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CONTENTS
PAGE
Overview of the 1997 Budget 3
Operating Programs:
Environmental Programs and Management
- Air 11
- Water Quality 15
- Drinking Water 19
- Hazardous Waste 21
- Pesticides 25
- Radiation 27
- Multimedia 29
- Toxic Substances 33
- Management & Support 37
State, Tribal and Local Grants (STAG) 41
Buildings and Facilities 45
I Science and Technology 47
Inspector General 51
Oil Spills 53
Trust Funds:
Superfund 57
LUST 61
Water Infrastructure Financing (STAG) 65
Appendix: Budget Table 68
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NOTE: References to workyears refer to total workyears rather than only
"permanent" workyears. Additionally, some numbers may not add
due to independent rounding.
Cover Photos: Steve Delaney
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OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW OF THE 1997 BUDGET
In the 1996 State of the Union Address,
President Clinton's fifth challenge for our Nation
was to leave our environment safe and clean for
the next generation. For the past 25 years,
Americans of both parties have united to protect
our health by protecting the air we breath, the
water we drink, and the land on which we live -
and together, we have made tremendous progress.
However, there is still much to be done so our
children may enjoy cleaner air, safer water, land
less polluted with toxic chemicals.
The 1997 Budget advances EPA's efforts
to protect the health of our land, our water, our
air, and our communities by targe ting the highest
risk environmental problems and by
strengthening copartnerships with states, tribes,
communities, businesses, and the public. Sound
science increasingly informs our decisions, and a
vigorous enforcement program ensures
compliance and provides a foundation for
regulatory and voluntary activities. EPA's budget
reflects the President's firm belief that within an
era of limited federal resources, we must protect
the health of our environmental and our economy.
We are going about the business of environmental
protection in new ways that are cleaner for the
environment, cheaper for businesses and
taxpayers, and smarter for America's future.
As the President and American people
continue to voice their support for a clean and safe
environment, EPA is prepared to meet the
challenge as demonstrated by the President's
request for $7.0 billion and 17,951 workyears.
Through an emphasis on strengthening
partnerships, addressing high risk, and working
smarter and cheaper, EPA will endeavor to provide
our Nation with a healthy environment for
generations to come.
HIGHLIGHTS
Addressing Hieh Risk
The 1997 Budget strengthens the safety
of the Nation's drinking water. It invests in the
most serious health risks, including
disinfectant-by-products/microbials (DBP), one
of the Agency's highest regulatory priorities.
Research in this area will provide the scientific
data necessary to provide a sound basis for
promulgation of necessary regulation. It will
involve development of exposure models and
effects profiles for microbes and selected DBFs,
characterization of virus movement and survival
in groundwater, and guidance to small water
systems on applying specific technologies for
meeting drinking water standards. Investments
are included in the Source Water Protection
Program to target the highest risk groundwater
and surface water sources of drinking water
contamination.
Increased resources are provided to
support the development and implementation of
local and regional ozone attainment strategies.
Efforts are needed to provide state and
nonattainment areas assistance with urban
airshed modeling support and with long-range
transport issues. This effort is complemented by
the regulatory reinvention efforts designed to
address NOx issues, particularly in the Northeast
and Midwest. Additionally, a multi-year effort in
particulate matter research will be expanded to
address a number of uncertainties, includingthose
associated with mortality estimates, evaluation
of biologic mechanisms of toxicity, and evaluation
of innovative control strategies.
Working With our Partners
In 1997, EPA will expand its efforts to
give strong state and tribal programs more leeway
to manage their programs, while concentrating
EPA technical assistance on developing the
programs that are still evolving. EPA and state
leaders have established a National
Environmental Performance Partnership System
which will allow states to operate their programs
with less review by the Federal government, in
return for increased emphasis on measuring and
reporting environmental results. Performance
Partnership grants, requested in 1996 and again
in 1997, will permit states and tribes to combine
'categorical' grants into one or more consolidated
grants, to be used for addressing the unique
priorities of each state and tribe.
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OVERVIEW
The 1997 Budget for EPA includes a
significant investment for Indian General
Assistance Program grants. These re sources help
tribes identify the scope of their environmental
management needs, establish program
development priorities and continue building
environmental programs. These grants are one of
the Agency's most significant means of building
tribal capacity to make and implement their own
environmental management decisions.
The 1997 Budget provides increased
flexibility for our state and tribal partners through
a proposal that would allow states and tribes
flexibility to merge their Clean Water and
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund allotments
into a single capitalization grant. State Revolving
Funds provide a source of low-cost funding for
cities and towns to use in building the treatment
systems necessary to keep their rivers, lakes and
beaches clean and to ensure that their water is
safe to drink. Funding requested for treatment
plants along the U.S./Mexican border will help
address very serious threats to human health and
the environment in that area.
As part of the Environmental Technology
Initiative (ETI), the Agency will continue to focus
on eliminating barriers in the regulatory and
permitting processes which inhibit the private
sector from developing new technologies and
fostering cleaner and cheaper solutions to
environmental problems. Enlisting a greater
number of American companies in meeting the
global demand for environmental technologies
and service ~ a market currently estimated at
more than $400 billion a year - will help solve
pressing environmental problems and fuel
economic growth. Fiscal Year 1997 will be a
pivotal year for assessing the Nation's progress in
achieving the goal of the President's Climate
Change Action Plan (CCAP) to reduce emissions
of greenhouse gases to 1990 levels by the year
2000. In 1997, EPA programs will continue to
contribute significantly to the reductions being
achieved, particularly through the use of voluntary
partnerships with private and public
organizations to increase energy efficiencies and
thus prevent pollution.
In the Superfund program, the Agency is
forging partnerships with communities through
an expanded Brownfields initiative to redevelop
urban contaminated and industrial properties,
providing communities with increased tax bases,
additional jobs, and improved urban
environments. The 1997 budget also empowers
our state partners to begin aggressively taking
over the program and continues the Agency's
emphasis on completing cleanups at the Nation's
worst hazardous waste sites.
Working Better
The 1997 Budget will include support for
25 high-priority reinvention activities, such as
Project XL, the Common Sense Initiative and the
Sustainable Development Challenge Grant
Program. Under Project XL, companies, states
and localities have an opportunity to redesign
current EPA rules if they can formulate an
alternative system that will be both cheaper and
cleaner for the environment. Project XL will forge
challenging partnerships between the Agency,
businesses and communities who are interested
in contributing innovative strategies for smarter
and better environmental management.
The Common Sense Initiative (CSI) is a
central aspect of EPA's efforts to improve the way
it undertakes its environmental mission.
Investments included in the 1997 Budget will
help us to find 'cleaner, cheaper, smarter"
strategiesfortacklingtheenvironmental problems
that continue to face the Nation. CSI is founded
on the premise that EPA should be
uncompromising regarding the accomplishment
of its health and environmental objectives, but
flexible in providing regulated entities many cost-
effective means of meeting their environmental
regulatory obligations. CSI invites a broad
spectrum of stakeholders, including industry,
environmentalists, state governments,
communities and labor unions to look at the full
range of environmental regulations affecting six
specific industries to improve and simplify the
permit system, identify more flexible ways of
achieving compliance, and design integrated
systems for reporting environmental data.
The Sustainable Development Challenge
Grant Program will award funds to projects that
leverage public and private community
investment to develop comprehensive
environmental management plans that improve
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OVERVIEW
environmental quality and enhance economic
prosperity. Through broad and open community
involvement and investment, this program will
challenge communities to meet their present needs
without compromising the needs of future
generations.
The 1997 Budget will invest in Small
Business Compliance Assistance Centers which
will offer a place for 'one-stop' shopping for small
businesses and other regulated entities in a
targeted sector, such as printing. The Centers
contain plain-english guides to compliance
requirements and technical assistance resources,
assistance and training on treatmenttechnologies,
and methodologies for self-audits and compliance
surveys.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) reinvention activities will focus on
speeding up and simplifying the cleanup,
permitting and state authorization processes. In
particular, the Hazardous Waste Identification
Media and Process Rules (HWIR) and revisions to
the RCRA Subpart S rule will yield significant
savings for industry as well as states and the
Agency. The HWIR rule will focus on methods to
release low-risk hazardous wastes and
contaminated media such as soil from regulation,
and the Subpart S rule will encourage innovative
approaches to safe waste management and clarify
cleanup guidelines. This effort is a partnership
with industry and state and local governments to
free industry from a process-driven system,
focusing instead on environmental results.
Further, the Agency is now considering ways to
improve work on safe waste management in the
petroleum refining industry as part of the Agency
Common Sense Initiative. The Agency will work
with petroleum sector stakeholders to identify
and improve overly complex or overlapping
environmental regulations and standards. This
critical to the Agency's effort to make all programs
more efficient and to meet our environmental
goals for waste minimization, safe management
of wastes, and cleanup of contaminate sites.
The 1997 Budget includes investments
for Community-Based Health and Ecological
Research which will allow research to be conducted
and applied for improved methods to both
ecological and human health issues, and be
communicated to communities through training
and information systems. The ecology component
of this initiative will increase the Agency's
capability to predict exposures or effects within a
local watershed or ecoregion and provide local
decision makers with more effective and
appropriate management alternatives. The health
component will focus on population exposures
that are currently not well enough understood for
adequate risk assessment.
Working Smarter
The 1997 Budget commits additional
resources to strengthen the Agency's ability to
characterize and quantify benefits of EPA
programs through the establishment of an
Economics Studies Center. The Center will
operate as an information clearinghouse and
technical assistance service center to improve
applied research used in the development of
regulatory options and economic analyses.
In 1997, the budget includes resources
needed to meet the Agency's commitment to
streamline programs and achieve management
efficiencies. One component of this effort is a set
of reforms to administrative activities. The
reforms include consolidation of activities,
increased use of automation, management process
improvements, and outsourcing. Consolidation
efforts will merge like functions across the Agency
into one or a few locations to achieve economies of
scale and reduce duplication of effort. Process
improvement initiatives will focus on process
streamlining/simplification that will save effort
and improve quality. As a result, reductions in
oversight and less burdensome accountability
reporting would be realized.
The Agency's budget includes funds for
the construction of a consolidated laboratory and
office complex in Research Triangle Park (RTF),
NC. The 1997 Request provides the balance of
funds for construction of the RTF project. This
and other investments in improving and
renovating EPAlaboratories and office space will
dramatically influence the Agency's ability to
address the complex environmental issues of the
1990s and beyond.
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OVERVIEW
The 1997 Budget contains important
investments to implement the Agency's
Information Resources Management (IRM)
Strategic Plan. These investments include amajor
project reduce reportingburdensforthe regulated
community, and work process re-engineering to
make them more efficient and ultimately require
fewer Agency resources.
Summary
As a result of over a generation of
bipartisan effort, the American public now has
cleaner water, air, and land. Although much
progress has been made, there is still much work
to be done. It is our challenge to meet the
demands of protecting public health and the
environment in a low-cost, innovative manner.
The 1997 Budget positions us to meet this
challenge by addressing risk, working with our
partners, working better, and working smarter.
All of us at EPA, our private and public
sector partners, and Members of Congress alike
recognize the challenges that we face in an era of
reduced federal resources. We are attempting to
find the most efficient way to invest our resources,
while at the same time, protecting the Nation's
health — the health of our families, the health of
our communities, and the health of our economy.
The Agency's 1997 Budget invests resources
sufficient to enable us to protect the American
public and "to ... leave our environment safe and
clean for the next generation" (President Clinton,
State of the Union Address, January 1996).
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l I Operating Programs
E2 Trust Funds
In 1997, The Agency's Budget T>tals $7.0 Billion
$7,558M
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$6,030 M
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$6,515 M $6.459 M
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y
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Notes: 1996 resources reflect the Presidential Policy Level
$0.5 billion State, Local, and Tribal grants previously captured in the Operating Programs
are accounted for in Water Infrastructure beginning in 1996
The Agency's W>rkyear Ceiling Decreases Slightly in 1997
I I Operating Programs
7^\ Trust Funds
15,277
y y
11,799
' 17,010 A<,^OU
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12,814
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1991
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1993
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1994
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1995
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THE
OPERATING
PROGRAMS
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Over the last 25 years, great progress has
been achieved in cleaning the Nations's air.
Despite this progress, air pollution remains a
widespread problem, contributing to human
illnesses such as cancer, respiratory and
reproductive problems, and mental impairment.
Air pollution also reduces visibility, corrodes
buildings, and damages natural resources and
ecosystems through toxic accumulation and
acidification of soils and lakes. By the end of
1995, 60 metropolitan areas, with a combined
population of 120 million residents, were not in
attainment with air quality standards for one or
more of the six "criteria" pollutants for which
EPAhas established standards. The most difficult
problem is ozone, caused by emissions from motor
vehicles, industrial plants, and other mobile and
stationary sources. Carbon monoxide, chiefly
from cars and trucks, is the second-most common
problem. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead,
and particulate matter (PM-10) also continue to
cause environmental and publichealth challenges,
although most areas of the nation now meet the
standards set for these pollutants. In addition to
these six familiar pollutants, over one million
tons of hundreds of other air toxic pollutants are
released annually. These pollutants individually
and interactively threaten the environmental and
economic health of the country.
The primary law authorizing EPA to
control air pollution is the Clean Air Act (CAA),
which was updated in 1990 to give EPA expanded
authority to control smog, air toxics, acid rain,
and other health threats. The CAA of 1990 also
gave EPA authority to implement provisions of
the Montreal Protocol and to develop regulations
for the phaseout of chemicals that destroy the
earth's ozone layer. EPA is also involved in the
activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, and EPA programs contribute
significantly to greenhouse gas emission
reductions accomplished under the
Administration's Climate Change Action Plan
(CCAP). EPA also addresses issues associated
with indoor air environments authorized by the
Indoor Radon Abatement Act and the Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act.
The 1997 President's Budget provides a
total of $304.4 million and 1,670 workyears
under the EPM account to support EPA's air
programs. For 1997, EPAhas established a series
of air program objectives. These include: 1)
continue partnerships with states to attain
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS); 2) develop and implement an urban air
toxics strategy; 3) expand the use of market-
based approaches; 4) reduce energy consumption
and prevent pollution through voluntary, public-
private partnerships; 5) reduce stratospheric
ozone depletion; 6) address indoor air
environments; and 7) implement a national
compliance and enforcement program.
HIGHLIGHTS
Increasing The Number of Areas
Meeting Air Quality Standards
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$64.0 million and 555 workyears under the EPM
appropriation to support EPA partnership efforts
with states and other stakeholders to resolve
complex issues affecting attainment of air quality
standards, including those involving the long-
range transport of ozone-forming compounds.
EPA will complete its review of the current
ozone and particulate matter (PM-10) standards
and propose new standards if necessary to protect
public health in 1997. EPA will also issue seven
national guidelines and standards for major
stationary sources that contribute to ozone, sulfur
dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. EPA will assist
state and local agencies improve air monitoring
networks, continue multi-state efforts to
coordinate the enhanced ozone monitoring
network as well as provide analytic support for
multi-state organizations such as the Ozone
Transport Commission and the Ozone Transport
Assessment Group. In 1997, EPA will work with
states to assess whether areas have come into
compliance with air standards and complete
actions to redesignate them to "attainment" status
as quickly as possible. Measurements of air
quality for the past three years show that 65 of the
98 areas identified as nonattainment for ozone in
1991 now meet health standards, and 33 of the 42
carbon monoxide nonattainment areas also now
meet health standards.
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Implementing National Air Toxics
Strategies and, Standards
In addition to the pollutants for which air
quality standards have been established, there
are hundreds of other hazardous air pollutants,
generally called air toxics. Over one million tons
of these air toxics are released annually to the
atmosphere from industrialfacilities, automobiles,
and other sources. The 1997 President's Budget
requests $44.6 million and 219 workyears under
the EPM appropriation for EPA's Air Toxics
Program.
The CAA requires EPA by the year 2000
to issue technology based standards to control
189 toxic air pollutants emitted by major sources
and small "area" sources. In 1997 EPA will
devote a total of $19.3 million and 83 workyears
to development of Maximum Achievable Control
Technology (MACT) standards to control these
emissions. To complete these standards as
efficiently as possible, EPA will form partnerships
among industry, states, and the public to leverage
their resources and expertise. Through 1996,
EPA will have proposed 49 and promulgated 25
MACT standards. In 1997, EPA will propose 5
additional MACT standards and promulgate 19
of those proposed in 1996.
In 1997, EPA will also issue its urban air
toxics strategy to reduce the health risk posed by
urban toxic pollutants. Under the Clean Air Act
EPA must develop a strategy to control 90 percent
of the emission of the 30 or more air toxics from
area sources that pose the greatest health risk in
urban areas. EPA intends to develop a strategy
that includes area sources, as well as mobile and
other sources which significantly contribute to
the overall urban toxics problem.
In 1997, EPA will also allocate $1.5 million
and seven workyears to evaluate the deposition of
hazardous air pollutants into the Great Waters of
the U.S. EPA expects to issue its second Report
to Congress updating the state of the science
provided in the first report issued in 1994 which
raised significant concerns about the effects of
toxics on the Great Waters ecosystems.
Implementing Clean Vehicles
and Fuels Program
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$14.4 million and 149 workyears under the EPM
appropriation to support EPA's implementation
of a Clean Vehicles and Clean Fuels program.
The Clean Vehicles and Fuels program is
designed to help areas achieve attainment with
air quality standards and to reduce emissions of
air toxics from mobile sources like automobiles.
Air pollution from mobile sources accountfor over
half of the nationwide emissions of ozone-forming
compounds and carbon monoxide. Because of
this, reducing mobile source emissions holds the
greatest potential for cleaning our nation's air.
In 1997 EPA will work in partnership
with states to carry out vehicle inspection and
maintenance (I/M) programs; oxygenated and
reformulated fuels programs; clean fuel fleet
programs; and other transportation control
measures. EPA will also work in cooperative
ventures with regional Federal Highway
Administration offices and state and local
transportation agencies to ensure that proposed
highway and transportation projects are in
conformance with air quality plans.
Establishing and Maintaining Market-
Based Emissions Trading Systems
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$12.4 million and 80 workyears under the EPM
appropriation for market-based emissions trading
programs.
In 1997 reductions in sulfur dioxide
emissions will continue to be achieved through
the Acid Rain program's innovative market-based
emissions allowance trading program which
provides affected sources flexibility in meeting
required reductions. Implementation of this
allowance trading system minimizes compliance
costs, maximizes economic efficiency, and allows
for growth. EPA's acid rain program is seen as a
model for regulatory reform efforts here and
abroad.
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In partnership with interested states,
EPA will help to establish a market-based, cap-
and-trade program to reduce emissions of nitrogen
oxides (NOx), a major contributor to ozone
pollution. The expanded use of market-based
approaches pioneered in the acid rain program
exemplifies work process reinvention and will
provide a highly cost-effective way of reducing
risks to populations in some of the most polluted
regions of the country.
To facilitate market-based approaches
nationally, EPA will finalize in late 1996 its open
market trading rule (OMTR), a model rule for
emissions trading of smog-creating pollutants.
This rule will be the first strictly voluntary
compliance option for emissions trading of ozone
precursors that does not require source-specific
revisions to State Implementation Plans or
operating permits. In 1997 EPA regional air
offices will assist states that wish to adopt
emissions trading programs under the OMTR.
Maintaining Voluntary Partnership
Programs to Prevent Pollution
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$82.0 million and 120 workyears under the EPM
appropriation for the Climate Change Action Plan.
In 1997 EPA will maintain its key role in
the Administration's broad strategy to reduce
annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1990
levels by the year 2000. The means for achieving
this strategy are the programs of the Climate
Change Action Plan. The heart of the Climate
Change Action Plan will remain its reliance on
voluntary partnerships between EPA and
organizations or individuals that join (e.g.,
businesses, cities, states, farmers) to save energy
and/or increase productivity while reducing GHG
emissions. In 1997 EPA will continue to seek
partners to work with the Agency to prevent
pollution, including conventional and toxic air
pollutants and greenhouse gases, by increasing
the productivity of energy systems. Although
EPA will provide strong assistance to partners to
help them decide how to accomplish their goals,
EPA will not dictate solutions or subsidize
investments.
Reducing Stratospheric Ozone Pollution
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$24.2 million and 27 workyears for EPA's
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Program. In 1997
EPA will continue to pursue its goal of stopping
the decline in ozone levels in the stratosphere and
allowing for restoration to levels found before the
Antarctic "ozone hole" was observed.
In 1997 EPA will focus on four areas:
phaseout of three ozone depleting chemicals
(CFCs, halons, and methyl chloroform); place
limitations on two other ozone depleters (methyl
bromide and HCFCs); intensify recycling
programs in the U.S. and abroad; and achieve
earlier voluntary phaseout of CFCs and HCFCs
from developing countries.
Included in the request for the
Stratospheric Ozone program is $19.0 million to
support the Montreal Protocol Facilitation Fund.
This fund supports developing countries' efforts
to phaseout the use of ozone depleting substances.
To date, the fund has financed over 400 activities
in 56 developing countries. When fully
implemented, these activities will result in the
annual prevention of over 30,000 tons of ozone
depleting substances.
Addressing Indoor Air Environments
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$20.7 million and 112 workyears under the EPM
appropriation for EPA's Indoor Environments
Program.
In 1997, the Indoor Air Environments
program will continue to implement activities
authorized primarily by the Indoor Radon
Abatement Act and the Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act. Activities include
overseeing the national radon proficiency
programs, workingto reduce elevated radon levels
in schools, and promoting model building
standards. The program will also address sources
of other indoor air pollutants to better understand
the adverse health effects of poor indoor air quality.
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In 1997 EPA will continue to acquire and
analyze building performance data as part of the
Building Assessment and Evaluation project. In
addition, the Agency will continue to operate
hotlines and clearinghouses to provide information
to the general public and environmental health
organizations that are interested in reducing
indoor air and radon-related health risks. In 1997
Regional air offices will increase their focus on
improving indoor environmental quality in
schools. Other audiences targeted for public
awareness campaigns, literature dissemination,
training courses, and related outreach efforts will
include homebuilders and buyers, real estate
professionals, and other public health officials.
Implementing Strong Compliance
and Enforcement Efforts
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$22.7 million and 308 workyears under the EPM
appropriation for the stationary source
enforcement program. This program will support
a national air compliance and enforcement
program primarily through operations in each of
EPA's ten regional offices.
In 1997, air enforcement program
priorities include: implementation of the Title V
operating permit program, the hazardous air
pollutant programs underTitle III, and innovative
enforcement program initiatives involving field
citation, citizen awards, and open market trading
under the Clean Air Act.
EPA will continue to support compliance
assistance activities to educate state and local
permitting authorities on new requirements;
educate and provide technical assistance to aid
industries in achieving compliance; and target
enforcement actions to deter non-compliance.
Regions will also continue to implement strategies
for addressing multi-state and multi-program
violators and for corporate-wide patterns of non-
compliance.
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WATER QUALITY
Since the passage of the Clean Water Act
in 1972, the United States has had tremendous
success in reducing pollution entering our surface
waters from factories and municipal sewage
plants. However, in spite of the great strides that
have been made, over six billion pounds of toxic
industrial pollution is still being discharged
annually into our rivers, lakes and streams. Only
71% of assessed rivers can support recreational
activity without risk of adverse health effects.
While this is a dramatic improvement over
conditions thirty years ago, it is well short of our
long-term goal. Moreover, in 1994 state authorities
issued over 1,500 advisories warning consumers
to either not eat or limit their consumption offish
and shellfish taken from polluted water.
The Water Quality program has
broadened its emphasis over the years to consider
all sources of water quality pollution by looking at
entire watersheds. This broader "place-based"
approach considers critical ecosystems affected,
stakeholders involved, strong science and data
available, and pollution prevention strategies in
developing effective solutions. In this way, source
and nonpoint source problems — such as wet
weather runoff from farms, streets, lawns and
construction sites - will be addressed. This is
critical since nonpoint pollution has become the
Nation's most significant remaining water quality
problem.
The Water Quality program is mandated
by the Water Quality Act of 1987 which amended
the Clean Water Act. This 1987 Act enhanced
water quality management and improved the
Agency's partnerships with the states. This Act
also authorized the development of new standards
and guidelines to prevent and control water quality
pollution and authorized new approaches to deal
with nonpoint sources of pollution. Other statutory
mandates for this program are in the Great Lakes
Critical Programs Act; Water Resources
Development Act; the Marine Protection, Research
and Sanctuaries Act; the Shore Protection Act;
and the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization
Amendments.
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$274.2 million and 1,856 workyears for the
Water Quality Program. This request emphasizes
common sense, place-based approaches to
improving water quality. Built on the solid
foundation of basic water programs and
incorporating a risk-based approach to
decision-making, the 1997 program focuses on
improvingwetweatherflow controls, encouraging
comprehensive place-based wetlands
management, and overall streamlining of our
program delivery to our customers.
HIGHLIGHTS
EPA's Water Quality Program faces three
main challenges; improving the quality of our
surface water, protectinggroundwater resources,
and reducing wetlands loss. First, the Agency
seeks to prevent or control pollution sources and
adverse physical alteration, to restore degraded
areas, and to gain a better understanding of the
condition of our surface water resources. Second,
the Agency must protect ground water from
pollution and help the public better understand
the ways in which to prevent the ground water
from becoming polluted. Finally, EPA is seeking
to continue the trend towards reduced wetlands
loss, ultimately realizing a net gain in wetland
acreage through efforts to create new wetlands
and to protect, improve and better understand
wetlands conditions.
Reinventing Environmental Regulation
In 1997, EPA will support projects to
reinvent environmental regulation, including
Project XL pilots and the Agency's Common Sense
Initiative. The Agency will continue to reinvent
the ocean dumping program by focusing on
long-term disposal site planning and management
in advance of individual permit applications. EPA
will encourage effluent trading in watersheds
and promote the creation of wetland mitigation
banks. EPA will continue working with
stakeholders to reinvent the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Program
(i.e., reduce permittee monitoring requirements,
streamline application data requirements, and
expand the use of general permits). The Agency
will identify reportingburdens that can be reduced
or eliminated. As part of the larger Agency-wide
Environmental Technology Initiative, the Water
Quality Program will develop technology
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WATER QUALITY
verification protocols to test the viability and
performance of new water pollution prevention
and control technologies and methods.
Supporting Local Efforts
to Protect Watersheds
EPA will continue orienting water quality
programs to protect "places." Drawing on the
experience and successes of the Great Lakes,
Chesapeake Bay, and Gulf of Mexico Program
Offices and the National Estuary Programs (NEP),
EPA will help states, local communities, and
tribes use scientific tools to address their
environmental problems. The Agency will
facilitate cross-program support for implementing
estuarine management plans and use the
experience of the NEP to encourage other coastal
watershed protection efforts. EPA will
disseminate new and revised user-friendly
computer models and databases including
Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
The Agency will also assist states in
continuing to integrate NPDES programs into
this watershed approach. We will do this by
allowing resources dedicated to developing
permits to vary depending upon the environmental
impacts of each source. New approaches such as
tailored oversight practices, new performance
measures, flexible use of funding, and simplified
procedures will reduce cost and burdens to the
EPA and the states. The Agency will coordinate
with other environmental programs to address
complex multimedia problems (such as air
deposition of pollutants in U.S. waters). Finally,
the Agency is looking at the future direction of its
water quality criteria and standards program.
EPA is focusing on specific waterbodies and
working with states, communities, tribes, and
other groups to help them tailor solutions to local
environmental conditions and problems.
Improving the Flow of Information to Our
Partners
In 1997, EPA will better communicate
water program actions and policies to assure that
stakeholders understand and participate in
Agency decision-making. We will help states use
environmental indicators to measure progress
against watershed goals. TheAgency will annually
communicate the results of program activities to
the general public and stakeholders and will
extensively use new electronic technologies to
communicate with other Federal, state, tribal,
and local water programs and to distribute
information to interested parties. EPA will
continue working with states and other agencies
to link national water quality databases through
the Interagency Task Force on Water Quality
Monitoring.
Preventing Polluted Runoff
EPA will work with the urban wet weather
advisory group to address both technical and
policy issues for controlling urban runoff, storm
water runoff, sanitary sewer overflows, and
combined sewer overflows. The Agency will also
streamline monitoring and storm water
permitting requirements to reduce existing and
potential burdens. Working with stakeholders,
EPA will issue national guidance to help upgrade
existing state Nonpoint Source (NPS) programs,
encourage greater focus on priority watersheds
and environmental results, and streamline the
grants application process. Finally, the Agency
will use pollution prevention, incentive-based
volunteer efforts and outreach to address
traditionally unregulated nonpoint sources.
Enhancing Wetlands Protection
In 1997, the Agency will continue to
enhance wetlands protection, making wetlands
regulation more cost-effective and flexible. EPA
will encourage states and tribes to develop and
implement Wetlands Conservation Plans and
promote state and tribal assumption of regulatory
authority and other mechanisms that rely on
local decision-making. EPA will increase the use
of wetlands mitigation banking and support
landowners interested in voluntary wetlands
stewardship. Through stakeholder partnerships,
the Agency will pursue voluntary and
incentive-based measures throughout the
Mississippi River watershed to address excessive
nutrient runoff that contributes to hypoxia
problems in coastal Louisiana and Texas.
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WATER QUALITY
Ensuring Environmental Accountability
Through Better Compliance
In 1997, EPA will promote a
comprehensive approach for compliance and
enforcement to ensure environmental
accountability in protection of the nation's
waterways. The Water Quality Enforcement
Program will ensure compliance with permits
issued under NPDES and for the discharge of
dredged or fill material into navigable waterways.
The program will concentrate activities in targeted
high risk sectors, ecosystems, and populations.
We will quickly identify violators and take swift
action to ensure compliance.
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DRINKING WATER
Violations of national drinking water
health standards have increased since the
implementation of major new regulations under
the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments.
In 1994, 23 million people were provided water
that violated drinking water health standards at
least once during the year. An additional 23
million people were placed at increased risk
because they were served by systems that had
inadequate or no filtration treatment.
The Drinking Water program was
established to ensure that public water supplies
are free of contaminants that may pose
unacceptable human health risks and to protect
our groundwater resources. The 1993 Milwaukee
drinking water crisis and further outbreaks in
Washington, B.C. and New York City reduced
confidence in our drinking water quality.
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA) impose nationwide
safeguards for drinking water and establish
Federal enforcement responsibility when
necessary. EPA's goal is to ensure that every
public water system will provide water that is
consistently safe to drink. To meet this goal, two
challenges must be met. First, EPA, in partnership
with the states, must ensure that people already
receivinghigh-quality drinking water continue to
do so. Second, EPA and the states must continue
to reduce the percentage of the population
receiving drinking water from public water
systems that are in violation of EPA standards
and state health requirements.
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$69.8 million and 576 workyears for the
Drinking Water program.
HIGHLIGHTS
For the past year, EPA has been
conducting an extensive reassessment of its
Drinking Water program in response to the need
to focus on the highest risk reduction activities,
implement stakeholder requested improvements,
and be better prepared to deal with serious public
health concerns caused by contaminated drinking
water. The Agency held a series of public meetings,
attended by over 500 stakeholders, to discuss
EPA's approach to this reinvention/redirection
effort. The four primary objectives of this effort
are: (1) risk-based priorities for settinghigh quality
standards; (2) standards based on sound science
and data; (3) strong, flexible partnerships with
states and local governments in implementation;
and (4) community-based source water protection.
Focusing on the Highest-Risks
EPA will continue to implement the
Administration's regulatory reinvention initiative
that targets safety standards, research, and
resources on contaminants that pose the greatest
threats to human health. EPA will concentrate a
major portion of its resources on developing safety
standards for microbial contaminants, especially
cryptosporidium, and the risks created from the
treatment of microbial contaminants. These risks
are being addressed in the Microbial-Disinfection -
By-Products (M-DBP) cluster rule, one of the
most comprehensive and complex set of rules
under development in the Agency.
In addition to the contaminants addressed
in the M-DBP cluster rule, EPA will initiate
development of safety standards for other critical,
high-risk threats to drinking water safety that
are currently not being adequately addressed
(e.g., total triazines).
Strengthening Data and Science
EPA continues to emphasize the
importance of quality data in setting drinking
water standards and assessing progress of public
water systems. The new Safe Drinking Water
Information System (SDWIS) will be completed
in 1997 and the installation of SDWIS is expected
in approximately 15 states. EPA will provide
training to state and Regional staff, to provide
complete, accurate, and timely data.
The Information Collection Rule (ICR), a
component of SDWIS, will be issued in the spring
of 1996. The investment in the ICR, one of the
rules under the M-DBP cluster, funds the Federal
government's role in the collection and analysis of
occurrence and treatment data by local public
utilitiesfor disinfectants, disinfection by-products,
and microorganisms.
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DRINKING WATER
Engaging in Flexible Partnerships
with the States
EPA believes that strong, flexible
partnerships with state and local governments
are an effective way to reduce health risks. In an
effort to make drinking water monitoring
requirements more flexible and efficient, EPA is
working on the simplification of monitoring
requirements for chemical contaminants in
drinking water. The chemical monitoring rule
will provide flexibility to state and local
governments in setting sampling frequencies
based on the vulnerability of the drinking water
system.
EPA has helped create the Safe Drinking
Water Partnership, a voluntary partnership
through which public water utilities pledge to
reduce microbial contaminants beyond regulatory
requirements through a series of good engineering
practices. It is expected that by the end of 1997
over 500 water utilities across the nation will
have joined with EPA and major water
associations in this Partnership.
Supporting Partnerships with Small Systems
EPA will continue to support the states in
ensuring that small drinking water system s have
the capability to attain and maintain compliance
over the long term. EPA is working with states
and small systems to provide additional flexibility
for small systems wherever possible, including
monitoring waivers, best available technology for
smaller systems, and prevention approaches to
streamline and tailor implementation.
EPA will also continue its partnership
with rural water organizations to assist some
175,000 community public water systems. These
rural water organizations will provide technical
assistance to small communities, especially those
systems identified as needing assistance to stay
in compliance with SDWA.
Continuing Community-Based Source Water
Protection
EPA will continue to emphasize the
implementation of "community-based" programs
to protect the source waters — both surface and
ground—that supply the drinking water for some
60,000 community public water systems. The
Source Water Protection (SWP) program is a
common-sense approach to preventing pollution
of lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater that
serve as drinkingwater sources. EPA will provide
technical assistance to communities implementing
Wellhead Protection and SWP program activities
and will implement a multi-partner effort in 20
states to assist communities in establishing
citizen-led SWP programs.
EPA will continue to protect groundwater
through regulation and management of Class I,
II, III underground injection wells. The final UIC
rule on Class V shallow injection wells will be
promulgated in 1997. This rule will restrict the
use of Class V injection wells for an estimated
120,000 industrial waste disposal concerns.
Providing Strong Enforcement
EPA is committed to a strong enforcement
presence to ensure that drinking water supplies
meet SDWA requirements. EPA will enforce the
Public Water System Supervision (PWSS)
programs, with priority given to the Surface Water
Treatment Rule (SWTR), total coliform, and Lead
and Copper regulations, and the Underground
Injection Control (UIC) programs. EPA has
launched a pilot compliance assurance project
called "Partners in Healthy Drinking Water".
The purpose of this project is to assist small public
water systems in complying with the
microbiological monitoring requirements for
drinking water. EPA will continue to team public
water systems that have excellent compliance
records with systems that are regularly or
intermittently not in compliance.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous and municipal solid wastes
are an unavoidable part of modern life. Hazardous
wastes are produced by over 180,000 large
business and industries, such as chemical and
manufacturingplants, and small businesses, such
as dry cleaners and printingplants. Approximately
209 million tons, 4 pounds per person per day, of
municipal solid wastes are produced annually.
Improperly managed wastes can lead to fires,
explosions, and contamination of the air, soil,
surface water and underground drinking water
supplies, and can cause harm to the health of
workers and communities. The Hazardous Waste
program was established to meet the overall goal
of proper prevention, management and disposal
ofhazardous and municipal solid wastes generated
nationwide.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) of 1976, as revised by the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments (HWSA) of 1984,
provides the legislative mandate to ensure safe
management and disposal of solid and hazardous
wastes, minimize the generation of new wastes,
and prevent and detect leakage from underground
storage tanks (UST). Under the RCRA program,
EPA has worked with our partners to establish
regulations, national policies and provide guidance
for regulated entities, including those who
generate, treat, store, or dispose of waste. The
Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act, Title III of the Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986,
set up a framework to address risks posed by
hazardous chemicals in communities.
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$195.7 million and 1,327 workyearsto meet
the environmental goals of the Hazardous Waste
program. The major direction for the hazardous
waste program will be to focus private and public
resources on efforts that address the greatest
environmental risk including corrective action
stabilizations and permits. For RCRA regulatory
reinvention activities, the Agency will work to
implement waste management standards based
on levels of risk rather than a one-size-fits-all
approach. EPA will also help tribal governments
establish integrated waste management
programs, including the safe managementof solid
waste, hazardous waste and underground storage
tanks. Resources will also fund a comprehensive
state and Federal review of current information
systems in order to streamline industry reporting,
develop more effective measures of environmental
results and complement the Agency's One Stop
Reporting initiative.
HIGHLIGHTS
In 1997, the Agency will increase the
Hazardous Waste program's flexibility and
effectiveness by strengthening our regulatory
reinvention activities, streamlining permit
writing, helping state and tribal governments
meet their environmental mandates, encouraging
safe waste management approaches that reflect
relative risk, and providing a national outreach
and education network.
Promoting Regulatory Flexibility
and Innovation and Strengthening
State and Tribal Partnerships
A total of $137.3 million and 828
workyears are provided to support the
implementation of the RCRA program. The
Agency's strategy is to ensure adequate and safe
treatment ofhazardous waste through the proper
management of storage, treatment and disposal.
Minimizing the volume and toxicity of wastes is
one of the most effective means of protecting
public health and the environment from exposure
to hazardous waste. The priority in 1997 will be
to increase regulatory flexibility by using the
common sense approach to revising, implementing
and enforcing regulations and standards. The
Agency will focus resources on addressing
immediate risks and taking actions to control the
further spread of contamination, helpingto ensure
maximum protection of human health and the
environment.
In addition, the Agency will continue
ongoing initiatives to speed up and simplify the
cleanup, permitting and state authorization
processes. In particular, the Hazardous Waste
Identification Media and Process Rules (HWIR)
and revisions to the remediation waste rule
(Subpart S) will yield significant savings for
industry as well as states and the Agency. The
HWIR rule will focus on methods to release
low-risk hazardous wastes from regulation, and
the Subpart S rule will encourage innovative
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
approaches to safe waste management and clarify
cleanup guidelines. In combination with increased
attention to the use of state and other cleanup
authorities, these measures will continue the
momentum toward environmental results rather
than a process-driven program.
As part of our effort to promote flexibility
and innovation in environmental regulations, the
Agency will continue to work closely with states,
tribal governments and local groups to strengthen
waste management methods. For example, the
Agency is now considering ways to improve work
on safe waste management in the petroleum
industry as part of the Common Sense Initiative.
The Agency will work with petroleum sector
stakeholders to identify and improve overly
complex or overlapping environmental regulations
and standards. This initiative is critical to the
Agency's effort to make all programs more efficient
as well as to meet our environmental goals for
waste minimization, safe management of wastes,
and cleanup of contaminated sites.
Improving solid waste management is a
high priority for many tribal governments, and
the Agency will offer more direct assistance and
guidance to tribes. The Agency's partnership
with specific tribal governments will center on
identifying viable and affordable technologies that
would be appropriate for small, remote
communities. Other resources and technical
support will be provided to bring together
interested tribal governments, Native Alaskan
Villages, other state/local governments and
non-governmental organizations, to analyze the
potential benefits of developing and implementing
partnerships to improve tribal waste
management. EPA will coordinate closely with
our state partners, tribal governments and
industry to establish safe, effective and efficient
environmental goals in managing solid waste.
The Agency will link safe waste management
strategies with assistance to communities to
prevent, assess, safely clean up and sustainably
reuse industrial sites.
Improving Local-level Prevention Planning
For the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Title III program, the
1997 President's Budget provides $14.9 million
and 69 workyears to help states and local
governments address risks posed by hazardous
chemicals present in communities. The Agency's
key priority in 1997 is to ensure states receive the
support they need to build accidental release
prevention programs. EPA will provide technical
assistance and training to assist states develop
legislative programs, establish funding
mechanisms, develop accident prevention
techniques, and register and review facility
management plans. In addition, the Agency,
along with the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), will jointly investigate
and determine the causes and effects of significant
chemical releases into the environment and make
recommendations to prevent further accidents,
thereby protecting public health, safety, and the
environment.
Eliminating Health Risks
Posed bv Underground Storage Tanks
A total of $7.3 million and 59 workyears
are provided for the Underground Storage Tank
(UST) program. The UST program addresses one
of EPA's largest regulated communities, covering
more than one million active USTs at over 400,000
facilities across the United States. The Agency
will work with states to implement and enforce
the 1998 tank deadline to upgrade, replace, or
close tanks. EPA will also continue efforts to
build and support strong state, local, and tribal
programs, ensuring that another generation of
leaking tanks is not created. Moreover, the Agency
will pursue a long-term strategy to develop
techniques that involve the private sector more
directly in promoting good tank management by
owners and operators, and will continue to focus
on strengthening partnerships with states, local
and tribal governments.
Focusing Enforcement Activities
on Higher Risks
The 1997 budget for Hazardous Waste
enforcement is $33.6 million and 364 workyears.
In support of the Agency's goal to prevent waste
and harmful chemical releases, EPA will work to
ensure combustion facilities are in compliance
withpermitregulations. The Agency will continue
to work with states to enhance inspection and
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
enforcement activities at these facilities and
develop voluntary compliance programs. The
Agency will continue compliance monitoring and
enforcement actions against those handlers and
non-notifiers presenting the greatest threat to
human health and the environment. Resources
will be provided to tribal governments to assist in
building their capability to enforce solid waste
regulations.
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides are used in a remarkably
diverse array of products, from insect repellents
to crop weed killers to household disinfectants to
swimming pool chemicals. They are often
intentionally applied in the environment, rather
than occurring as a by-product of industry or
other human activity. They are found and used in
nearly every home and business in the United
States. However, acute and chronichumanhealth
and environmental risks can be associated with
the use of many of these chemicals. At the same
time, the use of pesticides in the United States
contributes to increased and diversified
agricultural production and improves public
health through the control of disease-carrying
pests. EPA is responsible for balancing the risks
to the nation's health and environment posed by
pesticides with the benefits from the use of
pesticides.
The Pesticides Program derives its
statutory authority from the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The
Agency's decision whether or not to register new
pesticides and reregister existing pesticides
reflects the balance between risks to publichealth
and the environment and economic benefits.
Registration and reregistration decisions
prescribe permissible uses, conditions for
application and other measures which are
designed to ensure that the pesticide, when used
as directed, will not pose an unacceptable risk to
public health and the environment.
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$82.1 million and 862 workyears for the
Pesticides Program. The major goal of the program
is to ensure the safety of the nation's food supply.
This goal is accomplished by setting standards for
the safe use of pesticides through registration
and reregistration, and establishing tolerances
for pesticide residues in food. At the same time,
pesticides benefit the public's health by controlling
potential disease-causingorganismsfoundinfood,
water, and other settings. This program reduces
risks from pesticides in food, the workplace, and
other exposure pathways and prevents pollution
by encouraging the use of new, safer pesticides
and biologicals.
HIGHLIGHTS
In 1997, the Administration will improve
the safety of America's food supply by registering
new pesticides, reregistering existing pesticides,
and setting tolerance levels for pesticide residues
in food and food crops. Efforts will be undertaken
to allow public access to a larger quantity of the
Agency's pesticide data and to allow easier access
by individuals who live in economically
disadvantaged areas. While new initiatives will
help protect the health and environment of
farmers, farm workers, tribes, and communities,
a strong enforcement program will ensure
enforcement and compliance with the nation's
pesticide laws.
Focusing on Registration!
ReregistrationlTolerance Setting
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$37.4 million and 360 workyears for pesticide
registration, reregistration, and tolerance
activities. In registering new pesticides, EPA
requires appropriate scientific tests to help
determine whether apesticide could cause adverse
effects to humans, wildlife, fish, or plants.
Scientific data on the fate of pesticides in the
environment also allows the Agency to assess
threats to surface and ground water and other
environmental issues. In 1997, theAgency expects
to issue approximately 40 new pesticide
registrations.
The Reregistration Program encompasses
over 400 active ingredients and 22,000 pesticide
products. Many of these pesticides have not been
tested and evaluated using current scientific
technology and knowledge. The 1988
Amendments to FIFRArequire EPA to thoroughly
review and evaluate all pesticide products that
contain active ingredients initially registered
before November 1, 1984. This comprehensive
reevaluation of pesticides under current scientific
standards is critical to protecting human health
and the environment. In 1997, the Agency
anticipates that 40 pesticide Reregistration
Eligibility Decisions will be issued.
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PESTICIDES
The authority for pesticide maintenance
fees that support the reregistration of existing
pesticides will expire on September 30,1997. The
Administration will propose legislation to extend
and increase maintenance fees. This will ensure
that manufacturers of pesticide products continue
to bear a fair share of costs to complete the
Reregistration Program which ensures that up-
to-date scientific methods have been used to
determine that proper use of their products will
not pose an unreasonable risk of adverse effects to
human health or the environment. The
Administration also supports the reinstatement
of pesticide registration fees that were suspended
by Congress in 1988.
In 1997, the Agency will continue to work
and consult with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration,
and the states in monitoring pesticide use and
pesticide residues in food and animal feed.
Increased emphasis will be placed on improving
the government's food safety program to protect
children. This emphasis responds to concerns
raised in 1993 National Academy of Science
report about pesticides in children's diets.
Enhancing Public Access to Pesticide Data
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$0.8 million to improve public access to pesticide
databases. Efforts will be increased to provide
public access to an enormous volume of health
and safety studies that EPA has collected.
Economically disadvantaged areas will receive
access to Agency information that answers
questions asked by citizens about pesticides.
Strengthening Support for
Communities. Farm Workers, and Tribes
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$0.9 million and 2 workyears for a Design for the
Environment for Farmers project. This project
will complete a catalogue of existing tools for
community-based environmental protection and
conduct a survey of potential users of such tools.
An assessment of the needs of organizations
actually conducting community-based
environmental protection will be made available.
Technical guidance and analytical tools will help
communities evaluate their environmental
problems.
The Worker Protection Standards affect
three to four million pesticide handlers, as well as
over one million agricultural establishments. In
1997, the Agency will work with the states in
developing and distributing information for farm
workers, training, and follow-up to local
governments, growers, grower organizations, and
agricultural workers. EPA's Regions will provide
technical assistance to states, coordinate with
affected agencies, and distribute materials.
EPA will increase activities supporting
tribal governments as part of the Agency's goal of
healthy terrestrial ecosystems. The initiatives
include a course on pesticides for indian colleges;
a manual on indians' use of plants for food; and a
work-study program at Sinte Gleske University.
In 1997, projects in both the Toxic
Substances and Pesticides medias will support
community-based ecosystems activities.
Technical assistance will be provided to the states,
public, industry and others. Partnerships will be
developed in the communities and tribes to keep
EPA focused on issues of concern to these
communities.
Focusing on Pesticide Enforcement
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$4.1 million and 60 workyears for the Pesticide
Enforcement Program. This program will focus
on problems relating to urban pesticide misuse,
ineffective hospital disinfectants, food safety, and
worker safety protection. This program will
develop and issue enforcement cases of FIFRA
violations that pose high risks for which the
states do not have delegated authority.
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RADIATION
Radioactive materials are used or stored
at thousands of federal facilities, over 100 nuclear
reactors, and many thousands of other locations.
EPA guidance and standards for the cleanup and
management of radioactive materials will ensure
thatthefederalgovemmentdoesnotspendbillions
of dollars in unnecessary cleanup costs. Another
key component of EPA's radiation program is
oversight of the Department of Energy's (DOE)
operation of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, a
potential radioactive waste disposal site.
The EPA program to address radiation
issues is derived from a number of statutes. These
include the Clean Air Act of 1990, the Waste
Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Land Withdrawal
Act, the Energy Policy Act of 1992, the Atomic
Energy Act, the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation
Control Act, the Indoor Radon Abatement Act,
and the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986.
The 1997 President's Budget requests a
total of $20.4 million and 114 workyearsunder
the EPM appropriation to implement four major
program objectives established for the Agency's
radiation programs. These objectives include:
reducing adverse effects from radiation exposure
through a program of standards and guidelines;
assessing and quantifying existing and emerging
radiation problems and their potential impacts
on health and the environment; responding to
radiation issues of serious public concern; and
responding to emergencies, if needed, and
developing and testing Federal, state and local
plans for emergency response.
HIGHLIGHTS
Overseeinff DOE Waste Disposal at
the Waste Isolation Pilot Project
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$6.4 million and 27 workyears for a variety of
tasks associated with the WIPP, a disposal site in
New Mexico for high-level waste from the
production of nuclear weapons. Under the WIPP
Land Withdrawal Act of 1992, EPA is responsible
for establishing disposal standards, developing
regulations to establish compliance criteria, and
certifying Department of Energy's compliance.
DOE, which operates WIPP, plans to submit its
application for this certification in October 1996.
EPA must approve or disapprove this application
within one year after receipt. If EPA certifies that
the WIPP is in compliance with the radioactive
waste disposal standards, the DOE will be required
to submit a recertification application every five
years to EPAfor review in determining continued
compliance.
Implementing Existing Standards
and New Requirements
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$10.1 million and 63 workyears under the EPM
appropriation to establish standards for
radioactive waste management and develop
Federal guidance. EPA will continue to promote
the transfer of implementation responsibilities
for the radionuclide National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) to the
states. Videotape training will be supplemented
with direct assistance to deal with unique
problems raised by the states and local authorities.
EPA will work closely with DOE as it continues to
decontaminate and decommission buildings and
facilities.
Radioactive materials are used at over
20,000 sites including DOE facilities and over 100
nuclear power plants. Billions of dollars could be
potentially wasted by inadequate cleanup efforts.
In 1997 EPA will continue development of cleanup
criteria for sites contaminated with radionuclides
that will provide clear and consistent groundrules
for cleanup.
Supporting Emergency Preparedness
The 1997 President's Budget requests
$1.5 million and 17 workyears for its emergency
preparedness efforts. In 1997 EPA will continue
its classroom and field training programs to
maintain and improve the capabilities of the EPA
Radiological Emergency Response Team. EPA
will also continue to work with other Federal
agencies and the international community on
formal agreements dealingwith communications,
coordination of response efforts, and mutual
assistance for responding to emergencies.
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MULTIMEDIA
Effective response to environmental
problems today requires a comprehensive
cross-media approach. Environmental problems
are complex by nature and require a broad base of
knowledge to understand them and design
effective solutions. Multimedia program activities
promote an integrated approach to environmental
protection and provide cross-media support to
Agencymedia programs. The Multimedia program
is developing and utilizing multimedia,
sector-based, strategically targeted techniques to
meet the requirements of environmental
protection.
The Enforcement program will be
representative of the Agency's efforts to both
maintain an effective enforcement presence, and
encourage voluntary compliance through
compliance assistance and incentives. The
Enforcement program provides civil and criminal
investigations, technicalforensicsupportandlegal
support for enforcement actions. The program
will also foster compliance through voluntary
partnerships, compliance incentives and
compliance assistance efforts for small businesses.
The Multimedia media will also provide
lead efforts for regulatory reinvention projects
such as Project XL and the Common Sense
Initiative (CSI). The Environmental Technology
Initiative (ETI) will continue to focus on
eliminating barriers in the regulatory and
permitting process of new technologies through
collaboration with public and private sector
partners. The Multimedia media will also support
specific U.S. Mexico Border activities, legal
services and InformationResourcesManagement.
In 1997, EPA requests a total of $331.8
million and 1,749 workyears for Multimedia
programs in the Environmental Program and
Management account.
HIGHLIGHTS
Improving Environmental Protection
in Tribal Lands
In 1997, the Agency will continue to
expand and improve its program delivery to tribal
governments and to develop government-
to-government relations with tribes in fulfillment
of its trust responsibilities. The American Indian
program will coordinate and implement EPA's
tribal environmental policies. The Agency will
continue development of a national environmental
strategy; develop and operate a clearinghouse for
tribal environmental information; coordinate
interagency cooperation for the improvement of
environmental conditions on Indian lands; and
support the Agency's tribal operations committee.
Maintaining Strong Enforcement
and Expanding Compliance Assistance
The 1997 request for multimedia
Enforcement program activities is $ 126.1 million
and 1,079 workyears. The program will continue
to place a priority on ensuring compliance with
environmental statutes enactedby Congress. The
program will preserve the strong enforcement
program which was essential to the environmental
and public health improvements of the past 25
years and which must remain in place if EPA is to
fulfill its mandate to bring safe air, water and food
to all Americans. This request will fully fund
EPA's front line workforce of environmental
inspectors and investigators. Keeping the
environmental cop on the beat will mean that the
vast majority of businesses which seek to comply
with the law will be rewarded with a level playing
field, that bad actors will not gain from violating
the law, and that every American will have equal
access to a clean environment in which to live and
work.
At the same time, this budget supports
the Agency's compliance assistance efforts. EPA
will redirect additional resources from single
media, single industry compliance problems to
multimedia compliance assistance. The
Enforcement program will pursue the strategy of
providing compliance assistance to the regulated
community by developing andimplementingways
to encourage voluntary compliance with
environmental regulations.
One example of developing assistance
tools for the regulated community are the Small
Business Compliance Assistance Centers. These
Centers provide one-stop shopping for all
regulations for a given industry sector such as
printing or metal finishing. The Centers contain
plain-english guides to compliance requirements
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MULTIMEDIA
and technical assistance resources, assistance
and training on treatment technologies, and
methodologies for self-audits and compliance
surveys.
The Enforcement program will also
expand the Environmental Leadership Project
(ELP) . The project encourages corporations in
partnership with EPA to develop individualized
innovative auditing and compliance programs.
One of the many successes of ELP to date involves
the Gillette Corporation's implementation of a
self-audit program at three of their facilities. The
proactive program will allow Gillette to identify,
correct and prevent environmental issues before
a regulatory entity need be involved, saving
Gillette, the government and the public time,
money, and the quality of the environment.
Providing Opportunities for
Decision-making at the Community Level
EPA requests $38.7 million and 29
workyears for unique multimedia programs that
provide communities with decision-making
opportunities regarding local environmental
programs. In 1997, the Agency will launch the
Sustainable Development Challenge Grant
Program with $10.0 million and 5 workyears.
These grants will leverage public and private
community investment to improve environmental
quality whileenhancingeconomicprosperity. This
program will challenge communities to meet their
present needs without compromising the needs of
future generations through broad and open
community involvement and investment.
The 1997 budget also includes $15.8
million for the Regional Multimedia Program
which is designed to fund projects based on
comparative risk surveys and/or to meet local
needs in a particular community or region of the
country that are not addressed under traditional
single media programs. Likewise, the Agency's
environmental education program fosters
educational partnerships among government,
business, academic institutions and community
groups to promote a better understanding of the
interrelationships among environmental,
economic, and social issues. Each of these
investments demonstrates the Administration's
commitment to help local governments and public
citizens resolve environmental problems in their
communities.
Protecting U.S. Interests and
Upholdintf International Agreements
The Agency will continue to protect the
public health and natural resources ofU.S. citizens
by upholding the La Paz Agreement and the
environmental side agreement of the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In
1997, EPA requests $2.7 million and 13 workyears
to operate two border offices and to implement
the Border XXI Program. The Border XXI Program
will address the complex, multimedia
environmental problems facing communities
along the U.S.-Mexican border. This program
also funds community grants, emphasizes public
participation, and promotes sustainable
development. These efforts will be supported by
the operation of two border offices in the cities of
San Diego, California and El Paso, Texas. Both
offices play important roles in coordinating EPA
activities with the International Boundary and
Water Commission, the Pan American Health
Organization, the Border Environmental
Cooperation Commission, and the North American
Development Bank. These activities complement
media-specific activities conducted along the
U.S.-Mexico Border.
Promoting Multimedia Policy Development.
Economics and Prof ram Implementation
1997 will be a pivotal year for assessing
the Nation's progress and commitment to reducing
greenhouse gas emissions. The Agency requests
$30.9 million and 33 workyears to carry out six
components of the U.S. Climate Change Action
Plan (CCAP). These six components, managed by
the Multimedia Policy Development and
Economics Program, contribute to the U.S.
commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
to 1990 levels by the year 2000. These resources
will complement the CCAP efforts under the Air
media. As part of the Environmental Technology
Initiative (ETI), the Multimedia Policy
Development and Economics Program will
continue to focus on eliminating barriers in the
regulatory and permitting processes which inhibit
the private sector from developing new
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MULTIMEDIA
technologies and fostering cleaner and cheaper
solutions to environmental problems. The Agency
requests $13.3 million and 25 workyears for this
effort which complements ETI activities performed
in other Agency programs.
Project XL has been introduced as a
centerpiece of the Agency's commitment to
reinvent environmental regulation. In 1997, the
Multimedia Policy Development and Economics
Program will lead the Agency's implementation
and evaluation of Project XL with an investment
of $1.2 million and 15 workyears. This pilot
program will provide a limited number of regulated
companies, states, communities and federal
facilities with the opportunity to replace existing
environmental rules with alternative strategies
of their own design that achieve superior
environmental performance. Another regulatory
reinvention effort beingundertaken by the Agency
is the Common Sense Initiative (CSI) which will
work to overcome the problems that many sectors
encounter in their efforts to manage industrial
pollution. In 1997, the Agency requests $1.8
million and 12 workyears for the Multimedia
Policy Development and Economics Program
which will focus on implementation of the metal
finishingpilot and laying the foundation for future
CSI industries and projects. The CSI effort is also
underway in the media program offices.
In addition, the Agency will expand the
ability to characterize and quantify benefits of
EPA programs through the establishment of an
Economics Studies Center. The Center will
operate as an information clearinghouse and
technical assistance service center to improve
applied research used in the development of
regulatory options and economic analyses. The
1997 budget includes $1.0 million and 19
workyearsforthe Center. Finally, the Multimedia
Regulatory andCommunityBasedEnvironmental
Protection Program will provide support for the
Agency's Community Based Environmental
Protection (CBEP) Program and the National
Service Program (NSP). The 1997budgetrequests
for $1.8 million and 27 workyears for the CBEP to
pilot innovative programs with state and local
governments and to develop and disseminate
ecological, economic and social science tools needed
by environmental practitioners. With $2.0 million
and 2 workyears in 1997, the NSP will work with
Americorps, VISTA, RSVP and other volunteers
at the local level to correct environmental problems
such as stream restoration, lead abatement, radon
detection and solid waste management.
Continuing Legal Support Services
The 1997 budget for the General Counsel
includes $26.5 million and 280 workyears to
provide legal advice and assistance to both
Headquarters and Regional managers. In 1997,
the General Counsel will focus new resources on
employment law and ethics in light of the
Administration's streamlining and reinvention
efforts, especially as they relate to the
labor-management partnerships established
under Executive Order 12871. In addition, the
General Counsel proposes to redirect and invest
workyears to accelerate the issuance of Clean Air
Act rules and standards. Finally, the General
Counsel will redirect existing workyears in
support of the Agency's increased attention to
Indian law issues, environmental justice,
community-based environmental protection and
endangered species.
Coordinating Our Information
Resources Management
The Agency requests a total of $29.8
million and seven workyears for the Executive
Steering Committee for Information Resources
Management (ESC). In 1997 the ESC will focus
on three key area: Reinventing Environmental
Regulations, Community-Based Environmental
Protection, and Work Process Reinvention. The
Reinventing Environmental Regulations effort
will substantially reduce reporting burdens for
the regulated community, integrate reporting
requirements, and make environmental
information more acceptable to the public. The
Community-Based Environmental Protection
effort will provide easy access to environmental
information for state and local governments to
allow them to act on local issues and protect
ecosystems. The Work Process Reinvention
initiative will automate reporting by industry
and states through the use of Electronic Data
Interchange.
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MULTIMEDIA
Promoting Pollution Prevention
The Agency requests a total of $23.4
million and 65 workyears for the multimedia
Pollution Prevention program. The program's
multimedia mission includes the development of
multimedia pollution prevention strategies and
their use through national, Regional, and state
environmental programs. This program
coordinates the Agency's activities to implement
the requirements of the Pollution Prevention Act
of 1990 and contains activities in the toxic
substances media as well.
In 1997, the multimedia pollution
prevention program will target it efforts to areas
where prevention offers the greatest opportunity
to reduce threats to the environment and public
health. Because EPA believes that pollution
prevention can benefit both the environment and
the economy, the Agency's policy is designed to
maximize private sector initiatives by challenging
industry to achieve ambitious prevention goals
such as through the Design for Environment
program or the Green Chemistry program. This
approach encourages more businesses to identify
andprofitfrom opportunitiesforprevention, which
in turn yield significant public dividends in the
form of increased environmental protection.
Ensuring Environmental Justice
The Agency requests a total of 3.4 million
and 11 workyears for the Agency Environmental
Justice program. The Agency program, distinct
from the environmental justice initiatives in each
office, will continue to coordinate the Regional
and Headquarters organization's environmental
justice programs. The program will support the
National EnvironmentalJustice Advisory Council
which advises the Administrator on
environmental problems in low income and
minority communities. The program will also
fund grants to community groups and universities
to address environmental justice issues.
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Toxic SUBSTANCES
Human beings and the environment are
exposed each year to a large number of chemical
substances and mixtures. Among the many
chemical substances and mixtures which are
constantly being developed and produced, there
are some whose manufacture, processing,
distribution in commerce, use, or disposal may
present an unreasonable risk of injury to public
health or the environment. The United States
chemical industry manufactures or imports more
than 50,000 commercial chemicals. Each year
approximately2,200 new chemicals are developed
and added to this list of existing chemicals. EPA
is responsible for protecting the public and the
environment from unreasonable risks associated
with the manufacture, use, and disposal of all
commercial toxic chemicals.
EPA's Toxic Substances Program relies
on legislative authority under the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA), Asbestos School
Hazard Abatement Act, Asbestos Hazard
Emergency Response Act, Emergency
Preparedness and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA), Pollution Prevention Act, and the
Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard Reduction
Act. These laws focus on the prevention or
elimination of unreasonable risks to publichealth
and the environment from exposures to toxic
chemicals. The program reduces unnecessary
exposure, promotes pollution prevention, and
encourages safer chemicals and use patterns.
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$81.8 million and 590 workyearsfor the Toxic
Substances programs. Increased emphasis will
be placed on providing more effective, accurate
and efficient information to the public to assist
them in evaluating environmental risks and
understanding the opportunities for pollution
prevention. Industrial facilities are among the
greatest sources of toxic chemicals released into
the environment. EPA is shifting program
emphasis from command and control to
partnership, voluntary participation, market
incentives and empowerment at the state and
local levels.
HIGHLIGHTS
In 1997, the Toxic Substances programs
will respond to specific environmental concerns
about lead, PCBs, and other existing chemicals,
as well as concerns about new chemical products.
EPA will prevent health and environmental risks
from new chemicals and reduce risks from old
chemicals. EPA will provide the public with
information, through the Toxic Release Inventory,
about chemicals emitted by companies. The
Design for the Environment and Common Sense
Initiatives will prevent and reduce pollution in
specific industrial sectors, while a strong
enforcement program will ensure enforcement
and compliance with EPCRA and the toxic
substances laws.
Addressing Chemicals of National Concern
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$17.8 million and 96 workyears for the lead
abatement program. Lead exposure
disproportionately affects children of minorities
and the poor in urban areas. EPA's Environmental
Justice Program will assist minority and low
income communities in addressing local lead
problems. Working with states, EPA will assist
in the development of lead-based paint abatement
training programs, standards for abatement
activities, and a model state program for
compliance with training and accreditation
requirements. EPA coordinates this effort with
the Department of Housing and Urban
Development and other Federal agencies. Since
an important part of EPA's lead program is
communicating the risks of lead to the general
population, health professionals, lead-based paint
abatement workers, and state and local
governments, EPA will disseminate information
through its lead hotline and lead clearinghouse.
Although PCBs are no longer produced in
large quantities, exposure hazards persist from
the more than 1.6 billion pounds of PCBs still in
use in the United States. EPA issues permits to
facilities for the storage and disposal of PCB
wastes, and is proposing a change in PCB
permitting. EPA will devolve PCB permitting
responsibilities to the states; this will streamline
Federal functions and further empower states to
manage local environmental matters.
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Toxic SUBSTANCES
Building Community Self Reliance
(Right-to-Know)
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$25.7 million and 112 workyears for the
Community Right-to-Know Program. This
Program recognizes the right of citizens to be
aware of chemicals released into their local
environment. EPA will emphasize the importance
of making information about significant chemical
releases publicly available and allow informed
public participation in discussions of potential
risks from such emissions. This information is
published annually in the Toxics Release
Inventory (TRI) public data release. In 1997,
technological changes will be implemented to
assist industry in submitting TRI data. Under
the terms of Presidential Executive Order 12969,
EPA will consider expanding the number and
types of facilities that are required to submit TRI
data.
Assessing and Managing Chemicals
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$29 million and 254 workyears for the Chemical
Assessment and Management programs. These
programs include chemical testing, the review of
new chemicals and biotechnology products, and
the management of risks posed by existing
chemicals. These programs form the core of the
Agency's TSCA regulatory program. In 1997, the
chemical testing program will concentrate on
chemicals of concern identified by the TSCA
Interagency Testing Committee, chemicals for
which other EPA program offices and other
Federal agencies have identified data needs, and
U.S. high production/importation volume
chemicals for which testing needs exist. The new
chemicals/biotechnology review program will
review, for human health and environmental
concerns, over 2,200 new chemical and
biotechnology products submitted to the Agency.
The Existing Chemicals program will identify
risks, assess alternatives, and identify pollution
prevention opportunities for chemicals that are
currently sold and used in the United States.
Promoting Common Sense Activities
EPA's Common Sense Initiative will
achieve greater environmental protection at less
cost by addressing pollution on an industry-by-
industry basis. As part of the larger Agency
program, the Toxic Substances Program will work
with the printed wiring board industry in the
electronics sector to evaluate and implement
alternative materials, processes, and technologies
that reduce environmental risks and production
costs. The Green Chemistry Program will promote
the development of products and processes that
reduce or eliminate toxic substances associated
with the design, manufacture, and use of
chemicals. In essence, the Green Chemistry
Program will recognize and promote fundamental
breakthroughs in chemistry that accomplish
pollution prevention cost effectively.
Expanding Pollution Prevention
Pollution prevention is EPA's first choice
in environmental protection. Building upon the
success of the 33/50 Program, EPA will develop a
newvoluntary industrial toxicsreduction program
that will encourage further reductions in the
production, emission and use of toxic chemicals.
The Agency will support the Pollution Prevention
Information Clearinghouse and other information
sources for the public. EPA will also help Federal
agencies identify and procure environmentally
preferable products, and assist businesses in
adopting environmental accounting to help them
identify how pollution prevention pays off
financially.
Enforcing Toxic Substances and
EPCRALaws
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$6.1 million and 87 workyears for the Toxic
Substances Enforcement program. This program
will conduct inspections addressing TSCA, with
particular emphasis on worker protection and
pre-manufacturing notification. In those states
without cooperative enforcement agreements, the
program will conduct risk-based compliance
inspections for TSCA, including inspections for
the high-risk PCB and asbestos in public/
commercial buildings programs. The program
will conduct compliance monitoring and
enforcement activities in any states without
cooperative enforcement agreements.
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Toxic SUBSTANCES
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$1.4 million and 21 workyears for the EPCRA
Enforcement program. This program will conduct
approximately 700 compliance inspections of, and
increase compliance assistance outreach to,
chemical facilities that use, manufacture or
process potentially harmful chemicals that are
required to be reported under EPCRA. The
program will target inspections and enforcement
actions at companies with data quality and data
reporting violations. The program will conduct
compliance inspections to detect companies that
have failed to report toxic chemical emissions.
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MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
As our understanding of complex
environmental problems improves, there is a
growing demand for sophisticated technology,
analytical expertise, comprehensive matrix
management and efficient support services. The
Management and Support program ensures that
executive direction, policy oversight, and a broad
spectrum of administrative support services are
provided to all Agency programs and facilities
across the nation. These activities are carried out
through the efforts of the Office of Policy, Planning
and Evaluation; the Office of International
Activities; the Office of Administration and
Resources Management; and the Office of the
Administrator.
Primary activities include planning and
budgeting, program evaluation, financial
management, health and safety, economic
analysis, audit follow-up, intergovernmental and
international relations, information and human
resources management, and security. Key statutes
being addressed in 1997 include the Government
Performance and Results Act, the Chief Financial
Officers Act, the Federal Managers' Financial
Integrity Act, and Executive Orders on Customer
Service and Labor-Management Partnerships.
The 1997 budget provides $534.3 million
and 2,651 workyearsfor the Management and
Support program.
HIGHLIGHTS
Providing Leadership and Direction
for the Agency
The 1997 budget provides $49.5 million
and 508 workyears for the Office of the
Administrator (OA) which provides essential
executive policy direction, intergovernmental
relations, public communication and outreach,
and executive administrative functions on behalf
of the Administrator, the ten Regional
Administrators and other senior managers.
OA continues to strengthen current ways
of work as it carries out essential legislative,
judicial andmanagementfunctions. In particular,
OA will increase support for the Administrative
Law Judges to provide timely review andjudgment
on cases brought before the Agency. This means
that those guilty of environmental violations will
be identified sooner— resulting in penalty
assessments— and those not guilty will be
exonerated sooner- resulting in fewer adverse
consequences associated with violation charges.
Promoting the Use of Comparative Risk.
Quality Data and Environmental Goals
The Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation (OPPE) requests $17.2 million and
162 workyears in 1997 to provide policy direction
and guidance on Agency-wide initiatives such as
the Common Sense Initiative, Project XL and
Community-Based Environmental Protection. In
addition, resources will be used to strengthen and
expand strategic planning and evaluation,
comparative risk and data management systems.
OPPE will continue to help state, local
and tribal governments with comparative risk
projects and offer assistance to five additional
states with $1.9 million and 18 workyears in
1997. As a result, EPA will have increased the
comparative risk capabilities in approximately
56% of the states in the U.S. This will help states
and EPA articulate environmental priorities and
set environmental goals through the National
Environmental Performance Partnership
Program. In support of the Administration's
commitment to reinvent environmental
regulation, OPPE will dedicate $0.6 million and
10 workyears to create the Center for
Environmental Information and Statistics. This
Center will be responsible for development of
'Environmental Indicator Bulletins' and
establishing an 'Official Statistics' information
database linked to highly sophisticated software
for public access on the Internet. OPPE will
continue to lead the Agency in the development
and implementation of national measurable
environmental goals in support of the Government
Performance and Results Act.
Protecting U.S. Citizens and Natural
Resources Requires International
Cooperation
The 1997 budget provides $19.4 million
and 66 workyears for the Office of International
Activities (OIA) to protect U.S. interests in the
global environment. As the Agency's lead for
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MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
international negotiations and intergovernmental
technical assistance, OIA supports numerous
environmental programs in various countries.
During 1997, OIA will continue to promote U.S.
environmental technology and expertise overseas
in an effort to meet the global demand for
environmental technology and services- amarket
estimated at more than $400 billion a year. The
1997 budget also includes $3.0 million for the
North American Commission on Environmental
Cooperation to ensure Canada, Mexico and the
U. S. develop and implement adequate
environmental protection and enforcement
policies. Other priorities for OIA in 1997 include
new national environmental commitments to
Egypt and to South Africa; reducing the
international risks from PCBs, DDT, chlordane,
mercury and heavy metals; phasing out leaded
gasoline in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Russia
and China; and promoting pollution prevention
in the Americas, the Pacific Basin and India.
Streamlining and Re-engineering
Is A Top Afencv Priority
The 1997 budget provides $143.4 million
and 1,659 workyears for the Headquarters and
Regional management components of the Office
of Administration and Resources Management
(OARM).
OARM manages the systems and
processes that provide the people, money, and
information needed by the Agency and, in many
cases, its Federal, State, tribal and local partners.
In 1997, OARM will continue to realign resources
in the management functions to improve the
effectiveness of their processes and meet the
needs of their customers. For example, in the
human resources area OARM will move staff and
resources from performing the transactional
services of staffing and classification to helping
managers in developing self-managed work teams,
labor-management partnerships and workforce
development.
In 1997, the Agency will focus on
automation and process improvement. This effort
will include broad-scale automation efforts aimed
at reengineering our human resources function
including the development of an automated
personnel process, streamlining the process for
applying and managing grants to provide better
information and reduce processing times, and
implementing electronic improvements in time
and attendance, travel, and payroll functions
that will provide EPA financial services in a more
efficient, businesslike manner.
The Agency will develop and put in place
an integrated approach to Agencywide strategic
planning, budgeting, financial management, and
program evaluation that will guide the Agency's
program and investment decisions and meets the
mandates of the Chief Financial Officers (CFO)
Act, the Federal Managers' Financial Integrity
Act (FMFIA), and the Government Performance
and Results Act (GPRA).
Improving Partnerships
Under EPA's new system for federal
oversight of state environmental programs, EPA
plans to give states and tribes the option of
combining funds received under several EPA
categorical grant programs (e.g. air, water) into
one or more performance partnership grants.
States and tribes will have the flexibility to use
those funds to address their most serious human
health and environmental problems using
community-based, geographic, pollution
prevention, or cross-media strategies designed to
meet specific local needs.
In 1997, our investments will allow us to
develop a framework under which performance
partnership grants (PPGs) would be awarded.
Specifically, the investments will enable the
Agency to develop guidance that will define the
practical, logistical, administrative, and reporting
requirements that would govern this new
approach to grant making.
Ensuring Health and Safety
The 1997 budget contains a request of
$271.4 million and 14 workyears for support
services to the Agency's Operating Programs.
The 1997 request includes significant investments
to maintain essential Agency infrastructure
support. These resources will address mandatory
rate increases for rent paid to the General Services
Administration and direct leases associated with
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MANAGEMENT & SUPPORT
87 buildings at 45 different locations in 30 states.
It also provides for anticipated rate increases in
utilities costs and in support contracts including
security, mail delivery and facilities maintenance.
The Agency will strive to provide all
employees with a quality work environment that
is safe, healthy and secure. The Agency is also
committed to designing workplaces that
incorporate the latest energy conservation
technologies and improved access for the
handicapped. Our 1997 Request includes funds
for additional building security and guard services
to ensure the safety of the public and EPA
employees as outlined in the President's Executive
Order regarding upgrading security at federal
facilities.
Implementing A Working Capital Fund
Will Begin in 1997
An example of the Agency's new way of
doing business is the Working Capital Fund.
EPA's Working Capital Fund (WCF) will be a
revolving fund to finance operations where the
costs for goods or services provided are charged to
the users. Until now EPA's administrative
serviceshave been centrally funded and managed.
A WCF moves away from centralized control by
giving customers a strong voice in determining
the amount and type of services they receive.
EPA's WCF concept will ensure increased
efficiency of resource utilization through reliance
on marketforce mechanisms and will also increase
accountability through audited statements.
The Agency proposes to provide two
services in 1997 under the WCF; computer and
telecommunication services at the National Data
Processing Division (NDPD), Research Triangle
Park, NC, and postage services. These services
are provided to all EPA offices. The Agency's 1997
budgetrequestincludes resources andjustification
for these two activities in each National Program
Manager's submission. The operating expense
target for NDPD operations is $96,300,000; for
Postage it is $5,200,000. There are also 79
workyears associated with these activities.
Strengthening Executive Direction through
Matrix Management ofKev Initiatives
The Agency is requesting $29.5 and 240
workyears for this activity and includes executive
direction, policy development, program
development and oversight, planning, budgeting,
financial management, human resource
management, and information resources
managementfor each of the Agency's major offices.
These include the Offices of Air and Radiation;
Water; Enforcement and Compliance Assurance;
International Activities; General Counsel; Solid
Waste and Emergency Response; Administration
and Resources Management; Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances; and Policy,
Planning and Evaluation. These core services are
essential for the overall management,
coordination, and direction of these offices.
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STATE, LOCAL, & TRIBAL GRANTS
In 1997, EPA will continue to increase its
efforts to give strong state and tribal programs
more leeway to manage their programs, while
concentrating EPA technical assistance on
developing the programs that are still evolving.
Two interrelated features of our 1997 program
will give prominence to this strategy. First, EPA
and state leaders have established a National
Environmental Performance Partnership System
(NEPPS) which recognizes the states' growing
capacity to operate their programs, in return for
increased emphasis on measuring and reporting
environmental improvements. Second,
Performance Partnership grants (for which
authority has been requested) will permit states
and tribes to combine "categorical" grants (e.g.,
air, water) into one or more consolidated grants,
to be used for addressing the unique priorities of
each state and tribe.
EPA will continue to support our state
and Indian tribal partners environmental
programs through grants and cooperative
agreements. In 1997, the President's Budget
provides $674.2 million for 17 categorical
environmental grants for the states and tribal
governments. These grants are part of EPA's
Operating Program. The major emphasis will be
to maintain Federal financial assistance to the
states and increase financial assistance to the
Indian tribes who are beginning to address and
manage their own environmental problems.
HIGHLIGHTS
The State and Tribal Assistance Grants
appropriation provides financial assistance to
help the states develop the technical, managerial
and enforcement capacity to operate the
environmental programs that monitor drinking
water systems, implement water quality
standards, combat air pollution, promote the use
of safer pesticides, manage hazardous waste, and
assure compliance with Federal environmental
laws. Funding also is directed toward multimedia
programs that are designed to prevent or reduce
pollution from all sources.
Bolstering State and Tribal Programs
Through State and Tribal Program
Assistance, EPA will continue to pursue its
strategy of building state and local capacity to
implement and enforce the nation's environmental
laws. By fostering a decentralized nationwide
approach to environmental protection, we are
ensuring that our environmental goals will
ultimately be achieved through the actions,
programs, and commitments of local governments,
organizations, and citizens. EPA's role will be to
help those who need our assistance, and strive to
make sure that our financial assistance brings
the nation the best possible return on its
investment in a cleaner, safer environment.
In the Air Program, state grants will
focus on addressing ozone or smog abatement
standards which include supporting state vehicle
inspection and maintenance programs. Control
programs for reducingpublic exposure to toxic air
pollutants will be expanded such as in the "MACT
Partnerships" Program with the states. Separate
grants to Indian tribes will help them plan and
implement air programs. Grants will also assist
development and implementation of state radon
abatement programs.
In the Water Program, state grants will
help states ensure national water quality
standards are being met. For example, grants
will help states work with municipalities to
implement storm water management programs.
State high priority watersheds and nonpoint
source management needs will also be targeted.
In 1997, an emphasis will be to provide additional
resources to tribal governments, especially for
monitoring and assessing surface and
groundwater conditions.
Increased support for Drinking Water
programs will be provided as states monitor
contaminants, handle permit waivers, and enforce
the Lead and Copper Rule and Surface Water
Treatment Rule. Support to states to protect
groundwater from contamination through
underground injection will continue.
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STATE, LOCAL, & TRIBAL GRANTS
Support to states' Pesticides and Toxic
Substances programs will emphasize meeting
Worker Protection Safety standards, protecting
surface and ground water from pesticide
contamination, conducting Certification and
Training of pesticide applicators, and managing
state lead risk reduction and abatement programs.
In the Hazardous Waste Program, support
to the states and tribes will continue so they can
issue and review hazardous waste permits, revise
closure plans, and review corrective action plans
athazardous waste facilities. More emphasis will
be on inspection of Federal hazardous waste
facilities, especially those not in compliance with
permit conditions and corrective action orders.
Support will continue to the states and Indian
tribes to oversee compliance with the 1998
deadline for owners to upgrade, replace, or close
underground storage tanks.
The Agency will also continue to support
programs that address all sources of pollution.
For example, funding will help states
implementing pollution prevention program
strategies through demonstration projects. States
will continue to conduct compliance monitoring
inspections on pesticides and toxic substances
requirements. In 1997, emphasis will be on
developing partnerships with the states to
establish comprehensive toxic substances
enforcementauthoritiesatthe state level. Finally,
increased support in 1997 will help Indian tribes
develop capabilities to operate and manage their
tribal environmental programs
The Agency requests a total of $28 million
for Indian General Assistance Program (GAP)
grants. GAP resources help tribes identify the
scope of their environmental management needs,
establish program development priorities and
begin building environmental programs. GAP
grants are one of the Agency's most significant
means for building tribal capacity to make and
implement their own environmental management
decisions.
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STATE, LOCAL, & TRIBAL GRANTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
1997
PRESIDENTS
BUDGET
AIR
STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE
TRIBAL ASSISTANCE
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS/RADON GRANTS
$153,189.9
5,882.2
8,158.0
WATER QUALITY
SECTION 106
NONPOINT SOURCE
WETLANDS PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
WATER QUALITY COOPERATIVE AGRMTS
80,700.0
100,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
DRINKING WATER
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM SUPERVISION GRANTS
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL
90,000.0
10,500.0
HAZARDOUS WASTE
H.W. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
98,298.2
10,544.7
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
12,814.6
MULTIMEDIA
POLLUTION PREVENTION
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT
TOXIC SUBSTANCES ENFORCEMENT
TRIBAL GENERAL ASSISTANCE
5,999.5
16,133.6
6,486.2
28,000.0
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
LEAD GRANTS
TOTAL
12,500.0
$674,206.9
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
This account funds the design,
construction, repair, andimprovementofbuildings
occupied by EPA. The Agency has ten Regional
offices with associated Regional laboratories,
several large research and development
laboratories, program laboratories, a number of
field stations with laboratory facilities and a
Headquarters operation in nine locations in the
Washington, DC area.
This program provides a safe and healthy
work environment for EPA employees by providing
for renovation and repair or replacement of our
facilities. Through our facilities master plan, we
continue to implement intermediate and
long-range plans that assess alternative housing
options for EPA operations and also continue a
repair program that protects the Agency's
investment in EPA real property holdings. We
are modifying current facilities to more adequately
and efficiently address the Agency's changing
programs as well as implementing cost-effective
energy and water conservation measures at
EPA-occupied, federally-owned buildings. We
will continue to emphasize environmental
compliance and health and safety efforts in EPA
facilities by removing asbestos and PCBs,
upgrading fire and life safety systems, and
upgrading heating, ventilation and air
conditioning systems to meet the most current
ventilation and CFC removal standards.
Ongoing new construction will be
managed through the design and construction
phases. Major construction in the Research
Triangle Park (RTF) facility includes the main
research and administrative building, the
computer building, and the high bay research
building.
The New Headquarters requires
Buildings and Facilities resources to ensure that
the facilities are functionally responsive, reflective
of EPA's mission, and built in accordance with the
quality standards of a national headquarters.
Indoor air quality, adequate power and lighting,
and flexibility of configuration are among the
project priority issues.
The Agency requests a total of $209.2
million for 1997 in the Buildings and Facilities
Appropriation account.
HIGHLIGHTS
Investing in EPA's Building Infrastructure
The Agency makes a substantial
investment in improving and renovating EPA
laboratories and office space. The investment in
B&F will dramatically influence the Agency's
ability to address the complex environmental
issues of the 1990's and beyond.
The Agency is requesting $182 million for
the construction of a consolidated laboratory and
office complex at Research Triangle Park (RTP),
NC. This will provide the balance of funding to
complete construction of the RTP project. The
Agency is also requesting $12.8 million in 1997
for the build-out of EPA's new Headquarters
facility. This provides funding for requirements
such as lighting efficiency and indoor air quality
in the Federal Triangle, Customs and Interstate
Commerce Commission (ICC) buildings.
Finally, the Agency requests $14.4 million
to continue the repair and improvement program
at existing Agency laboratories and offices to
ensure the health and safety of employees and
funds energy conservation initiatives in
EPA-owned buildings.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The Science and Technology (S&T)
account, created in 1996, funds the operating
programs of the Office of Research and
Development (ORD) and the Program Office
laboratories. These organizations provide
significant scientific and technical expertise in
meeting the Agency's broad array of
environmental goals. The Agency's science
program seeks to improve our understanding of
risks to human health and ecosystems, and develop
innovative cost-effective solutions to pollution
prevention and risk reduction. As the Nation
seeks to focus its limited resources on the most
critical environmental problems, the role of science
in identifying, understanding and addressing
these problems will become more and more
important. Specifically, the Agency's research
objectives are:
1) Perform research and development to
identify, understand, and solve current
and future environmental problems;
2) Interpret and integrate scientific
information and develop regulations and
standards to help organizations at all
levels make better decisions about
improving the environment; and
3) Provide national leadership in addressing
emerging environmental issues and in
advancing the science and technology of
risk assessment and risk management.
The knowledge and tools that result from
these efforts are used by EPA, state and local
authorities ,to assure credible environmental
decision-making.
The President's 1997 Budget provides
$621.3 million and 2,462 workyears for the
Science and Technology appropriation account.
Of this amount, $42.5 million and 129 workyears
are requested to be derived from the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation.
The S&T account also includes resources
for cross-program research with resources that
pertain to two or more distinct media; and
infrastructure needs such as operating expenses
and the working capital fund.
HIGHLIGHTS
Strengthening Air Research and Regulatory
Programs
The Agency is requesting a total of $ 152.2
million and 670 workyears in 1997 for Air
Research. The outcomes of Air Research are
necessary for setting air criteria and standards as
well as public policy decisions required for EPA to
implement the Clean Air Act. The components of
this program include: Air Toxics Research,
Criteria Air Pollution Research, Global Change
Research, Mobile Source Emissions and Fuel
Economy Research, and Indoor Air Research. In
addition, program office laboratories directly
support the Agency's regulatory programs.
Air Toxics Research develops control
actions for major sources of toxics and conducts
research to address urban toxics and air toxics
deposition to Great Waters. In 1997, resources
will be used to better assess the risks of hazardous
air pollutants, to develop new risk assessment
methods for community-based risk assessment of
urban toxics and provide communities with
control/prevention options.
The Criteria Air Pollution research
program supports EPA in its mandatory review of
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
ambient exposures to certain widespread air
pollutants. The research emphasizes two major
criteria air pollutants: particulate matter (PM)
and tropospheric ozone. In 1997, the Criteria Air
Pollution research program will conduct risk
assessment and risk management research on
PM and tropospheric ozone.
Indoor air pollution in residences, offices,
schools, and other large buildings is one of the
most serious potential environmental risks to
human health. The Science Advisory Board has
ranked indoor air pollution as one of the highest
health risks meriting EPA's attention. In 1997,
the Indoor Air Research program will concentrate
on identifying, characterizing and comparing the
health risks and enabling risk assessors and
managers to make informed decisions.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The Global Change Research program
supports the Agency by providing research into
the magnitude, timing, and regional patterns of
climate change. In 1997, Global Change research
will focus on improving our understanding of
global climate change. As part of the Regional
Vulnerabilities and Impact Assessment
(REVEAL) program, research is aimed at reducing
uncertainties associated with understanding
ecosystem vulnerabilities to climate change. Other
research efforts include the areas of Stratospheric
Ozone Depletion and the President's Climate
Change Action Plan.
Three program laboratories support the
Air program. The labs carry out a broad range of
policy, regulatory, and compliance functions
needed to implement the Clean Air Act and fuel
economy statutes. In addition, they provide
technical understanding related to Agency
responsibilities under the Indoor Radon
Abatement Act, the Waste Isolation Pilot Project
Land Withdrawal Act, the Energy Policy Act, the
Atomic Energy Act, and the Clean Air Act.
Reducing Uncertainties Through
Waste/Site/Risk Characterization Research
EPAis requesting a total of $12.3 million
and 55 workyears for Waste/Site/Risk
Characterization Research in 1997. The Agency's
research objective seeks to reduce uncertainties
in the risk analyses used in environmental
management decisions. Improved assessments
of the potential threats to human health posed by
each waste site is a goal prescribed by the
Superfund Amen dmentsandReauthorization Act.
In the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
program, research will be targeted at reducing
uncertainties in exposure estimates andproviding
technical assistance.
In 1997, the primary functions of Waste/
Site/Risk Characterization Research are:
hazardous substances ecological research,
exposure assessment, risk assessment, and
technical assistance for exposure estimates.
Emphasis willbe placed onfurther understanding
the impact of unremediated and uncontained
waste sites on ecosystems.
Improving Science Through Waste
Management and Site Remediation Research
EPAis requesting a total of $25.1 million
and 86 workyears for Waste Management and
Site Remediation Research in 1997. Waste
Management and Site Remediation Research
attempts to improve our understanding of the
science controlling the dynamics of soil and
groundwater contaminants. Risk management
techniques, therefore, are utilized to focus on the
remediation of both surface and subsurface
contaminated soils, sludges, sediments, buildings,
debris, and groundwater.
The focus of Waste Management and Site
Remediation Research will be groundwater,
bioremediation, and the Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation program. These areas
concentrate efforts on: fundamental research to
understand the processes that influence soil and
groundwater contaminants, initiating the
development and testing of new remediation
methods, and process evaluation research to
evaluate the cost-effectiveness of full scale
remediation technologies.
Addressing Vulnerabilities Through
Drinking Water Research and
Regulatory Analysis
EPAis requesting a total of $26.0 million
and 177 workyears for Drinking Water Research
in 1997. The occurrence of waterborne disease
outbreaks has demonstrated that drinking water
supplies are still vulnerable to contamination.
Drinking water research evaluates the effects of
the pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses
that can cause serious illness or even death. In
addition, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
mandates that the EPA identify and regulate
contaminants which may threaten human health.
The Drinking Water Program Laboratory is a
vehicle for providing technical support for the
implementation of drinking water regulations
and the testing and assessment of drinking water
samples.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
In 1997, Drinking Water Research will
focus on waterborne pathogens, disinfection
by-products (DBFs) and arsenic, with the overall
goal of addressing uncertainties associated with
these risks. Exposure research, for example, will
be an important vehicle for developing efficient
methods related to DBFs and to evaluate the
effectiveness of alternative treatment
technologies.
Focusing On Ecosystem Protection Research
EPAis requesting a total of $107.4 million
and 375 workyears for Ecosystem Protection
Research in 1997. Ecosystem Protection research
enables EPAto develop techniquesfor quantitative
risk assessments which, utilizing decision-making
based on sound science, consider the impact of
multiple stressors on an ecosystem. In addition,
risk reduction strategies are developed that take
maximum advantage of pollution prevention and
the self-purifying potential of natural systems.
Ecosystems Protection Research will focus
on exposure and effects measurements, long term
monitoring, and regional surveys, development
of tools and methods to enable assessment and
managementof the greatest threats, andintensive
research in selected ecoregions of national interest
and concern such as the Pacific Northwest and
Chesapeake Bay. The impact of chemical stressors
(e.g., nutrients, toxic metals) and non-chemical
stressors (e.g., climate change, regional
vulnerability) on threatened ecosystems are
primary areas for investigation. EPA's
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program, for example, will be used as a vehicle for
understanding ecosystem integrity and
sustainability.
Reducing Exposure Through Human
Health Protection Research
The Agency is requesting a total of $40.2
million and 200 workyears for Human Health
Protection Research in 1997. People are exposed
to a variety of potentially harmful agents in the
air they breathe, the liquids they drink, the
products they use, the foods they eat, and even
the surfaces they touch. The Human Health
Protection research program's goal is to identify,
reduce, and prevent exposures and risks from
environmental contaminants that contribute to
increased rates of disease, disability and
premature death.
In 1997, the particular focus in Human
Health Protection Research will be to address the
uncertainties associated with human exposures
to chemicals and the potential effects of a pollutant
on human health. Research in health risk
assessments will build on these efforts and provide
the bases necessary to make risk assessment
determinations. Additionally, the Pesticides in
Children research program will continue to
address the critical need for health research on
infants and children.
Supporting Special Environmental Hazards
Research and Regulatory Testing
EPA is requesting a total of $14.6 million
and 90 workyears for Special Environmental
Hazards research in 1997. This program primarily
supports research on endocrine disrupters and
research on lead. Research on endocrine
disrupters investigates the health risks to humans
and animals posed by exposure to chemicals in
the ambient environment that mimic the actions
of hormones. Lead research investigates the
removal of lead from soils contaminated with
lead-based paint by a chemical leaching process.
The results of these efforts support the
implementation of the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, and the Toxic
Substances Control Act. In addition, the Office of
Pesticides Program Laboratory performs testing
and other activities to achieve the Agency's Safe
Food environmental goal.
Supporting New Technology and
Pollution Prevention Research
The Agency is requesting a total of $48.6
million and 86 workyears for the New Technology
and Pollution Prevention Research programs.
These funds reflect research support for the
Administration's Environmental Technology
Initiative (ETI); the Common Sense Initiative
dedicated to finding 'cleaner, cheaper, smarter'
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
strategies to address environmental problems;
and the Benefit Cost Initiative which initiates
engineering and scientific research into tools to
document the costs associated with new
technologies and pollution prevention.
In 1997, EPA's goal is to take the lead
among Federal research organizations in
developing risk management strategies to move
from controlling and cleaningpollution to reducing
it at the source. The ETI program is designed to
facilitate the development and use of innovative,
cost effective environmental technologies through
collaboration with the private sector, universities,
non-profits, other Federal agencies, and states.
ETI research will focus on environmental
technology verification, partnerships for the 21st
Century, community-based sustainable
technologies, and will complement ETI activities
performed through other Agency programs.
Developing Credible Evidence
for Enforcement Actions
EPA is requesting a total of $9.5 million
and 83 workyears for the National Enforcement
Investigations Center (NEIC) in 1997. NEIC
provides multimedia technical expertise to EPA,
the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of
Investigations, and the states for civil and criminal
enforcement. NEIC uses science and technology
to develop defen sible evidence that meets all legal
requirements. NEIC provides a broad range of
technical expertise, including document control
and chain-of-custody, fact and expert testimony,
support of criminal and civil investigations, and
comprehensive on-site facility inspections.
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OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
is responsible for conducting audits and
investigations of EPA's programs, administrative,
andfinancialactivitiesto ensure thatthe Agency's
programs are delivered in an effective, efficient,
and economical manner and in compliance with
applicable laws and regulations. OIG audits and
investigations assist the Agency in identifying
areas of potential risk and necessary
improvements that can significantly contribute
to EPA fulfilling its complex mission.
The total 1997 budget for the OIG is $42.8
million and 408 workyears A portion of this
funding ($4.5 million) is assigned to the Office of
Administration and Resources Management to
provide appropriate support services.
Operations of the OIG are funded through
three appropriations: Inspector General;
Hazardous Substance Superfund; and Leaking
Underground Storage Tanks. The Inspector
General account is appropriated from General
Revenue funds and covers the activities of the
Agency's operating and construction grants
programs. The Superfund and LUST portions are
appropriated from the Hazardous Substance and
LUST trust funds, and are for OIG activities
related specifically to those programs. The OIG
will also continue to provide consultative services
to assist EPA managers improve operations.
HIGHLIGHTS
Inspector General
In 1997, the general revenue fund request
for the Inspector General is $30.7 million and 297
workyears, of which $27.8 million is for the
program and $2.9 million is for support costs. The
OIG will continue to concentrate its workyears on
areas that provide the greatest performance
results to the Agency.
In 1997, the OIG will continue its audits
and investigations in procurement and contracts
management to include grants, cooperative and
interagency agreements, and sub-contractors and
small contractors. The OIG's audits and
investigations of procurement and contract/grant
management will help ensure that EPA's contract
dollars are use'd most effectively and efficiently.
The OIG will also provide financial audit work
supporting the Chief Financial Officers (CFO)
Act of 1990 to ensure that the accounting systems
and financial reports are accurate and reliable.
The OIG will continue to provide a balanced and
sustained audit presence in conducting
performance audits in all major programs,
strengthening internal controls, improving
operational efficiency and effectiveness, and
ensuring the integrity of Agency procurement to
achieve the maximum environmental benefit with
available resources.
The OIG will continue its audits of EPA's
construction grants to help the Agency close out
this program in 1997. In addition, the OIG will
focus its resources on improving the integrity of
scientific data, research, and analysis crucial to
EPA The OIG will emphasize investigations of
procurement fraud and continue aggressively
pursuing fraud in Agency funded research. The
Office will also continue its efforts in fraud
prevention by publicizing its activities, helping
EPA employees identify areas sensitive to fraud,
and developing new fraud detection tools and
methods.
Superfund
In 1997, the Hazardous Substance
Superfund request for the OIG is $11.5 million
and 106 workyears, of which $10.0 million is for
the program and $1.5 million is for support costs.
The OIG will continue to focus its resources on
financial and performance audits and
investigations of the Superfund program,
particularly in the area of procurement and
acquisition management. The OIG will also
comply with the audit requirements of the CFO
Act and the Superfund Amendment and
Reauthorization Act to ensure that Superfund
programs are operated as efficiently as possible
and that the risk of financial loss is minimized.
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OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
In 1997, the LUST request for the OIGis
$577 thousand and 6 workyears, of which $504
thousand is for the program and $73 thousand is
for support costs. These resources will support
continued performance audits, contract and grant
audits (covering financial and performance
aspects), and financial audits with specific
emphasis on the Agency's process for awarding
LUST cooperative agreements and grants.
Pursuant to the CFO Act, the DIG will also focus
its resources on financial and internal control
areas and audit the LUST trust fund financial
statements.
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OIL SPILLS
On average, over 50 oil spills are reported
to the Federal government every day. Also, an
average of 100 spills larger than 10,000 gallons
occur in the United States annually, with a dozen
or more over 100,000 gallons. Oil spills can cause
major fire and explosion hazards, shut down
drinking water supplies, force citizens to evacuate
their homes, and expose American families to
toxic emissions. In addition, oil spills can devastate
local economies by shutting down commercial
water supplies, fishing businesses, and cultural
and recreational resources. These spills can have
disastrous impacts on the environment with
residual effects for years, by killing marine life,
birds, and wildlife, by reducing oxygen content to
aquatic environments, and by killing vegetation
for months or longer.
Catastrophic accidents began to change
attitudes on the part of the government, industry,
and the public. It became clear that environmental
damage caused by major accidents could be long-
term and, in some cases, irreversible. It became
equally clear that future actions were needed to
prevent such accidents. Under Section 311 of the
Clean Water Act, as amended by the Oil Pollution
Act of 1990 (OPA), EPA is responsible for
responding to oil spills that effect or threaten the
waterways of the United States. The Agency also
regulates oil spills at certain onshore facilities
that range from hospitals to large tank farms.
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is
responsible for responding to actions in the coastal
zone and the Great Lakes. The USCG manages
the Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund which is
financed through a five cents per barrel tax on
domestic crude and imported oil.
The President's Budget provides $15.3
million and 104 workyears to meet the
environmental goals of the Oil Spills program.
Reduced resources in 1997 reflect our nearing
completion of the initial review phase of the
facility response plans (FRPs) and the completion
of spill prevention, control and countermeasure
(SPCC) regulation revisions, which focuses on
facilities posing the greatest environmental risk.
TheOPArequiresthatcertainhigherriskfacilities
develop FRPs to ensure they have the capability
to address a worst case discharge. From 1990 to
1995, EPA cleaned up 216 oil spills with
reimbursement from the Oil Spill Liability Trust
Fund Emergency Fund and monitored 915
responsible party lead cleanups.
HIGHLIGHTS
In 1997, the Agency plans to fully
implement the recommendations in the Liner
Study Report to Congress to develop a partnership
program to address problems associated with
leaking above ground oil facilities. EPA will
continue to work with state and local officials on
revising area contingency plans. The Agency has
published area contingency plans for all thirteen
inland areas, and these plans need further
refinement to ensure adequate response to specific
geographic areas of the United States in the event
of a spill. This up-front work is critical to enable
more effective responses to major oil spills.
Responding Quickly to Spills
In 1997, the President's Budget provides
$6.4 million and 41 workyears for response
activities. One of the Agency's top priorities
continues to be responding quickly to significant
oil spills. The Agency will direct all response
actions in incidents involving onshore facilities
where the spill, or threat of a spill represents a
substantial threat to the public health or welfare
of the United States. OPA requires that parties
who spill oil into waters of the United States
report such spills to the National Response Center,
and over 20,000 spills are reported annually. The
Agency will continue to provide technical and
response support to the United States Coast Guard
on oil spills outside of EPA's jurisdiction through
the Agency's emergency response team. This
team consists of scientists and engineers that are
available to provide technical expertise 24 hours
a day to On-scene Coordinators, Remedial Project
Managers, state and local responders, and foreign
countries during the time of an environmental
crisis.
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OIL SPILLS
Preventing Spills and Preparing
for Response
The President's Budget provides a total of
$5.5 and 46 workyears for prevention and
preparedness activities. The 1997 request
supports approximately 500 targeted reviews of
oil storage facilities. EPA is responsible for
reviewing FRPs for facilities with potential for a
release that creates substantial harm to the
environment. An FRP review entails evaluating
each plan for completeness and accuracy,
inspecting the facility's response equipment,
verifying information in the response plan, and
validating the facility's capability to respond to a
worst case discharge.
Prevention and response planning are
also supported through the Agency's SPCC
inspection efforts. EPA plans to perform SPCC
inspections at 500 regulated facilities in 1997 to
ensure the plans and equipment at these above
ground oil storage facilities are in compliance.
This budget includes $ 1.7 million and 8 workyears
for regulatory activities. In 1997, the Agency
expects to complete the SPCC regulation revisions
which target facilities posing the greatest
environmental risk. Specifically, the Agency will
look at the criteria used to include and exclude
facilities from the requirements of regulations,
the different types of facilities regulated, and the
effectiveness of some of the technical provisions of
regulations to determine how to most effectively
and efficiently implement the prevention program.
Taking Action Against Non-Complying
Facilities
In 1997, a total of $1.8 million and 16
workyears are provided for Oil Spills enforcement.
The Agency's primary focus will be on petroleum
storage facilities that fail to comply with oil
pollution spill prevention control and
countermeasur e regulations and facility response
plan requirements.
Encouraging Innovative Research
The President's Budget provides $1.0
million and 1 workyear for Oil Spills research.
The objective of the program is to use research to
determine the risk management options
appropriate for remediating spilled oil and
encouraging innovative technologies such as
bioremediation.
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TRUST FUNDS
55
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SUPERFUND
Improper disposal of hazardous wastes
has resulted in water that is unfit to drink, air
that is dangerous to breath and soil that is unsafe
to live, work or play on. Contamination from
these hazardous waste sites often migrates to
groundwater and nearby lakes and streams,
further damaging valuable public and private
resources and putting public health and sensitive
ecosystems at risk. In response to public concerns
about health and environmental risks posed by
these abandoned and uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites, Congress established the Superfund
program in 1980. The Superfund program is
financed primarily through taxes on petroleum
and certain chemicals as well as a corporate
environmental income tax.
Today, one in four Americans lives within
four miles of a Superfund National Priority list
(NPL) site — the Nation's worst sites. Since the
problem of contaminated sites in the United States
is so large and varied, no one solution can be
applied everywhere, and decisions about cleanup
must be made with community, public health,
and environmental concerns in mind. EPA
considers protection of public health and the
environment to be the paramount concern, then
accounts for, among other things, future land use
plans and cost of cleanup in determining the
appropriate remedy.
The Superfund program also responds to
emergency releases, such as therecent Wisconsin
trail derailment where several cars containing
propane and liquid petroleum gas and a nearby
building holding ammonia caught fire. The
burning cars and building exposed nearby
residents to toxic emissions and a threat of
explosion, requiring an evacuation of the town
and sending over 200 residents to seek medical
attention. In incidents such as these, Agency
on-scene coordinators are on the site immediately
to work with and provide technical assistance to
the responsible parties and state and local officials.
In cases of long-term cleanup and
emergency situations, the Agency works with
those responsible for the contamination to ensure
that they conduct or fund appropriate cleanup
action. If no responsible party can be found or
they cannot perform or pay for the cleanup work,
EPA cleans up the site. When the Trust Fund is
used to finance a cleanup, responsible parties are
pursued to reimburse the fund if they can be
identifiedand are financially viable. This "polluter
pays" approach ensures that limited trust fund
dollars are used for emergencies and abandoned
sites.
EPA has made significant progress in
addressing the risks posed by contaminated sites.
To date, EPA has identified over 40,000 potential
hazardous waste sites across the nation. Over
35,000 of these sites have been assessed to
determine the need for further cleanup action,
and EPA recently removed more than 24,400
sites from the list requiring no further action. Of
the remaining sites, over 1,300 have been placed
on the NPL.
Cleanup activities were completed at over
340 sites on the NPL as of the end of 1995. The
Agency plans to complete cleanups at 65 sites
annually to meet its goal of 650 NPL site
completions by the year 2000, thereby reducing or
eliminating public health risks posed by these
sites. At NPL sites, EPA will conduct early
cleanup actions, designed to prevent further
contamination, while long term cleanups are
evaluated and designed.
ThePresident'sBudgetprovides$l,394.2
million and 3,728 workyears to meet the
environmental goals of this program. Of this
amount, $42.5 million and 129 workyears are
transferred to the Science and Technology account
for research and development efforts, and $11.4
million and 106 workyears are transferred to the
Inspector General account for audit activities.
The remaining $1,340.3 million and 3,493
workyears are provided to meet the response,
enforcement and management and support needs
of the Superfund program.
HIGHLIGHTS
The President's Budget includes several
high priorities for 1997. The Agency will expand
the Brownfields program to redevelop
contaminated urban and industrial properties,
thereby providing communities with increased
tax bases, jobs and improved urban environments.
The Agency will also support state and tribal
hazardous waste response programs and
strengthen their roles, along with community
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SUPERFUND
groups, in cleaning up Superfund sites. The
Agency will continue to strengthen Superfund
enforcement fairness by implementing various
Superfund reforms such as expedited settlements
to facilitate early settlements with small parties,
settlements with parties with limited ability to
pay, and a more effective and widespread use of
alternative dispute resolution.
Strengthening Cleanup
through Partnerships With Communities
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$903.3 million and 1,695 workyears for the
Response program implemented by EPA.
Economic redevelopment at contaminated
sites, particularly through the Brownfields and
base closure fast-track initiatives, will remain a
high priority for the Response program. In 1997,
the Agency will help communities, states and
tribal governments assess and safely clean up
contaminated Brownfield sites for reuse. By
providing grants, outreach, technical assistance
and information sharing, the Agency will help
create the incentives and seed money to assess
these properties and conduct cleanups. Additional
funds will be available to establish voluntary
cleanup programs nationwide to address
Brownfield sites. The President's Budget also
includes 148 workyears, funded by the
Department of Defense, for environmental
assistance to expedite base closures as part of the
Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAG). These
'fast-track' sites have been targeted for
redevelopment in communities severely impacted
by closing bases.
Early and effective citizen involvement
improves Agency decision making, increases
community acceptance and enhances fairness
whilereducingconflictSjgrievancesandlitigation.
The Agency will work to ensure that states, tribal
governments and communities have an active
and meaningful role in the cleanup process. The
Agency will continue to award technical assistance
grants and support Community Action Groups to
help communities participate more fully.
The Agency is committed to bringing
innovative management strategies, technology
and experience to the response program. The
Administration's efforts to strengthen the
program, particularly the remedial site cleanup
process, will continue in 1997. These efforts
include promoting smarter, more efficient cleanup
choices and protecting public health by reducing
remedy costs; decreasing potential litigation by
achieving common groundinstead of conflict; and
ensuring that states, tribes and communities
have an active role in cleanup decisions. For
example, to ensure that sites with the highest
risks are addressed first, EPA has established a
priority panel to make risk-based funding
decisions regardingthe pace and timing of cleanup
efforts nationwide. These improvements are being
applied not only to new site cleanups but also to
existing remedies where review and modification
is appropriate.
Making Polluters Pav While
Emphasizing Fairness
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$171.2 million and 1,224 workyears for the
Enforcement program implemented by EPA. The
priority for the Superfund enforcement program
is to continue to maximize the number of cleanups
financed by those responsible for the pollution.
The Agency will place emphasis on monitoring
existing settlements for compliance and in
reaching fair settlements with small volume
contributors at Superfund sites. The Agency will
also continue to pursue violators and responsible
parties to recover expenditures at Superfund sites.
In 1997, EPA will determine final actions on 92
cost recovery statute of limitation cases.
EPAhas piloted andis now implementing
various Superfund initiatives to increase fairness
and reduce transaction costs. The Agency will
work with up to 1,800 small parties to enhance
enforcement fairness and improve efficiency in
achieving settlements with responsible parties.
By doing this, the Agency anticipates significant
decreases in third party litigation costs. In
addition, alternative dispute resolution and third
party allocators will be used to come to settlement
with responsible parties more quickly, thereby
minimizing transaction costs and promoting
fairness.
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SUPERFUND
Integrating Other Federal Agc/tcv Partners
The Agency integrates the expertise of
other Federal agencies to support site and spill
response actions as well as activities that are not
incident-specific. The 1997 President's Budget
provides $146.9 million to our Federal Agency
Partners.
The Department of Health and Human
Services, which receives 73% of Superfund
resources allocated to other Federal agencies,
contributes to the program through the work of
the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) and the National Institute for
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). ATSDR
conducts health and risk assessments, maintains
toxicology data bases for chemicals found at sites,
and provides health consultations for emergency
responses. NIEHS continues a grant research
program to solve environmental andhumanhealth
problems related to toxic waste and also maintain s
a worker safety training program for workers
engaged in hazardous waste containment or
response activities. The 1997 request reflects a
reduction in the number of toxicological profiles
required, and targeting research funds toward
direct site applications.
The Department of Justice (DOJ) will
continue to litigate and settle cleanup agreements
and cost recovery cases. DOJ will also defend the
Agency against citizen suits, pre-enforcement
review cases, reimbursement claims, and
challenges to EPA administrative civil penalty
decisions. The remaining Federal agencies that
receive funding under the Agency's Superfund
appropriation include the U.S. Coast Guard, the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, the Department of Interior, the
Federal Emergency Management Agency, and
the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
Providing Support Services
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$118.9 million and 574 workyearsformanagement
and support services essential to the operation
and integrity of the trust fund. Most of these
resources fund Superfund's portion of the
mandatory support costs associated with rent,
utilities, security, and telecommunication costs.
The remaining amount funds a wide range of
administrative, analytical, financial, and legal
services for the Superfund program.
59
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60
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LUST
States have recently reported that leaking
underground storage tanks (LUSTs) are the
leading cause of groundwater pollution, and
petroleum is the most prevalent contaminant.
Over one million leaking underground storage
tanks are regulated by EPA, and there are
approximately 300,000 confirmed releases to date.
Of the confirmed releases, over 130,000 cleanups
have been completed. As the 1998 deadline
approaches for owners and operators to upgrade,
replace or close tanks, we estimate an additional
100,000 releases may be discovered.
The LUST Trust Fund, financed by a
one-tenth of one cent per gallon tax on motor
fuels, was established to provide resources for all
activities related to and in support of the oversight
and cleanup of petroleum releases from
underground storage tanks. The goal of the
LUST program is to ensure rapid and effective
response to releases from underground storage
tanks containing petroleum and to restore
contaminated sites to their beneficial use. About
90% of Federal resources are provided directly to
states or tribal governments. Many states use
this money to provide technical oversight of
responsible party cleanups. Currently, 49 states
(Florida administers its own LUST program) have
cooperative agreements with EPA. The Agency
will work in partnership with the states and local
and tribal governments to develop their capacity
to effectively implement the LUST program. EPA
will also work with the private sector to develop
incentives for timely and cost effective cleanups.
The 1997 President's Budget provides a
total of $67.1 million and 94 workyears for the
Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
Appropriation. Of this total, $0.6 million and 6
workyears are transferred to the Inspector General
Account to support auditactivities. The remaining
$66.5 and 88 workyears are provided to meet the
research, response, enforcement and management
needs of the program.
HIGHLIGHTS
The 1997 LUST Program will continue to
operate as part of the Agency's pilot program for
performance measures under the Government
Performance and Results Act of 1993. A high
priority of the LUST program will be to assist
states and tribal governments in implementing
risk-based corrective actions. This risk-based
approach to corrective actions will move sites
forward to cleanup completion while focusing
resources on those sites posing the highest risk.
The Agency will also evaluate technologies for
remediation of sites and provide technical support
on proper selection and implementation of new
and innovative cleanup technologies.
Strengthening Cleanup Partnerships
The 1997 President's Budget provides a
total of $63.2 million and 66 workyears to
implement the LUST response program. Of this
amount, approximately 90% is provided directly
to states and tribes to support the implementation
of strong corrective action programs. The Agency
will continue to work with our partners to build
their capacity in addressing the growing number
of underground tanks requiring response action.
Nearly 98% of tanks on Indian lands are
located in 27 states. Through grants to Federally
recognized Indian tribes, the Agency will
strengthen compliance assistance. In addition,
continued outreach will be provided to tribal
governments through Regional technical
assistance. Specific projects include developing
and implementing a risk-based corrective action
process and providing corrective action training.
The Agency will also pursue a strategy to
actively involve the private sector in Federal and
state programs. EPA will develop private sector
incentives for good tank management and timely,
cost effective cleanups. The Agency will undertake
pilots in the banking, insurance and real estate
industries to establish third-party service provider
programs to review and approve correction action
plans. This effort to privatize the program will
support partnerships with state, local and tribal
governments to develop licensed site professional
programs.
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LUST
Encouraging Voluntary
Compliance Through Enforcement
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$0.5 million and 6 workyears for LUST
enforcement. The Agency will continue to target
responsible parties to finance or conduct corrective
actions. Agency staff will provide assistance to
state personnel to enhance voluntary compliance
with corrective actions andfinancial responsibility
requirements.
Responding to Releases with
Innovative Technologies
The Agency requests a total of $0.7 million
and 2 workyears for LUST research and
development. EPA's LUST corrective action
research program will focus on evaluating
technologies for remediation of sites where leaks
have contaminated the soil. Technical support is
provided to states and Agency staff for proper
selection and implementation of technologies.
Providing Fundamental Support Services
The 1997 President's Budget provides
$2.2 million and 14 workyears for essential
administrative support services. These services
include legal support for administration of the
fund, financial services including contract and
grants management and payroll processing,
health and safety audits and other support services
including space rental, employee services and
utilities costs.
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WATER
INFRASTRUCTURE
FINANCING
63
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64
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WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
The State and Tribal Assistance Grants
Appropriation provides financial assistance to
states, municipalities and tribal governments to
fund a variety of water and wastewater
infrastructure projects. These funds are essential
to fulfill the Federal government's commitment
to help our state, tribal, and local partners obtain
adequate funding to construct the facilities
required to comply with federal environmental
mandates. States and localities rely on a variety
of sources of revenue to finance their
environmental programs and to pay for the
facilities needed to keep the water clean and safe
from harmful contaminants.
With approximately $137 billion in
documented needs for wastewater infrastructure
alone, the nation's cities are faced with an
enormous price tagfor keeping our rivers, streams,
and beaches free from untreated sewage. Vast
quantities of pollution contaminate residential
areas and wildlife habitats along our border with
Mexico. In Alaska Native Villages, more than
20,000 people lack even the most rudimentary
20th century sanitation technology. Moreover,
new requirements imposed by the Safe Drinking
Water Act to prevent the outbreak of serious
disease require filtration equipment and other
preventive measures to be installed at drinking
water treatment plants across the country.
Through our State Revolving Fund (SRF)
programs, EPA works in partnership with the
states to provide low-cost financial assistance to
municipalities for infrastructure construction.
SRF funds are also provided as grants to tribal
governments to help them address their
wastewater needs. Our Special Needs programs
provide focused grant assistance to areas facing
extraordinarily high needs in relation to household
income.
Our U.S./Mexican Border program
provides funds to support the planning, design
and construction of high priority wastewater
treatment projects along the U.S/Mexican Border
and in the U.S. Colonias (principally in the state
of Texas). The goal of this program is to reduce
the incidence of water borne diseases along the
Mexican border and in the U.S. Colonias.
The President's Budget provides a total of
$2.2 billion in 1997 for the Water Infrastructure
Programs. This assistance is a vital component of
our efforts to accomplish the nation's
environmental goals.
HIGHLIGHTS
EPA is proposing that states and tribes
receive the flexibility to merge their Clean Water
and Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
allotments into a single capitalization grant. The
states and tribes could then distribute the financial
assistance according to their highest priorities.
Capitalizing State Revolving Funds
The President's Budget provides a total of
$1.9 billion for State Revolving Funds (SRFs)
within the Water Infrastructure Media. This
program provides Federal financial assistance to
states, localities, and Indian tribes to protect the
nation's water resources by providing funds for
the construction of wastewater treatment facilities
and financing the facilities needed to keep harmful
contaminants from our drinking water.
The SRFs are two of the Agency's premier
tools for building the financial capacity of our
partners. Through these programs, state revolving
funds provide financial assistance for wastewater,
drinking water, and other infrastructure projects,
including non-traditional activities related to
nonpoint sources, estuaries, stormwater,
combined sewer overflows, and sanitary sewer
overflows. These environmental infrastructure
projects contribute to ecosystem improvements
through reduced loadings of conventional and
toxic pollutants in surface waters. Through the
DW SRF, states will provide loans (Indian Tribes
will receive grants) to finance improvements to
community water systems and to restructure
small systems so that they can achieve compliance
with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
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WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
Continuing Mexico Border Efforts
The President's Budget provides a total of
$150 million for Water Infrastructure projects
along the U.S./Mexico Border. The communities
along both sides of the Border are facing unusual
human health and environmental threats because
of the lack of adequate waste water and drinking
water infrastructure. Because many of the rivers
in this area flow north, or in the case of the Rio
Grande, form the international border, untreated
domestic and industrial wastes contaminate both
sides of the Border. The program provides support
for wastewater treatment projects reviewed and
approved by the Border Environmental
Cooperation Commission. Funding is also being
provided to bring wastewater treatment to the
U.S. Colonias settlements along the border in
Texas. These funds have to be matched by an
equal amount of state funds.
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APPENDIX:
BUDGET TABLE
67
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUMMARY OF 1997 PRESIDENT'S
BUDGET AGENCY RESOURCES
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
DOLLARS
WORKYEARS
Environmental Programs and Management
-Air
- Water Quality
- Drinking Water
- Hazardous Waste
- Pesticides
- Radiation
- Multimedia
- Toxic Substances
Support
Management
- Subtotal Management & Support
State Grants (STAG)
Buildings and Facilities
Science and Technology
Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
Oil Spills
SUBTOTAL OPERATING PROGRAMS
Hazardous Substance Response
Trust Fund (Superfund)
OIG Superfund
Superfund Research
SUBTOTAL SUPERFUND
Leaking Underground Storage
Tank Trust Fund (LUST)
OIG LUST
SUBTOTAL LUST
Water Infrastructure Financing (STAG)
GRAND TOTAL
$304,405.3
274,160.3
69,786.0
195,705.9
82,052.9
20,416.4
331,771.9
81,780.0
[271,351.8]
[262,898.7]
534,250.5
674,206.9
209,220.0
578,748.0
30,743.7
15,305.0
$3,402,552.8
$1,340,286.7
11,450.5
$1,394,245.2
$66,541.9
577.1
$67,119.0
$2,178,000.0
$7,041,917.0
68
1,669.7
1,855.9
576.0
1,327.1
862.3
114.5
1,749.0
589.7
[0.0]
[2,650.9]
2,650.9
0.0
0.0
2,332.8
296.6
104.4
14,128.9
3,492.9
106.0
129.2
3,728.1
88.3
L8
94.1
0.0
17,951.1
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