![]() ![]() | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information |
|
Publication Number: FHWA-RD-99-078
Date: 1999 |
Injuries to Pedestrians and Bicyclists: An Analysis Based on Hospital Emergency Department Data
Contact: Carol Tan Esse at Carol.Tan Esse@fhwa.dot.gov ABSTRACTTraditionally, the U.S. DOT has relied on State motor vehicle crash data as their primary source of information on events causing injury to pedestrians and bicyclists. These data have often been referred to as "the tip of the iceberg," however, because they are limited almost entirely to motor vehicle-related events that occur on public roadways. Specifically, they exclude: (1) many bicycle-motor vehicle and pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes that occur in non-roadway locations such as parking lots, driveways, and sidewalks, and (2) bicyclist and pedestrian falls or other non-collision events that do not involve a motor vehicle, regardless of whether they occur on a roadway or in a non-roadway location. This report presents a descriptive analysis of data collected prospectively at eight hospital emergency departments over approximately a 1-year time period in three States: California, New York, and North Carolina. Information was gathered on 2,509 persons treated for injuries incurred while bicycling or walking. Results show that 70 percent of the reported bicycle injury events and 64 percent of the reported pedestrian injury events did not involve a motor vehicle. In addition, 31 percent of the bicyclists and 53 percent of the pedestrians were injured in non-roadway locations such as sidewalks, parking lots, or off-road trails. Alcohol was a factor in one-fourth of the pedestrian-motor vehicle injury events and 15 percent of the bicycle-motor vehicle injury events for those age 20 and older. The emergency department data were also examined in conjunction with statewide hospital discharge and motor vehicle crash data in an attempt to better define the overall scope and magnitude of the pedestrian and bicyclist injury problem.
TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION
SI* (Modern Metric) Conversion Factors
TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 - METHODS
CHAPTER 3 - BICYCLIST INJURY EVENTS
CHAPTER 4 - PEDESTRIAN INJURY EVENTS
CHAPTER 5 - ALCOHOL USE BY INJURED PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS
CHAPTER 6 - INJURY ESTIMATES FROM THE COMBINED DATA
CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX A - Data Abstraction FormAPPENDIX B - Data Collection Guidelines for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Injury StudyAPPENDIX C - Hospital Emergency Department Data Descriptive TablesAPPENDIX D - Hospital Discharge Data Descriptive TablesAPPENDIX E - State Motor Vehicle Crash File Data Descriptive TablesREFERENCES
LIST OF TABLESTable 1. E-code groupings for identification of pedestrian and bicyclist injury casesTable 2. Comparison of reported pedestrian and bicyclist injury cases with total emergency department visits at the eight participating hospitals Table 3. Distribution of pedestrian and bicyclist injury case types by reporting site Table 4. Distribution of emergency department-reported pedestrian and bicyclist injury cases by location of injury event Table 5. Distribution of pedestrian and bicyclist injury cases reported in hospital discharge datafiles Table 6. Summary of State pedestrian- and bicyclist-motor vehicle crash data Table 7. Distribution of bicyclist injury cases treated in hospital emergency departments by location and type of event Table 8. Age distribution of bicyclists by type of injury event Table 9. Gender distribution of bicyclists by type of injury event Table 10. Race distribution of bicyclists by type of injury event Table 11. Detailed location of bicycle collisions and falls occurring in non-roadway locations Table 12. Detailed location distribution of non-roadway bicycle-only crashes, by age categories Table 13. Time-of-day distribution by type of injury event 30 Table 14. Emergency department disposition of bicyclists by type of injury event Table 15. Percentage of bicyclists with one or more injuries in specified locations Table 16. Percentage of bicyclists with one or more injuries of specified types Table 17. Most frequent injuries for each type of bicycle event, categorized by injury location and type Table 18. Distribution of pedestrian injury cases treated in hospital emergency departments by location and type of event Table 19. Age distribution of pedestrians by type of injury event Table 20. Gender distribution of pedestrians by type of injury event Table 21. Race distribution of pedestrians by type of injury event Table 22. Pedestrian use of special equipment by event type Table 23. Detailed location of pedestrian collisions and falls occurring in non-roadway locations Table 24. Detailed location distribution of non-roadway pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes, by age categories Table 25. Detailed location distribution of non-roadway pedestrian-only crashes, by age categories Table 26. Time-of-day distribution by type of pedestrian injury event Table 27. Emergency department disposition of pedestrians by type of injury event Table 28. Percentage of pedestrians with one or more injuries in specified locations Table 29. Percentage of pedestrians with one or more injuries of specified types Table 30. Most frequent injuries for each type of pedestrian event, categorized by injury location and type Table 31. Distribution of pedestrian and bicyclist injury event types by alcohol use Table 32. Location where injury event occurred by alcohol use for pedestrian- motor vehicle events Table 33. Age by alcohol use for pedestrian-motor vehicle events Table 34. Gender by alcohol use for pedestrian-motor vehicle events Table 35. Race by alcohol use for pedestrian-motor vehicle events Table 36. Time of day by alcohol use for pedestrian-motor vehicle events Table 37. Emergency department disposition by alcohol use for pedestrian-motor vehicle events Table 38. Location where injury event occurred by alcohol use for pedestrian-only events Table 39. Age by alcohol use for pedestrian-only events Table 40. Gender by alcohol use for pedestrian-only events Table 41. Race by alcohol use for pedestrian-only events Table 42. Time of day by alcohol use for pedestrian-only events Table 43. Emergency department disposition by alcohol use for pedestrian-only events Table 44. Location where injury event occurred by alcohol use for bicycle-motor vehicle events Table 45. Age by alcohol use for bicycle-motor vehicle events Table 46. Gender by alcohol use for bicycle-motor vehicle events Table 47. Race by alcohol use for bicycle-motor vehicle events Table 48. Time of day by alcohol use for bicycle-motor vehicle events Table 49. Emergency department disposition by alcohol use for bicycle-motor vehicle events Table 50. Location where injury event occurred by alcohol use for bicycle-only events Table 51. Age by alcohol use for bicycle-only events Table 52. Gender by alcohol use for bicycle-only events Table 53. Race by alcohol use for bicycle-only events Table 54. Time of day by alcohol use for bicycle-only events Table 55. Emergency department disposition by alcohol use for bicycle-only events Table 56. Percentage of emergency department cases requiring hospitalization, by type of injury Table 57. Number of injured bicyclists and pedestrians hospitalized, based on available statewide hospital discharge data Table 58. Estimated number of bicyclists and pedestrians receiving hospital emergency department treatment, based on data in Tables 56 and 57 Table 59. Percentage of cases reported by participating hospital emergency departments identified in State crash files Table 60. Number of police-reported pedestrians and bicyclists injured, based on 1995 State motor vehicle crash file data Table 61. Estimated number of bicyclists and pedestrians receiving hospital emergency department treatment, based on data in Tables 59 and 60 Table 62. Percentage of emergency department bicycle and pedestrian cases that involved a collision with a motor vehicle Table 63. Overall estimates of bicycle and pedestrian emergency department cases Table 64. Distribution of bicyclist injury cases by place of occurrence and motor vehicle involvement status Table 65. Distribution of pedestrian injury cases by place of occurrence and motor vehicle involvement status Table 66. Distribution of emergency department-reported pedestrian and bicyclist injury cases by age of victim Table 67. Distribution of emergency department-reported pedestrian and bicyclist injury cases by gender of victim Table 68. Distribution of emergency department-reported pedestrian and bicyclist injury cases by race of victim Table 69. Distribution of emergency department-reported pedestrian and bicyclist injury cases by time of day injury occurred Table 70. Distribution of emergency department-reported pedestrian and bicyclist injury cases by case disposition Table 71. Pedestrian age distribution in hospital datafiles Table 72. Pedestrian gender distribution in hospital datafiles Table 73. Pedestrian race distribution in hospital datafiles Table 74. Pedestrian length-of-stay (days) distribution in hospital datafiles Table 75. Pedestrian disposition from hospital distribution in hospital datafiles Table 76. Bicycle age distribution in hospital discharge datafiles Table 77. Bicyclist gender distribution in hospital discharge datafiles Table 78. Bicyclist race distribution in hospital discharge datafiles Table 79. Bicyclist length-of-stay (days) distribution in hospital discharge datafiles Table 80. Bicyclist disposition from hospital distribution in hospital discharge datafiles Table 81. Bicyclist and pedestrian age distributions in 1995 State motor vehicle crash files Table 82. Bicyclist and pedestrian gender distributions in 1995 State motor vehicle crash files Table 83. Time-of-day distribution for bicyclist and pedestrian crashes in 1995 State motor vehicle crash files Table 84. Bicyclist and pedestrian injury severity distributions for crashes in 1995 State motor vehicle crash files Table 85. Bicyclist- and pedestrian-reported alcohol use in 1995 State motor vehicle crash files
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Types of events causing injury to pedestrians and bicyclists 2 Figure 2. Case identification definitions for emergency department data collection 11 Figure 3. Percentage of bicyclists injured in non-roadway locations or in events not involving a motor vehicle, by age of bicyclist 23 Figure 4. Percentage of bicyclists injured in non-roadway locations or in events not involving a motor vehicle, by gender of bicyclist 24 Figure 5. Percentage of bicyclists injured in non-roadway locations or in events not involving a motor vehicle, by race of bicyclist 26 Figure 6. Percentage of bicyclists wearing a helmet by type of bicyclist injury event 26 Figure 7. Percentage of bicyclists reported using alcohol by type of bicyclist injury event 27 Figure 8. Percentage of non-roadway or non-motor vehicle cases among injured bicyclists who were treated and released and among those hospitalized 31 Figure 9. Percentage of pedestrians injured in non-roadway locations in events not involving a motor vehicle, by age of pedestrian 42 Figure 10. Percentage of pedestrians injured in non-roadway locations or in events not involving a motor vehicle, by gender of pedestrian 43 Figure 11. Percentage of pedestrians injured in non-roadway locations or in events not involving a motor vehicle, by race of pedestrian 44 Figure 12. Percentage of pedestrians reported using alcohol by type of pedestrian injury event 45 FHWA-RD-99-078 |
Topics: research, safety Keywords: research, safety, bicycle injury, pedestrian injury, bicycle fall, pedestrian fall, non-roadway, non-motor vehicle, alcohol TRT Terms: research, safety Updated: 04/12/2012
|