ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)
On This Page:
- What is ERCP?
- What is upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy?
- What are the bile and pancreatic ducts?
- When is ERCP used?
- How does a person prepare for ERCP?
- How is ERCP performed?
- What does recovery from ERCP involve?
- Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
- What are the risks associated with ERCP?
- Points to Remember
- Hope through Research
- For More Information
- Acknowledgments
What is ERCP?
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and x rays to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. ERCP is also used to diagnose problems, but the availability of non-invasive tests such as magnetic resonance cholangiography has allowed ERCP to be used primarily for cases in which it is expected that treatment will be delivered during the procedure; see “How is ERCP performed?”
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What is upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy?
Upper GI endoscopy is a procedure that uses a lighted, flexible endoscope to see and perform procedures inside the upper GI tract. The upper GI tract includes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum—the first part of the small intestine.
The bile ducts carry bile from the liver to the
duodenum. The pancreatic ducts carry pancreatic
juice from the pancreas to the duodenum.
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What are the bile and pancreatic ducts?
Ducts are tubelike structures in the body that carry fluids. The bile ducts carry bile, a liquid the liver makes to help break down food. A group of small bile ducts—called the biliary tree—in the liver empties bile into the larger common bile duct. Between meals, the common bile duct closes and bile collects in the gallbladder—a pear-shaped sac next to the liver.
The pancreatic ducts carry pancreatic juice, a liquid the pancreas makes to help break down food. A group of small pancreatic ducts in the pancreas empties into the main pancreatic duct.
The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join before emptying their contents into the duodenum through the papillary orifice at the end of the duodenal papilla—a small, nipplelike structure that extends into the duodenum.
The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join before emptying their contents into
the duodenum through the papillary orifice at the end of the duodenal papilla—a small, nipplelike
structure that extends into the duodenum.
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When is ERCP used?
ERCP is used when it is suspected a person’s bile or pancreatic ducts may be narrowed or blocked due to
- tumors
- gallstones that form in the gallbladder and become stuck in the ducts
- inflammation due to trauma or illness, such as pancreatitis—inflammation of the pancreas
- infection
- valves in the ducts, called sphincters, that won’t open properly
- scarring of the ducts, called sclerosis
- pseudocysts—accumulations of fluid and tissue debris
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How does a person prepare for ERCP?
The health care provider usually provides written instructions about how to prepare for ERCP.
The upper GI tract must be empty. Generally, no eating or drinking is allowed 8 hours before ERCP. Smoking and chewing gum are also prohibited during this time.
Patients should tell their health care provider about all health conditions they have, especially heart and lung problems, diabetes, and allergies. Patients should also tell their health care provider about all medications they take. Patients may be asked to temporarily stop taking medications that affect blood clotting or interact with sedatives, which are usually given during ERCP to help patients relax and stay comfortable.
Medications and vitamins that may be restricted before and after ERCP include
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil), and naproxen (Aleve)
- blood thinners
- high blood pressure medication
- diabetes medications
- antidepressants
- dietary supplements
Driving is not permitted for 12 to 24 hours after ERCP to allow the sedatives time to completely wear off. Before the appointment, patients should make plans for a ride home.
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How is ERCP performed?
ERCP is conducted at a hospital or outpatient center by a doctor and assistants who have specialized training in this procedure. Patients receive a local anesthetic that is gargled or sprayed on the back of the throat. The anesthetic numbs the throat and calms the gag reflex.
An intravenous needle is inserted into a vein in the arm if sedatives will be given. Doctors and other medical staff monitor vital signs while patients are sedated.
During ERCP, patients lie on their back or side on an x-ray table. The doctor inserts an endoscope down the esophagus, through the stomach, and into the duodenum. Video is transmitted from a small camera attached to the endoscope to a computer screen within the doctor’s view. Air is pumped through the endoscope to inflate the stomach and duodenum, making them easier for the doctor to examine.
When the doctor locates the duodenal papilla, a blunt tube called a catheter is slid through the endoscope and guided through the papillary opening. Once the catheter is inside the papilla, the doctor injects a dye into the ducts. The dye, also called contrast medium, allows the ducts to be seen on x rays. X rays are then taken to see the ducts and to look for narrowed areas or blockages.
Procedures to treat narrowed areas or blockages can be performed during ERCP. To see the ducts during treatment procedures, the doctor uses x-ray video, also called fluoroscopy. Special tools guided through the endoscope and into the ducts allow the doctor to open blocked ducts, break up or remove gallstones, remove tumors in the ducts, or insert stents. Stents are plastic or expandable metal tubes that are left in narrowed ducts to restore the flow of bile or pancreatic juice. A kind of biopsy called brush cytology allows the doctor to remove cells from inside the ducts using a brush that fits through the endoscope. The collected cells are later examined with a microscope for signs of infection or cancer.
Occasionally, ERCP is done after gallbladder surgery, if a surgical bile leak is suspected, to find and stop the leak with a temporary stent.
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What does recovery from ERCP involve?
After ERCP, patients are moved to a recovery room where they wait for about an hour for the sedatives to wear off. Patients may not remember conversations with health care staff, as the sedatives reduce memory of events during and after the procedure. During this time, patients may feel bloated or nauseous. Patients may also have a sore throat, which can last a day or two.
Patients can go home after the sedatives wear off. Patients will likely feel tired and should plan to rest for the remainder of the day.
Some ERCP results are available immediately after the procedure. Biopsy results are usually ready in a few days.
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Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
Unless otherwise directed, patients may immediately resume their normal diet and medications after having an ERCP. The health care provider can answer any specific questions about eating, diet, and nutrition.
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What are the risks associated with ERCP?
Significant risks associated with ERCP include
- infection
- pancreatitis
- allergic reaction to sedatives
- excessive bleeding, called hemorrhage
- puncture of the GI tract or ducts
- tissue damage from radiation exposure
- death, in rare circumstances
When ERCP is performed by an experienced doctor, complications occur in about 6 to 10 percent of patients and these often require hospitalization.1 Patients who experience any of the following symptoms after ERCP should contact their health care provider immediately:
- swallowing difficulties
- throat, chest, or abdominal pain that worsens
- vomiting
- bloody or dark stool
- fever
1Andruilli A, Loperfido S, Napolitano G, et al. Incidence rates of post-ERCP complications: a systematic survey of prospective studies. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;102:1781–1788.
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Points to Remember
- ERCP is a procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and x rays to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts.
- Upper GI endoscopy is a procedure that uses a lighted, flexible endoscope to see and perform procedures inside the upper GI tract.
- Ducts are tubelike structures in the body that carry fluids. The bile ducts carry bile, a liquid the liver makes to help break down food. The pancreatic ducts carry pancreatic juice, a liquid the pancreas makes to help break down food.
- The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join before emptying their contents into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
- The health care provider usually provides written instructions about how to prepare for ERCP.
- Driving is not permitted for 12 to 24 hours after ERCP to allow the sedatives time to completely wear off. Before the appointment, patients should make plans for a ride home.
- During ERCP, the doctor inserts an endoscope down the esophagus, through the stomach, and into the duodenum.
- The doctor injects contrast medium into the ducts and x rays are taken to see the ducts.
- Special tools that slide through the endoscope allow the doctor to open blocked ducts, break up or remove gallstones, remove tumors in the ducts, or insert stents.
- Significant risks associated with ERCP include infection, pancreatitis, allergic reaction to sedatives, excessive bleeding, puncture of the GI tract or ducts, tissue damage from radiation exposure, and, in rare circumstances, death.
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Hope through Research
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) conducts and supports basic and clinical research into many digestive disorders.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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For More Information
Fact sheets about other diagnostic tests are available from the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse at www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov, including
- Colonoscopy
- Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
- Liver Biopsy
- Lower GI Series
- Upper GI Endoscopy
- Upper GI Series
- Virtual Colonoscopy
American College of Gastroenterology
6400 Goldsboro Road, Suite 450
Bethesda, MD 20817–5846
Phone: 301–263–9000
Email: info@acg.gi.org
Internet: www.acg.gi.org 
American Gastroenterological Association
4930 Del Ray Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20814
Phone: 301–654–2055
Fax: 301–654–5920
Email: member@gastro.org
Internet: www.gastro.org
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
1520 Kensington Road, Suite 202
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Phone: 1–866–353–ASGE (1–866–353–2743) or 630–573–0600
Fax: 630–573–0691
Email: info@asge.org
Internet: www.asge.org
Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons
11300 West Olympic Boulevard, Suite 600
Los Angeles, CA 90064
Phone: 310–437–0544
Fax: 310–437–0585
Email: webmaster@sages.org
Internet: www.sages.org
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Acknowledgments
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This publication was reviewed by Isaac Samuel, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.A.C.S., Associate Professor of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa.
You may also find additional information about this topic by visiting MedlinePlus at www.medlineplus.gov.
This publication may contain information about medications. When prepared, this publication included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about any medications, contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at 1–888–INFO–FDA (1–888–463–6332) or visit www.fda.gov. Consult your health care provider for more information.
The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in this document are used only because they are considered necessary in the context of the information provided. If a product is not mentioned, the omission does not mean or imply that the product is unsatisfactory.
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National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
2 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3570
Phone: 1–800–891–5389
TTY: 1–866–569–1162
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: nddic@info.niddk.nih.gov
Internet: www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov
The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1980, the Clearinghouse provides information about digestive diseases to people with digestive disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NDDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about digestive diseases.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 12–4336
December 2011
Page last updated June 29, 2012
