PSD ENSO Publications

2012 publications
  • Alexander, M. A., H. Seo, S. P. Xie, J. D. Scott, 2012 (May): ENSO's impact on t he gap wind regions of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 25, 3549- 3565. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00320.1
  • Deser, C, A. Phillips, R. A. Tomas, Y. M. Okumura, M. A. Alexander, A. Capontond i, J. D. Scott, Y-O Kwon, and M. Ohba, 2012 (April): ENSO and Pacific decadal va riability in the Community Climate System Model Version 4. J. Climate, 25, 2622- 2651. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00301.1
  • Guilyardi, E., W. Cai, M. Collins, A. Fedorov, F. F. Jin, A. Kumar, D. Z. Sun, A . Wittenberg, 2012 (February): New strategies for evaluating ENSO processes in c limate models. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 235-238. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-0010 6.1
2011 publications
  • Captondi, A., 2010: El Niño-Southern Oscillation ocean dynamics: Simulation by coupled general circulation models, in Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary?, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, 189, 123-148, doi:10.1029/2008GM000796.
  • Di Lorenzo, K. M. Cobb, J. Furtado, N. Schneider, B. Anderson, A. Bracco, M. A. Alexander, and D. Vimont, 2010 (October): Central Pacific El Niño and decadal climate change in the North Pacific. Nature Geosciences, 3(11), 762-765, doi:10.1038/NGEO984.
  • Newman, M., S.-I. Shin, and M. A. Alexander, 2011 (July): Natural variation in ENSO flavors. Geophys. Res. Lett., L14705, doi:10.1029/2011GL047658.
  • Penland, C., D.-Z. Sun, A. Capotondi and D. J. Vimont, 2010 (December): A brief introduction to El Niño and La Niña. Chapter 3 in Climate Dynamics: Why does Climate Vary?, Geoph. Monog. Series, 189, 53-64, doi:10.1029/2008GM000846.
  • Sun, D.-Z., 2010 (December): Extratropical air-sea interaction, The diabatic and nonlinear aspects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Implications for its past and future behavior, in Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary?, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 189, 79-103, doi:10.1029/2009GM000865.
  • Wolter, K., M. S. Timlin, 2011(June): El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext), Int. Jour. Climatol., 31: 1074-1087, doi:10.1002/joc.2336.
  • Zhang, T., M. P. Hoerling, J. Perlwitz, D.-Z. Sun, and D. Murray, 2011 (September): Physics of U.S. surface temperature response to ENSO forcing. J. Climate, 24, 4874-4887, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3944.1.
2010 publications
  • Di Lorenzo, K. M. Cobb, J. Furtado, N. Schneider, B. Anderson, A. Bracco, M. A. Alexander, and D. Vimont, 2010 (October): Central Pacific El Niño and decadal climate change in the North Pacific. Nature Geosciences, 3(11), 762-765, doi:10.1038/NGEO984.
  • Compo, G. P., J. S. Whitaker, P. D. Sardeshmukh, N. Matsui,...S. D. Woodruff, et. al., 2011 (January): The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1-28, doi: 10.1002/qj.776.
  • Wolter, K., M. S. Timlin, 2011(June): El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext), Int. Jour. Climatol., 31: 1074-1087, doi:10.1002/joc.2336.
  • Penland, C., D.-Z. Sun, A. Capotondi and D. J. Vimont, 2010: A brief introduction to El Niño and La Niña. Chapter 3 in Climate Dynamics: Why does Climate Vary?, Geoph. Monog. Series, 189, 53-64, doi:10.1029/2008GM000846.
  • Sun, D.-Z., 2010 (December): Extratropical air-sea interaction, The diabatic and nonlinear aspects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Implications for its past and future behavior, in Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary?, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 189, doi:10.1029/2008GM000865.
  • Captondi, A., 2010: El Niño-Southern Oscillation ocean dynamics: Simulation by coupled general circulation models, in Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary?, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, 189, 123-148, doi:10.1029/2008GM000796.
  • Newman, M., S.-I. Shin, and M. A. Alexander, 2011: Natural variation in ENSO flavors. Geophys. Res. Lett., L14705, doi:10.1029/2011GL047658.
  • Solomon, A., and M. Newman, 2011: Decadal predictability of tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean temperature trends due to anthropogenic forcing in a coupled climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02703, doi:10.1029/2010GL045978.
  • Newman, M., M. A. Alexander, and J. D. Scott, 2011: An empirical model of tropical ocean dynamics. Climate Dynamics, in press, doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1034-0.
  • Giese, B. S., G. P. Compo, N. C. Slowey, P. D. Sardeshmukh, J. A. Carton, S. Ray, and J. S. Whitaker, 2010 (February): The 1918/19 El Niño. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 91(2), 177-183, doi:10.1175/2009bams2903.1.
  • Solomon, A., 2010 (January): Interannual ENSO variability forced through coupled atmosphere-ocean feedback loops. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, p. 5, doi:10.1029/2009GL041622.
  • Yu, Y., and D.-Z. Sun, 2009 (November): Response of ENSO and the Mean State of the Tropical Pacific to Extratropical Cooling and Warming: A Study Using the IAP Coupled Model. J. Climate, 22(22), 5902-5917, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2902.1.
  • Zhang, T., D. Z. Sun, R. Neale and P. J. Rasch, 2009 (November): An Evaluation of ENSO Asymmetry in the Community Climate System Models: A View from the Subsurface, Journal of Climate, 22(22), 5933-5961, doi:10.1175/2009jcli2933.1.
2009 publications
  • Guilyardi, E., A. Wittenberg, A. Fedorov, M. Collins, C. Wang, A. Capotondi, G. J. van Oldenborgh, and T. Stockdale, 2009: Understanding El Niño in ocean-atmosphere general circulation models: Progress and challenges. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 90, 325-340.
  • Huang, H. P., A. W. Robertson, Y. Kushnir, and S. Peng, 2009: Hindcasts of Tropical Atlantic SST Gradient and South American Precipitation: The Influences of the ENSO Forcing and the Atlantic Preconditioning. J. Climate, 22(9), 2405-2421, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2569.1.
  • Newman, M.,P. D. Sardeshmukh, and Cécile Penland, 2009: How Important Is Air-Sea Coupling in ENSO and MJO Evolution? J. Climate, 22(11), 2958-2977. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2659.1.
  • Yu, Y., and D.-Z. Sun, 2009: Response of ENSO and the Mean State of the Tropical Pacific to Extratropical Cooling and Warming: A Study Using the IAP Coupled Model. J. Climate, 22(22), 5902-5917, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2902.1.,
  • Zhang, T., D. Z. Sun, R. Neale and P. J. Rasch (2009), An Evaluation of ENSO Asymmetry in the Community Climate System Models: A View from the Subsurface, Journal of Climate, 22(22), 5933-5961, doi:10.1175/2009jcli2933.1.
2008 publications
  • Blade, I., M. Newman, Michael A. Alexander, and James D. Scott, 2008: "The Late Fall Extratropical Response to ENSO: Sensitivity to Coupling and Convection in the Tropical West Pacific." J. Climate 21(23), 6101-6118.
  • Capotondi, A., 2008: Can the mean structure of the tropical pycnocline affect ENSO period in coupled climate models? Ocean Modelling, 20, 157-169.
  • Garcia-Herrera, R., H. F. Diaz, R. R. Garcia, M. R. Prieto, D. Barriopedro, R. Moyano and E. Hernandez, 2008: A chronology of El Niño events from primary documentary sources in northern Peru. J. Climate, 21, 1948-1962.
  • Penland C., D.-Z.Sun, and A. Capontondi, 2008: An Introduction to El Niño and La Niña. To appear in "Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary?". AGU Geophysical Monograph, Edited by D.-Z. Sun and F. Bryan, AGU.
  • Zhang, T., and D.-Z. Sun, 2008: What Causes the Excessive Response of the Clear-Sky Greenhouse Effect to El Niño Warming in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Models? J. Geophys. Research, 113, D02108, doi:10.1029/2007JD009247.
2007 publications
  • Sun, D.-Z., 2007: The Role of ENSO in Regulating its Background State. In "Nonlinear Dynamics in Geosciences", pages 537-555, Springer New York, 604 pages, Edited by J. Elsner and A. Tsonis.
2006 publications::
  • Capotondi, A., A. Wittenberg, and S. Masina, 2006: Spatial and temporal structure of tropical Pacific interannual variability in 20th century climate simulations. Ocean Modeling, 15, 274- 298.
  • Deser, C., A. Capotondi, R. Saravanan, and A. Phillips, 2006: Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19, 2451-2481.
  • Krishna Kumar, B. Rajagopalan, M. Hoerling, G. Bates, and M. Cane, 2006: Unraveling the mystery of Indian Monsoon Failure during El Niño. Science, 314, 115-119, doi: 10.1126/science.1131152. [Abstract]
  • Lin, J.-L., G. N. Kiladis, B. E. Mapes, K. M. Weickmann, K. R. Sperber, W. Lin, M. C. Wheeler, S. D. Schubert, A. Del Genio, L. J. Donner, S. Emori, J.-F. Gueremy, F. Hourdin, P. J. Rasch, E. Roeckner, and J. F. Scinocca, 2006: Tropical Intraseasonal Variability in 14 IPCC AR4 Climate Models. Part I: Convective Signals. J. Climate, 19, 2665?2690, doi: 10.1175/JCLI3735.1. [Abstract]
  • Penland, C., and L. Matrosova, 2006: "Studies of El Niño and interdecadal variability in tropical sea surface temperatures using a nonnormal filter." J. Climate, 19, 5796-5815, doi: 10.1175/JCLI3951.1. [Abstract]
  • Straub, K. H., G. N. Kiladis, and P. E. Ciesielski, 2006: The role of equatorial waves in the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon and the demise of El Niño during 1998. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2006.02.005.
  • Sun, D.-Z. and T. Zhang 2006: A Regulatory Effect of ENSO on the Time-Mean Thermal Stratification of the Equatorial Upper Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07710, doi:10.1029/2005GL025296. [Abstract]
2005 publications::
  • Capotondi, A., M. A. Alexander, C. Deser, and M. McPhaden, 2005: Anatomy and decadal evolution of the Pacific Subtropical-Tropical Cells (STCs). J. Climate, 18, 3739-3758.

  • Solomon, A., and F.-F. Jin, 2005: A study of the impact of off-equatorial warm pool SST anomalies on ENSO cycles. J. Climate, 18, 274-286. [Abstract]

2004 publications::

  • Alexander, M. A., N.-C. Lau, and J. D. Scott, 2004: Broadening the atmospheric bridge paradigm: ENSO telecommunications to the tropical West Pacific-Indian Oceans over the seasonal cycle and to the North Pacific in summer. In Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J. A Carton (Eds.), AGU, 85-103. [Abstract]

  • Ambrizzi, T., E. B. de Souza, and R. S. Pulwarty, 2004: The Hadley and Walker regional circulations and associated ENSO impacts on South American seasonal rainfall. In The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past, and Future, H. F. Diaz and R. S. Bradley (Eds.), Kluwer Academic, 203-235. [Abstract]

  • Flugel, M., P. Chang, and C. Penland, 2004: The role of stochastic forcing in modulating ENSO predictability. J. Climate, 17, 3125-3140. [Abstract]

  • Shinoda, T., H. H. Hendon, and M. A. Alexander, 2004: Surface and subsurface dipole variability in the Indian Ocean and its relation with ENSO. Deep Sea Res., 51, 619-635. [Abstract]

  • Sun, D.-Z., 2004: The control of meridional differentialsurface heating over the level of ENSO activity: A heat-pump hypothesis In Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J. A Carton (Eds.), AGU, 71-83. [Abstract]

  • Sun, D.-Z., T. Zhang, and S.-I. Shin, 2004: The effect of subtropical cooling on the amplitude of ENSO: A numerical study. J. Climate, 17, 3786-3798. [Abstract]

2003 publications::
  • Ewald, B., C. Penland, and R. Temam, 2003: Accurate integration of stochastic climate models with application to El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., in press. [Abstract]
  • Hendon, H. H., 2003: Indonesian rainfall variability: Impacts of ENSO and local air-sea interaction. J. Climate, 16, 1775-1790. [Abstract]
  • Newman, M., G. P. Compo, and M. A. Alexander, 2003: ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. J. Climate, in press. [Abstract]
  • Sun, D.-Z., 2003: The control of surface heating over the magnitude of El Niño warming: A "heat pump" hypothesis for ENSO. In Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Variability, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J. Carton (Eds.), AGU, in press.
  • Kumar, A., and M. P. Hoerling, 2003: The nature and causes for the delayed atmospheric response to El Niño. J. Climate, 16, 1391-1403. [Abstract]
  • Pulwarty, R. S., K. Broad, and T. Finan, 2003: Science, vulnerability and the search for equity: El Niño events, forecasts and decision-making in Peru and Brazil. In Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People, G. Bankoff, G. Frerks, and T. Hilhorst (Eds.), Earthscan, in press. [Abstract]
  • Sun, D.-Z., 2003: The control of surface heating over the magnitude of El Niño warming: A "heat pump" hypothesis for ENSO. In Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Variability, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J. Carton (Eds.), AGU, in press.
  • Sun, D.-Z., 2003: A possible effect of an increase in the warm-pool SST on the magnitude of El Niño warming. J. Climate, 16, 185-205. [Abstract]
2002 publications::
  • Alexander, M. A., I. Blade, M. Newman, J. R. Lanzante, N.-C. Lau, and J. D. Scott, 2002: The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans. J. Climate, 15, 2205-2231. [Abstract]
  • Alexander, M. A., and J. D. Scott, 2002: The influence of ENSO on air-sea interaction in the Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(14), 10.1029/2001GL014347, 4 pp. [Abstract]
  • Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar, 2002: Atmospheric response patterns associated with tropical forcing. J. Climate, 15, 2184-2203. [Abstract]
  • Penland, C., 2002: On the perception of probabilistic forecasts. In La Niña and Its Impacts: Facts and Speculation, M. H. Glantz (ed.), United Nations University Press, 253-255.
2001 publications::
  • Bergman, J. W., H. H. Hendon, and K. M. Weickmann, 2001: Intraseasonal air-sea interaction and the onset of ENSO. J. Climate, 14, 1702-1719. [Abstract]
  • Compo, G. P., P. D. Sardeshmukh, and C. Penland, 2001: Changes of subseasonal variability associated with El Niño. J. Climate, 14, 3356-3374. [Abstract]
  • Diaz, H. F., M. P. Hoerling, and J. K. Eischeid, 2001: ENSO variability, teleconnections, and climate change. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1845-1862. [Abstract]
  • Hoerling, M. P., A. Kumar, and T. Xu, 2001: Robustness of the nonlinear climate response to ENSO's extreme phases. J. Climate, 14, 1277-1293. [Abstract]
  • Pulwarty, R. S., and T. S. Melis, 2001: Climate extremes and adaptive management on the Colorado River: Lessons from the 1997-1998 ENSO event. J. Environ. Manage., 63, 307-324. [Abstract]
  • Zhang, C., H. H. Hendon, W. S. Kessler, and A. J. Rosati, 2001: A workshop on the MJO and ENSO. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 82, 971-976. [Abstract]
2000 publications::
  • Diaz H .F., and V. Markgraf (Eds.), 2000: El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts, Cambridge University Press, 496 pp. [Back Cover] [Abstract]
  • Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar, 2000: Understanding and predicting extratropical teleconnections related to ENSO. In El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multi-scale Variations and Global and Regional Impacts, H.F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 57-88. [Abstract] Winner of NOAA Research's Outstanding Scientific Paper Award
  • Kumar, A., A. Barnston, P. Peng, M. P. Hoerling, and L. Goddard, 2000: Changes in the spread of the seasonal mean atmospheric states associated with ENSO. J. Climate, 13, 3139-3151. [Abstract]
  • Markgraf, V. and H. F. Diaz, 2000: The past ENSO record: A synthesis. In El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts, H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 465-488. [Abstract]
  • Sardeshmukh, P. D., G. P. Compo, and C. Penland, 2000: Changes of probability associated with El Niño. J. Climate, 13, 4268-4286. [Abstract] Winner of NOAA Research's Outstanding Scientific Paper Award
  • Sun, D.-Z., 2000: Global climate change and El Niño: A theoretical framework. In El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts, H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 443-463. [Abstract]
  • Smith, C. A., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 2000: The effect of ENSO on the intraseasonal variance of surface temperature in winter. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1543-1557. [Abstract]
1999 publications::
  • Barsugli, J. J., J. S. Whitaker, A. F. Loughe, P. D. Sardeshmukh, and Z. Toth, 1999: Effect of the 1997-98 El Niño on individual large-scale weather events. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 80, 1399-1411. [Abstract]
  • Shaw, J. A., J. J. Bates, H. M. Zorn, and J. H. Churnside, 1999: Observations of downwelling infrared radiance at Mauna Loa, Hawaii during the 1997-1998 ENSO event. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1727-1730. [Abstract]
  • Wolter, K. E., R. M. Dole, and C. A. Smith, 1999: Short-term climate extremes over the continental U.S. and ENSO, Part I: Seasonal temperatures. J. Climate, 12, 3255-3272. [Abstract]
1987 publications:
  • Bradley, R. S., H. F. Diaz, G. N. Kiladis, and J. K. Eischeid, 1987: ENSO signal in continental temperature and precipitation records. Nature, 327, 497-501. [Abstract]
  • Diaz, H. F., and C. Fu, 1987: Regional precipitation and temperature variability and its relationship to the Southern Oscillation. In The Climate of China and Global Climate, D. Ye, C. Fu, J. Chao, and M. Yoshino (Eds.), China Ocean Press and Springer-Verlag, 213-223. [Abstract]
  • Fu, C., H. F. Diaz, and J. O. Fletcher, 1987: Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the Central Pacific associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation. In The Climate of China and Global Climate, D. Ye, C. Fu, J. Chao, and M. Yoshino (Eds.), China Ocean Press and Springer-Verlag, 177-201. [Abstract]
1988 publications:
  • Kiladis, G. N., and H. Van Loon, 1988: The Southern Oscillation. Part VII: Meteorological anomalies over the Indian and Pacific sectors associated with the extremes of the oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 120-136. [Abstract]
  • Von Storch, H., H. Van Loon, and G. N. Kiladis, 1988: The Southern Oscillation. Part VIII: Model sensitivity to SST anomalies in the tropical and subtropical regions of the South Pacific Convergence Zone. J. Climate, 1, 325-332. [Abstract]
1989 publications:
  • Kiladis, G. N., and H. F. Diaz, 1989: Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 1069-1090. [Abstract]
1990 publications::
  • Blackmon, M. L., 1990: Monte Carlo simulation of the atmospheric response to global sea surface temperature anomalies during two recent ENSO episodes. In Air-Sea Interaction in Tropical Western Pacific, J. Chao and J. A. Young (Eds.), China Ocean Press, 365-381. [Abstract]
1991 publications::
  • Bates, J. J., 1991: High-frequency variability of special sensor microwave/imager derived wind speed and moisture during an intraseasonal oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3411-3423. [Abstract]
  • Joseph, P. V., B. Liebmann, and H. H. Hendon, 1991: Interannual variability of the Australian summer monsoon onset: Possible influence of Indian summer monsoon and El Niño. J. Climate, 4, 529-538. [Abstract]
  • Weickmann, K. M., 1991: El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Madden-Julian (30-60 day) oscillations during 1981-1982. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3187-3195. [Abstract]
1992 publications::
  • Fu, C., H. F. Diaz, and H. Fan, 1992: Variability in latent heat flux over the tropical Pacific in association with two recent ENSO events. Adv. in Atmos. Sci., 9, 351-358. [Abstract]
  • Diaz, H. F., and V. Markgraf, 1992: El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, 476 pp. [Back Cover] [Abstract]
  • Diaz, H. F., V. Markgraf, and M. K. Hughes, 1992: Synthesis and future prospects. In El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, 463-471. [No abstract]
  • Diaz, H. F., and R. S. Pulwarty, 1992: A comparison of Southern Oscillation and El Niño signals in the tropics. In El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation, H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 175-192. [Abstract]
  • Diaz, H. F., and G. N. Kiladis, 1992: Atmospheric teleconnections associated with the extreme phases of the Southern Oscillation. In El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation, H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 7-28. [Abstract]
  • Diaz, H. F., and V. Markgraf, 1992: El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, 476 pp. [Back Cover] [Abstract]
  • Diaz, H. F., V. Markgraf, and M. K. Hughes, 1992: Synthesis and future prospects. In El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, 463-471. [No abstract]
  • Hoerling, M. P., M. Ting, and M. L. Blackmon, 1992: Simulating the atmospheric response to the 1985-87 El Niño cycle. J. Climate, 5, 669-682. [Abstract]
1992 publications::
  • Kiladis, G. N., and K. M. Weickmann, 1992: Extratropical forcing of tropical Pacific convection during northern winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1924-1939. [Abstract]
  • Kiladis, G. N., and K. M. Weickmann, 1992: Circulation anomalies associated with tropical convection during northern winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1900-1923. [Abstract]
1993 publications::
  • Sardeshmukh, P. D., and B. Liebmann, 1993: An assessment of interannual variability in the tropics as indicated by some proxies of tropical convection. J. Climate, 6, 569-575. [Abstract]
  • Ting, M., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 1993: Factors determining the extratropical response to equatorial diabatic heating anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 907-918. [Abstract]
1994 publications::
  • Diaz, H. F., and R. S. Pulwarty, 1994: An analysis of the time scales of variability in centuries-long ENSO-sensitive records in the last 1000 years. Climate Change, 26, 317-342. Reprinted in The Medieval Warm Period, M. K. Hughes and H. F. Diaz (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 317-342. [Abstract]
  • Hoerling, M. P., and M. Ting, 1994: On the organization of extratropical transients during El Niño. J. Climate, 7, 745-766. [Abstract]
  • Joseph, P. V., J. K. Eischeid, and R. J. Pyle, 1994: Interannual variability of the onset of the Indian summer monsoon and its association with atmospheric features, El Niño, and sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Climate, 7, 81-105. [Abstract]
  • Penland, C., and L. Matrosova, 1994: A balance condition for stochastic numerical models with application to the El Niño - Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 7, 1352-1372. [Abstract]
1995 publications::
  • Deser, C., and M. L. Blackmon, 1995: On the relationship between tropical and north Pacific sea surface temperature variations. J. Climate, 8, 1677-1680. [Abstract]
1997 publications::
  • Hoerling, M. P., A. Kumar, and M. Zhong, 1997: El Niño, La Niña, and the nonlinearity of their teleconnections. J. Climate, 10, 1769-1786. [Abstract]
  • Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar, 1997: Why do North American climate anomalies differ from one El Niño event to another? Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1059-1062. [Abstract]
  • Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar, 1997: Origins of extreme climate states during the 1982-83 ENSO winter. J. Climate, 10, 2859-2870. [Abstract]
  • Kumar, A., and M. P. Hoerling, 1997: Interpretation and implications of observed inter-El Niño variability. J. Climate, 10, 83-91. [Abstract]
  • Post, M. J., C. F. Fairall, J. B. Snider, Y. Han, A. B. White, W. L Ecklund, K. M. Weickmann, P. K. Quinn, D. I. Cooper, S. M. Sekelsky, R. E. McIntosh, P. Minnett, and R. O. Knuteson, 1997: The Combined Senson Program: An air-sea science mission in the central and western Pacific Ocean. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 78, 2797-2815. [Abstract]
  • Sun, D.-Z., 1997: El Niño: A coupled response to radiative heating? Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2031-2034. [Abstract]
1998 publications::
  • Kumar, A., and M. P. Hoerling, 1998: Annual cycle of Pacific/North American seasonal predictability associated with different phases of ENSO. J. Climate, 11, 3295-3308. [Abstract]
  • Shinoda, T., and H. H. Hendon, 1998: Mixed layer modeling of intraseasonal sea surface temperature variability in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 11, 2668-2685. [Abstract]
  • Shinoda, T., H. H. Hendon, and J. D. Glick, 1998: Intraseasonal variability of surface fluxes and sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans. J. Climate, 7, 1685-1702. [Abstract]
  • Sun, D. Z., and K. E. Trenberth, 1998: Coordinated heat removal from the equatorial Pacific during the 1986-87 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2659-2662. [Abstract]
  • Wolter, K., and M. S. Timlin, 1998: Measuring the strength of ENSO events: How does 1997/98 rank? Weather, 53, 315-324. [Abstract]