The Imarat Kavkaz, (or Caucasus Emirate, IK), founded in late 2007 by Chechen extremist Doku Umarov, is an Islamist militant organization based in Russia’s North Caucasus. Its stated goal is the liberation of what it considers to be Muslim lands from Moscow. The group regularly conducts attacks against Russian security forces in the North Caucasus. In the period 2010-2011, it carried out high-profile suicide bombings against civilian targets in Moscow that killed dozens. The US State Department in May 2011 designated Imarat Kavkaz as a Specially Designated Terrorist group under Executive Order 13224 and authorized a $5 million reward for information leading to Umarov’s arrest.

The Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) is an extremist organization that splintered from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) in the early 2000s and is currently based in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). The IJU, which is committed to toppling the government in Uzbekistan, conducted two attacks there in 2004 and one in 2009. The IJU is also active in Afghanistan, where the group operates alongside the Taliban-affiliated Haqqani Network. The group has had particular success in recruiting German nationals and achieved international notoriety following the 2007 disruption of an IJU plot by the so-called Sauerland Cell to attack various targets in Germany. The US State Department in June 2005 designated the IJU a Foreign Terrorist Organization.

The IMU is an extremist organization that formed in the late 1990s and is currently based in Pakistan’s FATA. The IMU seeks to overthrow the regime in Uzbekistan and establish a radical Islamist caliphate in all of “Turkestan,” which it considers to be the Central Asian region between the Caspian Sea and Xinjiang in western China. The IMU has become increasingly active in the Taliban-led insurgency in northern Afghanistan, providing the group with a springboard for future operations in Central Asia, particularly Tajikistan. A known IMU spokesperson in a video message delivered to Radio Liberty’s Tajik service claimed responsibility for a September 2010 ambush against a military convoy in Tajikistan. The US State Department in September 2000 designated the IMU a Foreign Terrorist Organization.