the unemployed, the underemployed, and the dlsadvantaged.
To the State and local agencies in need of such manpower, it makes available
existing'Federal funds and Is therefore of immediate and tangible benefit.
To the extent that the resources of other Federal agencies can be utilized
for the bulk training of subprofessionals during 1970 and succeeding years, .FWPCA
funds for technical training can be used more extensively as a catalyst to foster
.new and innovative approaches. Although the advantages are numerous, it must be
recognized that the development of interagency and intergovernmental programs is
a difficult and time consuming process. Divergent points of view must be
reconciled and agreements hammered out within the framework of program guidelines
which are often seemingly inflexible and restrictive. To the extent progress can
be made along these lines, however, the Federal-State-local partnership is
strengthened and relevant, worthwhile manpower programs can be developed. Most of
the new positions requested for 1970 will be used for such purposes.
86
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The success of the FWPCA manpower and training program will "be contingent,
to a large extent, upon having an adequate data "base and the analytical skills to
interpret and put to use the data which are developed. Therefore, as rapidly as
possible, sufficient numbers of qualified staff must be added at headquarters and
in the regions to develop and to implement programs. In some cases, in-house
resources will have to "be amplified by the use of consultants. The following work
should be initiated during 1970:
(a) Development of a manpower requirements data system. There is a need to
design and maintain a system to provide, on a continuing basis, a means for iden-
tifying current needs and forecasting longrange requirements for professional and
nonprofeasional manpower.
(b) An inventory and the development of a system for exchanging information
on significant courses, curricula, techniques, and methods used for training in
the water pollution control field. Such data would provide the means to avoid
duplication of effort and expenditure and assist in developing manpower and train-
ing programs in a more orderly fashion.
. (c) An in-depth analysis of training methods.
(d) A job and task analysis of waste treatment plant operators, in various
size plants, to provide the descriptive information necessary to develop appro-
priate levels and types of training.
(e) Identification and analysis of the impediments to the recruitment and
retention of water pollution control manpower and the development of devices
which may be appropriately used at the Federal level to alleviate problems which
are identified. Consideration would be given to the efficacy of career patterns
for professionals., technicians, and operators, the use of apprenticeships, and
mandatory certification of waste treatment plant operators.
There are a few of the areas which must be examined and where information
must be developed. Additional FWPCA staffing and funds for hiring consultants
will be required to conduct studies and analyses such as these, In administering
the training grant and research fellowship programs FWPCA will continue to perform
the following:
(a) Assist applicants in the development of grant proposals;
(b) Receive and review completed grant applications;
(c) Recommend approved applications for award;
(d) Authorize payment of funds;
(e) Develop and apply policies and regulations;
(f) Evaluate progress and terminal reports;
(g) Provide statistical and scientific reports on grant programs;
(h) Develop information on the status of training for program planning; and
(i) Maintain liaison with the scientific community to coordinate training
grant programs.
In addition^ program administration will continue to expand in the following
areas: review and evaluation of cost effectiveness of training grants program;
stimulate project development in the areas of primary importance to FWPCA and
accelerate visiting of active projects to develop information on training accomp-
lishments not available through progress or terminal reports.
8?
-------
in 1970s a total of 183 training and research fellowship grants involving
over $U.5 million will be serviced and a system for continuing evaluation of
program effectiveness will be put into effect.
Accomplishments
Late in 1968, & Division of Manpower and Training was established within
FWPCA to bring together for the first time various related programs which had
developed independently over the years without benefit of central direction* This
new division is developing an integrated approach to the many facets of the man-'
power problem. Existing programs are being carefully scrutinized to test their
relevancy and productivity. Existing needs data are being carefully scrutinized
and refined and alternative ways of meeting .manpower .needs are being explored. As
needs are more thoroughly understood and as supporting data are refined, signifi-
cant changes can be expected in the mix of programs and levels of support. It is
anticipated that the next five years will be a period of vastly accelerated effort
and accomplishments, of shifts in program emphasis and of new dimensions.
Another facet of accomplishment is in the area of in-house training. During
19693 FWPCA will continue its training program of offering special and advanced
technical courses for personnel of public agencies, as well as other appropriate
persons, concerned with water pollution control. In 1968, this program consi/sted
of 2k short courses, presented one or more times, one to two weeks duration, and
had an output of 1,317 persons. The courses were conducted at five FWPCA train-
ing facilities. In 1969, 28 short courses will be offered in the five training
facilities with a planned output of 1,^65 persons. It is expected that Federal
activities and installations will send an increasing number of their personnel
to FWPCA courses.
In 1969) the program will provide for the administration of 1?8 grants and
fellowships costing $U.O million as compared with 187 grants and $3,7 million in
1968.
In 1968, an analysis of the grant and fellowship programs was undertaken in
an effort to use six years of experience to guide future decisions on policy and
administration. Preliminary results were sufficiently revealing to warrant the
intensive analysis of .each of the programs in terms of cost per graduate, by vari-
ous classifications. These analyses will be correlated with field review of the
various training programs in an effort to improve our training investment. .Analy-
ses in 1968 serve as the basis for future estimates of manpower needs and supply
projections.
-------
(b) Graduateand specialtraining; Fiscal year 1969, $258,000; fiscal year 1970,
$258,000j no change.
Objective
To provide developmental opportunity in highly specialized areas for selected
technical and scientific PWPCA personnel with high potential to assist in meeting
critical program staffing requirements that cannot be met through normal recruit-
ment resources.
.Selected employees are assigned to universities each year for specialized
resident study at the graduate level. These assignments extend the professional
competence of 'key personnel into other critical requirement categories. Prior to
completion of the graduate training, these employees are considered for duty
assignments wherein the training they have received may be fully utilized. Through
this effort we will begin to develop our own competencies in the critical manpower
shortage categories.
Program of Work
Graduate level training in 1970 will be considered and approved on the basis
of meeting critical manpower needs of the Administration. Nominations for the
long-term graduate training program will be solicited for employees ready for
substantial career development and advancement whose planned graduate program is
related to the needs of the Administration in staffing to meet the changes in
program concept or emphasis, organization or functions. It will be designed to
provide employees with demonstrated potential an opportunity to extend their
professional background as engineers and scientists into other areas of critical
need such as operations research and systems analysis, urban and regional resources
planning, public administration, economies, and political science.
It is evident that there will be a continuing need to provide such training
opportunities for carefully selected personnel to continue to develop and upgrade
the competence of FWPCA's staff. The Administration is, therefore, faced with the
necessity to develop its own competence in these areas by providing maximum train-
ing opportunities for selected staff.
To effectively carry out the many complex and changing programs of the
Administration, it is essential that skilled personnel who are capable of
developing institutional arrangements for implementing pollution control programs
be available. This requires a sufficiently broad background in planning, economics
and public administration. By providing scientific or professional personnel with
advance training in the management field, the combination will contribute signifi-
cantly to accomplishment of future program objectives.
Aceomp11s hment s
In 1966, a total of 2k candidates submitted requests for long-term graduate
training to be conducted in 1967 and 15 applied iri 1968. A training committee,
composed of key program officials of the Administration, reviewed these requests
against selected categories of training needs and recommended approval of 17
candidates for 1967, 12 in 1968 and nine in 1969.
Immediately prior to completion of their training, the training committee
reviewed the graduate programs undertaken, by each employee and recommended
placements based on their extended academic experience* Each employee was
personally interviewed by key officials in whose program area the employee's
training and "background were most suitable. On the basis of this personal inter-
view and review and evaluation of background and completed training, the employees
were selected for assignments in the appropriate program area.
89
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Some examples of the program of study which were approved in fiscal year
1968 and 1969 that will greatly assist the Administration in meeting critical
needs are as follows:
(a) Study of the application of operations research and systems analysis
techniques to water resources engineering.
(b) Studies in waste water treatment processes, water resources chemistry and
microbiology. The program of study also vill include a review of water Resources
development including planning, hydrology, and the economic application.
(c) Studies to be pursued consist of three highly integrated components of
water resource management. They include 5 concepts, methodology, and problems of
water resources planning, development and management; chemical engineering aspects
of industrial waste treatment will cover technical courses such as physical
chemistry, transport phenomenon, and process design and control; research combining
the two above subject areas.
(d) .Studies in research in chemical engineering as applied to water pollution
control and treatment processes. Also included are studies in sanitary engineering,
water chemistry, and hydraulics.
(e) -Studies in water resources management designed to develop a working
knowledge of systems analysis and operation research as they relate to water
.resources systems and management; and to gain knowledge in the application of
regional and comprehensive planning as it relates to water pollution control.
(f) Study of the application of mathematical techniques to water quality
models, hydrology, mathematical analysis of data, and advanced waste treatment
methods.
(g) Advanced training in computer technology and systems analysis for
engineering and other professional or scientific personnel. Recruitment efforts
have failed to produce qualified candidates to fill positions in the field of
systems design, development'and analysis. There is no indication that the condi-
tion of the labor market will improve during the next several years. In view of
the Administration's responsibility for the far-reaching program of designing,
developing, improving, testing and installing systems and techniques for the
storage, retrieval, and processing of water quality, inventory, and other related
.data collected on streams, open bodies of water, etc., it is essential that steps
be taken to produce the skills and knowledge needed.
(h) Advanced training in economics for sanitary engineers. The combination
of economic and engineering skills is difficult to obtain. In spite of extensive
efforts to recruit candidates with these skills in the current labor market,
.applicants have not been available to meet the critical needs of the organization.
90
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Enforcement
SECTION TAB
-------
Enforcement
Increase (+)
Enforcement
balance lapsing.
Total „
FY 1968
Amount
Available
$3.020,576
.... 372,422
3,393,000
FY 1969
Amount
Available
$3,587,000
3,587,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$3,700,000
3,700,000
or Decrease (-)
1970 compared
with 1969
+$113,000
+113,000
-------
Enforcement; Fiscal year 1969, $3,587,000; fiscal year 1970, $3,700,000; increase,
$113,000.The increase consists of:
Increase (+) orDecrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions Explanation
(l) +$l|,000 ... .». ... To meet increased pay
costs.
(2) ,+109?OOP +6 $3,700,000 189 To strengthen and expand
enforcement capability
+113 OOQ +6 ^0 ca*"ry out regulatory
>—_, —_— actions as needed.
Heed for Increase
The increase of $109,000 to support six additional positions is needed to
assure an effective enforcement program directed to securing effectual compliance
with established water quality standards for the Nation's interstate waters and
with remedial requirements schedules established under continuing enforcement
actions. In this period, deadline dates for interim and final performance by
•municipal, industrial, and other sources of pollution'will increasingly fall due.
Based on intensified careful surveillance of progress toward meeting scheduled
requirements, it will be determined where it is necessary to apply authorized
enforcement measures in the case of recalcitrants.
Objective
The .Federal enforcement authority, in accordance with Section 10 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provides that measures be taken
to restore the maximum number of water uses through the abatement and control of
pollution of interstate or navigable waters which endangers the health or welfare
of any persons; to support and cooperate with State and interstate agencies in the
exercise of their enforcement authority to abate and control water pollution; to
'prevent and control pollution from Federal installations involved in enforcement
actions; to enforce the abatement of violations of water quality standards estab-
lished for interstate waters; and encourage cooperative activities by the States
relating to prevention and control of water pollution, including enactment of •
improved State laws and compacts between States.
The Water Quality Act of 1965 extended enforcement jurisdiction to the abate-
ment of discharges of wastes in violation of established water quality standards
for interstate waters. Enforcement authority and procedures to abate pollution of
interstate or navigable waters which endangers the health or welfare of any persons
are invoked at State request and, under certain circumstances, on Federal responsi-
bility and initiative without State request. Enforcement authority is accomplished
in a three-stage procedure: conference, public hearing, and court action. Each
successive stage is resorted to only if the previous one has not been effective.
Encouragement is provided the States for obtaining compliance under their own
authorities during the interim periods between successive stages.
The initial enforcement procedure—the informal conference between State and
Federal'authorities to explore the nature of the pollution situation, the delays
encountered, and to agree, if possible, on required remedial measures and the
schedule for their installations-has been notably satisfactory, it should be noted
that, out of a total of 1+5 initiated actions held to date, (mapand listing on pages
96 and 99)> it has been necessary to advance to the public hearing stage in
only four instances, and to only a single ultimate court action involving the City
of St. Joseph, Missouri. The h'y actions have been taken in many separate geo-
graphic areas. Forty-one States and. District of Columbia are parties to these
.actions. The actions involve approximately 1,300 municipalities, 1,300 industries,
-------
and will affect some 11,000 miles of rivers, as well as large areas of lakes and
bays. Remedial facilities built,, under construction, or scheduled, as a result of
agreements reached to date (Lake Michigan not included) under these actions, will
total about $10.5 billion.
The Water Quality Act of 1965 provided that the States establish water
quality standards for their interstate waters or they would be otherwise federally
promulgated. Violations are abatable through direct court action, except that a
stipulated 180 days are afforded for obtaining voluntary compliance before active
initiation of the court action. Again, every encouragement to the State authori-
ties to obtain compliance under their own measures is provided.
In addition to the enforcement authority under the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended, Section 211 of the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966
transferred the administration of the Oil Pollution Control Act, 1924, from the
Secretary of the Army to the Secretary of the Interior. This extended jurisdiction
to include not only portions of the sea within the territorial jurisdiction of the
United States and all inland waters navigable in fact in which the tide ebbs and
flows, but to encompass all inland navigable waters. An additional requirement
provides that persons discharging or permitting discharge of oil must remove it or
pay costs for its removal. Violators are subject to fine or imprisonment or both.
In administering this Act, the Secretary may, with the consent of the Comman-
dant of the Coast Guard ;and the Secretary of the Army, make use of their personnel,
equipment, organization, and agencies and of Army Corps of Engineers, Customs, and
Coast Guard personnel in its enforcement, as well as persons under his jurisdiction.
Program of WorK
The national commitment to abate, prevent, and control water pollution and
restore the cleanliness of our waters is expressed in its final sense through the
enforcement activity. In line with administration and Congressional mandates, the
enforcement authorities provided in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended, and the Oil Pollution Control Act, l^^, will be applied, when applicable,
to:
(l) abate long-standing pollution situations of a. serious nature which
endangers the health or welfare of any persons;
(2) ensure compliance with established water quality standards for interstate
waters; and
(3) control and prevent the dumping or spillage of oil from boats or vessels.
It is anticipated that enforcement action will be initiated to abate pollution
of interstate or navigable waters invoked at State requests or on the basis of
reports, studies, or surveys indicating the need for Federal action. Voluntary
compliance to institute remedial measures will be sought, where possible, where
violations of water quality standards and the Oil Pollution Control Act, 192^,
occur—and through court action wherever required.
In some of the areas where enforcement actions are instituted, a wide range
of complex technical issues must be resolved before a schedule of abatement and
control measures can be developed. Extensive on-site studies are conducted to
develop the information necessary to establish a sound basis for water quality
control programs in such cases, or an active post surveillance activity to assure
that the measures for abating pollution are installed and are eliminating the
pollution problems. The number of these situations cannot be predicted.
93
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Ac complishments
Initial Conferences in 1968
Eastern New Jersey Shore-from Shark River to Cape May (Mew Jersey)
The conference was held November 1, 196?. The conferees agreed that the
estuaries and tributaries of eastern New Jersey, from Shark River on the north to
Cape May on the south, receive the discharge of wastes from municipal waste treat-
ment plants, individual septic tanks and cesspools, boats and land drainage. As
a result, these waters are polluted by bacteria, suspended solids and nutrients.
Because of the existing or potential pollution of these waters, the State of New
Jersey, under the cooperative arrangements governing the National Shellfish Sanit-
ation Program, has closed more than 36,000 acres of water to the direct harvesting
of shellfish, leaving 127,000 acres available for shellfish harvesting. These
closures have caused substantial economic injury resulting from the inability to
market shellfish or shellfish products in interstate commerce. The estimated
economic loss to the region is at least $1.5 million annually. The eonferees
agreed upon a program of remedial action.
Lake Michigan and Its Tributary; Basin _(_Wisconsin-Illinois-Indiana-Miehif;an)
The conference was called by the Secretary of the Interior at the request of
the. Honorable Otfco Kerner, Governor of Illinois, and on the basis of reports,
surveys, or studies. The conference was opened on January 31» 1968. The problems
affecting Lake Michigan include eutrophication, bacterial pollution, chemical
pollution, oxygen depletion, electric power plants, wastes from watercraft, oil
pollution, disposal of dredged material, alewives, and pesticides.
Bos ton Harborand ITt s Tr ib utar ie s (Mas sac fausett s )
This conference, held May 20, 1968, was the fourth to be called by the Secre-
tary under the shellfish provisions of the Act. The level of performance of the
new Deer Island primary waste treatment plant, the largest and most important
treatment facility in the Harbor, was considered. The conferees agreed to issue
periodic status reports on the effectiveness of pollution abatement accomplished "by
this plant and other municipal and industrial waste contributors.
NewIg6gConference
Lake Champlain andrjts_ Tributary Basin (Hew York-Vermont)
Called upon the request of the Vermont Department of Water Resources and by
the Secretary of the Interior, this bi-State conference held its first session on
November 13, December 19-20, 1968. The conferees paid particular attention to the
problem of a New York pulp and paper ..mill's sludge deposits which cause pollution
of Vermont's contiguous waters in the southern part of the Lake. The conferees
decided to recommend that a thorough study of the sludge problem be carried out and
that a technical committee study criteria for chlorination practices, bacteria
counts, temperature and dissolved oxygen.
Reconvened Conferences and Progress Meetings in1968 and 1969
In 1968 six previously initiated conferences were reconvened. These confer-
ences concerned (l) the Colorado River (sixth session held July 26, 1967); (<-)
Puget Sound (second session held September 6-^ 1967); (3) the Hudson River (second
session held September 20-21, 1967); (U) the Connecticut River (second session
held September 27, 1967); (5) the Coosa River (second session held April 11, 1968);
and (6) the Blackstone and Ten Mile Rivers (second session held May 28, 1968).
Progress evaluation meetings were held concerning (l) the Calumet Rivers-Lake
Michigan (September 11, 1967); (2) the Red River of the North (December 6} 1967);
-------
(3) Moriches Bay and Eastern Section of Great South Bay (April 23, 1968); (U) the
Upper Mississippi River (April 30, 1968); and (5) Lake Erie (June k, 1968).
To date in 1$)69» reconvened conferences have numbered four. The areas con-
oerned ares(l) Lake Erie (fourth session held October 4, 1968); (2) the Pearl
Biver (second session held November 7> 1968); (3) Calumet Rivers-Lake Michigan
(December H, 1968); and (h) the Merrimack and Nashua Rivers (second session held
December 18, 1968).
At present, major on-site investigations or surveillance activities, as a
result of enforcement actions, are under way in seven areas.
95
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FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
1. Corney Creek Drainage System
(Arkansas-Louisiana)
2. Big Blue River
(Nebraska-Kansas)
3. Missouri River-St. Joseph, Missouri Area
(Missouri-Kansas)
4. Missouri River-Omaha, Nebraska Area
(Nebraska-Kansas-Missouri-Iowa)
5. Potomac River-Washington Metropolitan Area
(District of Columbia-Maryland-Virginia)
6. Missouri River-Kansas City Metropolitan Area
(Kansas-Missouri)
7. Mississippi River-St. Louis Metropolitan Area
(Missouri-Illinois)
8. Animas River
(Colorado-New Mexico)
9. Missouri River-Sioux City Area
(South Dakota-Iowa-Nebraska)
10. Lower Columbia River
(Washington-Oregon)
11. Bear River
(Idaho-Wyoming-Utah)
12. Colorado River and all tributaries
(Colorado-Utah-Ari2ona-Nevada-California-
New Mexico-Wyoming)
IS. North Fork of the Holston River
(Tennessee-Virginia)
11+. Raritan Bay ;
(New Jersey-New York)
15. North Platte River
(Nebraska-Wyoming)
16. Puget Sound
(Washington)
17. Mississippi River-Clinton, Iowa Area
(Illinois-Iowa)
18. Detroit River
(Michigan)
19. Androscoggin River
(New Hamsphire-Maine)
96
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Federal Water Pollution Enforcement Actions (continued)
20. Escambia River
(Alabama-Florida)
21. Coosa River
(Georgia-Alabama)
22. Pearl liver
(Mississippi-Louisiana)
23. South KLatte River
(Colorado)
2k. Menominee River
(Michigan-Wisconsin)
25- Lower Connecticut River
(Massachusetts-Connecticut)
26. Monongahela River
(West Virginia-Pennsylvania-Maryland)
27. Snake River-Lewiston, Idaho-Clarkstqn,
Washington Area
(Idaho-Washington)
28. Upper Mississippi River
(Minnesota-Wisconsin)
29. Merrimack and Nashua Rivers
(New Hampshire-Massachusetts)
30. Lower Mississippi River
(Arkansas-Tennessee-Mississippi-Louisiana)
31. Blackstone and Ten Mile Rivers
(Massachusetts-Rhode Island)
32. Lower Savannah River
(South Carolina-Georgia)
33. Mahoning River
(Ohio-Pennsylvania)
3^. Grand Calumet River, Little"Calumet River, Calumet River,
Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan, and their tributaries
(Illinois-Indiana)
35. Lake Erie
(Michigan-Indiana-Ohio-Pennsylvania-New York)
36. Red River of the North
(Minnesota-North Dakota)
37. Hudson River
(New York-New Jersey)
38. Chattahoochee R^Lver
(Georgia-Alabama)
97
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Federal Water Poll'ution Enforcement Actions (continued)
39. Lake Tahoe
(California-Nevada)
kO. Moriches Bay and Eastern Section of Great South Bay
and their tributaries
(Long Island, New York)
kl. Penobscot River and Upper Penobscot Bay
and their tributaries
(Maine)
k-2. Eastern New Jersey Shore—from Shark River to Cape May
(New Jersey)
1+3. Lake Michigan and its tributary basin
(Wisconsin-Illinois-Indiana-Michigan)
kk. Boston .Harbor and its tributaries
(Massachusetts)
^5. Lake Champlain and its tributary basin
(New York-Vermont)
98
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Federal Water Pollution Enforcement Actions
in STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR * FEQERAl WATIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
January 1969
VO
NO
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Executive direction
and support
SECTION TAB
-------
Executive direction and support
a. Direction, coordination and management support.
ID. Public information...„...,....„..
c. Commissioned officer retirement fund...........
'Unobligated balance lapsing........................
Total.
FT 1968
Amount
Available
$»b 027,095
17.906
FT 1969
Amount
Available
1^,606,000
518,000
158,000
FY 1970
Estimate
$1,718,000
5ft ,000
Increase (+)
or Decrease (-)
1970 compared
with 1969
+$112,000
+1*6,000
-158,000
1^811,000
5,282,000
5,282,000
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Executive direction and support
FY 1968
Amount
Available
FY 1969
Amount
ailable
FY 1970
Estimate
a. Direction, coordination and management support
b. Public informa-c^pn
c. Commissioned offieter retirement fund
Unobligated balance laps
Total
Increase (+)
or Decrease (-)
1970 compared
with 1969
+$72,000
+86,000
-158.000
S
o
-------
Direction,
coordination and
management
supoort
SECTION TAB
-------
a. Direction? coordination and management support
1 . Headquarters ..*...».»..,,
2 . Regional offices
FY 1969
Amount
Available
........ $3,111,000
1,1*95,000
General
FY 1970
Estimate
$3 220 000
1,14.98,000
4,718 000
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
Over 1962_
4.1 OQ OOf)
+3^000
+112,000
Overall leadership, direction and administrative support are essential and
necessary functions of any organization* These kinds of activities become
particularly important for FWPCA which has been expanding and increasing its
financial, manpower and facility resources.
In the past several years, FWPCA has grown from an organization of 1,936
employees as of June 30, 1966 to 2,71^ on June 30, 1968; established its own
regional boundaries and related offices; established administrative management
support activities at headquarters and in the field;' is continuing various stages•
of planning and/or constructing of 10 laboratory facilities; has implemented two
major pieces of legislation, the Water Quality Act of 1965 a^(i the Clean Water
Restoration Act of 1966;' and has realized a budget increase from $107.0 million
for 1966 to $300.9 million in 1969. It should be noted that all of this has been
accomplished during years in which stringent fiscal and manpower limitations have
been in effect. FWPCA proposes to continue expanding and strengthening its
programs. To provide necessary direction, coordination and administrative support
for the proposed expansion in program requirements and related manpower needs both
at headquarters and in the field, additional resources are required*
!• jeadguarters; Fiscal year 1969, $3,111,000; fiscal year 1970, $3,220,000;
increase, $109,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+)or Decrea.se (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions
(l) +$5,000
(2) +121,000
(3) -17,000
+10
$3,095,000
+10
Explanation
To meet increased pay costs.
Provide administrative
support to meet new and
expanding program require-
ments .
Nonrecurring costs of.
consolidating headquarters
staff at Crystal Mall,
Virginia.
Need for Increase
Automation management
FWPCA has the responsibility to develop and implement B national plan for the
control of water quality and the abatement of pollution of the" waters within the
United States. In order for the Administration to effectively execute its
responsibilities within a rapidly changing environment, it is necessary to have
all the pertinent resource data within the Administration readily available. This
information is not now available at headquarters. The availablility of accurate
and current information pertaining to regional activities at the national level,
101
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.a. Direction, coordination and management support
1. Headquarters $3,111,000
2. Regional offices 1,1*95,-OOP
FY 1969
Amount
Available
$3,111,000
1,495,000 ,
4,6o6,ooer
X
FY 1970/
Estimate
$3^3^5,000
Xi» 583^000
4,678,000
Increase (+1
Decrease (-)
Over 1969
- $16, ooo
+88,000
+72,000
va
Overall leadership, direction and/'administrative support are essential and
necessary functions of any organization. These kinds of activities "become
particularly important for FWPCA imlch pas been expanding and increasing its
financial, manpower and facility resources.
In the past several yarfrs, FWPCA has grown from an organization of 1,93*5
employees as of June 30, ^§66 to 2,714 on\ June 30, 1968; established its own
regional boundaries and/related offices; established administrative .management
'support activities at/headquarters and in toe field; is continuing various stages
of planning and/or (instructing of 10 laboratory facilities; has implemented two
.major pieces of legislation, the Water Quality Act of 1965 and the Clean Water
Restoration Act/of 1966; and has realized a oudget increase from $187. 0 million
for 1966 to $3do.9 million in 1969. It shoulA "be noted that all of this has been
accomplished/during years in which stringent fiscal and manpower limitations have
been in effect. FWPCA proposes to continue expanding and strengthening its
programs/ To provide necessary direction, coordination and administrative support
for the/proposed expansion in program requirement^ and related manpower needs both
at he/ra. quarters and in the field, additional resouVces are required-.
1. Headg.uarterg: Fiscal year 1969, $3,111,000; fis
decrease, -$16,000> The decrease consists of:
Increase ( + ) or JDecrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions
pal year 1970, $3,09.5,000;
(l) +$5,000
(2) +121,000
(3) -
To
Explanation
meet increased pay costs.
+10
$3,095,000 242
-.16,000
+10
Need for Iifcrease
ProVide administrative
support to meet new and
exmnding program require-
ments,
fonrecurring costs of
consolidating headquarters
staff at Crystal Mall,
Virginia.
Automation management
FWPCA has the responsibility to develop and implement a national plan for the
control of water quality^afici the abatement of pollution of the 'waters within the
United States. In opter for the Administration to effectively execute its
responsibilities Within a rapidly changing environment, it is necessary to have
all the pertinent resource data within the Administration readily available. This
Information is not now available at headquarters. The availablility of accurate
and current Information pertaining to regional activities at the national level,
101
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as well as at the regional level, is doubtful. However, national plans must "be
developed, programs budgeted for, and implementation of plans undertaken. The
absence of such information makes the evaluation of regional plans, with respect
to national requirements, impossible in the necessary manner.
Heretofore, computer service needs have been acquired by whatever local
arrangements the user could make* However, in the past year FWPCA embarked on a
program to establish a "national network" plan. This plan involves a national
telecommunication network linking each data processing user, via telephone lines,
with a switching center at FWPCA in Washington, D. C., which in turn is linked
with the U, S. Geological Survey Computer Center, also in Washington, D. C.
The major advantages of this plan are: Relatively quick response to data
processing requirements, whether project, laboratory, regional office or head-
quarters originatedj rapid turn-around time for specific data processing assign-
ments, such as compilations, debugging, analytical problem solving, etc.- the
availability of an extremely large and fast computer configuration at minimum
cost, since the tremendous amount of national work load causes lower unit costs
to be achieved. Computer program development can be controlled and accomplished
centrally, making standard models and other applications available nationally at
significantly lower costs for program development; and finally, and most
importantly, water resource data, management information, and congressional
queries can be handled quickly and accurately from a central management informa-
tion or data bank system.
Some of the program data requirement areas requiring attention for national
or regional purposes include municipal wastes and water facility inventories,
water quality data, water flow data (STORET), and water quality standards plans
to evaluate pollution abatement progress, evaluation of State plans, river "basin
planning, data for establishing effective and realistic priority assignment for
construction projects, and technical support. Automated support programs for
administrative functions are also under development for personnel applications
to reflect strength by skill level and location, integrated cost accounting,
budgeting .and project planning and control accounting to facilitate the deter-
mination of progress of and value received for the resources needed.
As an FWPCA management information system is developed, it will provide the
data reflecting the use of all WPCA resources which is vital to questions which
are generated by the Congress and other government bodies. The system should be
capable of being queried and providing answers in a matter of minutes from the
central data bank, thereby avoiding the lost time required to poll the many
regional, laboratory and project offices which is the current practice. It should
further permit the rapid identification of the location and nature of such
resources as personnel, equipment, property and facilities available within the
Administration. This cannot currently be done without placing an additional time
consuming burden upon the field activities.
In order to meet these requirements, the staff of automation management must
be expanded and strengthened to ensure effective development and coordination of
FWPCA-wide policies and procedures, planning acquisition, utilization and
management of data processing and communications equipment and systems. In
addition, the staff must also provide adequate and timely assistance and services
to all elements of FWPCA, as requested, in capturing data; designing data formats;
designing program logic and writing computer programs in administrative areas;
testing and debugging; developing and maintaining all administrative computer
applications and programs; operating and providing machine services; and develop-
ing and coordinating a program of training for improving and maintaining qualifi-
cations and skills in this field.. For this purpose, the increase includes five
positions and $66,000.
102
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Accountingoperations
In 1968 a nationally centralized accounting operations activity was estab-
lished in Washington, D. C., to service all FWPCA activities. Therefore, every
financial transaction occurring nationally is processed, reviewed and recorded
at the headquarters level. As programs and related employment expand, work load
in this area increases. The following are some statistics to illustrate the
magnitude of some of the work load impact which are measurable: In 1968, the
first year of this operation, nearly 36^000 documents were administratively
audited and processed for payments by the Treasury Department. In 1969; it is
estimated that nearly 1*8,000 documents will be processed with nearly 57,000
estimated for 1970 with the increase primarily due to proposed program increases
for 1970. Although additional staff was authorized for 1969 > the employment
ceiling restriction has eliminated this resource.- In order to meet the increasing
requirements in 1969, the staff is working a considerable amount of overtime.
However, this kind of working condition is not conducive to good management
practice. In order to correct the situation and enable this activity to meet the
increased work load estimated for 1970, the increase includes five clerical
positions and $55,000,
Monrecurriag costs of cpnaolidating^heji^uarters^ _staff at CrystalniiMallj Virginia,
In 1969, headquarters activities that were housed in five different locations
were moved to Crystal Mall, Virginia. Although a large portion of the costs
of this move were financed by other agencies, there was nearly $lU23000 of costs
that had to be borne by FWPCA. To fund this need, savings were used from the
$300,000 originally appropriated for the civil service retirement fund contri-
butions, as required by law for the Public Health Service Commissioned Officers
who converted to Civil Service status. Although this amount was initially
considered as non-recurring in 1970,[it now develops that .FWPCA will be required
to transfer about $100,0^5 to GSA for the cost of the space occupied in excess
tof the credits for the space vacated. This will be a one-time transfer to GSA
and it then becomes their responsibility,, An additional problem is the fact that
the telephone maintenance and service costs are higher in Virginia than in
Washington, B.C. Therefore, $2^,95.5 will be applied to offset 1970 additional
costs. These are essential costs and therefore must be met. The net balance of
•$17,000 is being declared as non-recurring,
• ' Obj ective
Provide overall leadership, direction, coordination and administrative
'management support to facilitate attainment of FffiPCA program missions. The
functions supported at headquarters under this activity include the following:
Office of the Commissioner
Office of Program Coordination
Water Pollution Control Advisory Board
Office of Administration
(a) Office of Assistant Commissioner
(b) Office of Management Analysis
(c) Office of Equal Employment and Opportunity
(d) Personnel Management
(e) Financial Management
(f) General Services
(g) Facilities Management
(h) Automation Management
103
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Program of Work
Continue providing overall leadership and direction, establish policies, j
plans, regulations and directives as needed. Continue expanding and strengthening
the quantification of agency output objectives to make possible more incisive and
far-reaching program analysis and reviews. Provide guidance, coordination and
direction, and, where applicable, provide services to headquarters and field
program activitle s.
Accomplishments
| In 1968 and 1969 to date considerable amount of effort was devoted by top
management in the review and approval process of water quality standards, oil
pollution contingency plans, new legislative proposals, program review and report-
ing systems and the reorganization of headquarters and regional offices.
During 1968 and to date in 1969, increased attention was given to refining the
administrative management support operations at both headquarters and the field.
Fiscal management operations were transferred from the Department of Health,
Education and Welfare and became the full responsibility of EVPCA. A total person-
nel management program encompassing goals and objectives was implemented which
103A
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Ac count ing pperat ions
In 1968 a nationally centralized accounting operations activity was-^estab-
lished in Washington, D. C., to service all FWPCA activities. Therefore, every
financial transaction occurring nationally is processed, reviewed/^nd recorded
at the headquarters level. As programs and related employmentxexpand, work load
in this area increases. The following are some statistics JTO illustrate the
magnitude of some of the work load impact which are measurable; In 1968, the
first year of this operation, nearly 36,000 documents^ere administratively
audited and processed for payments by the TreasuryJffepartment. In 1969> it is
estimated that nearly 48,000 documents will be tjarocessed with nearly 57,000
estimated for 1970 with the increase primarilj^^Que to proposed program increases
for 1970. Although additional staff was authorized for 1969, the employment
ceiling restriction has eliminated this eesource. In order to meet the increasing
requirements in 19^9, the staff is woriklrfg a considerable amount of overtime.
However, this kind of working condition ils not conducive to goo.d management
practice. In order to correct thp'situation and enable this activity to meet the
increased work load estimated ffstr 1970, t|ie increase includes five clerical
positions and $55>000.
ObjeclSfLve
Provide overall^Xeadership, direction, ^coordination and administrative
management support/co facilitate attainment of FWPCA program missions. The
functions supported at headquarters under thi!§ activity include the following:
Office of the CommissionerX
Office of Program Coordinai3aon
Water Pollution Control .Adv\sory Board
Office of Administration
(a) Office of Assistant Commissioner
(b) Office of Management Analysis
(c) Office of Equal Employraent\and Opportunity
(d) Personnel Management
(e) Financial Management
(f) General Services
(g) Facilities Management
(h) Automation Management
Program of Work
Continue providing overall leadership and direction,\establish policies,
plans, regulations and directives as needed. Continue expanding and strengthening
the quantification of agency output objectives to make possible more incisive and
far-reaching program analysis and reviews. Provide guidance, coordination and
direction, and, where applicable, provide
program activitie s..
services to headquarters and field
Ac compllshments
In 1968 and 1969 to date considerable amount oF'effort was devoted by top
management in the review and approval process ofxfeter quality standards, oil
pollution contingency plans, new legislation-proposals, program review and report-
ing systems and the reorganization of headquarters and regional offices.
During 1968 and to date 111,19697 increased attention vas given to refining the
administrative management siyspOTt operations at both headquarters and the field.
Fiscal management operatitms were transferred from the Department of Health,
Education and Welfare"'and became the full responsibility of FWPCA. A total person-
nel management program encompassing goals and objectives was implemented which
103
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gives recognition to the need for self evaluation, training and utilization of the
work force, career planning, equal employment opportunity, automation of personnel
systems, effective employee-management communications. In the field of automation,
there were many scientific, technical and administrative applications implemented
in whole or in part. These applications will become the base for an integrated
management information system to meet current data needs and for long-range
planning purposes .
Increased work loads and accelerated activities took place in the number of
procurement actions, particularly related to research and development contracts.
Also, increased activity has beeri focused on the provisions of Executive '
Order 11246 vested in the Secretary of Labor for promoting and insuring of equal
employment opportunity on government contracts and federally assisted construction
contracts. The Department of Labor regulations outline significant levels of
effort to be expended in implementing this program nationwide. FWPCA has been
required to participate in a number of preaward conferences when federally assisted
construction contracts in excess of $1 million were involved. In addition, such
contracts must be continuously monitored to insure compliance.
FWPCA is also in the process, through a contractual arrangement of having a
study conducted for the purpose of developing standards and principles of an
integrated PPB and accounting information system. The House Government Operations
Committee insisted that all agencies accelerate their efforts to develop and
implement such a system to the extent feasible with the approval of GAO. These
standards and principles are anticipated to be completed in early March and
submitted for appropriate approvals. The next step is the design and installation
of the system which will be a high priority project including the development of
applicable policies, procedures and operating instructions. A combination of
outside assistance and the limited capabilities available in financial management
will be utilized to accomplish this effort, hopefully, early in 1970.
During January 1969* all FWPCA headquarters personnel were moved to Crystal
Mall, Arlington, Virginia. This action brought under one roof, for the first time
since 1966, all Washington area headquarters personnel which prior to the move were
housed in five different locations in Washington. This consolidation eliminated
many operating problems that were encountered under such conditions. Headquarters
operating effectivess should increase under the present arrangement.
2. Regional offices: Fiscal year 1969, $1.,U95S000; fiscal year 197Q* $1,1*98,000;
increase, $3,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program .Positions Explanation
(l) +$3,000 ... ; ... ... To meet increased pay
costs.
Regional directors represent the Commissioner and their objective, therefore,
is to provide leadership, supervision, coordination and administrative management
support for all program activities under their Jurisdiction.
RrograiB of Work and Accomplishments
This program includes carrying out and, when necessary interpreting policies of
the Administration and supervision, conduct and coordination of assigned programs ,
activities and projects. New and expanded program activities in the past few years
are placing a tremendous demand on the regional organization. Considerable amount
of emphasis is and will continue to be placed on developing a more effective
federal, State and local cooperative approach for water pollution control.
-------
gives recognition to the need for self evaluation, training and utilization of the
work force, career planning, equal employment opportunity, automation of personnel
systems, effective employee-management communications. In the field of automation,
there were many scientific, technical and administrative applications implemented
in whole or in part. These applications will become the base for an integrated
management information system to .meet current data needs and for J0dg-range
planning purposes.
Increased work loads and accelerated activities took/p*lace in the number of
procurement actions, particularly related to research $m development contracts.
Also, increased activity has been focused onxtfhe provisions of Executive
Order 11246 vested in the Secretary of Labor for promoting and insuring of equal
employment opportunity on government contracts and federally assisted construction
contracts. The Department of Labor regulations outline significant levels of
effort to be expended in implementing tMs program nationwide. FWPCA has been
required to participate in a number of/preaward conferences when federally assisted
construction contracts in excess of>$l millilon were involved. In addition, such
contracts must be continuously,moaTtored to insure compliance.
FWPCA is also in the process, through a contractual arrangement of having a
study conducted for the purpose of developingVstandards and principles of an
integrated PPB and accounting information syslSein. The House Government Operations
Committee insisted that/all agencies accelerate their efforts to develop'and
implement such a system to the extent feasible with the approval of GAO. These
standards and principles are anticipated to be Aompleted in early March and
submitted for appropriate approvals. The next s\ep is the design and installation
of the system which will be a high priority projeVt including the development of
applicable policies, procedures and operating inswuctions. A combination of
outside assistance and the limited capabilities available in financial management
will be utilized to accomplish this effort, hopefulW, early in 1970,
ring January 1969, all FWPCA headquarters personnel were moved to Crystal
Mall, Arlington, Virginia. This action brought under Vie roof, for the first time
since 1966, all Washington area headquarters personnel wiich prior to the move were
housed in five different locations in Washington. This consolidation eliminated
many operating problems that were encountered under such opnditions. Headquarters
operating effeetivess should increase under the present arrangement.
2- Regional offices: Fiscal year 1969, $1,^95,000; fiscal
increase, $88,000. The increase consists of:
Increase (+) .or Decrease r("), Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions
rear 1970, $1,583,000;
(l) +$3,000
(2) +85,000
+88.000
+2 $1,583,000
Need for Increasj
123
Eicglanati.cn
To/ meet increased pay
costs.
To provide additional
clerical support.
The work load of administrative suppoct^activities in the regiqnal offices
continues to grow. Since the establishjaefrt of regional offices several years ago,
the management support activities wjig'eh include personnel management, financial
management (excluding accounting^and general services, staffing has been
constrained due to personngXfimitations.
To compound thg^rftuation, additional staffing authorized for 1969 has been
deferred because-"©:? new employment restrictions. Every effort will be made to
meet at least essential and minimal support requirements. However, this situation
10U
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Progress in Implementing the State water quality standard plans will be
critically watched; monitoring of water quality through joint Federal-State
efforts to assure compliance to standards will be strengthened; formulation of
local institutional arrangements for the development of water pollution action
programs for river basins will be accelerated; technical support to States and
local communities and others for solving specific pollution problems will be
expanded; and assistance to other Federal agencies to solve their pollution
problems will be extended. This increased activity places additional demands
on the regional directors and will require considerable amount of coordination
and supervision and effective and timely administrative support.
105
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cannot continue in 1970 without seriously affecting the programs. The regional
administrative staff provides support in varying degrees to programs located in
the nine regional offices, seven .major laboratory facilities and 32 other field
offices or facilities. These offices and laboratories are located in 32 different
States.
Serving and supporting programs and personnel irf'Vll FWPCA locations creates
more than the normal rate of problems that would b€ encountered if they were
located in or adjacent to the regional off ice ./They are not insurmountable,
however, if adequate staff is available. Therefore, to enable effective support
for existing personnel and programs and for the additional program field staff
proposed for 1970, an increase of nine positions and $85,000 is requested,
Regional directors represent the C
is to provide leadership, supervision,
Objective
immissioner and their objective, therefore,
.oqrdination and administrative management
support for all program activities under\their jurisdiction.
rograa of Work .a.QdVccompliBhmenta
This program includes carrying out and\ when necessary, interpreting policies of
the Administration and supervision, conduct aVd coordination of assigned programs ,
activities and^projects. New and expanded program activities in the past few years
are placing a/tremendous demand on the regional organization. Considerable amount
of emphasis/is and will continue to be placed \n developing a more effective
Federal, Srcate and local cooperative approach for water pollution control,.
Progres^r in implementing the State water quality*, standard plans will be critically
•watched; monitoring of water quality through joint .Federal-State efforts to assure
compliance to standards will be strengthened; formulation of local institutional
arrangements for the development of water pollutiom action programs for river basins
will be accelerated; technical support to States ana. local communities and others
for solving' specific pollution problems will be expanded; and assistance to other
Federal agencies to solve their pollution problems -will be extended. This increased
activity places additional demands on the regional directors and will require
considerable amount of coordination and supervision and1 effective and timely
administrative support.
105
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106
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Public Information
SECTION TAB
-------
b. Public information: Fiscal year 1969, $518,000; fiscal year 1970, $56U,000;
increase $^6,000,The increase consists of:
Increase(+) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount Positions Program Positions Explanation
(l) +$1,000 ... ... ... To meet increased pay costs.
(2) *fe»000 .... $561)-,000 30 Provide additional material
capability for national
+jt-6,000 ,.. direction and dissemination
of information.
Need for Increase
$1*5,000 is requested to strengthen overall coordination and guidance of
FWPCA's public information programs by providing increased emphasis to the area of
of visual aids.
The battle against water pollution will never be won without ardent and
continuing public support. Fortunately, public opinion polls show that the
American people are already aware of the water pollution problem. However, many
other important issues are competing for the public's attention, such as the war
in Viet Nam, crime in the streets, the war on poverty, civil rights, the struggle
for better schools and the battle against air pollution. .In the clamor to
provide support for these worthy causes, the voices of those calling for clean
water may go largely unheard.
Since the public has been hearing about water pollution for years and knows
of no river anywhere in America that has actually been restored, its interest in
this subject may well finally begin to waver. Especially when the citizen
discovers the staggering cost of cleaning up a river, is he likely to become
disheartened.
Existing resources are inadequate to effectively meet this challenge. The
regional information officer is responsible for organizing, planning, and
directing FWPCA's public information program within his region. He prepares
speeches, special statements, press releases, and related material on a continuing
basis. These offices are the source of information concerning missions and
programs of FWPCA for the.general public, special interest groups, and the
information media—press, radio, television, and magazines. An increased visual
aids program will do much to assist our personnel in providing these services.
If the public information office is to be an effective management tool in
reporting on water pollution problems and the efforts and achievements made by
FWPCA's expanding and complex programs, these additional resources are necessary.
Objective
The basic objective of the Office of Public Information, both at headquarters
and in the field, is to put the facts about water pollution and water pollution
prevention and control on the public record, and to provide information in such'
form as to be most useful to groups, organizations, and individuals whose coopera-
tion is essential to the success of the entire program. The first part of this
objective serves the public's right to know what FWPCA is doing and trying to do
about water pollution. The second part serves the public's need to know how the
107
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t. Publi c information ; Fiscal year 1969, $518,000; fiscal year 1970, $6(&,000;
increase $86 , 000 . ' The increase consists of:
Increase ( + ) or Decrease (-) Total Total
Amount^
(l) +$1,000
(2) +8^,000
+86,000
Positions
« > 9
+6
+6
Program Positions
$60^,000
36
creased pay costs.
PrqydxLe additional profes-
and material capa-
Dility for national direction
and dissemination of infor-
mation and secretarial
support for regional infor-
mation officers.
Need fo£ Increase
additional positions and $85,0(|0 are requested to strengthen overall
coordination and guidance of FWP0&'s punlic information programs, give increased
emphasis to the area of visual/aids, alleviate the broad range of an increasing
work load in the area of scientific and technical information services and provide
for the urgent need of .secretarial staff \for regional public information officers.
The battle againsj/water pollution will never be won without ardent and
continuing public support. Fortunately, public opinion polls show that the
American people are/already aware of the water pollution problem. However, many
other important issues are competing for the public's attention, such as the war
in Viet Nam, crime in the streets, the war 4n poverty, civil rights, the struggle
for better schools and the battle against air pollution. In the clamor to provide
support for/^hese worthy causes, the voices \f those calling for clean water may
go largely/unheard.
Since the public has been hearing about ifeter pollution for years and knows
of no/river anywhere in America that has actuaily been restored, its interest in
this/subject may well finally begin to waver. ^Especially when the citizen
discovers the staggering cost of cleaning up a Stiver, is he likely to become
disheartened.
Existing resources are inadequate to effectively meet this challenge. There-
fore, the increase includes one professional and pne secretary for headquarters,
and urgently needed secretarial staff in the regional offices. The regional
information officer is responsible for organizing,! planning, and directing FWPCA's
public information program within his region. He prepares -speeches, special
statements, press releases, and related material oi a continuing basis. These
offices are the source -of information concerning missions and programs of FWPCA
for the general public, special interest groups, ar|d the information media—press,
radio, television, and magazines.
If the public information office is to be an Effective management tool in
reporting on water pollution problems and the efforts and achievements made by
FWPCA's expanding and complex programs, these additional resources are necessary.
Obje,cti\
The basic objective of the QfflcexJf Public Information, both at headquarters
and in the field, is to put the fap-tfs about water pollution and water pollution
prevention and control on the public record, and to provide information in such
form as to be most useful jt6"*groups, organizations, and individuals whose coopera-
tion is essential to^^^feg'success of the entire program* The first part of this
objective serve,5.--tKe public's right to know what FWPCA is doing and trying to do
about wa±er"p*oilution. The second part serves the public's need to know how the
107
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water pollution control program works in order to participate effectively in the
program at State and local levels.
Program of Work,
The program of work of the Office of Public Informal! on for 1970 will place
Increased emphasis on how water pollution can be controlled. This will serve the
dual purpose of maintaining public awareness of the fact that water pollution can
be controlled, the dominant initial theme of the FWPCA information program, and
helping to channel widespread public interest into effective action against all
forms of water pollution.
Ac complishnient s
FWPCA's Office of Public Information won the 1968 "Thoth" award, which is
the Washington Chapter of the Public Relations Society of America's Oscar for
excellence.
The Public Information Office received the award for professional excellence
in the government category. It was in recognition of the FWPCA1s total informa-
tion program, including- press relations, radio and television campaigns, publica^-
tions and presentations and speech and article writing.
Two TV spots and 18 radio spots were produced during FY 1969 and distributed
to stations throughout the country. They have been widely acclaimed by stations
.and broadcasting publications.
For example, Lawrence Laurent, radio and television columnist for the
Washington,Post, wrote in a review of the FWPCA TV spots, "I attended a preview
yesterday of two of the one-minute TV messages and each is excellent,"
Here are some comments from radio stations about the .radio spots produced
by FWPCA's Office of Public Information: '
Clem Candelaria, program manager, KTVT, Fort Worth, Texas; "I have just
received two public service spots in regard to water pollution that were mailed
to us. I want to take this opportunity to tell you how impressed I am with the
quality and message content of the spots,"
Adrian L. White, KPOC, Pocahontas, Arkansas; "Excellent production. Enter-
taining and informative." ' /
Jay Merrick, WNFL, Green Bay, Wisconsin; "One word describes the material—
excellent."
Greg Scott, KANE, New Iberia, Louisiana; "Very good and to the point."
Lee Roberts, KBOL, Boulder, Colorado; "I think they are well done, catchy
spots. They should get the massage across."
Past TV and radio spots have helped keep the volume of mail addressed to
"Clean Water" at 1,000 a month and the new spots are expected to boost this flow
of mail.
Phone inquiries from the press have risen to about 225 a week and personal
visits by correspondents to about 30 a week. Extensive research and editorial
assistance was given to LIFE magazine for a picture layout and editorial on the
Great Lakes, and in other special water pollution control campaigns around the
country. During the last 12 months 112 press releases on various developments
were issued, 52 weekly round-up releases on construction grants, 52 issues of
Water Pollution NEWS, and 52 weekly reports on newsworthy developments to the
Assistant Secretary for Water Quality and Research were also issued,
108
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The Office of Public Information produced a variety of speeches and special
articles for the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary, and the Commissioner. In
the graphics area one general purpose exhibit and 15 table top exhibits on varying
subjects are now being designed. A new booklet "Showdown--for Water" has been
printed and is now being distributed. Also, we are working on a poster campaign
for distribution nationally; a series of leaflets on water quality standards,
lakes, estuaries, thermal pollution, and acid mine drainage; and are cooperating
on the production of an estuary film.
In addition to letters addressed to "Clean Water," a large volume of mail
requiring individual responses, many of which involve considerable research for
proper handling, is received. The number of such letters reached nearly 300 for
each of the past 12 months and is expected to continue at the same rate,
Office of Public Information provided extensive editorial and writing
assistance in the preparation of nearly 300 scientific and technical papers and
a number of special reports.
109
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Commissioner
Officers retirement
fund
SECTION TAB
-------
Commissioned officer retirement fund: Fiscal year 19693 $158,000; fiscal year
1970^...;"decrease, $150,006.The decrease consists of;
a.
Increase (+) or Decrease (-)
Amount Positions
-$158,000
Total
Program
Total
Positions
Explanation
Due to nonrecurring payment
to the civil service retire-
ment fund for each Public
Health Service commissioned
officer converting to civil
service status.
Purpose
The Water Quality Act of 19&5, which established the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, had a special provision with respect to Public Health
Service commissioned officers when employed with the program who decided to resign
their commission and transfer to civil service status.
In addition to other inducements for retaining these professionals, the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, provided that funds would be
deposited to the credit of the civil service retirement fund on behalf of and to
the credit of each transferring officer in an amount equal to that which the
individual would be required to deposit in this fund to cover the years of service
credited to him. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, also pro-
vided that funds would be deposited within two years after the date of an officer's
transfer.
Funding for this purpose was completed in .1969.
110
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H
H
H
ITMLZAHOM OF ESTIMATE
Department of the Interior
Appropriation Title: Pollution Control Operations and Research
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Program and Financing
Transfer to:
"Operating expenses, Public Buildings Service," General
Proposed transfer to otKet* accounts "for p^y increases «. t »»
Transferred from "Construction Grants for Waste Treatment
Works",.. ...,.„.„„ ...................... ,
Obligations "by objects:
12 Personnel benefits . ...................... . , , . «...*..*.
pj Rent nnmnumi fat,! <~>nR r\nH 'i+-1 1 1 ti PR . . . 3 . , . . , . . . . . „ . . 0 . .
k-I. Grants, subsidiies and contributions.
b-2 Insurance claims and indemnities........
Actual
1968
$82,880,835
-11,875,906
218,305
1 1(4, 000
23,OOO
233,000
18, 80%, 849
2,371,917
92,8oo,OOO
21,897,206
2,061,000
1,700,559
183,050
1,502,092
4U8,5l6
13,380,303
1.617. S^5
1 SQ3 ^04
•"•> Js3> JSr*
4-9.269
38.41*6,366
1,625
82.880.8^5
Estimate
1969
. $108,110,001
114, 15k
1,874,000
-^,334,306
-18,804,849
1,879,000
9 • •
88,838,000
24,353,000
1,866,000
1,838,000
296,000
1,898.000
596,001
20,560,000
1 705 OOO
og-3 oon
50 000
53 898 ooo
999
io8.iio.ood
Estimate"
1970
$93,851.000
-1,879,000
* 0 «
91,972,000
24,988,000
Ij 766, 000
1,914,000
310,000
2 099,000
608,000
17.991.000
1*306*000
50,000
40,^20 000
* • «
93. 851. 000
•Increase {+)
Decrease (-)
-414,259,001
-llU.154
-1,874,000
+4, 33k, 306
+16,925,849
-1,879,000
e * *
+3,134,000
+635,000
-100,000
+76,000
+i4,ooo
+201,000
+11,999
-2,569,000
+P7 OOO
+423,000
-12 Q78 OGO
-14.2^.001
-------
ITEMIZATION OF ESTIMA3E
Department of the Interior
Appropriation Title; Foliation Control Operations and Research
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Actil
Estimate
1969
Estimate'
1970
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
-Program and Financing
Total obligations .
Comparative transfer from other accounts ,..
Transfer to:
"Operating expenses, Public Buildings Service," General
Service Administration
"Salaries and expenses, Office of the Solicitor".
"Salaries and expenses, Office of Oil and Gas".....
"Salaries and expenses, Office of the Secretary1'.,
Proposed transfer to other accounts for pay increases
Transferred from "Construction Grants for Waste Treatment
W^rks" ...
Unobligated balance brought forward.
Unobligated balance carried forward
Unobligated balance lapsing..,...,
$82,880,835
-11,875,906
218,305
144,000
23,000
233,000
18,804,849
2,371,917
110,001 $93,851,000 -$14,259,001
-114,154
,000
Appropriation.
,800,000
88,838,000 91,972,000
-1,874,000
+4,334,306
+16,925,849
-1,879,000
+3,13^,000
Obligations by ob«;
11 Personnel compens"at'ioS.
12 Personnel benefits
21
22
23
24
25
26
31
32
42
Travel and transportation of persons.
Transportation of things
Rent, communications and utilities...
Printing and reproduction.
Other services
Supplies and materials
Equipment
Lands and structures
Grants, subsidies and contributions..
Insurance claims and indemnities.....
Total obligations
21,897,206
2,061,000
1,700,559
183,050
1,502,092
448,516
13,380,303
1,617,545
1,593,304
49,269
38,4116,366
1,625
24,353,000
1,866,000
1,838,000
296,000
1,898,000
596,001
20, 560,000
1,792,000
963,000
50,000
53,898,000
25,769,000
1,824, 000
2,003,000
328,000
2,069,000
619,000
17,225,000
1,230,000
50, 000
40,880,000
82,880,835 108,110,001 93,851,000
+1,416,000
-42,000
+165,000
+32,000
" "1,000
?,999
-3,335,000
+62YOOO
+267,000
-13,018,000
* • •
-14,259,001
-------
Buildings &
Facilities
SECTION TAB
-------
DEPARTMENT? OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION COHTROL ADMINISTRATION
Buildings and Facilities _^
Appropriation 1969 ...
Unobligated balance from prior years . |ll,672,lto
Total available for obligation 11,672,1^0
Decreases:
Water pollution control and water. quality standards laboratories -.. -3,379,069
f —~—•————
Subtotal and total available"f or obligation 8,293,071
Less: Unobligated balance from 1969 ,^8,293; 071
Budget estimate 1970
-------
Buildings and Facilities
Analysis by Activities
1.
2.
F
Amount Estimated
Available Total
1969 Available
Water pollution control and
water quality standards
laboratories $10,60^,052 $8,02U,983
Field evaluations ..... 1,068,088 268,088
Total 11,672,11*0 8,293,071
iscal Year 1970 Total available
Unobligated 1970 compared
Balance from Budget to total avail- Page
1969 Estimate able 1969 Ref.
$7,22^,983 +$800,000 -$2,579j069 nU
1,068,088 -800,000 -800,000 116
8,293,071 ... -3,379,069
-------
1. Water pollution control and water quality standards laboratories' Fiscal year
1969? ...; fiscal year 1970, ...; no change. Although no new funds are requested
in 1970, it is proposed that $800,000 be reprogrammed from funds appropriated in
prior years. The reprogramming consists of:
Increase ( +) or Decrease (_-_)
Amount
_
Positions
(l) +$250,000
Total
Program
$250,000
Total
Positions
(2) +550,,000
+800,000
Planning
550,000
Weed for increase
Explanation
Land acquisition and
planning costs for a
regional water pollution
control facility in the
Southwest Pacific area.
Repairs and improvement
requirements for
existing laboratory
facilities,*
The $250,000 proposed for this purpose will be used to acquire land at a
nominal cost and prepare plans and specifications for a regional water pollution
control facility in the Southwest Pacific area. A regional facility with
laboratory capabilities is needed to solve the problems peculiar to the Southwest
Pacific, a water-short region of explosive population and industrial growth—the
center of the irrigated agriculture-industry in which waste water reclamation and
reuse are of critical importance. This is the last major area in the country which
does not have a major laboratory capability either constructed or in some stage of
planning. The area to be served covers California, Colorado River Basin, Great
Basin and Hawaii, and includes nearly 15 percent or 557 thousand square miles of
the Nation's total land area and 11 percent of the Nation's population or nearly
19 million people (based on the 1960 census). A recent projection by the Water
Resources Council indicates that by 1980 the population in this area will be in
excess of 32 million. Notwithstanding the existing water shortage problem, unless
an aggressive and effective waste water reclamation and reuse program is institutedj
the water and related pollution problem will become more acute.
Therefore, it is essential and necessary that FWPCA construct a facility with
adequate laboratory capability to facilitate carrying out programs and activities
for solving existing problems and developing plans and techniques for meeting head-
on problems envisionable in the future.
The regional facility laboratory will be utilized for the conduct of research,
investigations, experiments, field'demonstrations and studies, and training
relating to the prevention and control of water pollution, including the control
and treatment of irrigation return flows, the development of new and improved
methods for waste water purification and reuse, the determination of fate and
persistence of pollutants disposed of in the ocean and their ecological effects,
and the study of methods for the ultimate disposal of concentrated pollutants
removed from wastes by treatment, as well as specific problems associated with
mining and processing of radioactive ores-, processing of oil-bejaring shales, and
reclamation of mine tailings, pollution of harbors by boats and ships as at San
Diego and San Francisco, discharges from food processing operations in the Central
and Imperial Valleys of California and in Central Arizona, and maintenance of water
quality associated with interbasin transfer of water. '
In addition to carrying out programs requiring laboratory facilities, it is
proposed to include adequate office space to house existing regional office
operations. This multipurpose arrangement will lead to a better integration of
programs with a subsequent reduction in communication problems, travel costs,
11U
-------
support costs, and a more effective utilization of research and laboratory results,
ete. Such a multipurpose facility will greatly accelerate the solving of water
pollution problems in the Southwest Pacific area.
Because of the magnitude of the problem and related manpower needs plus
special research and training facility requirements, a facility involving about
100 thousand gross square feet is proposed. Construction and special equipment
requirements are estimated to cost between $6 and $7 million. Based on all aspects
of this project proceeding under normal conditions, the multipurpose facility
would be available for occupancy in the late summer or early fall of calendar year
1972.
Repairs and. Improvejq.e1nila
The $550,000 is required for alterations, repairs and improvements to exist-
ing laboratories for the following purposes:
a. Storage facilities are needed for chemicals and acid and gas cylinders
for the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, and the '
Alaska Water Laboratory, College, Alaska. Currently, these items are being stored
in the main laboratory facility which creates a safety hazard and takes up labora-
tory space which could be more effectively and efficiently used for ether program
purposes. The estimated cost for these two facilities is $115,000.
b. Other requirements are needed to improve maintenance, correct operating
deficiencies and make minor renovations. Included are environmental control
modifications, a sprinkler system, and fencing at Ada, Oklahoma; air conditioning
system changes, painting, equipment repair shop, and a sprinkler system at Athens,
Georgia; elevator repairs, emergency power and auxiliary boiler studies, painting,
still replacement, and. library modifications at Cincinnati, Ohio; space renovation,
roof reflashing and fish laboratory chiller and compressor at Corvallis, Oregon;
and air conditioning modifications and road surface repairs at Duluth, Minnesota.
A total of $375,000 is required to fund these items.
c. Kitchen facilities need to be relocated at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center. At the present time, the kitchen facilities are located across
a hall from the .serving facility. Local health inspections have cited the
laboratory for noncompliance with regulations governing the preparation and serving
of food. To correct this problem requires $60,000. It should be noted that this
relocation will also increase the overall efficiency of the cafeteria operation.
Proposed reprogramminK
As is noted, no new funds are requested under this appropriation. However,
in order to fund the aforementioned1requirements, it is proposed that FWPCA be
permitted to use $800,000 from funds appropriated in prior years under the field
evaluations activity in this appropriation. Funds for field evaluations are no
longer required since this type of activity is now programmed under the research,
development and demonstration activity under the "Pollution Control Operations
and Research" appropriation.
Basisiii for Laboratory Construction Program
Section 5 (e) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,
provides:
"The Secretary shall establish, equip and maintain field laboratory and re-
search facilities, including, but not limited to, one to be located in the north-
eastern area of the United States, one in the Middle Atlantic area, one in the
southeastern area, one in the midwestern area, one in the State of Alaska, for the
conduct of research, investigations, experiments, field demonstrations and studies
115
-------
and training relating to the prevention and control of water pollution. Insofar
as practicable, each such facility shall be located near institutions of higher
learning in which graduate training in such research might be carried out."
In addition to the seven initially authorized in 1966 Congress authorized
three more to be located at Columbia, Missouri; Vicksburg- Jackson, Mississippi
area; and Stevens Point, Wisconsin.
Water pollution control regional facilities are necessary because:
(l) Water pollution control field activities require readily accessible,
substantial and highly technical laboratory support for activities involving
development of a comprehensive program for water pollution control, enforcement
of pollution abatement, collection of basic data, and technical support to State
and local agencies. Technical training for Federal, State, and local water
pollution control personnel is also provided at these facilities.
(2) Each region has its own unique water uses and related pollution problems
which require intensive research. However, in some cases the findings developed
in one region can also be applied to those other regions'-'Hhere similar uses of
water exist or are developing.
At the present time four laboratories authorized under this section are
completed and generally operational. These include facilities at Athens, Georgia;
Ada, Oklahoma; Corvallis, Oregon; and College, Alaska,
In addition to regional water pollution control laboratories, in 19&3
Congress authorized the construction of two national water quality standards
laboratories to conduct necessary research for determining water quality standards
for salt and fresh water. In light of the Water Quality Act of 1965, which
provided for the establishment of standards, the research effort in or through
these facilities becomes highly important. The laboratory to conduct research on
fresh water is located at Duluth, Minnesota. The salt water research laboratory
is planned for Narragansett , Rhode Island.
The construction of the Duluth laboratory was completed in 19&7-
Planning for and/or development of plans and specifications for laboratories
to be located at Stevens Point, Wisconsin; Columbia, Missouri; and the Middle
Atlantic area have been initiated and will continue through 1969 and 1970.
]>ue to the national fiscal situation and related curtailment in Federal
spending, further planning for and/or construction of facilities to be located at
Ann Arbor, Michigan; Boston, Massachusetts; Narragansett, Rhode Island; and the
Vicksburg- Jackson, Mississippi area have been deferred.
2. Field evaluations; Fiscal year 1969> •••; fiscal year 1970, ...; no change.
As noted heretofore, $800,000 is proposed to be reprogrammed from funds
appropriated for this activity in prior years in order to finance the water
pollution control and water quality standards laboratories* requirements .
Acid mine drainage program and field evaluation of advanced waste treatment
processes is now programmed under the research, development and demonstration
activity under the appropriation "Pollution Control Operations and Research."
Therefore, no further activity for these purposes will be proposed or funded
under this appropriation account.
116
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IfEMIZATION OF ESTIMATE
Department of the Interior
Appropriation Title: Buildings and Facilities
Federal Water Foliation Control Administration
Actual Estimate Estimate Increase •(+)
1966 1969 1970 Decrease (-)
Program and Financing
Total obligations ,
Unobligated balance brought forward ,
Unobligated balance carried forward
Appropriation.. I..,.,,,,.....,......,
Obligations by objects:
21 Travel and transportation of persons,
22 Transportation of things
23 Rent, eouimuni cat ions and utilities..,
2k Printing and reproduction.
25 Other services ...............
26 Supplies and materials
31 Equipment.,..
32 Lands and structures
Total obligations
$1,218,932
-12,891,072
11.672,1^0
$3,379,069
-ll,672,lUo
8.293.071
$800,000
-8,293,071
7.1*93..071
-$2,579,069
+3,379,069
-800,000
10,502
9UU
5 ,000
50,265
695,809
32.325
13,200
» • »
9,000
lU,500
607,705
983,5014
1,751.160
6,000
3,000
679,000
112,000
1,218,932 3,379,069
800,000
-7,200
* * *
-9,000
-11,500
+71,295
-983,
-1.639.160
-2,579,069
-------
Construction
Grants for Waste
Treatment Works
SECTION TAB
-------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR-'
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CQUTROL -ADMOTISIKATION
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works
Appropriation 1969 ...» . , 421^,000,000
Unobligated balance from prior years . • ,. +57,692,83^
Unobligated balance transferred to "Pollution Sontrol operations and research".. -4,33^,306
Total available for obligation , .-- ,. 267,358,528
Decrease;
Waste treatment works construction. ...., ..... 216,358,528
Subtotal. 51,000,000
Increase;
Waste treatment works construction 21^,000,000
Total available for obligation ...,...".....,... 265,000,000
Less: Unobligated balance from 1969 51,000,000
Budget estimate, 1970 - 21^,000,000
-------
Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works
Analysis by Activities
Fiscal Year 1970
Activity
1. Waste treatment works
Amount
Available
1969
$267,358,527
Estimated
Total
Available
$265,000,000
Unobligated
Balance from
1969
$51,000,000
Budget
Estimate
$2llf,000,000
Total Available
1970 Compared
to Total
Available 1969
-$2,358,527
Page
Ref .
120
-------
Waste itreajtment works construction ; Fiscal year 1969* $21^,000,000; fiscal year
19707 12157000, "000} no 'changed
This total is necessary to continue stimulating needed construction or
upgrading of waste treatment works for eliminating the discharge of untreated or
inadequately treated municipal sewage into the Nation's waterways. The 1970
authorization for this purpose is $1 "billion; "because of the national fiscal
situation, the amount requested for grants is $21^ million. However, in recogni-
tion of the enormous needs in this area legislation has "been proposed which will
authorize an additional and new method of financing more construction of municipal
waste treatment facilities. The amounts proposed each fiscal year would require
the approval of Appropriations Committees.
Objective
The program is designed to help bring water pollution from municipalities
under control "by achieving a rate of construction which, will overcome the unmet
"backlog of needed facilities; to keep pace with needs for new facilities resulting
from population growth; and to keep pace with needs to replace facilities which
become obsolescent because of age, technical advancement, or population relocation.
Problem
There are in the United States more than 11,000 sewered communities. These
include a population of about 131 million persons. Less than 10 percent of the
sewered population are without waste treatment services. Nineteen percent of the
communities and a third of the sewered population are served by primary or inter-
mediate waste treatment.
A number of influences are acting to push investment requirements upward in
spite of the high prevalence of municipal waste treatment. The average size of
plant has increased .markedly in recent years as has the tendency of municipalities
to treat industrial wastes. Costs of interception are rising as municipalities
extend the reach of their collection systems. The degree of treatment required of
waste-handling facilities is increasing in many cases and with it the unit cost of
treatment .
The report to Congress in January 1969, "The Cost of Clean Water," states
that the long held expectation that the investment requirements associated with
municipal waste treatment would be eased when some "fixed backlog" of needed
treatment works was constructed do not seem likely to be borne out by events. As
treatment deficiencies give way to new plant construction, investment requirements
continue to rise to take care of replacement, upgrading, and treatment of indus-
trial wastes.
If we are to bring municipal pollution under control by 197^ — through provid-
ing for population growth, upgrading primary treatment works, constructing works
for urban population presently unserved, and replacement of obsolete facilities —
the average national expenditure must be accelerated.
Program and Appropriation Authorization
Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act was amended by the Clean
Water Restoration Act of 1966 to authorize appropriations of $150 million for 1967,
$450 million for 1968 ($203 million was appropriated), $700 million for 1969
($214 million was appropriated), $1 billion for 1970, ($214 million requested),
and $1.25 billion for 1971, for grants to aid in the construction of municipal
waste treatment facilities in order to prevent the discharge of untreated or
inadequately treated sewage or other waste into any waters. Funds appropriated
are apportioned to the States and other jurisdictions according to a formula
prescribed by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. See pages 123
and 12k for distribution of funds for 1968, 1969 and 1970.
120
-------
The Federal share, as authorized by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
as amended, is 30 percent of the .estimated reasonable cost of construction of
necessary waste treatment works without dollar limitations. The 30 percent
limitation may "be increased to ^0 percent of the State agrees to pay 30 percent
of the estimated reasonable cost of all projects receiving Federal funds from the
same allocation. The 30 percent limitation may also be increased to 50 percent
if enforceable water quality standards have been established for the waters into
which the project discharges and the State agrees to pay not less than 25 percent
of the estimated reasonable cost of all projects receiving Federal funds from the
particular allocation. The amount of a grant or contract may be increased 10
percent if a project is certified as being in conformity with a comprehensive plan
developed by an official State, metropolitan or interstate planning agency. Thus,
if all conditions are met, the total amount of a grant can be as high as 55
percent of the total cost of construction.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, also provides that in
the case of any project on which construction was initiated after June 30, 1966,
which was approved "by the appropriate State agency and which the Secretary finds
meets the requirement of Section 8 but which is constructed without Federal
assistance, the allotments for construction grants for any fiscal year ending
before June 30, 1971> shall .also be available to make payments for reimbursements
of State or local funds to the extent that financial assistance could have been
provided if the project had been approved pursuant to Section 8 and adequate funds
ha'd been available to make a grant. In the case of a project on which construc-
tion was Initiated after June 30* 19&6, and which was constructed with Federal
assistance but the amount of assistance was a lesser percent of the cost of
construction than was allowable pursuant to Section 8, payment and reimbursement
of State or local funds is permitted to the extent that assistance could have been
appljr for .such retroactive grants as apply if the grant is being made for future
construction.
In authorizing the 1966 Amendments, Congress clearly recognized the problems
of the larger cities in obtaining significant financial assistance in the con-
struction of needed sewage treatment facilities. The removal of dollar limita-
tions of $1.2 million, or $U,8 million in the Case of multi-municipal projects,
together with the added incentive of higher grant percentages with certain
specified State participation, is stimulating many of these larger cities and
metropolitan areas to move ahead with construction at an accelerated pace.
Greater activity in major cities will result in a greater number of larger pro-
jects and, therefore, a greater contribution toward pollution control.
Program of Work
The States and municipalities are proceeding with plans for constructing
waste treatment facilities to meet the water quality standards approved by the
Department of the Interior pursuant to the Water Quality Act of 1965. It is
imperative that the Federal Government demonstrate its continuing resolve to clean
up the Nation's streams and lakee by providing the funds requested to assist the
communities in doing so.
With the $2li| million in grant authority, construction totalling about $713
million will have been generated. This estimate is based on the assumption that
the overall Federal share will average about 30 percent in 1970.
It is anticipated that new construction starts in 1970 will number 1,150 as
compared to 1,000 in 1969. Futhermore, about 1,030 projects will have been
completed in 1970 compared to 8lO in 1969.
121
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Ac complis lament s
As of December 31, 1968, including supplemental aid under the Public Works
Acceleration Program, the Appalachian Regional Development and the Public Works
and Economic Development Acts of 1965, a total of 8,993 projects have been
approved for grants totalling $1,2 billion. Local communities have contributed
an additional $4,3 billion to meet the total project cost of $5.5 billion.
Approved projects will serve a population of nearly 12. million, and will
improve the quality of water in approximately 72,000 miles of streams. As of
December 31, 1968, there were 4,679 applications for grants for projects costing
$4.1 billion being processed or reported to be in preparation.
122
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Allocations of Grant^ig-Aicl Funds for Waste Treatment Works Construction
State or Territory
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
1966
Allocations
$3,933,700
867,300
2,030,100
2,743,500
13,912,000
2,293,300
2,786,400
1,050,600
1,248,600
5,093,900
4,370,500
1,294,100
1,539,000
9,175,500
4,728,500
3,196,000
2,667,200
3,654,200
3,827,500
1,825,300
3,354,900
5,068,600
7,344,500
3,728,000
3,246,900
4,490,500
1,478,900
2,067,900
888,000
1,371,900
5,790,000
1,797,000
14,807,900
4,937,900
1,518,300
8,966,500
2,959,300
2,294,200
10,348,600
1, 521, 400
3,248,000
1,658,800
4,127,500
9,013,900
1,680,700
1969
Allocations
$4, 130, 100
906,900
2,122,800
2,829,800
14,872,400
2,414,800
2,9^5,500
1,083,000
1,299,000
5,395,700
4,597,100
1,348,100
1,580,400
9,784,800
5,oo4,8oo
3,327,300
2,815,600
3,843,000
4,020,500
1,860,600
3,550,200
5,382,000
7,806,900
3,931,000
3,360,600
4,755,300
i,54o,ooo
2,136,600
936,300
1,419,500
6,171,100
1,872,900
15,828,800
5,200,900
1,594,000
9,555,000
3,090,300
2,419,600
.11,032,600
1,575,500
3,367,900
1,662,000
4,328,800
9,602,600
1,762,000
1970
Estimate
$4, 135, 700 ^
906,100
2,125,400
2,835,800
14,882,600
2,414,900
2,942,200
1,100,300
1,315,300
5,386,400
4,589,000
1,355,700
1,589,400
9,784,300
5,008,400
3,311,000
2,812,700
3,827,100
4,009,800
1,853,100
3,552,100
5,382,800
7,809,500
3,919,100
3,350,200
4,760,400
1,535,700
2,115,500
959,600
1,409,300
6,176,800
2,058,000
15,832,500
5,050,800
1,583,900
9,555,500
3,086,900
2,429,000
11,029,600
1, 568, 500
3,342,700
1,777,400
4,314,600
• 9,592,800
1> 780, 700
Increase
Over 1969
+$5, 600
-800
+2,600
+6,000
+10,200
+100
-3,300
+17, 300
+16,300
-9,300
-8,100
+7,600
+9,000
-500
+3,600
-16,300
-2,900
-15,900
-10,700
-7,500
+1,900
+800
+2,600
-11,900
-10,400
+5,100
-4,300
-21,100
+23,300
-10,200
+5,700
+185,100
+3,700
-150,100
-10,100
+500
-3,4oo
+9,400
-3,000
-7,000
-25,200
+115,400
-14,200
-9,800
+18,700
123
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Allocations .of Grant-ln-Aid Funds for Waste Treatment Works Construction—continied
State or Territory
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
1968
Allocations
1,301,700
4,278,100
3,176,600
2,684,500
4,166,700
1,143,300
1,470,000
3, 391/200
1, 440,600
1969
Allocations
1,314,600
4,513,500
3,345,400
2,795,600
4,391,100
1,179,600
1,455,900
3,515,300
l,424,4oo
1970
Estimate
1,282,200
4,510,200
3,327,200
2,796,100
4,388,100
1,172,700
1,445,500
3,504,900
1,414,000
Increase
Over 1969
-32,400
-3,300
-18,200
+500
-3,000
-6,900
-10,400
•--io,4oo
-lo,4oo
Total
203,000,000 214,000,000 214,000,000
124
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ITEMIZAHON OF ESUMME
Department of the Interior Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Appropriation Title; Construction Grants for Waste Treatment Works
Program and Financing
Comparative transfer to "Pollution control operations and
Unobligated balance transferred to other accounts:
Unobligated balance brought" forward. .......I,........,.,..
Budget authority. .....I.,..........,,....,.
Actual
1968
$193,978,023
+11,875,906
+3.054,998
+542,484
-64,144,245
+57,692,834
203,000,000
Estimate
1969
4216,358,528
+4.^34.306
-57,692,83*).
+51,000,000
214,000,000
Estimate
1970
$227 . 000', 000
-51 ooo ooo
+38,000,000
214,000,000
Increase (+)
Decrease ( - )
+$10,641,472
-4.^34.306
-t6.692,8^4
-13,000,000
Obligations by objects:
kl Grants, subsidies, and contributions, 193,978,023 2l633585528 227,000,000 +10,641,^72
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