HIV Staging and ART Monitoring |
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CD4 Count | - For HIV staging and prognosis
- Helps guide initiation of ART
- Indicates risk of opportunistic illnesses and guides initiation of prophylaxis against opportunistic infections
- Used to monitor immune reconstitution during ART
| | - Perform at baseline (twice).
- Repeat every 3-6 months for stable patients on or off ART.
- Repeat if results are inconsistent with the clinical picture or with previous trends.
- See chapter CD4 and Viral Load Monitoring.
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CD4 Percentage | - Used in addition to the absolute CD4 count for monitoring trends; may be discrepant with absolute CD4
- Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis is indicated for CD4 percentage <14% regardless of absolute count
| CD4 Count (cells/µL) | Expected CD4 Percentage |
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>500 | >29% | 200-500 | 14%-28% | <200 | <14% |
| - Usually obtained with absolute CD4 count.
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Quantitative Plasma HIV RNA (HIV Viral Load) | - Estimates level of HIV replication
- Used to monitor effect of ART
- May be used to identify acute HIV infection; has high sensitivity in setting of acute infection, when antibody may be negative; must be confirmed by positive result on HIV antibody test (one viral load test is FDA approved for diagnosis of HIV)
| - Reported in copies/mL
- In untreated patients, detectable (with rare exceptions) and measured to the upper limit of detection (usually >500,000 copies/mL)
- For patients taking ART, ideally suppressed to undetectable levels (usually <50 or <75 copies/mL)
| - Perform at baseline (twice).
- For patients on new or modified ART regimen: perform 2-8 weeks after initiation or change in ART, then every 4-8 weeks until viral load is suppressed.
- For patients on stable ART: perform every 3-4 months (if stable and viral load suppressed >2-3 years, consider every 6 months).
- For patients not taking ART: perform every 3-6 months; more frequently if CD4 count is low.
Factors that may temporarily increase viral load: - Immunizations
- Active infections
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Predicting Safety and Efficacy of ARVs |
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Drug Resistance Testing (Genotype, Phenotype) | - To assess whether the patient's HIV virus is likely to be resistant to specific ARV medications
| - Genotype: detects specific mutations to ARV medications
- Phenotype: measures HIV viral replication in the presence of ARVs
| - Genotype is recommended for all ARV-naive patients. For greatest accuracy, should be done as early as possible in the course of HIV infection.
- Acute or primary infection: recommended (genotype).
- Chronic infection and treatment naive: recommended before initiation of ART (genotype). If resistance test was performed at entry, consider repeat testing.
- Pregnancy: recommended before initiation of ART or for patients with detectable HIV RNA while taking ART.
- Virologic failure: recommended.
- Consider genotype for integrase mutations if integrase inhibitor resistance is a concern.
(See chapter Resistance Testing for more information.) |
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Coreceptor Tropism Test | - Determine coreceptor tropism
| - If CXCR4-tropic (or dual/mixed tropic) virus is detected, CCR5 antagonist is not likely to be effective and should be avoided
| - Test before making decision to treat with CCR5 antagonist, or if virologic failure occurs while on a CCR5 antagonist.
- For standard assay, HIV RNA must be >1,000 copies/mL (a proviral DNA test is available for samples with HIV RNA below limits of detection; has not been clinically validated).
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HLA-B*5701 | - Establish risk of hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir
| - If positive, high risk of abacavir hypersensitivity reaction; abacavir should not be used
| - Test before starting treatment with abacavir.
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Baseline and Subsequent Hematologic, Renal, Hepatic, and Metabolic Screening |
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Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential and Platelets | - Detects anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia
| | - Perform at baseline.
- Repeat every 3-6 months.
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| - Requires follow-up evaluation as indicated; may influence choice of ARVs.
- Repeat more frequently if the patient's results are abnormal or if the patient is taking bone marrow suppressive drugs.
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Chemistry Profile Electrolytes, Creatinine, eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate), Blood Urea Nitrogen Liver Transaminases, Bilirubin (Total and Direct) | - Detects electrolyte abnormalities, kidney disease, liver disease
| | - Perform at baseline; before starting ART.
- Repeat every 3-6 months, and as needed.
- May influence ARV selection.
- May be useful in monitoring drug toxicities.
- Abnormalities should prompt evaluation of cause.
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Urinalysis with Urine Protein and Creatinine | - Used to screen for kidney disease
| | - Screen at baseline and before initiation or change of ART regimen.
- Repeat every 6 months in patients with HIV-associated nephropathy.
- Repeat every 12 months (for patients on tenofovir, every 6 months); more frequently if indicated.
- Abnormalities should prompt evaluation of cause.
See chapter Renal Disease. |
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Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides); fasting | - Detects dyslipidemia, identifies risk factors for cardiovascular disease
| | - Baseline; before starting ART.
- Repeat ≤3 months after starting or changing ART, annually if normal (on or off ART), or more frequently (every 3-6 months) if abnormal or risk of cardiovascular disease.
- May influence ARV selection.
- May be useful in monitoring drug toxicities.
See chapter Dyslipidemia. |
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Glucose (preferably fasting) | - Detects diabetes and hyperglycemia
| | Baseline; before starting ART. - Repeat every 3 months if abnormal, every 6 months if normal.
- May influence ARV selection.
- May be useful in monitoring drug toxicities.
See chapter Insulin Resistance, Hyperglycemia, and Diabetes on Antiretroviral Therapy. |
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Hepatitis A, B, and C Screening |
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Hepatitis A Serology |
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Hepatitis A Antibody (HAV IgG) | - Screen for immunity to hepatitis A; vaccinate those not immune
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| - Immune; no vaccine necessary.
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Hepatitis B Serology. See chapter Hepatitis B Infection. |
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Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) | - Indicates active hepatitis B
| | - Most likely, no chronic infection (may be falsely negative).
- Vaccinate if HBsAb negative (not immune).
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| - Indicates chronic or acute hepatitis B infection; requires further evaluation (check HBV DNA). (See chapter Hepatitis B Infection.)
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Hepatitis B Core Antibody (Anti-HBc, IgG) | - Indicates past infection or ongoing infection
| | - The patient most likely has not been infected with hepatitis B; consider vaccination if HBsAb negative and HBsAg negative.
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| - The patient most likely has been infected with hepatitis B; this test alone does not distinguish past exposure and active infection.
- In rare cases, may be falsely negative in some patients with chronic infection.
- If sAb negative and sAg negative, check HBV DNA to rule out active infection.
- If sAb is positive, patient is immune.
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Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (Anti-HBs) | - Indicates immunity status
| | - The patient is not immune to hepatitis B; consider vaccination, unless patient has active hepatitis (sAg positive or HBV DNA positive).
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| - The patient is immune to hepatitis B either by previous infection or by immunization; may be negative in acute hepatitis B infection.
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Hepatitis C Serology |
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Hepatitis C Antibody (HCV IgG) | | | - Patient is not infected with hepatitis C.
- Consider annual screening for high-risk patients.
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| - Patient has chronic hepatitis C infection or past infection with spontaneous clearance (no protective immunity); confirm positive results with HCV RNA.
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Other Opportunistic Infection Screening Tests |
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Toxoplasma gondii IgG | - Detects past exposure; if positive, patient has increased risk of developing CNS toxoplasmosis if CD4 count <100 cells/µL
| | - Repeat if patient becomes symptomatic or when CD4 count drops to ≤100 cells/µL.
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| - Note as baseline information.
- Start toxoplasmosis prophylaxis when CD4 count drops to ≤100 cells/µL.
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Tuberculosis (TB) Screening
TST (Tuberculin Skin Test) or IGRA (Interferon-Gamma Release Assay) (if no history of TB or positive TB screening test in the past) | - Detects latent TB infection (LTBI)
| | - Repeat every 6-12 months.
- Repeat TST if CD4 count was <200 cells/µL on initial TST but increases to >200 cells/µL.
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- Abnormal (TST induration ≥5 mm or positive IGRA)
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Chest X Ray (if pulmonary symptoms are present or positive LTBI test) | - Detects latent or active diseases
| | - Repeat as indicated for pulmonary symptoms or positive LTBI test.
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| - Evaluate for TB, PCP, or other pathology.
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Papanicolaou Test (cervical for women; consider anal for women and men) | - Detects abnormal cell changes, dysplasia
| | - Cervical: Repeat in 6 months; then annually if negative on two tests and no ongoing risk factors.
- Anal: Follow-up interval has not been determined; consider same as in cervical Pap screening.
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Pregnancy Screening |
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Pregnancy Test | - Indicates pregnancy status
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Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing (identify STIs in any patient at risk) |
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Serum VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) or RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) | | | - Repeat every 3-12 months, depending on risk factors.
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- Positive/reactive: confirm with treponemal test
| - Treat patient; refer partner(s) of previous 60 days for evaluation and treatment; counsel about safer sex.
- Perform serial testing if monitoring active disease. (See chapter Syphilis.)
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Women |
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Gonorrhea (GC) and Chlamydia (CT) Testing | Screen for STIs in sexually active women at risk; screen all at baseline; frequency of subsequent testing depends on risk factors Screen all sites of possible exposures: - Pharynx (recommended for GC screening)
- Cervix/vagina
- Urethra
- Rectum
| | - Counsel about safer sex and avoiding STIs.
- Repeat every 6-12 months; more frequently if at high risk.
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| - Treat patient; refer partner(s) of previous 60 days for evaluation and treatment; counsel about safer sex.
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Trichomoniasis Testing | - Wet mount or culture of vaginal secretions
| | - Counsel about safer sex and avoiding STIs.
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| - Treat patient; refer partner(s) for evaluation and treatment; counsel about safer sex.
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Men |
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Gonorrhea (GC) and Chlamydia (CT) Testing | - Screen for STIs in sexually active men who are at risk, especially men who have sex with men (MSM)
- Screen all at baseline; frequency of subsequent testing depends on risk factors
- Screen sites of possible exposures:
- Pharynx (recommended for GC screening)
- Rectum
- Urethra (consider for MSM with history of unprotected insertive intercourse in preceding year)
| | - Retest every 3-6 months for patients with risk factors.
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| - Treat; refer partner(s) of previous 60 days for evaluation and treatment; counsel about safer sex.
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Consider/Optional |
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G6PD Level | - Prevent hemolytic reactions to certain medications by screening higher-risk patients (African, Mediterranean, Asian, Sephardic Jewish descent); some would recommend screening all patients
| | - No intervention is necessary beyond documentation.
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| - Avoid oxidant drugs such as dapsone, primaquine, and sulfonamides, if possible.
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Antibody (anti-CMV IgG) (for those at low risk of CMV, especially those who are not MSM or injection drug users) | - Detects exposure; may reveal future disease risk
| | - Avoid exposure by practicing safer sex.
- If blood transfusion is required, use CMV-negative or leukocyte-reduced blood.
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| - Be aware of disease risk in advanced HIV infection, when CD4 count is <50 cells/µL.
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Varicella zoster (Varicella IgG) for those without history of chickenpox or shingles | | | - Consider vaccination, if CD4 count is >200 cells/µL.
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| - No intervention is necessary.
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Dilated Retinal Examination | - Detects CMV, ophthalmic toxoplasmosis, or HIV retinopathy
| | - If CD4 count is >100 cells/µL, repeat annually.
- If CD4 count is <50 cells/µL or symptoms of retinal changes are present, repeat every 6 months.
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| - Follow up immediately with ophthalmologist.
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