Climate data for this site are also available: see Any Other Relevant Information in section 11 of this document.
More information on the entire Net Primary Production Project can be found atthe NPP homepage.
The natural environment, phytomass and productivity dynamics of this ecosystem have been described by Bystrickaya and Osychnyuk (1975).
c/o Department of Biology and Microbiology
South Dakota State University
Brookings, SD 57007
U.S.A.
Telephone (U.S.A.): +1 (605) 688-4925/6141
Fax (Russia): +7 (095) 200-2216/2217 (Attn. Gilmanov 002840)
Fax (U.S.A.): +1 (605) 688-6677
Email: Tagir_Gilmanov@sdstate.edu
Peak above-ground live biomass (or in some cases, the difference between maximum and minimum biomass) has been used as an estimate of net primary production - usually where only one or two measurements per year are available. Sometimes a conversion factor has been applied to take account of estimated turnover and the estimated ratio of above-ground to below-ground dry matter.
The "IBP Standard Method" of Milner and Hughes (1968) assumes that where live biomass increases between successive samples, production equals this increase; where biomass decreases or remains the same, production is assumed to be zero. Annual production is then obtained by summing the estimates for each sample interval.
Essentially, this method was used for the IBP synthesis by Singh and Joshi (1979), in particular for their estimates of below-ground production. A modified method was used for above-ground production, determined by a decision matrix (Singh et al., 1975); where increments in live biomass coincided with increases in standing dead matter, the latter were added to the monthly production.
The limitations of the above methods are discussed in detail by Long et al. (1989). In particular, the peak biomass method and variations on the IBP method underestimate production by not accounting for simultaneous growth and death. This may be significant in temperate grasslands with a long growing season, and is particularly a problem in tropical grasslands where the growing season may extend over much of the year. Some limited overestimation may occur by not accounting for periods of negative NPP (due to stress, or translocation between above and below ground plant parts) but underestimation of root turnover is probably the largest source of error. Long et al. (1989) estimated NPP for three terrestrial tropical grassland sites by summing monthly changes in live biomass plus losses due to death and decomposition for above and below ground vegetation. Monthly losses were determined as the change in dead matter plus the estimated disappearance of dead matter through decomposition. Dead matter disappearance was calculated each month as the product of relative decomposition rate and mean amount of dead matter.
Although some correlation between estimates obtained using different methods has been reported (Singh et al., 1975), the degree of underestimation may be strongly site-specific (Linthurst and Reimold, 1978; Long and Mason, 1983). Where sufficient data are available for a given grassland site, it may be possible to estimate NPP according to the different methods for the purposes of comparison. This may involve entry of data into algorithms or a spreadsheet containing these algorithms.
Methodological aspects of field experimental studies of biomass and production of grassland ecosystems in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR) were summarized by Titlyanova (1988). The methods of field measurements of above-ground and below-ground biomass in Russian grasslands are based on the harvest technique and with respect to sampling area, replication, etc., are very close to the methods used by western ecologists during the IBP studies (e.g. Milner and Hughes, 1968; Sims and Coupland, 1979). The Russian approach to estimation of the annual production of grassland plant communities (with subdivision on aboveground and belowground components) is based on a calculation procedure utilizing data of repeated (usually 2-weekly) sampling during the season of live, standing dead and litter fractions of phytomass. This method of calculation gives the estimates of production which are 1.6 to 2.0 times higher than the seasonal maximum of the standing crop of the corresponding phytomass fraction (Titlyanova, 1988).
site elevation (m): 75
mean annual precipitation (mm): 441
mean monthly min temperature (C): -7.8 (Jan)
mean monthly maximum temperature (C): 30.4 (July)
vegetation type: typical steppe
dominant species: Stipa lessingiana (C3 photosynthetic type)
historical long-term management regime (estimated): annual mowing
maximum aboveground live biomass (typical month): 340 g m-2 (June)
soil type: chernozem/vermiboroll
soil pH: 7.4
soil texture (sand/silt/clay): 0.20/ 0.28/ 0.52
soil carbon content: 6930 g/m2 (0-20 cm)
soil nitrogen content: 580 g/m2 (0-20 cm)
There are twelve (12) parameters for this dataset. Items 1-2 refer to the site and the treatments, respectively. Minimum and maximum values for the remaining p arameters are for the combined treatments.
1.
variable=Site
definition=site where data were gathered
code=khm: Khomutov
2.
variable=Treatmt
definition=long term management of site
code=lngtrm: annual mowing
3.
variable=Year
definition=year in which data were collected
units=year
minimum=1967
maximum=1970
4.
variable=Mn
definition=month in which data were collected
units=month
minimum=04
maximum=12
5.
variable=Dy
definition=day in which data were collected
units=day
minimum=01
maximum=31
6.
variable=Tyear
definition=Date in decimal year
units=year plus the Julian date divided by 365
minimum=1948.510
maximum=1971.000
7.
variable=AGbiomass
definition=Above ground live biomass
units=[g][m^-2]
minimum=0
maximum=446.4
8.
variable=Stdead
definition=Standing dead
units=[g][m^-2]
minimum=0
maximum=214.8
9.
variable=litter
definition=dead biomass found above ground
units=[g][m^-2]
minimum=11.2
maximum=919.3
10.
variable=AGtotmatter
definition=above ground total matter
units=[g][m^-2]
minimum=260
maximum=1030.1
11.
variable=ANPP
definition=Above ground net primary production
units=[g][m^-2]
minimum=0.0
maximum=199.5
12.
variable=CUMANPP
definition=Cumulative above ground net primary production
units=[g][m^-2]
minimum=0.0
maximum=494.4
Site Treatmt Year Mn Dy Tyear AGbiomass Stdead litter ------------------------------------------------------------------ khm lngtrm 1948 07 04 1948.510 333.7 40.0 65.0 AGtotmatter ANPP CUMANPP ----------------------------- 438.7 0.0 0.0
1. Data File khm_npp.txt 4.8 KBytes
Period: 07 Apr 1967 through 31 Dec 1970
Latitude: 47.17N, Longitude: 38E
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
Site;Treatmt;Year;Mn;Dy;Tyear;AGbiomass;Stdead;litter;AGtotmatter;BGbiomass;BGdead; BGtotmatter;ANPP;CUMANPP [units g/m2] khm;lngtrm ;1948;07;04;1948.510; 333.7; 40.0; 65.0; 438.7;-999.9;-999.9;-999.9; 0.0; 0.0 khm;lngtrm ;1967;04;07;1967.270; 109.6; 1.2; 919.3;1030.1;-999.9;-999.9;-999.9; 0.0; 0.0
Telephone: +1 (865) 241-3952
Email Address: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Telephone: +1 (865) 241-3952
Email Address: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Bystrickaya, T. L., and V. V. Osychnyuk. 1971. NPP Grassland: Khomutov, Ukraine, 1948-1970, In Bystrickaya T.L. and Osychnyuk V.V., 1975. Soils and primary biological productivity of the steppes of Pryazovye (as exemplified by the "Khomutovskaya Steppe" reserve). Moscow: Nauka, 112 pp.
Gilmanov, T.G., W.J. Parton and D.S. Ojima (1996) Testing the CENTURY ecosystem level model on data sets from eight grassland sites in the former USSR representing a wide climatic/soil gradient. Ecological Applications (in press).
Linthurst, R. and R.J. Reimold (1978) An evaluation of methods for estimating the net primary production of estuarine angiosperms. J. Applied Ecology 15, 919-932.
Long, S.P. and Mason, C.F. (1983) Saltmarsh Ecology. Blackie, Glasgow.
Long, S.P., E. Garcia Moya, S.K. Imbamba, A. Kamnalrut, M.T.F. Piedade, J.M.O. Scurlock, Y.K. Shen and D.O. Hall (1989) Primary productivity of natural grass ecosystems of the tropics: a reappraisal. Plant and Soil 115, 155-166.
Milner, C. and R.E. Hughes (1968) Methods for the Measurement of the Primary Production of Grassland. IBP Handbook No.6. Blackwell, Oxford.
Sims P.L. and R.T. Coupland (1979) Producers. In: Grassland ecosystems of the world: analysis of grassland and their uses (ed. R.T. Coupland). Cambridge University Press. pp. 49-72.
Singh, J.S. and M.C. Joshi (1979) Tropical grasslands primary production. IN: Grassland Ecosystems of the World (R.T. Coupland, ed.) Cambridge University Press. pp. 197-218.
Singh, J.S., W.K. Lauenroth and R.K. Sernhorst (1975) Review and assessment of various techniques for estimating net aerial primary production in grasslands from harvest data. Botanical Review 41, 181-232.
Titlyanova, A.A. (1988) Methodology and methods of studying of the production-destruction processes in herbaceous ecosystems, In: Biologicheskaya produktivnost' travyanykh ecosistem [Biological productivity of herbaceous ecosystems] (V.B. Ilyin, ed.). Nauka, Novosibirsk (In Russian). pp. 3-10.
A glossary of EOSDIS terms is available at http://wist.echo.nasa.gov//v0ims/glossary.of.terms.html.
The EOSDIS Acronym and Abbreviation List is located at http://wist.echo.nasa.gov//v0ims/acronyms.html