Research Horizons
Natural dissolved organic matter plays dual role in cycling of mercury.
Nature has a bit of a Jekyll and Hyde relationship with mercury, but researchers at ORNL have made a discovery that could ultimately help explain the split personality.
Research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by ORNL's Liyuan Liang and Baohua Gu helps explain seemingly contradictory findings.
While scientists have been aware that microbes in aquatic environments produce methylmercury, a more toxic form of mercury that accumulates in fish, they also know that nature and other types of bacteria can transform methylmercury to less toxic forms. What they have never completely understood are the mechanisms that cause these transformations in anoxic environments—lacking in oxygen—in nature.
"Until now, reactions between elemental mercury and dissolved organic matter have rarely been studied in anoxic environments," says Baohua Gu of the laboratory's Environmental Sciences Division.
In a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team led by Gu reports that compounds from the decay of organic matter in aquatic settings affect mercury cycling. Low concentrations of these compounds can chemically reduce mercury, but as those concentrations increase, the reaction is greatly inhibited. Gu's team performed its experiments by simulating conditions found in nature.
"This study demonstrates that in anoxic sediments and water, organic matter is not only capable of reducing mercury, but also binding to mercury," says co-author Liyuan Liang. "This binding could make mercury less available to microorganisms for making methylmercury."
The authors also note that their paper offers a mechanism that helps explain the seemingly contradictory reports on the interaction of organic matter and mercury in nature. Gu and Liang hope this newly gained knowledge will contribute to a clearer picture of how mercury cycles in aquatic and sediment environments and help in informed decisionmaking for mercury-impacted sites around the nation.
"Our long-term goal is to understand the mechanisms controlling the production of methylmercury in the environment," Liang says. "This knowledge ultimately could lead to ways to reduce levels of mercury in fish, a global problem of enormous significance."
Mercury is distributed around the globe mainly through the burning of coal, industrial uses and natural processes such as volcanic eruptions. Various forms of mercury are widely found in sediments and water.
This research benefits from ORNL's expertise in field-to-laboratory geochemistry and microbiology, computational modeling and simulation, world-class neutron sources and high-performance computing.
Other authors of the paper, "Mercury reduction and complexation by natural organic matter in anoxic environments," are Carrie Miller and Wenming Dong of ORNL and Yongrong Bian and Xin Jiang, visiting scientists from the Chinese Academy of Science.
This 5-year mercury science focus area program, begun in 2009, is funded by DOE's Office of Science.