Publication 17
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172488taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000271746This chapter discusses how to report capital gains and losses from sales, exchanges, and other dispositions of investment property on Form 8949 and Schedule D (Form 1040). The discussion includes the following
topics.
- How to report short-term gains and losses.
- How to report long-term gains and losses.
- How to figure capital loss carryovers.
- How to figure your tax on a net capital gain.
If you sell or otherwise dispose of property used in a trade or business or for the production of income, see Publication
544, Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets, before completing Schedule D (Form
1040).
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#TXMP0a822670Useful items
You may want to see:
Publication 537
Installment Sales
544
Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets 550
Investment Income and Expenses Form (and Instructions) 8949 :
Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets Schedule D (Form 1040) :
Capital Gains and Losses 4797 :
Sales of Business Property 6252 :
Installment Sale Income 8582 :
Passive Activity Loss Limitations taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172491Report capital gains and losses on Form 8949. Complete Form 8949 before you complete line 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, or 10 of Schedule D (Form
1040).
Use Form 8949 to report:
- The sale or exchange of a capital asset not reported on another form or schedule,
- Gains from involuntary conversions (other than from casualty or theft) of capital assets not held for business or profit, and
- Nonbusiness bad debts.
Use Schedule D (Form 1040):
- To figure the overall gain or loss from transactions reported on Form 8949, and
- To report capital gain distributions not reported directly on Form 1040, line 13 (or effectively connected capital gain distributions not reported directly on Form 1040NR, line
14).
On Form 8949, enter all sales and exchanges of capital assets, including stocks, bonds, etc., and real estate (if not reported on Form 4684, 4797, 6252, 6781, or 8824). Include these transactions even if you did not receive a Form 1099-B or 1099-S (or substitute statement) for the transaction. Report short-term gains or losses in Part I. Report long-term gains or losses in Part II. Use as many Forms 8949 as you
need.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000265822There are certain situations where you may not have to file Form 8949 and/or Schedule D (Form
1040).
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000265823You do not have to file Form 8949 or Schedule D (Form 1040) if both of the following
apply.
- You have no capital losses, and your only capital gains are capital gain distributions from Form(s) 1099-DIV, box 2a (or substitute
statements).
- None of the Form(s) 1099-DIV (or substitute statements) have an amount in box 2b (unrecaptured section 1250 gain), box 2c (section 1202 gain), or box 2d (collectibles (28%)
gain).
If both the above statements apply, report your capital gain distributions directly on line 13 of Form 1040 and check the box on line 13. Also use the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet in the Form 1040 instructions to figure your
tax.
You can report your capital gain distributions on line 10 of Form 1040A, instead of on Form 1040, if both the following are
true.
- None of the Forms 1099-DIV (or substitute statements) you received have an amount in box 2b, 2c, or
2d.
- You do not have to file Form 1040 for any other capital gains or
losses.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000265824You must file Schedule D (Form 1040), but generally do not have to file Form 8949, if
Exception 1 does not apply and your only capital gains and losses are:
- Capital gain distributions,
- A capital loss carryover from 2011,
- A gain from Form 2439 or 6252 or Part I of Form 4797,
- A gain or loss from Form 4684, 6781, or 8824, or
- A gain or loss from a partnership, S corporation, estate, or
trust.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172492You cannot use the installment method to report a gain from the sale of stock or securities traded on an established securities market. You must report the entire gain in the year of sale (the year in which the trade date occurs).
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172493If you have gains or losses from a passive activity, you may also have to report them on Form 8582. In some cases, the loss may be limited under the passive activity rules. Refer to Form 8582 and its separate instructions for more information about reporting capital gains and losses from a passive activity.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172494If you sold property, such as stocks, bonds, or certain commodities, through a broker, you should receive Form 1099-B or substitute statement from the broker. Use the Form 1099-B or the substitute statement to complete Form 8949. If you sold a covered security in 2012, your broker will send you a Form 1099-B (or substitute statement) that shows your basis. This will help you complete Form 8949. Generally, a covered security is a security you acquired after 2010, with certain exceptions explained in the Instructions for Form
8949.
Report the gross proceeds shown in box 2a of Form 1099-B as the sales price in column (d) of either Part I or Part II of Form 8949, whichever applies. However, if the broker advises you, in box 2a of Form 1099-B, that gross proceeds (sales price) less commissions and option premiums were reported to the IRS, enter that net sales price in column (d) of either Part I or Part II of Form 8949, whichever
applies.
Include in column (g) any expense of sale, such as broker's fees, commissions,
state and local transfer taxes, and option premiums, unless you reported the net
sales price in column (d). If you include an expense of sale in column (g),
enter "E" in column (f).
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172495If a corporation in which you own stock has had a change in control or a substantial change in capital structure, you should receive Form 1099-CAP or a substitute statement from the corporation. Use the Form 1099-CAP or substitute statement to fill in Form 8949. If your computations show that you would have a loss because of the change, do not enter any amounts on Form 8949 or Schedule D (Form 1040). You cannot claim a loss on Schedule D (Form 1040) as a result of this
transaction.
Report the aggregate amount received shown in box 2 of Form 1099-CAP as the sales price in column (d) of either Part I or Part II of Form 8949, whichever
applies.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172496If you sold or traded reportable real estate, you generally should receive from the real estate reporting person a Form 1099-S showing the gross
proceeds.
"Reportable real estate" is defined as any present or future ownership interest in any of the following:
- Improved or unimproved land, including air space,
- Inherently permanent structures, including any residential, commercial, or industrial
building,
- A condominium unit and its accessory fixtures and common elements, including land,
and
- Stock in a cooperative housing corporation (as defined in section 216 of the Internal Revenue
Code).
A "real estate reporting person" could include the buyer's attorney, your attorney, the title or escrow company, a mortgage lender, your broker, the buyer's broker, or the person acquiring the biggest interest in the property.
Your Form 1099-S will show the gross proceeds from the sale or exchange in box 2. See the Instructions for Form 8949 and the Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040) for how to report these transactions and include them in Part I or Part II of Form 8949 as appropriate. However, report like-kind exchanges on Form 8824
instead.
It is unlawful for any real estate reporting person to separately charge you for complying with the requirement to file Form 1099-S.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172497If you receive gross proceeds as a nominee (that is, the gross proceeds are in your name but actually belong to someone else), see the Instructions for Form 8949 for how to report these amounts on Form
8949.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172498If you received gross proceeds as a nominee in 2012, you must file a Form 1099-B or Form 1099-S for those proceeds with the IRS. Send the Form 1099-B or Form 1099-S with a Form 1096, Annual Summary and Transmittal of U.S. Information Returns, to your Internal Revenue Service Center by February 28, 2013 (April 1, 2013, if you file Form 1099-B or Form 1099-S electronically). Give the actual owner of the proceeds Copy B of the Form 1099-B or Form 1099-S by February 15, 2013. On Form 1099-B, you should be listed as the "Payer." The other owner should be listed as the "Recipient." On Form 1099-S, you should be listed as the "Filer." The other owner should be listed as the "Transferor." You do not, however, have to file a Form 1099-B or Form 1099-S to show proceeds for your spouse. For more information about the reporting requirements and the penalties for failure to file (or furnish) certain information returns, see the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns. If you are filing electronically see Publication
1220.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172499If you sell a block of stock or other property that you bought at various times, report the short-term gain or loss from the sale on one line in Part I of Form 8949, and the long-term gain or loss on one line in Part II of Form 8949. Write "Various" in column (b) for the "Date
acquired."
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172501
On Form 8949, include in column (g) any expense of sale, such as broker's fees,
commissions, state and local transfer taxes, and option premiums, unless you
reported the net sales price in column (d). If you include an expense of sale in
column (g), enter "E" in column (f).
For more information about adjustments to basis, see
chapter 13.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172503Capital gain or loss on the sale or trade of investment property held 1 year or less is a short-term capital gain or loss. You report it in Part I of Form 8949.
You combine your share of short-term capital gain or loss from partnerships, S corporations, estates, and trusts, and any short-term capital loss carryover, with your other short-term capital gains and losses to figure your net short-term capital gain or loss on line 7 of Schedule D (Form
1040).
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172504A capital gain or loss on the sale or trade of investment property held more than 1 year is a long-term capital gain or loss. You report it in Part II of Form
8949.
You report the following in Part II of Schedule D (Form 1040):
- Undistributed long-term capital gains from a mutual fund (or other regulated investment company) or real estate investment trust
(REIT),
- Your share of long-term capital gains or losses from partnerships, S corporations, estates, and
trusts,
- All capital gain distributions from mutual funds and REITs not reported directly on line 10 of Form 1040A or line 13 of Form 1040,
and
- Long-term capital loss carryovers.
The result after combining these items with your other long-term capital gains
and losses is your net long-term capital gain or loss (Schedule D (Form 1040),
line 15).
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172506To figure your total net gain or loss, combine your net short-term capital gain or loss (Schedule D (Form 1040), line 7) with your net long-term capital gain or loss (Schedule D (Form 1040), line 15). Enter the result on Schedule D (Form 1040), Part III, line 16. If your losses are more than your gains, see
Capital Losses, next. If both lines 15 and 16 of Schedule D (Form 1040) are gains and your Taxable Income on your Form 1040 is more than zero, see
Capital Gain Tax Rates, later.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172509If your capital losses are more than your capital gains, you can claim a capital loss deduction. Report the amount of the deduction on line 13 of Form 1040, in parentheses.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172510Your allowable capital loss deduction, figured on Schedule D (Form 1040), is the lesser of:
- $3,000 ($1,500 if you are married and file a separate return), or
- Your total net loss as shown on line 16 of Schedule D (Form 1040).
You can use your total net loss to reduce your income dollar for dollar, up to the $3,000
limit.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172511If you have a total net loss on line 16 of Schedule D (Form 1040) that is more than the yearly limit on capital loss deductions, you can carry over the unused part to the next year and treat it as if you had incurred it in that next year. If part of the loss is still unused, you can carry it over to later years until it is completely used up.
When you figure the amount of any capital loss carryover to the next year, you must take the current year's allowable deduction into account, whether or not you claimed it and whether or not you filed a return for the current year.
When you carry over a loss, it remains long term or short term. A long-term capital loss you carry over to the next tax year will reduce that year's long-term capital gains before it reduces that year's short-term capital gains.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172512The amount of your capital loss carryover is the amount of your total net loss that is more than the lesser of:
- Your allowable capital loss deduction for the year, or
- Your taxable income increased by your allowable capital loss deduction for the year and your deduction for personal
exemptions.
If your deductions are more than your gross income for the tax year, use your negative taxable income in computing the amount in item (2).
Complete the Capital Loss Carryover Worksheet in the Instructions for Schedule D
or Publication 550 to determine the part of your capital loss for 2012 that you
can carry over to 2013.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172513Bob and Gloria sold securities in 2012. The sales resulted in a capital loss of $7,000. They had no other capital transactions. Their taxable income was $26,000. On their joint 2012 return, they can deduct $3,000. The unused part of the loss, $4,000 ($7,000 − $3,000), can be carried over to
2013.
If their capital loss had been $2,000, their capital loss deduction would have been $2,000. They would have no
carryover.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172514When you figure your capital loss carryover, use your short-term capital losses first, even if you incurred them after a long-term capital loss. If you have not reached the limit on the capital loss deduction after using the short-term capital losses, use the long-term capital losses until you reach the limit.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172515A capital loss sustained by a decedent during his or her last tax year (or carried over to that year from an earlier year) can be deducted only on the final income tax return filed for the decedent. The capital loss limits discussed earlier still apply in this situation. The decedent's estate cannot deduct any of the loss or carry it over to following years.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172516If you and your spouse once filed separate returns and are now filing a joint return, combine your separate capital loss carryovers. However, if you and your spouse once filed a joint return and are now filing separate returns, any capital loss carryover from the joint return can be deducted only on the return of the spouse who actually had the loss.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172517The tax rates that apply to a net capital gain are generally lower than the tax rates that apply to other income. These lower rates are called the maximum capital gain
rates.
The term "net capital gain" means the amount by which your net long-term capital gain for the year is more than your net short-term capital loss.
For 2012, the maximum capital gain rates are 0%, 15%, 25%, or 28%. See
Table 16-1 for details.
| If you figure your tax using the maximum capital gain rate and the regular tax computation results in a lower tax, the regular tax computation
applies. |
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172520All of your net capital gain is from selling collectibles, so the capital gain rate would be 28%. Because you are single and your taxable income is $25,000, none of your taxable income will be taxed above the 15% rate. The 28% rate does not
apply.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172521If you claim a deduction for investment interest, you may have to reduce the amount of your net capital gain that is eligible for the capital gain tax rates. Reduce it by the amount of the net capital gain you choose to include in investment income when figuring the limit on your investment interest deduction. This is done on the Schedule D Tax Worksheet or the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet. For more information about the limit on investment interest, see
Interest Expenses in chapter 3 of Publication
550.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172522Table 16-1. What Is Your Maximum Capital Gain Rate?
IF your net capital gain is from ... | THEN your
maximum capital gain rate is ... |
a collectibles gain | 28% |
an eligible gain on qualified small business stock minus the section 1202
exclusion | 28% |
an unrecaptured section 1250 gain | 25% |
other gain1 and the regular tax rate that would apply is 25% or higher
| 15%
|
other gain1 and the regular tax rate that would apply is lower than 25%
| 0%
|
1
Other gain means any gain that is not collectibles gain, gain on qualified small
business stock, or unrecaptured section 1250 gain.
|
|
|
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172525This is gain or loss from the sale or trade of a work of art, rug, antique, metal (such as gold, silver, and platinum bullion), gem, stamp, coin, or alcoholic beverage held more than 1 year.
Collectibles gain includes gain from sale of an interest in a partnership, S corporation, or trust due to unrealized appreciation of
collectibles.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172526If you realized a gain from qualified small business stock that you held more than 5 years, you generally can exclude up to 50% of your gain from income. The exclusion can be up to 75% for stock acquired after February 17, 2009 (100% for stock acquired after September 27, 2010, and before January 1, 2012). The exclusion can be up to 60% for certain empowerment zone business stock. The eligible gain minus your section 1202 exclusion is a 28% rate gain. See
Gains on Qualified Small Business Stock
in chapter 4 of Publication 550.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172527
Generally, this is any part of your capital gain from selling section 1250
property (real property) that is due to depreciation (but not more than your net
section 1231 gain), reduced by any net loss in the 28% group. Use the
Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gain Worksheet in the Schedule D (Form 1040)
instructions to figure your unrecaptured section 1250 gain. For more information
about section 1250 property and section 1231 gain, see chapter 3 of Publication
544.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172528Use the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet or the Schedule D Tax Worksheet (whichever applies) to figure your tax if you have qualified dividends or net capital gain. You have net capital gain if Schedule D (Form 1040), lines 15 and 16, are both
gains.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172529Use the Schedule D Tax Worksheet in the Schedule D (Form 1040) instructions to figure your tax
if:
- You have to file Schedule D (Form 1040), and
- Schedule D (Form 1040), line 18 (28% rate gain) or line 19 (unrecaptured section 1250 gain), is more than
zero.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000172531If you do not have to use the Schedule D Tax Worksheet (as explained above) and any of the following apply, use the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet in the instructions for Form 1040 or Form 1040A (whichever you file) to figure your
tax.
taxmap/pub17/p17-087.htm#en_us_publink1000195671These capital gain rates are also used in figuring alternative minimum
tax.